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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wartime communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smuggling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smuggling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Smuggling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smuggling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Homing pigeon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posduif" title="Posduif – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Posduif" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84" title="حمام الزاجل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمام الزاجل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colom_missatger" title="Colom missatger – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colom missatger" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%A1tovn%C3%AD_holub" title="Poštovní holub – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poštovní holub" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevdue" title="Brevdue – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brevdue" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brieftaube" title="Brieftaube – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brieftaube" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjatuvi" title="Kirjatuvi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kirjatuvi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma_mensajera" title="Paloma mensajera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paloma mensajera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leterkolombo" title="Leterkolombo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leterkolombo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="کبوتر خانگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کبوتر خانگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_voyageur" title="Pigeon voyageur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pigeon voyageur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomba_mensaxeira" title="Pomba mensaxeira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pomba mensaxeira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%84%9C%EA%B5%AC" title="전서구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전서구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Փոստային աղավնիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոստային աղավնիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golub_pismono%C5%A1a" title="Golub pismonoša – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Golub pismonoša" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccione_viaggiatore" title="Piccione viaggiatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piccione viaggiatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8" title="יונת דואר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יונת דואר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="საფოსტო მტრედი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფოსტო მტრედი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njiwa_habari" title="Njiwa habari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Njiwa habari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postagalamb" title="Postagalamb – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Postagalamb" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84" title="حمام زاجل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حمام زاجل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merpati_utusan" title="Merpati utusan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Merpati utusan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postduif" title="Postduif – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Postduif" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%9D%E6%9B%B8%E9%B3%A9" title="伝書鳩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="伝書鳩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevdue" title="Brevdue – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brevdue" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevdue" title="Brevdue – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brevdue" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochtachi_kaptar" title="Pochtachi kaptar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pochtachi kaptar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C5%82%C4%85b_pocztowy" title="Gołąb pocztowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gołąb pocztowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pombo-correio" title="Pombo-correio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pombo-correio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porumbel_voiajor" title="Porumbel voiajor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Porumbel voiajor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8C" title="Почтовый голубь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Почтовый голубь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homing_pigeon" title="Homing pigeon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Homing pigeon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qooleey" title="Qooleey – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qooleey" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjekyyhky" title="Kirjekyyhky – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjekyyhky" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevduva" title="Brevduva – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brevduva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE" title="வீட்டுப் புறா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வீட்டுப் புறா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Свійський голуб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Свійський голуб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E9%B4%BF" title="信鴿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="信鴿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E9%B8%BD" title="信鸽 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="信鸽" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%94" title="ⴰⵜⴱⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵔ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵜⴱⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q138756#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Carrier pigeon" redirects here. For the breed of show pigeon, see <a href="/wiki/English_Carrier_pigeon" title="English Carrier pigeon">English Carrier pigeon</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Postduif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Postduif.jpg/220px-Postduif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Postduif.jpg/330px-Postduif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Postduif.jpg/440px-Postduif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>A messenger pigeon on a house roof</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homing_pigeons_in_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Homing_pigeons_in_flight.jpg/220px-Homing_pigeons_in_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Homing_pigeons_in_flight.jpg/330px-Homing_pigeons_in_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Homing_pigeons_in_flight.jpg/440px-Homing_pigeons_in_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>A group of homing pigeons in flight</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_homing_pigeon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_homing_pigeon.jpg/220px-A_homing_pigeon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/A_homing_pigeon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>A modern day racing pigeon wearing an electronic timing ring</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>homing pigeon</b> is a variety of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pigeon" title="Domestic pigeon">domestic pigeon</a> (<i>Columba livia domestica</i>), <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selectively bred</a> for its ability to find its way home over extremely long distances. Because of this skill, homing pigeons were used to carry messages, a practice referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Pigeon_post" title="Pigeon post">pigeon post</a>". Until the introduction of telephones, they were used commercially to deliver communication; when used during wars, they were called "<a href="/wiki/War_pigeon" title="War pigeon">war pigeons</a>". </p><p>The homing pigeon is also called a <b>mail pigeon</b> or <b>messenger pigeon</b>, and colloquially a <b>homer</b>. Perhaps most commonly, the homing pigeon is called a <b>carrier pigeon</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this nomenclature can be confusing, though, since it is distinct from the <a href="/wiki/English_carrier_pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="English carrier pigeon">English carrier</a>, an ancient breed of <a href="/wiki/Fancy_pigeon" title="Fancy pigeon">fancy pigeon</a>. Modern-day homing pigeons do have English carrier blood in them because they are in part descendants of the old-style carriers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The domestic pigeon is derived from the wild <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">rock dove</a> (<i>Columba livia</i> sspp.); the rock dove has an innate homing ability,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning that it will generally return to its nest using <a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">magnetoreception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flights as long as 1,800 km (1,100 miles) have been recorded by birds in competitive <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">homing pigeon racing</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> birds bred for this are colloquially called racing homers. Homing pigeons' average flying speed over moderate 965 km (600 miles) distances is around 97 km/h (60 miles per hour)<sup id="cite_ref-SAW_Blechman_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAW_Blechman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and speeds of up to 160 km/h (100 miles per hour) have been observed in top racers for short<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="vague (January 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> distances. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homing_pigeon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_post" title="Pigeon post">Pigeon post</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Barrier_Island_Pigeon-Gram_stamp_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Great_Barrier_Island_Pigeon-Gram_stamp_1899.jpg/150px-Great_Barrier_Island_Pigeon-Gram_stamp_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Great_Barrier_Island_Pigeon-Gram_stamp_1899.jpg/225px-Great_Barrier_Island_Pigeon-Gram_stamp_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Great_Barrier_Island_Pigeon-Gram_stamp_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>Stamp for early Pigeon-Gram Service</figcaption></figure> <p>Homing pigeons were potentially being used for <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_post" title="Pigeon post">pigeon post</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> by 1350 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Messages were tied around the legs of the pigeon, which was freed and could reach its original nest. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> described pigeons used in a similar fashion as military messengers around the first century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 19th century homing pigeons were used extensively for military communications.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sport of flying messenger pigeons was well-established as early as 3000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-PSM36-6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSM36-6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were used to proclaim the winner of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PSM36-6_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSM36-6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blechman_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blechman-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Messenger pigeons were used as early as 1150 in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a><sup id="cite_ref-fbi_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also later by <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>. By 1167 a regular service between Baghdad and Syria had been established by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din (died 1174)">Nur ad-Din</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allatt_1886_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allatt_1886-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>, by the mouth of the Nile, the Spanish traveller <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Tafur" title="Pedro Tafur">Pedro Tafur</a> saw carrier pigeons for the first time, in 1436, though he imagined that the birds made round trips, out and back.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> equipped their system of watch towers in the Mediterranean Sea with pigeon posts. <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a> (1750–1799) also used messenger pigeons; they returned to the Jamia Masjid mosque in <a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a>, which was his headquarters. The pigeon holes may be seen in the mosque's minarets to this day. </p><p>In 1818, a great pigeon race called the Cannonball Run took place at <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PSM36-6_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSM36-6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1860, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reuter" title="Paul Reuter">Paul Reuter</a>, who later founded <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> press agency, used a fleet of over 45 pigeons to deliver news and stock prices between Brussels and <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, the terminus of early telegraph lines. The outcome of the 1815 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> has often been claimed to have been delivered to London by pigeon but there is no evidence for this, and it is very unlikely; the pigeon post was rare until the 1820s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> pigeons were used to carry mail between besieged Paris and the French unoccupied territory. In December 1870, it took ten hours for a pigeon carrying <a href="/wiki/Microfilm" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfilm">microfilms</a> to fly from <a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, pigeons carried messages only one way, to their home. They had to be transported manually before another flight. However, by placing their food at one location and their home at another location, pigeons have been trained to fly back and forth up to twice a day reliably, covering round-trip flights up to 160 km (100 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Micro_Live_Stock_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Micro_Live_Stock-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their reliability has lent itself to occasional use on mail routes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_post#Great_Barrier_Island_(New_Zealand)" title="Pigeon post">Great Barrier Pigeongram Service</a> established between the <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, suburb of <a href="/wiki/Newton,_New_Zealand" title="Newton, New Zealand">Newton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Island" title="Great Barrier Island">Great Barrier Island</a> in November 1897,<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly the first regular <a href="/wiki/Air_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Air mail">air mail</a> service in the world. The world's first "airmail" stamps were issued for the Great Barrier Pigeon-Gram Service from 1898 to 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-airmail_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airmail-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, newspapers sometimes used carrier pigeons. To get news from Europe quicker, some New York City newspapers used carrier pigeons. The distance from Europe to Halifax, Nova Scotia, is relatively short. So reporters stationed themselves in Halifax, wrote the information received from incoming ships, and put the messages in capsules attached to the legs of homing pigeons. The birds would then fly from Halifax to New York City where the information would be published.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homing pigeons were still employed in the 21st century by certain remote police departments in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> state in eastern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to provide emergency communication services following <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>. In March 2002, it was announced that India's Police Pigeon Service messenger system in Odisha was to be retired, due to the expanded use of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> banned the keeping or use of pigeons, including racing pigeons, in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To this day, pigeons are still entered into competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navigation">Navigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homing_pigeon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">Animal navigation</a></div> <p>Research has been performed with the intention of discovering how pigeons, after being transported, can find their way back from distant places they have never visited before. Most researchers believe that homing ability is based on a "map and compass" model, with the compass feature allowing birds to orient and the map feature allowing birds to determine their location relative to a goal site (home loft).<sup id="cite_ref-vern_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vern-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the compass mechanism appears to rely on the sun, the map mechanism has been highly debated.<sup id="cite_ref-Walllraff_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walllraff-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers believe that the map mechanism relies on the ability of birds to detect the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a>. </p><p>A prominent theory is that the birds are able to detect a magnetic field to help them find their way home. Scientific research previously suggested that on top of a pigeon's beak a large number of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> particles are found which remain aligned to Earth's magnetic north like a natural <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a>, thus acting as compass which helps pigeon in determining its home.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a 2012 study disproved this theory, putting the field back on course to search for an explanation as to how animals detect magnetic fields.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A light-mediated mechanism that involves the eyes and is lateralized has been examined somewhat, but developments have implicated the trigeminal nerve in <a href="/wiki/Magnetoception" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetoception">magnetoreception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wild_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wild-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gagliardo_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gagliardo-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research by Floriano Papi (Italy, early 1970s) and more recent work, largely by Hans Wallraff, suggest that pigeons also orient themselves using the spatial distribution of atmospheric odors,<sup id="cite_ref-Walllraff_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walllraff-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_navigation" title="Olfactory navigation">olfactory navigation</a>. </p><p>Other research indicates that homing pigeons also navigate through visual landmarks by following familiar roads and other human-made features, making 90-degree turns and following habitual routes, much the same way that humans navigate.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research by Jon Hagstrum of the US Geological Survey suggests that homing pigeons use low-frequency <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasound</a> to navigate.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sound waves as low as 0.1 Hz have been observed to disrupt or redirect pigeon navigation. The pigeon ear, being far too small to interpret such a long wave, directs pigeons to fly in a circle when first taking air, in order to mentally map such long infrasound waves. </p><p>Various experiments suggest that different breeds of homing pigeons rely on different cues to different extents. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Walcott_(ethologist)" title="Charles Walcott (ethologist)">Charles Walcott</a> at Cornell University was able to demonstrate that while pigeons from one loft were confused by a magnetic anomaly in the Earth it had no effect on birds from another loft 1.6 km (1 mile) away. Other experiments have shown that altering the perceived time of day with artificial lighting or using air conditioning to eliminate odors in the pigeons' home roost affected the pigeons' ability to return home.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>GPS tracing studies indicate that gravitational anomalies may play a role as well.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homing_pigeon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postal_carriage">Postal carriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homing_pigeon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postal carriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_post" title="Pigeon post">Pigeon post</a></div> <p>A message may be written on thin light paper, rolled into a small tube, and attached to a messenger pigeon's leg. They will only travel to one "mentally marked" point that they have identified as their home, so "pigeon post" can only work when the sender is actually holding the receiver's pigeons. </p><p>With training, pigeons can carry up to 75 g (2.5 oz) on their backs. As early as 1903, the German apothecary <a href="/wiki/Julius_Neubronner" title="Julius Neubronner">Julius Neubronner</a> used carrier pigeons to both receive and deliver urgent medication.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, a similar system of 30 carrier pigeons was set up for the transport of laboratory specimens between two English hospitals. Every morning a basket with pigeons was taken from Plymouth General Hospital to Devonport Hospital. The birds then delivered unbreakable vials back to Plymouth as needed.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carrier pigeons became unnecessary in 1983 because of the closure of one of the hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s a similar system existed between two French hospitals located in Granville and Avranche.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime_communication">Wartime communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homing_pigeon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wartime communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_pigeon" title="War pigeon">War pigeon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bus_pigeon_loft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bus_pigeon_loft.jpg/220px-Bus_pigeon_loft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bus_pigeon_loft.jpg/330px-Bus_pigeon_loft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bus_pigeon_loft.jpg/440px-Bus_pigeon_loft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>A B-type bus from London converted into a pigeon loft for use in northern France and Belgium during the First World War</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abfertigen_einer_Meldung_durch_Brieftauben_-_CH-BAR_-_3240471_-_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Abfertigen_einer_Meldung_durch_Brieftauben_-_CH-BAR_-_3240471_-_restoration.jpg/220px-Abfertigen_einer_Meldung_durch_Brieftauben_-_CH-BAR_-_3240471_-_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Abfertigen_einer_Meldung_durch_Brieftauben_-_CH-BAR_-_3240471_-_restoration.jpg/330px-Abfertigen_einer_Meldung_durch_Brieftauben_-_CH-BAR_-_3240471_-_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Abfertigen_einer_Meldung_durch_Brieftauben_-_CH-BAR_-_3240471_-_restoration.jpg/440px-Abfertigen_einer_Meldung_durch_Brieftauben_-_CH-BAR_-_3240471_-_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5786" data-file-height="8170" /></a><figcaption>Dispatching of a message by carrier pigeon within the Swiss Army during World War I</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avro_Lancaster_pigeons_WWII_IWM_TR_193.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Avro_Lancaster_pigeons_WWII_IWM_TR_193.jpg/220px-Avro_Lancaster_pigeons_WWII_IWM_TR_193.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Avro_Lancaster_pigeons_WWII_IWM_TR_193.jpg/330px-Avro_Lancaster_pigeons_WWII_IWM_TR_193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Avro_Lancaster_pigeons_WWII_IWM_TR_193.jpg/440px-Avro_Lancaster_pigeons_WWII_IWM_TR_193.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>Crewman of an <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber</a> with homing pigeons nestled in niches as a means of emergency communications in the event of a crash, <a href="/wiki/Ditching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ditching">ditching</a>, or radio failure</figcaption></figure> <p>Birds were used extensively during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. One homing pigeon, <a href="/wiki/Cher_Ami" title="Cher Ami">Cher Ami</a>, was awarded the French <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)" title="Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)">Croix de guerre</a> for his heroic service in delivering 12 important messages, despite having been very badly injured.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II, the Irish <a href="/wiki/Paddy_(pigeon)" title="Paddy (pigeon)">Paddy</a>, the American <a href="/wiki/G.I._Joe_(pigeon)" title="G.I. Joe (pigeon)">G.I. Joe</a> and the English <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Exeter" title="Mary of Exeter">Mary of Exeter</a> all received the <a href="/wiki/Dickin_Medal" title="Dickin Medal">Dickin Medal</a>. They were among 32 pigeons to receive this award, for their gallantry and bravery in saving human lives with their actions. Eighty-two homing pigeons were dropped into the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> with the First Airborne Division Signals as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The pigeons' loft was located in London, which would have required them to fly 390 km (240 miles) to deliver their messages.<sup id="cite_ref-bridge_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bridge-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in World War II, hundreds of homing pigeons with the <a href="/wiki/Source_Columba" title="Source Columba">Confidential Pigeon Service</a> were airdropped into northwest Europe to serve as intelligence vectors for local resistance agents. Birds played a vital part in the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_Landings" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy Landings">Invasion of Normandy</a> as radios could not be used for fear of vital information being intercepted by the enemy. </p><p>During the Second World War, the use of pigeons for sending messages was highlighted in Britain by the Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret as <a href="/wiki/Girl_Guides" title="Girl Guides">Girl Guides</a> joining other Guides sending messages to the <a href="/wiki/Olave_Baden-Powell" title="Olave Baden-Powell">World Chief Guide</a> in 1943, as part of a campaign to raise money for homing pigeons.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing">Computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homing_pigeon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The humorous <a href="/wiki/IP_over_Avian_Carriers" title="IP over Avian Carriers">IP over Avian Carriers</a> (RFC 1149) is an <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> protocol for the transmission of messages via homing pigeon. Originally intended as an <a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day_RFC" class="mw-redirect" title="April Fools' Day RFC">April Fools' Day RFC</a> entry, this protocol was implemented and used, once, to transmit a message in <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, on 28 April 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-bergen_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bergen-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2009, a <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> IT company based in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> pitted an 11-month-old bird armed with a data packed 4 GB memory stick against the <a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a> service from the country's biggest Internet service provider, <a href="/wiki/Telkom_(South_Africa)" title="Telkom (South Africa)">Telkom</a>. The pigeon, Winston, took an hour and eight minutes to carry the data 80 km (50 miles). In all, the data transfer took two hours, six minutes, and fifty-seven seconds—the same amount of time it took to transfer 4% of the data over the ADSL.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smuggling">Smuggling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homing_pigeon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Smuggling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homing pigeons have been reported to be used as a smuggling technique, getting objects and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">narcotics</a> across <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">borders</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prisons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, between 2009 and 2015, pigeons have been reported to carry <a href="/wiki/Contraband" title="Contraband">contraband</a> items such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM cards</a>, phone <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">batteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/USB_hardware#Cabling" title="USB hardware">USB cords</a> into prisons in the <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been cases where homing pigeons were used to transport drugs into prisons.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homing_pigeon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pigeon_breeds" title="List of pigeon breeds">List of pigeon breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Show_Racer" title="American Show Racer">American Show Racer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovecote" title="Dovecote">Dovecote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_intelligence" title="Pigeon intelligence">Pigeon intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippler" title="Tippler">Tippler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_J._Zahn" title="Otto J. Zahn">Otto J. Zahn</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homing_pigeon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/carrier%20pigeon">"carrier pigeon"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2024</span>. <q>a pigeon used to carry messages, especially: homing pigeon</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=carrier+pigeon&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcarrier%2520pigeon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=carrier%20pigeon">"carrier pigeon"</a>. <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i>. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2024</span>. <q>A homing pigeon, especially one trained to carry messages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=carrier+pigeon&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dcarrier%2520pigeon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/carrier-pigeon">"carrier pigeon"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2024</span>. <q>any homing pigeon, esp one used for carrying messages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=carrier+pigeon&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcarrier-pigeon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/carrier-pigeon">"carrier pigeon"</a>. <i>Webster's New World College Dictionary</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2024</span>. <q>a homing pigeon trained to carry messages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=carrier+pigeon&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+New+World+College+Dictionary&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcarrier-pigeon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/carrier-pigeon">"carrier pigeon"</a>. <i>Oxford Learner's Dictionaries</i>. Oxford: Oxford University press. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2024</span>. <q>a pigeon that has been trained to carry messages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=carrier+pigeon&rft.btitle=Oxford+Learner%27s+Dictionaries&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fcarrier-pigeon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/carrier-pigeon">"carrier pigeon"</a>. <i>Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2024</span>. <q>a pigeon that is trained to carry messages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=carrier+pigeon&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcarrier-pigeon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlechman2007" class="citation book cs1">Blechman, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112210043/http://www.andrewblechman.com/learn_more.html"><i>Pigeons-The fascinating saga of the world's most revered and reviled bird</i></a>. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7022-3641-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7022-3641-9"><bdi>978-0-7022-3641-9</bdi></a>. 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Vol. 62, no. 2. Aramco Services Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=Cairo%27s+Fancy+Fliers&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.aramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F201102%2Fcairo.s.fancy.fliers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParksJerolmack2023" class="citation web cs1">Parks, Shoshi; Jerolmack, Colin (25 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/ancient-egypt-pigeon-problem">"Did Ancient Egypt Have a Pigeon Problem?"</a>. <i>Atlas Obscura</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Clarke, "Signal Corps Pigeons". <i>The Military Engineer</i> 25.140 (1933): 133–138 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44563742">Online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSM36-6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSM36-6_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSM36-6_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSM36-6_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeale1936" class="citation journal cs1">Teale, Edwin (June 1936). 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(1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8tMAAAAYAAJ">"The Use of Pigeons as Messengers in War and the Military Pigeon Systems of Europe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RUSI_Journal" title="RUSI Journal">RUSI Journal</a></i>. <b>30</b> (133): 107–148 [111]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071848609416366">10.1080/03071848609416366</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RUSI+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Pigeons+as+Messengers+in+War+and+the+Military+Pigeon+Systems+of+Europe&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=133&rft.pages=107-148+111&rft.date=1886&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071848609416366&rft.aulast=Allatt&rft.aufirst=Captain+H.T.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ8tMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"I saw there for the first time carrier pigeons, which take letters in their tail-feathers. They carry them from the place where they are bred to other places, and when the letters are detached they are set free and return to their homes. By this means the inhabitants have speedy news of all who come and go by sea or land." (Pedro Tafur, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/tafur.html#ch8">Andanças e viajes</a></i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190326/http://thenewsfromwaterloo.com/pigeon-post.html">"Challenging the myth"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thenewsfromwaterloo.com/pigeon-post.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Challenging+the+myth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthenewsfromwaterloo.com%2Fpigeon-post.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardenas2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cardenas, Fabricio (4 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vieuxpapierspo.blogspot.fr/2014/05/perpignan-bruxelles-par-pigeon-express.html">"Perpignan–Bruxelles par pigeon-express"</a>. <i>Vieux papiers des Pyrénées-Orientales</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Magnetoreception and its trigeminal mediation in the homing pigeon". <i>Nature</i>. <b>432</b> (7016): 508–511. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.432..508M">2004Natur.432..508M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03077">10.1038/nature03077</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15565156">15565156</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2485429">2485429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Magnetoreception+and+its+trigeminal+mediation+in+the+homing+pigeon&rft.volume=432&rft.issue=7016&rft.pages=508-511&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2485429%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15565156&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.432..508M&rft.aulast=Mora&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft.au=Davison%2C+M.&rft.au=Wild%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Walker%2C+M.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gagliardo-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gagliardo_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagliardoIoaleSaviniWild2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gagliardo, A.; Ioale, P.; Savini, M.; Wild, J. M. (2006). "Having the nerve to home: trigeminal magnetoreceptor versus olfactory mediation of homing in pigeons". <i>The Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>209</b> (15): 2888–2892. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.02313">10.1242/jeb.02313</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16857872">16857872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Having+the+nerve+to+home%3A+trigeminal+magnetoreceptor+versus+olfactory+mediation+of+homing+in+pigeons&rft.volume=209&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=2888-2892&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.02313&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16857872&rft.aulast=Gagliardo&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Ioale%2C+P.&rft.au=Savini%2C+M.&rft.au=Wild%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3460977.stm">"Pigeons reveal map reading secret"</a>. BBC News (5 Feb 2004). 5 February 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pigeons+reveal+map+reading+secret&rft.date=2004-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F3460977.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knight_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/216/4/i/11841/DISAPPEARING-HOMING-PIGEON-MYSTERY-SOLVED">Knight, Kathryn (2013). Disappearing homing Pigeon mystery solved. The Company of Biologists.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicole_BlaserSergei_I._GuskovVirginia_MeskenaiteValerii_A._Kanevskyi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nicole Blaser; Sergei I. Guskov; Virginia Meskenaite; Valerii A. Kanevskyi; Hans-Peter Lipp (23 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3806762">"Altered Orientation and Flight Paths of Pigeons Reared on Gravity Anomalies: A GPS Tracking Study"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (10): e77102. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...877102B">2013PLoSO...877102B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0077102">10.1371/journal.pone.0077102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3806762">3806762</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24194860">24194860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Altered+Orientation+and+Flight+Paths+of+Pigeons+Reared+on+Gravity+Anomalies%3A+A+GPS+Tracking+Study&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e77102&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3806762%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24194860&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0077102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...877102B&rft.au=Nicole+Blaser&rft.au=Sergei+I.+Guskov&rft.au=Virginia+Meskenaite&rft.au=Valerii+A.+Kanevskyi&rft.au=Hans-Peter+Lipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3806762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicole_BlaserSergei_I._GuskovVladimir_A._EntinDavid_P._Wolfer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nicole Blaser; Sergei I. Guskov; Vladimir A. Entin; David P. Wolfer; Valeryi A. Kanevskyi; Hans-Peter Lipp (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.108670">"Gravity anomalies without geomagnetic disturbances interfere with pigeon homing – a GPS tracking study"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>217</b> (22): 4057–4067. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.108670">10.1242/jeb.108670</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25392461">25392461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Gravity+anomalies+without+geomagnetic+disturbances+interfere+with+pigeon+homing+%E2%80%93+a+GPS+tracking+study&rft.volume=217&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=4057-4067&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.108670&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25392461&rft.au=Nicole+Blaser&rft.au=Sergei+I.+Guskov&rft.au=Vladimir+A.+Entin&rft.au=David+P.+Wolfer&rft.au=Valeryi+A.+Kanevskyi&rft.au=Hans-Peter+Lipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.108670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLes_Nouveautés_Photographiques1910" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54904907.image.r=Neubronner.f70.vignettesnaviguer.langEN">"Le pigeon voyageur photographe"</a>. <i>Les Nouveautés Photographiques</i> (in French): 63–71. 1910.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+Nouveaut%C3%A9s+Photographiques&rft.atitle=Le+pigeon+voyageur+photographe&rft.pages=63-71&rft.date=1910&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k54904907.image.r%3DNeubronner.f70.vignettesnaviguer.langEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19770723&id=Y9MVAAAAIBAJ&pg=3259,4076496">"Pigeons flying for life"</a>. <i>The Milwaukee Sentinel</i>. 23 July 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Milwaukee+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Pigeons+flying+for+life&rft.date=1977-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1368%26dat%3D19770723%26id%3DY9MVAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3259%2C4076496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2020">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1106&context=icwdmprobe">"The Probe: Newsletter of the National Animal Damage Control Association, Issue 33 – June 1983"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Probe%3A+Newsletter+of+the+National+Animal+Damage+Control+Association%2C+Issue+33+%E2%80%93+June+1983&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1106%26context%3Dicwdmprobe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311215220/http://www.abc.terre.defense.gouv.fr/sites/abc.terre.defense.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/carabinier_15.pdf">"Le Carabinier"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.terre.defense.gouv.fr/sites/abc.terre.defense.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/carabinier_15.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Carabinier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.terre.defense.gouv.fr%2Fsites%2Fabc.terre.defense.gouv.fr%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Fcarabinier_15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebley2011" class="citation news cs1">Webley, Kayla (21 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2059858_2059863_2060209,00.html">"Top 10 Heroic Animals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Top+10+Heroic+Animals&rft.date=2011-03-21&rft.aulast=Webley&rft.aufirst=Kayla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C2059858_2059863_2060209%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bridge-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bridge_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Ryan" title="Cornelius Ryan">Cornelius Ryan</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/A_Bridge_Too_Far_(book)" title="A Bridge Too Far (book)">A Bridge Too Far</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/556546466425395541/">"Pin on Elizabeth II"</a>. <i>Pinterest</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pinterest&rft.atitle=Pin+on+Elizabeth+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F556546466425395541%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/309692911880526269/">"34 Things You Didn't Know About Queen Elizabeth in 2020 | Queen elizabeth, Racing pigeons, Princess photo"</a>. <i>Pinterest</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pinterest&rft.atitle=34+Things+You+Didn%27t+Know+About+Queen+Elizabeth+in+2020+%26%23124%3B+Queen+elizabeth%2C+Racing+pigeons%2C+Princess+photo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F309692911880526269%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=2941769669260660&set=gm.1430105507189013">"Facebook"</a>. <i>www.facebook.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.facebook.com&rft.atitle=Facebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fphoto%3Ffbid%3D2941769669260660%26set%3Dgm.1430105507189013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The newspaper caption reads : 1943 – The flight of the County Pigeon "Over 100 Guides and Brownies with their Guiders and Commissioners came to Shrewsbury Castle to watch the County Commissioner release the Carrier Pigeons flying the County's message of greeting to the Chief Guide in London. Those present included the Mayor of Shrewsbury, Mrs Rotton and Mrs Windsor County Commissioner for Merrionethshire who also released two pigeons with her County's message of greeting." Our message said: THROUGHOUT THE HILLS AND VALLEYS OF SHROPSHIRE THE GUIDE LAWS ARE CHERISHED AND THE GUIDES CONTINUE STEADFAST AND "PREPARED". MAY WE KEEP THE GUIDE FLAME BURNING BRIGHTLY ALL OVER THE WORLD WHEN PEACE RETURNS." from an album, with no reference - can you find it?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bergen-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bergen_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004221306/http://www.blug.linux.no/rfc1149/">"RFC-1149"</a>. <i>BLUG</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blug.linux.no/rfc1149/">the original</a> on 4 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BLUG&rft.atitle=RFC-1149&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blug.linux.no%2Frfc1149%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovender2009" class="citation news cs1">Govender, Peroshni (9 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUSTRE5885PM20090909">"Pigeon transfers data faster than South Africa's Telkom"</a>. Reuters (9 September 2009)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pigeon+transfers+data+faster+than+South+Africa%27s+Telkom&rft.date=2009-09-09&rft.aulast=Govender&rft.aufirst=Peroshni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FoddlyEnoughNews%2FidUSTRE5885PM20090909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8248056.stm">"SA pigeon 'faster than broadband'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC (10 September 2009). 10 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SA+pigeon+%27faster+than+broadband%27&rft.date=2009-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F8248056.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuilty-Harper" class="citation news cs1">Quilty-Harper, Conrad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/cocaine-smuggling-carrier-pigeons">"Cocaine carrier pigeons are the latest drug smuggling technique"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GQ" title="GQ">GQ</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GQ&rft.atitle=Cocaine+carrier+pigeons+are+the+latest+drug+smuggling+technique&rft.aulast=Quilty-Harper&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq-magazine.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fcocaine-smuggling-carrier-pigeons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/Noticias/SaoPaulo/0,,MUL1101091-5605,00-POMBO+QUE+LEVAVA+CELULAR+PARA+PRESOS+E+CAPTURADO+NO+INTERIOR+DE+SP.html">"Pombo que levava celular para presos é capturado no interior de SP"</a> [Pigeon carrying cell phones to prisoners is captured in the interior of SP]. <i><a href="/wiki/G1_(website)" title="G1 (website)">G1</a></i> (in Portuguese). 28 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G1&rft.atitle=Pombo+que+levava+celular+para+presos+%C3%A9+capturado+no+interior+de+SP&rft.date=2009-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2FNoticias%2FSaoPaulo%2F0%2C%2CMUL1101091-5605%2C00-POMBO%2BQUE%2BLEVAVA%2BCELULAR%2BPARA%2BPRESOS%2BE%2BCAPTURADO%2BNO%2BINTERIOR%2BDE%2BSP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2015/08/pombo-com-celular-e-encontrado-em-penitenciaria-na-zona-sul-de-sp.html">"Pombo com celular é encontrado em penitenciária na Zona Sul de SP"</a> [Pigeon with cell phone found in prison in the South Zone of SP]. <i><a href="/wiki/G1_(website)" title="G1 (website)">G1</a></i> (in Portuguese). 4 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G1&rft.atitle=Pombo+com+celular+%C3%A9+encontrado+em+penitenci%C3%A1ria+na+Zona+Sul+de+SP&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fsao-paulo%2Fnoticia%2F2015%2F08%2Fpombo-com-celular-e-encontrado-em-penitenciaria-na-zona-sul-de-sp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-40042260">"Pigeon 'caught with backpack of drugs'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 25 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pigeon+%27caught+with+backpack+of+drugs%27&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-40042260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homing_pigeon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lucy M Blanchard, <i>Chico, the Story of a Homing Pigeon in the Great War</i>, Diggory Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84685-039-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84685-039-4">978-1-84685-039-4</a></li> <li>Carter W. Clarke, "Signal Corps Pigeons". <i>The Military Engineer</i> 25.140 (1933): 133–138 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44563742">Online</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Day_(writer)" title="Jon Day (writer)">Jon Day</a>, "Operation Columba" (review of <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Corera" title="Gordon Corera">Gordon Corera</a>, <i>Secret Pigeon Service</i>, William Collins, 2018, 326 pp., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0008220303" title="Special:BookSources/978-0008220303">978-0008220303</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a></i>, vol. 41, no. 7 (4 April 2019), pp. 15–16. "Pigeons flew across theRoman Empire carrying messages from the margins to the capital. [In 43 BCE] <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Albinus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus">Decimus Brutus</a> broke <a href="/wiki/Marc_Antony" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Antony">Marc Antony</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutina" title="Battle of Mutina">siege of Mutina</a> [Modena, in northern Italy] by sending letters to the consuls via pigeon. ... [However, p]igeons only really came into their own with modern [times, especially d]uring the 19th and early 20th centuries". (<a href="/wiki/Jon_Day_(writer)" title="Jon Day (writer)">Jon Day</a>, p. 15.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Shalev" title="Meir Shalev">Meir Shalev</a>, <i>A Pigeon and a Boy</i> (English translation by Evan Fallenberg), a historical novel about the use of pigeons by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Defense Force">Israel Defense Forces</a> (and the Haganah before Israel was founded in 1948) in the defence of Israel when it was first founded, and in the defence of the Jewish community before Israeli independence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Spinelli" title="Jerry Spinelli">Jerry Spinelli</a>, <i>Wringer</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTegetmeier1871" class="citation book cs1">Tegetmeier, William Bernhard (1871). <i>The homing or carrier pigeon</i>. London: George Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+homing+or+carrier+pigeon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Routledge&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Tegetmeier&rft.aufirst=William+Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hackemerlofts.com/articles.html">"Nine Champions Create A Champion"</a>, Bob Kinney Silverado, <i>The Thoroughbred</i>, 15 May 1998</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homing_pigeon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Homing_pigeons" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Homing pigeons">Homing pigeons</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pigeoncomm.site90.net/">Pigeon and Business and Communication</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232242/http://pigeoncomm.site90.net/">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051217093543/http://www.txtwriter.com/Onscience/Articles/pigeons.html">The great pigeon race disaster of 97 suggests an answer to an enduring mystery</a>, George Johnson, "On Science", <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post_Dispatch" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Post Dispatch">St. Louis Post Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/9/9/14990/14990-h/14990-h.htm#art10">The System of Military Dovecotes in Europe</a> from an 1891 <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> article at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li>Joao Moreira Tavares: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/carrier_pigeons_portugal/">Carrier Pigeons (Portugal)</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/">1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090601232918/http://silvio-co.com/pigeons/">Resource for pigeon racers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA49">Round Trip War Birds</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i>, November 1941, article on <a href="/wiki/US_Army_Signal_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army Signal Corps">US Army Signal Corps</a> use of homing pigeons with first high-speed photos showing how a pigeon flies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Uh8QlfQ26Q">Fragment 'Those waiting for the birds'</a> (2008, Eve Duchemin), documentary about Belgian homing pigeons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1930" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, James Nevin (February 1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-IDAAAAMBAJ&q=Popular%20Science%201930%20plane%20%22Popular%20Mechanics%22&pg=PA194">"The Passing of the Carrier Pigeon"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i>: 194–197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=The+Passing+of+the+Carrier+Pigeon&rft.pages=194-197&rft.date=1930-02&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=James+Nevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp-IDAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DPopular%2520Science%25201930%2520plane%2520%2522Popular%2520Mechanics%2522%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoming+pigeon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_stamp_1918_24c_Curtiss_Jenny_-C3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curtis "Jenny" JN-4"><img alt="Curtis "Jenny" JN-4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/US_stamp_1918_24c_Curtiss_Jenny_-C3.jpg/100px-US_stamp_1918_24c_Curtiss_Jenny_-C3.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/US_stamp_1918_24c_Curtiss_Jenny_-C3.jpg/150px-US_stamp_1918_24c_Curtiss_Jenny_-C3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/US_stamp_1918_24c_Curtiss_Jenny_-C3.jpg/200px-US_stamp_1918_24c_Curtiss_Jenny_-C3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="692" /></a></span><br /><small>Curtis "Jenny" JN-4</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade#The_start_of_the_Berlin_Airlift" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Airlift</a> (<small>Germany</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airmail_stamps_of_Denmark" title="Airmail stamps of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Greece#Early_airmail_stamps_.281926-1939.29" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_of_Ireland#Airmails" title="Postage stamps of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_airmail_service" title="United States airmail service">United States</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Air_Mail_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Mail Facility">Air Mail Facility</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Air_Mail_scandal" title="Air Mail scandal">Air Mail scandal</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_airmail_stamps" title="List of United States airmail stamps">Stamps</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">Philately</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerophilately" title="Aerophilately">Aerophilately</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophilately" title="Astrophilately">Astrophilately</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crash_cover" title="Crash cover">Crash cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_flight_cover" title="First flight cover">First flight cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">Postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerogram" title="Aerogram">Aerogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_mail" title="Balloon mail">Balloon mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_plane" title="Mail plane">Mail plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_post" title="Pigeon post">Pigeon post</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">homing pigeon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_mail" title="Rocket mail">Rocket mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeppelin_mail" title="Zeppelin mail">Zeppelin mail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Air_Mail_Society" title="American Air Mail Society">American Air Mail Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_des_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_A%C3%A9rophilat%C3%A9liques" title="Fédération Internationale des Sociétés Aérophilatéliques">FISA (<small>French</small>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conveyances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.4" title="Airco DH.4">Airco DH.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A9riot_XI" title="Blériot XI">Blériot XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Model_40" title="Boeing Model 40">Boeing Model 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">Boeing P-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_JN-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss JN-4">Curtiss JN-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-4" title="Douglas DC-4">Douglas DC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_O-38" title="Douglas O-38">Douglas O-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommer_1910_biplane#The_Humber-Sommer_biplane" title="Sommer 1910 biplane">Humber-Sommer biplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ_127_Graf_Zeppelin" title="LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin">LZ 127 <i>Graf Zeppelin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mailplanes" title="Category:Mailplanes">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Air_Mail_Marker" title="First Air Mail Marker">First Air Mail Marker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div 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