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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visits_to_China_and_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visits_to_China_and_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Visits to China and Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visits_to_China_and_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visit_to_Southern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visit_to_Southern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Visit to Southern Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visit_to_Southern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Functional psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functional_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education_and_teacher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_teacher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Education and teacher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_teacher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professionalization_of_teaching_as_a_social_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professionalization_of_teaching_as_a_social_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Professionalization of teaching as a social service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professionalization_of_teaching_as_a_social_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_teacher's_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_teacher's_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>A teacher's knowledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_teacher's_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_teacher's_skill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_teacher's_skill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>A teacher's skill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_teacher's_skill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_teacher's_disposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_teacher's_disposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>A teacher's disposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_teacher's_disposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_role_of_teacher_education_to_cultivate_the_professional_classroom_teacher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_role_of_teacher_education_to_cultivate_the_professional_classroom_teacher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>The role of teacher education to cultivate the professional classroom teacher</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_role_of_teacher_education_to_cultivate_the_professional_classroom_teacher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Journalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logic_and_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logic_and_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Logic and method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logic_and_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critical_thinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_thinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Critical thinking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_thinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Aesthetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philanthropy,_women_and_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philanthropy,_women_and_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Philanthropy, women and democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philanthropy,_women_and_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pragmatism,_instrumentalism,_consequentialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pragmatism,_instrumentalism,_consequentialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Pragmatism, instrumentalism, consequentialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pragmatism,_instrumentalism,_consequentialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epistemology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistemology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Epistemology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_political_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_political_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Social and political activism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_political_activism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social and political activism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_political_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1894_Pullman_Strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1894_Pullman_Strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1894 Pullman Strike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1894_Pullman_Strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pro-war_stance_in_First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro-war_stance_in_First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pro-war stance in First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro-war_stance_in_First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_League_for_Academic_Freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_League_for_Academic_Freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>International League for Academic Freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_League_for_Academic_Freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dewey_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dewey_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Dewey Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dewey_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-League_for_Industrial_Democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#League_for_Industrial_Democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>League for Industrial Democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-League_for_Industrial_Democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_Awards_and_Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_Awards_and_Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Academic Awards and Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_Awards_and_Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Dewey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="جون ديوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون ديوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Dyui" title="Con Dyui – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Dyui" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="جان دیویی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان دیویی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF" title="জন ডুয়ি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জন ডুয়ি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%96" title="Джон Дзьюі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Дзьюі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%B8" title="Джон Дюи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Дюи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B9" title="Τζον Ντιούι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζον Ντιούι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="جان دیویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان دیویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%93%80%EC%9D%B4" title="존 듀이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 듀이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB" title="Ջոն Դյուի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Դյուի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="जॉन डिवी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉन डिवी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99" title="ג'ון דיואי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון דיואי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜಾನ್ ಡೀವಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾನ್ ಡೀವಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ დიუი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ დიუი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8" title="Джон Дьюи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джон Дьюи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8" title="Жон Дьюи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жон Дьюи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Dewey" title="Ioannes Dewey – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Dewey" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Dj%C5%ABijs" title="Džons Djūijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Djūijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Џон Дјуи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џон Дјуи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF" title="ജോൺ ഡ്യൂയി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ ഡ്യൂയി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88" title="जॉन ड्युई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉन ड्युई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ დიუი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონ დიუი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%89_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81)" title="جون ديوى (فيلسوف) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون ديوى (فيلسوف)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A4" title="ジョン・デューイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・デューイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80" title="ਜੌਨ ਡੇਵੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੌਨ ਡੇਵੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%89%DB%90%D9%88%D9%8A" title="جان ډېوي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان ډېوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дьюи, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дьюи, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C" title="جۆن دووی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆن دووی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Џон Дјуи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон Дјуи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF" title="ஜான் டூயி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜான் டூயி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%80" title="జాన్ డ్యూయీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జాన్ డ్యూయీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5" title="จอห์น ดูอี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอห์น ดูอี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Dewey" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%97" title="Джон Дьюї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Дьюї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer (1859–1952)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the structural geologist, see <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Dewey" title="John Frederick Dewey">John Frederick Dewey</a>. For the Minnesotan territorial legislator, see <a href="/wiki/John_J._Dewey" title="John J. Dewey">John J. Dewey</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Dewey</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Dewey_cph.3a51565.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bust portrait of John Dewey, facing slightly left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Dewey_cph.3a51565.jpg/220px-John_Dewey_cph.3a51565.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Dewey_cph.3a51565.jpg/330px-John_Dewey_cph.3a51565.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Dewey_cph.3a51565.jpg/440px-John_Dewey_cph.3a51565.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1859-10-20</span>)</span>October 20, 1859<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington, Vermont</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 1, 1952<span style="display:none">(1952-06-01)</span> (aged 92)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, New York, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vermont" title="University of Vermont">University of Vermont</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dewey" title="Jane Dewey">Jane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Dewey" title="Evelyn Dewey">Evelyn Dewey</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-IEP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">Functional psychology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process philosophy</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools" title="University of Chicago Laboratory Schools">Laboratory Schools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachers_College,_Columbia_University" title="Teachers College, Columbia University">Teachers College, Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_School" title="The New School">The New School</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Professors" title="American Association of University Professors">American Association of University Professors</a></div></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tao_Xingzhi" title="Tao Xingzhi">Tao Xingzhi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Feng_Youlan" title="Feng Youlan">Feng Youlan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Menglin" title="Jiang Menglin">Jiang Menglin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lin_Mosei" title="Lin Mosei">Lin Mosei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/reflective_thinking" class="extiw" title="v:reflective thinking">Reflective thinking</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">Functional psychology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Radical_empiricism" title="Radical empiricism">Immediate empiricism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow_show_trials#Dewey_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow show trials">Inquiry</a> into <a href="/wiki/Dewey_Commission" title="Dewey Commission">Moscow show trials</a> about <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky#Moscow_show_trials" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Educational_progressivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational progressivism">Educational progressivism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Occupational_psychosis" title="Occupational psychosis">Occupational psychosis</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Dewey</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Education_reform" title="Education reform">educational reformer</a>. He was one of the most prominent American scholars in the first half of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overriding theme of Dewey's works was his profound belief in <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, be it in politics, education, or communication and journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Dewey himself stated in 1888, while still at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, "Democracy and the one, ultimate, <a href="/wiki/Ethical_ideal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical ideal">ethical ideal</a> of humanity are to my mind synonymous."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dewey considered two fundamental elements—schools and <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>—to be major topics needing attention and reconstruction to encourage experimental intelligence and plurality. He asserted that complete democracy was to be obtained not just by extending voting rights but also by ensuring that there exists a fully formed <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a>, accomplished by communication among citizens, experts, and politicians. </p><p>Dewey was one of the primary figures associated with the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a> and is considered one of the founding thinkers of <a href="/wiki/Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">functional psychology</a>. His paper "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology", published in 1896, is regarded as the first major work in the (Chicago) functionalist school of psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_General_Psychology" title="Review of General Psychology">Review of General Psychology</a></i> survey, published in 2002, ranked Dewey as the 93rd-most-cited psychologist of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dewey was also a major educational reformer for the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A well-known <a href="/wiki/Public_intellectual" class="mw-redirect" title="Public intellectual">public intellectual</a>, he was a major voice of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">progressive education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, he founded the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools" title="University of Chicago Laboratory Schools">University of Chicago Laboratory Schools</a>, where he was able to apply and test his progressive ideas on pedagogical method.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Dewey is known best for his publications about education, he also wrote about many other topics, including <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Dewey was born in <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington, Vermont</a>, to a family of modest means.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of four boys born to Archibald Sprague Dewey and Lucina Artemisia Rich Dewey. Their first son was <a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">also named John</a>, but he died in an accident on January 17, 1859. The second John Dewey was born October 20, 1859, forty weeks after the death of his older brother. Like his older, surviving brother, <a href="/wiki/Davis_Rich_Dewey" title="Davis Rich Dewey">Davis Rich Dewey</a>, he attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vermont" title="University of Vermont">University of Vermont</a>, where he was initiated into <a href="/wiki/Delta_Psi_(University_of_Vermont)" title="Delta Psi (University of Vermont)">Delta Psi</a>, and graduated <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1879. </p><p>A significant professor of Dewey's at the University of Vermont was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Pearson_Torrey" title="Henry Augustus Pearson Torrey">Henry Augustus Pearson Torrey</a> (H. A. P. Torrey), the son-in-law and nephew of former University of Vermont president <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Torrey_(academic)" title="Joseph Torrey (academic)">Joseph Torrey</a>. Dewey studied privately with Torrey between his graduation from Vermont and his enrollment at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Dewey_in_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John_Dewey_in_1902.jpg/170px-John_Dewey_in_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John_Dewey_in_1902.jpg/255px-John_Dewey_in_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John_Dewey_in_1902.jpg/340px-John_Dewey_in_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption>John Dewey at the University of Chicago in 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>After two years as a high-school teacher in <a href="/wiki/Oil_City,_Pennsylvania" title="Oil City, Pennsylvania">Oil City, Pennsylvania</a>, and one year as an elementary school teacher in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Vermont" title="Charlotte, Vermont">Charlotte, Vermont</a>, Dewey decided that he was unsuited for teaching primary or secondary school. After studying with <a href="/wiki/George_Sylvester_Morris" title="George Sylvester Morris">George Sylvester Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Baxter_Adams" title="Herbert Baxter Adams">Herbert Baxter Adams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a>, Dewey received his Ph.D. from the School of Arts & Sciences at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>. In 1884, he accepted a faculty position at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> (1884–88 and 1889–94) with the help of George Sylvester Morris. His unpublished and now lost dissertation was titled "The Psychology of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>". </p><p>In 1894 Dewey joined the newly founded <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (1894–1904) where he developed his belief in Rational <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a>, becoming associated with the newly emerging Pragmatic philosophy. His time at the University of Chicago resulted in four essays collectively entitled <i>Thought and its Subject-Matter</i>, which was published with collected works from his colleagues at Chicago under the collective title <i>Studies in Logical Theory</i> (1904). </p><p>During that time Dewey also initiated the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools" title="University of Chicago Laboratory Schools">University of Chicago Laboratory Schools</a>, where he was able to actualize the pedagogical beliefs that provided material for his first major work on education, <i><a href="/wiki/The_School_and_Society" title="The School and Society">The School and Society</a></i> (1899). Disagreements with the administration ultimately caused his resignation from the university, and soon thereafter he relocated near the East Coast. In 1899, Dewey was elected president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> (A.P.A.). From 1904 until his retirement in 1930 he was professor of philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Teachers_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers College">Teachers College</a> at Columbia University and influenced <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1905 he became president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Association" title="American Philosophical Association">American Philosophical Association</a>. He was a longtime member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Teachers" title="American Federation of Teachers">American Federation of Teachers</a>. Along with the historians <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Harvey_Robinson" title="James Harvey Robinson">James Harvey Robinson</a>, and the economist <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a>, Dewey is one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/The_New_School" title="The New School">The New School</a>. </p><p>Dewey published more than 700 articles in 140 journals, and approximately 40 books. His most significant writings were "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" (1896), a critique of a standard psychological concept and the basis of all his further work; <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Education" title="Democracy and Education">Democracy and Education</a></i> (1916), his celebrated work on progressive education; <i>Human Nature and Conduct</i> (1922), a study of the function of habit in human behavior;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_and_its_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="The Public and its Problems">The Public and its Problems</a></i> (1927), a defense of democracy written in response to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_Public" title="The Phantom Public">The Phantom Public</a></i> (1925); <i><a href="/wiki/Experience_and_Nature" title="Experience and Nature">Experience and Nature</a></i> (1925), Dewey's most "metaphysical" statement; <i>Impressions of Soviet Russia and the Revolutionary World</i> (1929), a glowing travelogue from the nascent <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> (1934), was Dewey's major work on aesthetics; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Common_Faith" title="A Common Faith">A Common Faith</a></i> (1934), a humanistic study of religion originally delivered as the <a href="/wiki/Dwight_H._Terry_Lectureship" title="Dwight H. Terry Lectureship">Dwight H. Terry Lectureship</a> at Yale; <i>Logic: The Theory of Inquiry</i> (1938), a statement of Dewey's unusual conception of logic; <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Culture" title="Freedom and Culture">Freedom and Culture</a></i> (1939), a political work examining the roots of fascism; and <i><a href="/wiki/Knowing_and_the_Known" title="Knowing and the Known">Knowing and the Known</a></i> (1949), a book written in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Bentley" title="Arthur F. Bentley">Arthur F. Bentley</a> that systematically outlines the concept of trans-action, which is central to his other works (see <a href="/wiki/Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">Transactionalism</a>). </p><p>While each of these works focuses on one particular philosophical theme, Dewey included his major themes in <i>Experience and Nature</i>. However, dissatisfied with the response to the first (1925) edition, for the second (1929) edition he rewrote the first chapter and added a Preface in which he stated that the book presented what was later called a new (Kuhnian) paradigm: <i>'I have not striven in this volume for a reconciliation between the new and the old' [E&N:4]</i> <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>.</i> and he asserts Kuhnian incommensurability: </p><p><i>'To many the associating of the two words ['experience' and 'nature'] will seem like talking of a round square' but 'I know of no route by which dialectical argument can answer such objections. They arise from association with words and cannot be dealt with argumentatively'.</i> The following can be interpreted now as describing a Kuhnian conversion process: <i>'One can only hope in the course of the whole discussion to disclose the [new] meanings which are attached to "experience" and "nature," and thus insensibly produce, if one is fortunate, a change in the significations previously attached to them' [all E&N:10].</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reflecting his immense influence on 20th-century thought, <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Neatby" title="Hilda Neatby">Hilda Neatby</a> wrote "Dewey has been to our age what <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> was to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">later Middle Ages</a>, not a philosopher, but <i>the</i> philosopher."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visits_to_China_and_Japan">Visits to China and Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Visits to China and Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_Shih_and_John_Dewey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hu_Shih_and_John_Dewey.jpg/170px-Hu_Shih_and_John_Dewey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hu_Shih_and_John_Dewey.jpg/255px-Hu_Shih_and_John_Dewey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Hu_Shih_and_John_Dewey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>John Dewey and Hu Shih, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1938</span>–1942</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1919, Dewey and his wife traveled to Japan on <a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">sabbatical leave</a>. Though Dewey and his wife were well received by the people of Japan during this trip, Dewey was also critical of the nation's governing system and claimed that the nation's path towards democracy was "ambitious but weak in many respects in which her competitors are strong".<sup id="cite_ref-japangrant_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japangrant-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also warned that "the real test has not yet come. But if the nominally democratic world should go back on the professions so profusely uttered during war days, the shock will be enormous, and bureaucracy and militarism might come back."<sup id="cite_ref-japangrant_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japangrant-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his trip to Japan, Dewey was invited by <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> to visit China, probably at the behest of his former students, <a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Monlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Monlin">Chiang Monlin</a>. Dewey and his wife Alice arrived in Shanghai on April 30, 1919,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just days before student demonstrators took to the streets of Peking to protest the decision of the Allies in Paris to cede the German-held territories in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> province to Japan. Their <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">demonstrations on May Fourth</a> excited and energized Dewey, and he ended up staying in China for two years, leaving in July 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BC%A0%E8%AC%87%E4%B8%8E%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81%E7%AD%89%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E5%BC%A0%E8%AC%87%E4%B8%8E%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81%E7%AD%89%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg/220px-%E5%BC%A0%E8%AC%87%E4%B8%8E%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81%E7%AD%89%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E5%BC%A0%E8%AC%87%E4%B8%8E%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81%E7%AD%89%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg/330px-%E5%BC%A0%E8%AC%87%E4%B8%8E%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81%E7%AD%89%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E5%BC%A0%E8%AC%87%E4%B8%8E%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81%E7%AD%89%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg/440px-%E5%BC%A0%E8%AC%87%E4%B8%8E%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81%E7%AD%89%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>John Dewey in China in 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>In these two years, Dewey gave nearly 200 lectures to Chinese audiences and wrote nearly monthly articles for Americans in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i> and other magazines. Well aware of both Japanese expansionism into China and the attraction of <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> to some Chinese, Dewey advocated that Americans support China's transformation and that Chinese base this transformation in education and social reforms, not revolution. Hundreds and sometimes thousands of people attended the lectures, which were interpreted by Hu Shih. For these audiences, Dewey represented "Mr. Democracy" and "Mr. Science," the two personifications which they thought of representing modern values and hailed him as "the American Confucius".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His lectures were lost at the time but have been rediscovered and published in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dewey's lecture on "Three Contemporary Philosophers: Bertrand Russell, Henri Bergson and William James" at Peking University in 1919 was attended by a young <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zhixin Su states: </p> <dl><dd>Dewey was, for those Chinese educators who had studied under him, the great apostle of philosophic liberalism and experimental methodology, the advocate of complete freedom of thought, and the man who, above all other teachers, equated education to the practical problems of civic cooperation and useful living.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Dewey urged the Chinese to not import any Western educational model. He recommended to educators such as <a href="/wiki/Tao_Xingzhi" title="Tao Xingzhi">Tao Xingzhi</a>, that they use pragmatism to devise their own model school system at the national level. However, the national government was weak, and the provinces largely controlled by warlords, so his suggestions were praised at the national level but not implemented. However, there were a few implementations locally.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dewey's ideas did have influence in Hong Kong, and in Taiwan after the nationalist government fled there. In most of China, Confucian scholars controlled the local educational system before 1949 and they simply ignored Dewey and Western ideas. In Marxist and Maoist China, Dewey's ideas were systematically denounced.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visit_to_Southern_Africa">Visit to Southern Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Visit to Southern Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dewey and his daughter Jane went to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> in July 1934, at the invitation of the World Conference of New Education Fellowship in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, where he delivered several talks. The conference was opened by the South African Minister of Education <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_Hofmeyr_(1894-1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894-1948)">Jan Hofmeyr</a>, and Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a>. Other speakers at the conference included <a href="/wiki/Max_Eiselen" title="Max Eiselen">Max Eiselen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd" title="Hendrik Verwoerd">Hendrik Verwoerd</a>, who later became prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">Nationalist</a> government that introduced <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dewey's expenses were paid by the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_York" title="Carnegie Corporation of New York">Carnegie Foundation</a>. He also traveled to <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a> in what was then <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>) and looked at schools, talked to pupils, and gave lectures to the administrators and teachers. In August 1934, Dewey accepted an honorary degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The white-only governments rejected Dewey's ideas as too secular. However black people and their white supporters were more receptive.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dewey married <a href="/wiki/Alice_Chipman_Dewey" title="Alice Chipman Dewey">Alice Chipman</a> in 1886 shortly after Chipman graduated with her Ph.D. from the University of Michigan. The two had six children: Frederick Archibald Dewey, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Dewey" title="Evelyn Dewey">Evelyn Riggs Dewey</a>, Morris (who died young), Gordon Chipman Dewey, Lucy Alice Chipman Dewey, and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dewey" title="Jane Dewey">Jane Mary Dewey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alice Chipman died in 1927 at the age of 68; weakened by a case of malaria contracted during a trip to Turkey in 1924 and a heart attack during a trip to Mexico City in 1926, she died from cerebral thrombosis on July 13, 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dewey married Estelle Roberta Lowitz Grant, "a longtime friend and companion for several years before their marriage" on December 11, 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Roberta's behest, the couple adopted two siblings, Lewis (changed to John Jr.) and Shirley.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dewey's interests and writings included many topics, and according to the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>, "a substantial part of his published output consisted of commentary on current domestic and international politics, and public statements on behalf of many causes. (He is probably the only philosopher in this encyclopedia to have published both on the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> and on the value of displaying art in post offices.)"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1917, Dewey met <a href="/wiki/F._Matthias_Alexander" title="F. Matthias Alexander">F. M. Alexander</a> in New York City and later wrote introductions to Alexander's <i>Man's Supreme Inheritance</i> (1918), <i>Constructive Conscious Control of the Individual</i> (1923) and <i>The Use of the Self</i> (1932). Alexander's influence is referenced in "Human Nature and Conduct" and "Experience and Nature."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as his contacts with people mentioned elsewhere in the article, he also maintained correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_M._Brown_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="William M. Brown (Pennsylvania politician)">William M. Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Counts" title="George Counts">George S. Counts</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Rainey_Harper" title="William Rainey Harper">William Rainey Harper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Hook" title="Sidney Hook">Sidney Hook</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Dewey died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> on June 1, 1952, at his home in New York City after years of ill-health<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was cremated the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functional_psychology">Functional psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Functional psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">Functional psychology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History of psychology</a></div> <p>At the University of Michigan, Dewey published his first two books, <i>Psychology</i> (1887), and <i>Leibniz's New Essays Concerning the Human Understanding</i> (1888), both of which expressed Dewey's early commitment to <a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British neo-Hegelianism</a>. In <i>Psychology</i>, Dewey attempted a synthesis between idealism and experimental science.<sup id="cite_ref-IEP_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While still professor of philosophy at Michigan, Dewey and his junior colleagues, <a href="/wiki/James_Hayden_Tufts" title="James Hayden Tufts">James Hayden Tufts</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">George Herbert Mead</a>, together with his student <a href="/wiki/James_Rowland_Angell" title="James Rowland Angell">James Rowland Angell</a>, all influenced strongly by the recent publication of <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Psychology">Principles of Psychology</a></i> (1890), began to reformulate psychology, emphasizing the social environment on the activity of mind and behavior rather than the physiological psychology of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a> and his followers. </p><p>By 1894, Dewey had joined Tufts, with whom he later wrote <i>Ethics</i> (1908) at the recently founded <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> and invited Mead and Angell to follow him, the four men forming the basis of the so-called "Chicago group" of psychology. </p><p>Their new style of psychology, later dubbed <a href="/wiki/Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">functional psychology</a>, had a practical emphasis on action and application. In Dewey's article "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" which appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Review" title="Psychological Review">Psychological Review</a></i> in 1896, he reasons against the traditional <a href="/wiki/Stimulus-response" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulus-response">stimulus-response</a> understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Reflex_arc" title="Reflex arc">reflex arc</a> in favor of a "circular" account in which what serves as "stimulus" and what as "response" depends on how one considers the situation and defends the unitary nature of the sensory motor circuit. While he does not deny the existence of stimulus, sensation, and response, he disagreed that they were separate, juxtaposed events happening like links in a chain. He developed the idea that there is a coordination by which the stimulation is enriched by the results of previous experiences. The response is modulated by sensorial experience. </p><p>Dewey was elected president of the American Psychological Association in 1899. </p><p>Dewey also expressed interest in work in the psychology of <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual perception</a> performed by Dartmouth research professor <a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Ames_Jr." title="Adelbert Ames Jr.">Adelbert Ames Jr.</a> He had great trouble with listening, however, because it is known Dewey could not distinguish musical pitches—in other words was an <a href="/wiki/Amusia" title="Amusia">amusic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Education in the United States">a series</a> on</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#002868; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;"><small>Education in the</small><br />United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Summary</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States_by_state_or_territory" title="Category:Education in the United States by state or territory">By state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_insular_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Education in insular areas of the United States">in insular areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_the_United_States_by_subject" title="Category:Education in the United States by subject">By subject area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">History of education in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Chicago" title="History of education in Chicago">History of education in Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Kentucky" title="History of education in Kentucky">History of education in Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">History of education in Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Missouri" title="History of education in Missouri">History of education in Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_New_York_City" title="History of education in New York City">History of education in New York City</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Curriculum topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Normal schools in the United States">Normal schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship_degree" title="Apprenticeship degree">Apprenticeship degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_education_in_the_United_States" title="Art education in the United States">Art education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_education_in_the_United_States" title="Civic education in the United States">Civic education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education_and_programs_within_the_United_States" title="Music education and programs within the United States">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_the_United_States" title="Legal education in the United States">Legal education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school_in_the_United_States" title="Law school in the United States">Law school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Medical education in the United States">Medical education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_States" title="Medical school in the United States">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_degrees_in_the_United_States" title="Nursing degrees in the United States">Nursing degrees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental education in the United States">Environmental education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_education_in_the_United_States" title="Language education in the United States">Language education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education_in_the_United_States" title="Mathematics education in the United States">Mathematics education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex education in the United States">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education_in_the_United_States" title="Vocational education in the United States">Vocational education</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> <a href="/wiki/Education_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Education policy of the United States"><span style="color:white;">Education policy issues</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">Accreditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-tertiary-education_accreditation" title="Pre-tertiary-education accreditation">Primary and secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education accreditation in the United States">Post-secondary</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Education finance in the United States">Financing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Issues in higher education in the United States">Post-secondary issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_and_financing_issues_facing_higher_education_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost and financing issues facing higher education in the United States">Cost and financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_inflation" title="Educational inflation">Credentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_overproduction" title="Elite overproduction">Elite overproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_unemployment#United_States" title="Graduate unemployment">Graduate unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_financial_aid_in_the_United_States" title="Student financial aid in the United States">Student financial aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_loans_in_the_United_States" title="Student loans in the United States">Student loans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_reform##Contemporary_issues_(United_States)" title="Education reform">Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Charter schools in the United States">Charter schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Educational inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achievement_gaps_in_the_United_States" title="Achievement gaps in the United States">Achievement gaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">Desegregation busing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex differences in education in the United States">Gender achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_Start_(program)" title="Head Start (program)">Head Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_choice" title="School choice">School choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_diversity_in_United_States_schools" title="Racial diversity in United States schools">Racial diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standards-based_education_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Standards-based education reform in the United States">Standards-based reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="School corporal punishment in the United States">School corporal punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_meal_programs_in_the_United_States" title="School meal programs in the United States">School meals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_violence_in_the_United_States" title="School violence in the United States">School violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sexual harassment in education in the United States">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Qatari involvement in higher education in the United States">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education_in_the_United_States" title="Special education in the United States">Special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship_in_the_United_States" title="Apprenticeship in the United States">Apprenticeship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School-to-work_transition" title="School-to-work transition">School-to-work transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Community colleges in the United States">Community colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit higher education in the United States">For-profit higher education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit colleges in the United States">For-profit colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_universities_in_the_United_States" title="List of research universities in the United States">Research universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_school_(United_States)" title="Community school (United States)">Community school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full-service_community_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Full-service community schools in the United States">Full-service community schools</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Levels of education</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education_in_the_United_States" title="Early childhood education in the United States">Early childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312_education_in_the_United_States" title="K–12 education in the United States">K–12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Primary education in the United States">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Secondary education in the United States">Secondary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">Post-secondary</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Educational_organizations_based_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Educational organizations based in the United States">Organizations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/16px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/24px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/32px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_the_U.S." title="Template:Education in the U.S."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_the_U.S." title="Template talk:Education in the U.S."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_the_U.S." title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in the U.S."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dewey's educational theories were presented in <i><a href="/wiki/My_Pedagogic_Creed" title="My Pedagogic Creed">My Pedagogic Creed</a></i> (1897), <i>The Primary-Education Fetich</i> (1898), <i><a href="/wiki/The_School_and_Society" title="The School and Society">The School and Society</a></i> (1900), <i>The Child and the Curriculum</i> (1902), <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Education" title="Democracy and Education">Democracy and Education</a></i> (1916), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001117418"><i>Schools of To-morrow</i></a> <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1915) with <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Dewey" title="Evelyn Dewey">Evelyn Dewey</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Experience_and_Education_(book)" title="Experience and Education (book)">Experience and Education</a></i> (1938). Several themes recur throughout these writings. Dewey continually argues that education and learning are social and interactive processes, and thus the school itself is a social institution through which social reform can and should take place. In addition, he believed that students thrive in an environment where they are allowed to experience and interact with the curriculum, and all students should have the opportunity to take part in their own learning. </p><p>The ideas of democracy and social reform are continually discussed in Dewey's writings on education. Dewey makes a strong case for the importance of education not only as a place to gain content knowledge, but also as a place to learn how to live. In his eyes, the purpose of education should not revolve around the acquisition of a pre-determined set of skills, but rather the realization of one's full potential and the ability to use those skills for the greater good. He notes that "to prepare him for the future life means to give him command of himself; it means so to train him that he will have the full and ready use of all his capacities" (<i>My Pedagogic Creed</i>, Dewey, 1897). </p><p>In addition to helping students realize their full potential, Dewey goes on to acknowledge that education and schooling are instrumental in creating social change and reform. He notes that "education is a regulation of the process of coming to share in the social consciousness; and that the adjustment of individual activity on the basis of this social consciousness is the only sure method of social reconstruction". </p><p>In addition to his ideas regarding <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_education" title="Definitions of education">what education is</a> and what effect it should have on society, Dewey also had specific notions regarding how education should take place within the classroom. In <i>The Child and the Curriculum</i> (1902), Dewey discusses two major conflicting schools of thought regarding educational pedagogy. The first is centered on the curriculum and focuses almost solely on the subject matter to be taught. Dewey argues that the major flaw in this methodology is the inactivity of the student; within this particular framework, "the child is simply the immature being who is to be matured; he is the superficial being who is to be deepened" (1902, p. 13).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that in order for education to be most effective, content must be presented in a way that allows the student to relate the information to prior experiences, thus deepening the connection with this new knowledge. </p><p>At the same time, Dewey was alarmed by many of the "child-centered" excesses of educational-school pedagogues who claimed to be his followers, and he argued that too much reliance on the child could be equally detrimental to the learning process. In this second school of thought, "we must take our stand with the child and our departure from him. It is he and not the subject-matter which determines both quality and quantity of learning" (Dewey, 1902, pp. 13–14). According to Dewey, the potential flaw in this line of thinking is that it minimizes the importance of the content as well as the role of the teacher. </p><p>In order to rectify this dilemma, Dewey advocated an educational structure that strikes a balance between delivering knowledge while also taking into account the interests and experiences of the student. He notes that "the child and the curriculum are simply two limits which define a single process. Just as two points define a straight line, so the present standpoint of the child and the facts and truths of studies define instruction" (Dewey, 1902, p. 16). </p><p>It is through this reasoning that Dewey became one of the most famous proponents of <a href="/wiki/Hands-on_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Hands-on learning">hands-on learning</a> or <a href="/wiki/Experiential_education" title="Experiential education">experiential education</a>, which is related to, but not synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Experiential_learning" title="Experiential learning">experiential learning</a>. He argued that "if knowledge comes from the impressions made upon us by natural objects, it is impossible to procure knowledge without the use of objects which impress the mind" (Dewey, 1916/2009, pp. 217–18).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dewey's ideas went on to influence many other influential experiential models and advocates. <a href="/wiki/Problem-Based_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem-Based Learning">Problem-Based Learning</a> (PBL), for example, a method used widely in education today, incorporates Dewey's ideas pertaining to learning through active inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dewey not only re-imagined the way that the learning process should take place, but also the role that the teacher should play within that process. Throughout the history of American schooling, education's purpose has been to train students for work by providing the student with a limited set of skills and information to do a particular job. The works of John Dewey provide the most prolific examples of how this limited vocational view of education has been applied to both the K–12 public education system and to the teacher training schools that attempted to quickly produce proficient and practical teachers with a limited set of instructional and discipline-specific skills needed to meet the needs of the employer and demands of the workforce. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_School_and_Society_-_Cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_School_and_Society_-_Cover.jpg/170px-The_School_and_Society_-_Cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_School_and_Society_-_Cover.jpg/255px-The_School_and_Society_-_Cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_School_and_Society_-_Cover.jpg/340px-The_School_and_Society_-_Cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In <i>The School and Society</i> (Dewey, 1899) and <i>Democracy of Education</i> (Dewey, 1916), Dewey claims that rather than preparing citizens for ethical participation in society, schools cultivate passive pupils via insistence upon mastery of facts and disciplining of bodies. Rather than preparing students to be reflective, autonomous and ethical beings capable of arriving at social truths through critical and intersubjective discourse, schools prepare students for docile compliance with authoritarian work and political structures, discourage the pursuit of individual and communal inquiry, and perceive higher learning as a monopoly of the institution of education (Dewey, 1899; 1916). </p><p>For Dewey and his philosophical followers, education stifles individual autonomy when learners are taught that knowledge is transmitted in one direction, from the expert to the learner. Dewey not only re-imagined the way that the learning process should take place, but also the role that the teacher should play within that process. For Dewey, "The thing needful is improvement of education, not simply by turning out teachers who can do better the things that are not necessary to do, but rather by changing the conception of what constitutes education" (Dewey, 1904, p. 18). </p><p>Dewey's qualifications for teaching—a natural love for working with young children, a natural propensity to inquire about the subjects, methods and other social issues related to the profession, and a desire to share this acquired knowledge with others—are not a set of outwardly displayed mechanical skills. Rather, they may be viewed as internalized principles or habits which "work automatically, unconsciously" (Dewey, 1904, p. 15). Turning to Dewey's essays and public addresses regarding the teaching profession, followed by his analysis of the teacher as a person and a professional, as well as his beliefs regarding the responsibilities of teacher education programs to cultivate the attributes addressed, teacher educators can begin to reimagine the successful classroom teacher Dewey envisioned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Professionalization_of_teaching_as_a_social_service">Professionalization of teaching as a social service</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Professionalization of teaching as a social service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For many, education's purpose is to train students for work by providing the student with a limited set of skills and information to do a particular job. As Dewey notes, this limited vocational view is also applied to teacher training schools who attempt to quickly produce proficient and practical teachers with a limited set of instructional and discipline skills needed to meet the needs of the employer and demands of the workforce (Dewey, 1904). For Dewey, the school and the classroom teacher, as a workforce and provider of social service, have a unique responsibility to produce psychological and social goods that will lead to both present and future social progress. </p><p>As Dewey notes, "The business of the teacher is to produce a higher standard of intelligence in the community, and the object of the public school system is to make as large as possible the number of those who possess this intelligence. Skill, the ability to act wisely and effectively in a great variety of occupations and situations, is a sign and a criterion of the degree of civilization that a society has reached. It is the business of teachers to help in producing the many kinds of skills needed in contemporary life. If teachers are up to their work, they also aid in the production of character."(Dewey, TAP, 2010, pp. 241–42). </p><p>According to Dewey, the emphasis is placed on producing these attributes in children for use in their contemporary life because it is "impossible to foretell definitely just what civilization will be twenty years from now" (Dewey, MPC, 2010, p. 25). However, although Dewey is steadfast in his beliefs that education serves an immediate purpose (Dewey, DRT, 2010; Dewey, MPC, 2010; Dewey, TTP, 2010), he is not ignorant of the impact imparting these qualities of intelligence, skill, and character on young children in their present life will have on the future society. While addressing the state of educative and economic affairs during a 1935 radio broadcast, Dewey linked the ensuing economic depression to a "lack of sufficient production of intelligence, skill, and character" (Dewey, TAP, 2010, p. 242) of the nation's workforce. </p><p>As Dewey notes, there is a lack of these goods in the present society and teachers have a responsibility to create them in their students, who, we can assume, will grow into the adults who will ultimately go on to participate in whatever industrial or economic civilization awaits them. According to Dewey, the profession of the classroom teacher is to produce the intelligence, skill, and character within each student so that the democratic community is composed of citizens who can think, do and act intelligently and morally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_teacher's_knowledge"><span id="A_teacher.27s_knowledge"></span>A teacher's knowledge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: A teacher's knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:81il826HWlL-1581x2048.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/81il826HWlL-1581x2048.jpg/170px-81il826HWlL-1581x2048.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/81il826HWlL-1581x2048.jpg/255px-81il826HWlL-1581x2048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/81il826HWlL-1581x2048.jpg/340px-81il826HWlL-1581x2048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Dewey believed that successful classroom teacher possesses a passion for knowledge and intellectual curiosity in the materials and methods they teach. For Dewey, this propensity is an inherent curiosity and love for learning that differs from one's ability to acquire, recite and reproduce textbook knowledge. "No one," according to Dewey, "can be really successful in performing the duties and meeting these demands [of teaching] who does not retain [their] intellectual curiosity intact throughout [their] entire career" (Dewey, APT, 2010, p. 34). </p><p>According to Dewey, it is not that the "teacher ought to strive to be a high-class scholar in all the subjects he or she has to teach," rather, "a teacher ought to have an unusual love and aptitude in some one subject: history, mathematics, literature, science, a fine art, or whatever" (Dewey, APT, 2010, p. 35). The classroom teacher does not have to be a scholar in all subjects; rather, genuine love in one will elicit a feel for genuine information and insight in all subjects taught. </p><p>In addition to this propensity for study into the subjects taught, the classroom teacher "is possessed by a recognition of the responsibility for the constant study of school room work, the constant study of children, of methods, of subject matter in its various adaptations to pupils" (Dewey, PST, 2010, p. 37). For Dewey, this desire for the lifelong pursuit of learning is inherent in other professions (e.g., the architectural, legal and medical fields; Dewey, 1904 & Dewey, PST, 2010), and has particular importance for the field of teaching. As Dewey notes, "this further study is not a sideline but something which fits directly into the demands and opportunities of the vocation" (Dewey, APT, 2010, p. 34). </p><p>According to Dewey, this propensity and passion for intellectual growth in the profession must be accompanied by a natural desire to communicate one's knowledge with others. "There are scholars who have [the knowledge] in a marked degree but who lack enthusiasm for imparting it. To the 'natural born' teacher learning is incomplete unless it is shared" (Dewey, APT, 2010, p. 35). For Dewey, it is not enough for the classroom teacher to be a lifelong learner of the techniques and subject-matter of education; she must aspire to share what she knows with others in her learning community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_teacher's_skill"><span id="A_teacher.27s_skill"></span>A teacher's skill</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: A teacher's skill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The best indicator of teacher quality, according to Dewey, is the ability to watch and respond to the movement of the mind with keen awareness of the signs and quality of the responses his or her students exhibit with regard to the subject-matter presented (Dewey, APT, 2010; Dewey, 1904). As Dewey notes, "I have often been asked how it was that some teachers who have never studied the art of teaching are still extraordinarily good teachers. The explanation is simple. They have a quick, sure and unflagging sympathy with the operations and process of the minds they are in contact with. Their own minds move in harmony with those of others, appreciating their difficulties, entering into their problems, sharing their intellectual victories" (Dewey, APT, 2010, p. 36). </p><p>Such a teacher is genuinely aware of the complexities of this mind-to-mind transfer, and she has the intellectual fortitude to identify the successes and failures of this process, as well as how to appropriately reproduce or correct it in the future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_teacher's_disposition"><span id="A_teacher.27s_disposition"></span>A teacher's disposition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: A teacher's disposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of the direct influence teachers have in shaping the mental, moral and spiritual lives of children during their most formative years, Dewey holds the profession of teaching in high esteem, often equating its social value to that of the ministry and to parenting (Dewey, APT, 2010; Dewey, DRT, 2010; Dewey, MPC, 2010; Dewey, PST, 2010; Dewey, TTC, 2010; Dewey, TTP, 2010). Perhaps the most important attributes, according to Dewey, are those personal inherent qualities that the teacher brings to the classroom. As Dewey notes, "no amount of learning or even of acquired pedagogical skill makes up for the deficiency" (Dewey, TLS, p. 25) of the personal traits needed to be most successful in the profession. </p><p>According to Dewey, the successful classroom teacher occupies an indispensable passion for promoting the intellectual growth of young children. In addition, they know that their career, in comparison to other professions, entails stressful situations, long hours, and limited financial reward; all of which have the potential to overcome their genuine love and sympathy for their students. </p><p>For Dewey, "One of the most depressing phases of the vocation is the number of careworn teachers one sees, with anxiety depicted on the lines of their faces, reflected in their strained high pitched voices and sharp manners. While contact with the young is a privilege for some temperaments, it is a tax on others and a tax which they do not bear up under very well. And in some schools, there are too many pupils to a teacher, too many subjects to teach, and adjustments to pupils are made in a mechanical rather than a human way. Human nature reacts against such unnatural conditions" (Dewey, APT, 2010, p. 35). </p><p>It is essential, according to Dewey, that the classroom teacher has the mental propensity to overcome the demands and stressors placed on them because the students can sense when their teacher is not genuinely invested in promoting their learning (Dewey, PST, 2010). Such negative demeanors, according to Dewey, prevent children from pursuing their own propensities for learning and intellectual growth. It can therefore be assumed that if teachers want their students to engage with the educational process and employ their natural curiosities for knowledge, teachers must be aware of how their reactions to young children and the stresses of teaching influence this process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_role_of_teacher_education_to_cultivate_the_professional_classroom_teacher">The role of teacher education to cultivate the professional classroom teacher</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The role of teacher education to cultivate the professional classroom teacher"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dewey's passions for teaching—a natural love for working with young children, a natural propensity to inquire about the subjects, methods and other social issues related to the profession, and a desire to share this acquired knowledge with others—are not a set of outwardly displayed mechanical skills. Rather, they may be viewed as internalized principles or habits which "work automatically, unconsciously" (Dewey, 1904, p. 15). According to Dewey, teacher-education programs must turn away from focusing on producing proficient practitioners because such practical skills related to instruction and discipline (e.g., creating and delivering lesson plans, classroom management, implementation of an assortment of content-specific methods) can be learned over time during their everyday schoolwork with their students (Dewey, PST, 2010). </p><p>As Dewey notes, "The teacher who leaves the professional school with power in managing a class of children may appear to superior advantage the first day, the first week, the first month, or even the first year, as compared with some other teacher who has a much more vital command of the psychology, logic and ethics of development. But later 'progress' may consist only in perfecting and refining skill already possessed. Such persons seem to know how to teach, but they are not students of teaching. Even though they go on studying books of pedagogy, reading teachers' journals, attending teachers' institutes, etc., yet the root of the matter is not in them, unless they continue to be students of subject-matter, and students of mind-activity. Unless a teacher is such a student, he may continue to improve in the mechanics of school management, but he cannot grow as a teacher, an inspirer and director of soul-life" (Dewey, 1904, p. 15). </p><p>For Dewey, teacher education should focus not on producing persons who know how to teach as soon as they leave the program; rather, teacher education should be concerned with producing professional students of education who have the propensity to inquire about the subjects they teach, the methods used, and the activity of the mind as it gives and receives knowledge. According to Dewey, such a student is not superficially engaging with these materials, rather, the professional student of education has a genuine passion to inquire about the subjects of education, knowing that doing so ultimately leads to acquisitions of the skills related to teaching. Such students of education aspire for the intellectual growth within the profession that can only be achieved by immersing oneself in the lifelong pursuit of the intelligence, skills and character Dewey linked to the profession. </p><p>As Dewey notes, other professional fields, such as law and medicine cultivate a professional spirit in their fields to constantly study their work, their methods of their work, and a perpetual need for intellectual growth and concern for issues related to their profession. Teacher education, as a profession, has these same obligations (Dewey, 1904; Dewey, PST, 2010). </p><p>As Dewey notes, "An intellectual responsibility has got to be distributed to every human being who is concerned in carrying out the work in question, and to attempt to concentrate intellectual responsibility for a work that has to be done, with their brains and their hearts, by hundreds or thousands of people in a dozen or so at the top, no matter how wise and skillful they are, is not to concentrate responsibility—it is to diffuse irresponsibility" (Dewey, PST, 2010, p. 39). For Dewey, the professional spirit of teacher education requires of its students a constant study of school room work, constant study of children, of methods, of subject matter in its various adaptations to pupils. Such study will lead to professional enlightenment with regard to the daily operations of classroom teaching. </p><p>As well as his very active and direct involvement in setting up educational institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools" title="University of Chicago Laboratory Schools">University of Chicago Laboratory Schools</a> (1896) and <a href="/wiki/The_New_School_for_Social_Research" title="The New School for Social Research">The New School for Social Research</a> (1919), many of Dewey's ideas influenced the founding of <a href="/wiki/Bennington_College" title="Bennington College">Bennington College</a> and Goddard College in Vermont, where he served on the board of trustees. Dewey's works and philosophy also held great influence in the creation of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_College" title="Black Mountain College">Black Mountain College</a> in North Carolina, an experimental college focused on interdisciplinary study, and whose faculty included <a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Willem de Kooning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Olson" title="Charles Olson">Charles Olson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kline" title="Franz Kline">Franz Kline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Duncan_(poet)" title="Robert Duncan (poet)">Robert Duncan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Creeley" title="Robert Creeley">Robert Creeley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Goodman (writer)">Paul Goodman</a>, among others. Black Mountain College was the locus of the "Black Mountain Poets" a group of avant-garde poets closely linked with the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Renaissance" title="San Francisco Renaissance">San Francisco Renaissance</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journalism">Journalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Journalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Public_and_its_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="The Public and its Problems">The Public and its Problems</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Public_and_its_Problems,_1927,_Cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/The_Public_and_its_Problems%2C_1927%2C_Cover.jpg/170px-The_Public_and_its_Problems%2C_1927%2C_Cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/The_Public_and_its_Problems%2C_1927%2C_Cover.jpg/255px-The_Public_and_its_Problems%2C_1927%2C_Cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/The_Public_and_its_Problems%2C_1927%2C_Cover.jpg/340px-The_Public_and_its_Problems%2C_1927%2C_Cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1903" data-file-height="2844" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Dewey's definition of "public," as described in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_and_its_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="The Public and its Problems">The Public and its Problems</a></i>, has profound implications for the significance of journalism in society. As suggested by the title of the book, his concern was of the transactional relationship between publics and problems. Also implicit in its name, public journalism seeks to orient communication away from elite, corporate hegemony toward a civic public sphere. "The 'public' of public journalists is Dewey's public." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Dewey gives a concrete definition to the formation of a public. Publics are spontaneous groups of citizens who share the indirect effects of a particular action. Anyone affected by the indirect consequences of a specific action will automatically share a common interest in controlling those consequences, i.e., solving a common problem.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Since every action generates <a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Unintended consequence">unintended consequences</a>, publics continuously emerge, overlap, and disintegrate. </p><p>In <i>The Public and its Problems</i>, Dewey presents a rebuttal to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a>'s treatise on the role of journalism in democracy. Lippmann's model was a basic transmission model in which journalists took information given to them by experts and elites, repackaged that information in simple terms, and transmitted the information to the public, whose role was to react emotionally to the news. In his model, Lippmann supposed that the public was incapable of thought or action, and that all thought and action should be left to the experts and elites. </p><p>Dewey refutes this model by assuming that politics is the work and duty of each individual in the course of his daily routine. The knowledge needed to be involved in politics, in this model, was to be generated by the interaction of citizens, elites, experts, through the mediation and facilitation of journalism. In this model, not just the government is accountable, but the citizens, experts, and other actors as well. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Dewey_caricat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/John_Dewey_caricat.jpg/170px-John_Dewey_caricat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/John_Dewey_caricat.jpg/255px-John_Dewey_caricat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/John_Dewey_caricat.jpg/340px-John_Dewey_caricat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>A caricature of Dewey by André Koehne, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Dewey also said that journalism should conform to this ideal by changing its emphasis from actions or happenings (choosing a winner of a given situation) to alternatives, choices, consequences, and <a href="/wiki/Condition_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condition (philosophy)">conditions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to foster conversation and improve the generation of knowledge. Journalism would not just produce a static product that told what had already happened, but the news would be in a constant state of evolution as the public added value by generating knowledge. The "audience" would end, to be replaced by citizens and collaborators who would essentially be users, doing more with the news than simply reading it. Concerning his effort to change journalism, he wrote in <i>The Public and Its Problems</i>: "Till the Great Society is converted in to a Great Community, the Public will remain in eclipse. Communication can alone create a great community" (Dewey, p. 142). </p><p>Dewey believed that communication creates a great community, and citizens who participate actively with public life contribute to that community. "The clear consciousness of a communal life, in all its implications, constitutes the idea of democracy." (<i>The Public and its Problems</i>, p. 149). This Great Community can only occur with "free and full intercommunication." (p. 211) Communication can be understood as journalism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logic_and_method">Logic and method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Logic and method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dewey sees paradox in contemporary logical theory. Proximate subject matter garners general agreement and advancement, while the ultimate subject matter of logic generates unremitting controversy. In other words, he challenges confident logicians to answer the question of the truth of logical operators. Do they function merely as abstractions (e.g., pure mathematics) or do they connect in some essential way with their objects, and therefore alter or bring them to light?<sup id="cite_ref-logical_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logical-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a> also figured in Dewey's thought. About the movement he wrote that it "eschews the use of 'propositions' and 'terms', substituting 'sentences' and 'words'." ("General Theory of Propositions", in <i>Logic: The Theory of Inquiry</i>) He welcomes this changing of referents "in as far as it fixes attention upon the symbolic structure and content of propositions." However, he registers a small complaint against the use of "sentence" and "words" in that without careful interpretation the act or process of transposition "narrows unduly the scope of symbols and language, since it is not customary to treat gestures and diagrams (maps, blueprints, etc.) as words or sentences." In other words, sentences and words, considered in isolation, do not disclose intent, which may be inferred or "adjudged only by means of context."<sup id="cite_ref-logical_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-logical-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet Dewey was not entirely opposed to modern logical trends; indeed, the deficiencies in traditional logic he expressed hope for the trends to solve occupies the whole first part of same book. Concerning traditional logic, he states there: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Aristotelian logic, which still passes current nominally, is a logic based upon the idea that qualitative objects are existential in the fullest sense. To retain logical principles based on this conception along with the acceptance of theories of existence and knowledge based on an opposite conception is not, to say the least, conductive to clearness—a consideration that has a good deal to do with existing dualism between traditional and the newer relational logics.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critical_thinking">Critical thinking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Critical thinking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dewey was pivotal in advancing the philosophy of education by emphasizing the role of experience and active problem-solving in cultivating critical thinking. In "How We Think"<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Dewey describes reflective thinking as an "active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends.” Thinking is not merely the passive absorption of facts but an active, dynamic process that involves questioning, analyzing, and transforming experiences into meaningful conclusions. Dewey’s approach transformed traditional education by advocating for an interactive classroom environment. His contributions laid the groundwork for modern pedagogical methods that not only focus on the acquisition of factual knowledge but also foster the development of independent thought, creativity, and a deeper understanding of how to apply learning in everyday life. </p><p>Many authors thus regard Dewey as a key figure in affirming the importance of critical thinking in education. Dewey did use the term "critical thinking" in the first edition of his book <i>How We Think</i>, but the term did not originate with Dewey.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aesthetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></div> <p><i>Art as Experience</i> (1934) is Dewey's major writing on aesthetics.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is, in accordance with his place in the Pragmatist tradition that emphasizes community, a study of the individual art object as embedded in (and inextricable from) the experiences of a local culture. In the original illustrated edition, Dewey drew on the modern art and world cultures collection assembled by <a href="/wiki/Albert_C._Barnes" title="Albert C. Barnes">Albert C. Barnes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Barnes_Foundation" title="Barnes Foundation">Barnes Foundation</a>, whose own ideas on the application of art to one's way of life was influenced by Dewey's writing. Dewey made art through writing poetry, but he considered himself deeply unmusical: one of his students described Dewey as "allergic to music."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barnes was particularly influenced by <i>Democracy and Education</i> (1916) and then attended Dewey's seminar on political philosophy at Columbia University in the fall semester of 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philanthropy,_women_and_democracy"><span id="Philanthropy.2C_women_and_democracy"></span>Philanthropy, women and democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Philanthropy, women and democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Dewey_and_Nuri_Ja%27far_-_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/John_Dewey_and_Nuri_Ja%27far_-_1949.jpg/170px-John_Dewey_and_Nuri_Ja%27far_-_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/John_Dewey_and_Nuri_Ja%27far_-_1949.jpg/255px-John_Dewey_and_Nuri_Ja%27far_-_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/John_Dewey_and_Nuri_Ja%27far_-_1949.jpg/340px-John_Dewey_and_Nuri_Ja%27far_-_1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Dewey with his Iraqi friend and student, <a href="/wiki/Nuri_Ja%27far" title="Nuri Ja'far">Nuri Ja'far</a>, 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>Dewey founded the University of Chicago <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">laboratory school</a>, supported educational organizations, and supported settlement houses especially <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a>' Hull House.<sup id="cite_ref-muse.jhu.edu_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muse.jhu.edu-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Dewey and Jane Addams influenced each other's expansive theory of democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through his work at the <a href="/wiki/Hull_House" title="Hull House">Hull House</a> serving on its first board of trustees, Dewey was not only an activist for the cause but also a partner working to serve the large immigrant community of Chicago and women's suffrage. Dewey experienced the lack of children's education while contributing in the classroom at the Hull House. There he also experienced the lack of education and skills of immigrant women.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stengel argues: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Addams is unquestionably a maker of democratic community and pragmatic education; Dewey is just as unquestionably a reflector. Through her work at Hull House, Addams discerned the shape of democracy as a mode of associated living and uncovered the outlines of an experimental approach to knowledge and understanding; Dewey analyzed and classified the social, psychological and educational processes Addams lived.<sup id="cite_ref-muse.jhu.edu_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muse.jhu.edu-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>His leading views on democracy included: </p> <blockquote> <p>First, Dewey believed that democracy is an ethical ideal rather than merely a political arrangement. Second, he considered participation, not representation, the essence of democracy. Third, he insisted on the harmony between democracy and the scientific method: ever-expanding and self-critical communities of inquiry, operating on pragmatic principles and constantly revising their beliefs in light of new evidence, provided Dewey with a model for democratic decision making ... Finally, Dewey called for extending democracy, conceived as an ethical project, from politics to industry and society.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Dewey_and_American_Democracy_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Dewey_and_American_Democracy-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>This helped to shape his understanding of human action and the unity of human experience. </p><p>Dewey believed that a woman's place in society was determined by her environment and not just her biology. On women he says, "You think too much of women in terms of sex. Think of them as human individuals for a while, dropping out the sex qualification, and you won't be so sure of some of your generalizations about what they should and shouldn't do".<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Dewey's support helped to increase the support and popularity of Jane Addams' Hull House and other settlement houses as well. With growing support, involvement of the community grew as well as the support for the women's suffrage movement. </p><p>As commonly argued by Dewey's greatest critics, he was not able to come up with strategies in order to fulfill his ideas that would lead to a successful democracy, educational system, and a successful women's suffrage movement. While knowing that traditional beliefs, customs, and practices needed to be examined in order to find out what worked and what needed improved upon, it was never done in a systematic way.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Dewey became increasingly aware of the obstacles presented by entrenched power and alert to the intricacy of the problems facing modern cultures".<sup id="cite_ref-John_Dewey_and_American_Democracy_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Dewey_and_American_Democracy-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the complex of society at the time, Dewey was criticized for his lack of effort in fixing the problems. </p><p>With respect to technological developments in a democracy: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Persons do not become a society by living in physical proximity any more than a man ceases to be socially influenced by being so many feet or miles removed from others.</p></blockquote> <p>His work on democracy influenced <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, one of his students, who later served as a Law and Justice Minister of India.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Dewey,_sem_data.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/John_Dewey%2C_sem_data.tif/lossy-page1-170px-John_Dewey%2C_sem_data.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/John_Dewey%2C_sem_data.tif/lossy-page1-255px-John_Dewey%2C_sem_data.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/John_Dewey%2C_sem_data.tif/lossy-page1-340px-John_Dewey%2C_sem_data.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="2411" /></a><figcaption>John Dewey</figcaption></figure> <p>Historians have examined his religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Steven_Clark_Rockefeller" title="Steven Clark Rockefeller">Steven Clark Rockefeller</a> traced Dewey's democratic convictions to his childhood attendance at the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational Church</a>, with its strong proclamation of social ideals and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Edward A. White suggested in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Religion_in_American_Thought" title="Science and Religion in American Thought">Science and Religion in American Thought</a></i> (1952) that Dewey's work led to the 20th-century rift between religion and science. </p><p>Dewey went through an "evangelical" development as a child. As an adult he was negative, or at most neutral, about theology in education. He instead took a <a href="/wiki/Meliorism" title="Meliorism">meliorist</a> position with the goal of scientific humanism and educational and social reform without recourse to religion.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">secular humanist</a> in his later life, Dewey participated with a variety of humanistic activities from the 1930s into the 1950s, which included sitting on the advisory board of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Potter" title="Charles Francis Potter">Charles Francis Potter</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_Humanist_Society_of_New_York" title="First Humanist Society of New York">First Humanist Society of New York</a> (1929); being one of the original 34 signatories of the first <i><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto" title="Humanist Manifesto">Humanist Manifesto</a></i> (1933) and being elected an honorary member of the Humanist Press Association (1936).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His opinion of humanism is summarized in his own words from an article titled "What Humanism Means to Me", published in the June 1930 edition of <i>Thinker 2</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What Humanism means to me is an expansion, not a contraction, of human life, <i>an expansion in which nature and the science of nature are made the willing servants of human good</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pragmatism,_instrumentalism,_consequentialism"><span id="Pragmatism.2C_instrumentalism.2C_consequentialism"></span>Pragmatism, instrumentalism, consequentialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pragmatism, instrumentalism, consequentialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dewey sometimes referred to his philosophy as <a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">instrumentalism</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a> and would have recognized the similarity of these two schools to the newer school named <a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">consequentialism</a>. In some phrases introducing a book he wrote later in life meant to help forestay a wandering kind of criticism of the work based on the controversies due to the differences in the schools that he sometimes invoked, he defined at the same time with precise brevity the criterion of validity common to these three schools, which lack agreed-upon definitions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But in the proper interpretation of "pragmatic," namely the function of consequences as necessary tests of the validity of propositions, <i>provided</i> these consequences are operationally instituted and are such as to resolve the specific problem evoking the operations, the text that follows is thoroughly pragmatic.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>His concern for precise definition led him to detailed analysis of careless word usage, reported in <i>Knowing and the Known</i> in 1949. </p><p>Dewey also regularly refers and discusses the definitions of pragmatism used by other philosophers within the movement such as Charles Pierce and William James when trying to pin down his own definitions in his <i>Essays in Experimental Logic</i>. Regarding Pierce he writes "Mr. Pierce explained that he took the term 'pragmatic' from Kant, in order to denote empirical consequences."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this statement he also introduces James' usage of the term pragmatism when he writes "what is important is that the consequences should be specific... When he [James] said that general notions must 'cash in', he meant of course that they must be translatable into verifiable specific things.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epistemology">Epistemology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Epistemology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Knowing_and_the_Known" title="Knowing and the Known">Knowing and the Known</a></div> <p>The terminology problem in the fields of epistemology and logic is partially due, according to Dewey and Bentley,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to inefficient and imprecise use of words and concepts that reflect three historic levels of organization and presentation.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the order of chronological appearance, these are: </p> <ul><li>Self-Action: Prescientific concepts regarded humans, animals, and things as possessing powers of their own which initiated or caused their actions.</li> <li>Interaction: as described by Newton, where things, living and inorganic, are balanced against something in a system of interaction, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_third_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton's third law">third law of motion</a> states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.</li> <li>Transaction: where modern systems of descriptions and naming are employed to deal with multiple aspects and phases of action without any attribution to ultimate, final, or independent entities, essences, or realities.</li></ul> <p>A series of characterizations of <a href="/wiki/Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">Transactions</a> indicate the wide range of considerations involved.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_political_activism">Social and political activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Social and political activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1894_Pullman_Strike">1894 Pullman Strike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1894 Pullman Strike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Dewey was at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, his letters to his wife Alice and his colleague <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> reveal that he closely followed the 1894 <a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a>, in which the employees of the Pullman Palace Car Factory in Chicago decided to go on strike after industrialist <a href="/wiki/George_Pullman" title="George Pullman">George Pullman</a> refused to lower rents in his company town after cutting his workers' wages by nearly 30 percent. On May 11, 1894, the strike became official, later gaining the support of the members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Railway_Union" title="American Railway Union">American Railway Union</a>, whose leader <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a> called for a nationwide boycott of all trains including Pullman sleeping cars.<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_Menand_2001_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis_Menand_2001-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considering most trains had Pullman cars, the main 24 lines out of Chicago were halted and the mail was stopped as the workers destroyed trains all over the United States. President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> used the mail as a justification to send in the National Guard, and ARU leader Eugene Debs was arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_Menand_2001_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis_Menand_2001-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dewey wrote to Alice: "The only wonder is that when the 'higher classes' – damn them – take such views there aren't more downright socialists. [...] [T]hat a representative journal of the upper classes – damn them again – can take the attitude of that harper's weekly", referring to headlines such as "Monopoly" and "Repress the Rebellion", which claimed, in Dewey's words, to support the sensational belief that Debs was a "criminal" inspiring hate and violence in the equally "criminal" working classes. He concluded: "It shows what it is to be a higher class. And I fear Chicago Univ. is a capitalistic institution – that is, it too belongs to the higher classes".<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_Menand_2001_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis_Menand_2001-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-war_stance_in_First_World_War">Pro-war stance in First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Pro-war stance in First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dewey was an advocate of US participation in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. For this he was criticised by <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Bourne" title="Randolph Bourne">Randolph Bourne</a>, a former student whose essay "<a href="/wiki/Twilight_of_Idols_(essay)" title="Twilight of Idols (essay)">Twilight of Idols</a>", was published in the literary journal <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Arts_(literary_journal)" title="Seven Arts (literary journal)">Seven Arts</a></i> in October 1917. Bourne criticised Dewey's <a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">instrumental</a> <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatist</a> philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-Cywar_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cywar-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_League_for_Academic_Freedom">International League for Academic Freedom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: International League for Academic Freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Dewey_Grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/John_Dewey_Grave.JPG/170px-John_Dewey_Grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/John_Dewey_Grave.JPG/255px-John_Dewey_Grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/John_Dewey_Grave.JPG/340px-John_Dewey_Grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The grave of Dewey and his wife in an alcove on the north side of the <a href="/wiki/Ira_Allen_Chapel" title="Ira Allen Chapel">Ira Allen Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington, Vermont</a>. It is the only grave on the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vermont" title="University of Vermont">University of Vermont</a> campus.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a major advocate of academic freedom, in 1935 Dewey, together with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Saunders_Johnson" title="Alvin Saunders Johnson">Alvin Johnson</a>, became a member of the United States section of the International League for Academic Freedom,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1940, together with <a href="/wiki/Horace_Kallen" title="Horace Kallen">Horace Kallen</a>, edited a series of articles related to the <a href="/wiki/The_Bertrand_Russell_Case" title="The Bertrand Russell Case">Bertrand Russell Case</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dewey_Commission">Dewey Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Dewey Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He directed the famous <a href="/wiki/Dewey_Commission" title="Dewey Commission">Dewey Commission</a> held in Mexico in 1937, which cleared <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> of the charges made against him by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dewey_Commission_Report_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dewey_Commission_Report-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and marched for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, among many other causes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="League_for_Industrial_Democracy">League for Industrial Democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: League for Industrial Democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1939, Dewey was elected President of the <a href="/wiki/League_for_Industrial_Democracy" title="League for Industrial Democracy">League for Industrial Democracy</a>, an organization with the goal of educating college students about the labor movement. The Student Branch of the L.I.D. later became the <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as defending the independence of teachers and opposing a communist takeover of the New York Teachers' Union,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dewey was involved in the organization that eventually became the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a>, sitting as an executive on the NAACP's early executive board.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an avid supporter of <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a>'s proposal for taxing land values. Of George, he wrote, "No man, no graduate of a higher educational institution, has a right to regard himself as an educated man in social thought unless he has some first-hand acquaintance with the theoretical contribution of this great American thinker."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As honorary president of the Henry George School of Social Science, he wrote a letter to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> urging him to support the school.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_Awards_and_Honors">Academic Awards and Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Academic Awards and Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Elected member of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1910)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elected member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1911)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Copernican Citation (1943)</li> <li>Doctor "<a href="/wiki/Honoris_causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoris causa">honoris causa</a>" – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a> (1946); <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> (1946); <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (1951); <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">University of Rome</a> (1951)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:00JohnDewey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/00JohnDewey.jpg/220px-00JohnDewey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/00JohnDewey.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption>John Dewey featured on a United States 30-cents stamp (21 October 21, 1968)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_University" title="Dewey University">Dewey University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> is a private university named for Dewey.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey_High_School" title="John Dewey High School">John Dewey High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a> is named after him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey_Academy_of_Learning" title="John Dewey Academy of Learning">John Dewey Academy of Learning</a> in <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay, Wisconsin</a> is a charter school named after him.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey_Academy" title="John Dewey Academy">John Dewey Academy</a> in Great Barrington, MA is a college preparatory therapeutic boarding school for troubled adolescents.</li> <li>John Dewey Elementary School in Warrensville Hts., Ohio, an Eastern Suburb of Cleveland, Ohio, is named after him.</li> <li>John Dewey Middle School in Adams County in Denver, Colorado is a junior high school named after him.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvm.edu/~hp206/2011/sites/57.html">Dewey Hall</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220216180438/http://www.uvm.edu/~hp206/2011/sites/57.html">Archived</a> February 16, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a building on the campus of the University of Vermont is named after him.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> honored Dewey with a <a href="/wiki/Prominent_Americans_series" title="Prominent Americans series">Prominent Americans series</a> 30¢ <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey_bibliography" title="John Dewey bibliography">John Dewey bibliography</a></div> <p>Besides publishing prolifically himself, Dewey also sat on the boards of scientific publications such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sociometry" title="Sociometry">Sociometry</a></i> (advisory board, 1942) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Social_Psychology" title="The Journal of Social Psychology">The Journal of Social Psychology</a></i> (editorial board, 1942), as well as having posts at other publications such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Leader" title="The New Leader">The New Leader</a></i> (contributing editor, 1949). </p><p>The following publications by John Dewey are referenced or mentioned in this article. A more complete list of his publications may be found at <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey_bibliography" title="John Dewey bibliography">John Dewey bibliography</a>. </p> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Dewey/newpsych.htm">The New Psychology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629124735/http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Dewey/newpsych.htm">Archived</a> June 29, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Andover Review</i>, 2, 278–89 (1884)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924029209032/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Psychology</i> (1887)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/40957/40957-h/40957-h.htm"><i>Leibniz's New Essays Concerning the Human Understanding</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130307101241/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/40957/40957-h/40957-h.htm">Archived</a> March 7, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1888)</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Dewey/ego.htm">The Ego as Cause</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060610210601/http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Dewey/ego.htm">Archived</a> June 10, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i>Philosophical Review</i>, 3, 337–41 (June 24, 1894)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1896.html">"The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120714234436/http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Dewey/Dewey_1896.html">Archived</a> July 14, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1896)</li> <li>"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/My_Pedagogic_Creed" class="extiw" title="s:My Pedagogic Creed">My Pedagogic Creed</a>" (1897)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/theschoolandsoci00deweuoft/theschoolandsoci00deweuoft_djvu.txt"><i>The School and Society</i> (1899)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/childandcurricu00dewegoog"><i>The Child and the Curriculum </i></a> (1902)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/relationoftheory00dewe/page/n6/mode/2up"><i>The Relation of Theory to Practice in Education</i> (1904)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060529220430/http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Dewey/Dewey_1910b/Dewey_1910_09.html">"The Postulate of Immediate Empiricism"</a> (1905)</li> <li><i>Moral Principles in Education</i> (1909), The Riverside Press Cambridge, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=768523">Project Gutenberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218211435/http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=768523">Archived</a> February 18, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_We_Think" title="How We Think">How We Think</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanphilosophy00dewe">German Philosophy and Politics</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Education" title="Democracy and Education">Democracy and Education: an introduction to the philosophy of education</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reconstructioni02dewegoog">Reconstruction in Philosophy</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i>Letters from China and Japan</i> (1920) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersfromchina00deweuoft/page/n6/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li><i>China, Japan and the U.S.A.</i> (1921) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinajapanusapre00dewe/page/n2/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Human+Nature+and+Conduct&author=Dewey&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Human Nature and Conduct</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a>, An Introduction to Social Psychology (1922) Parts 1–4</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P6a_Jd2OxpsC&pg=PP1&dq=experience+and+nature&sig=N0PWh4mPRvPnedmyxkKWf9caCTw">Experience and Nature</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_and_its_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="The Public and its Problems">The Public and its Problems</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questforcertaint029410mbp"><i>The Quest for Certainty</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford Lectures</a> (1929)</li> <li>The Sources of a Science of Education (1929), The Kappa Delta Pi Lecture Series</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Individualism_Old_and_New" title="Individualism Old and New">Individualism Old and New</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.218678/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Philosophy and Civilization</i> (1931)</a></li> <li>Ethics, second edition (with James Hayden Tufts) (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Common_Faith" title="A Common Faith">A Common Faith</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i>Liberalism and Social Action</i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Experience_and_Education_(book)" title="Experience and Education (book)">Experience and Education</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i>Logic: The Theory of Inquiry</i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Culture" title="Freedom and Culture">Freedom and Culture</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i>Theory of Valuation</i> (1939). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-57594-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-57594-2">0-226-57594-2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knowing_and_the_Known" title="Knowing and the Known">Knowing and the Known</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i>Unmodern Philosophy and Modern Philosophy</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809330792" title="Special:BookSources/0809330792">0809330792</a> (Lost in 1947, finally published in 2012)<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Lectures in China, 1919-1920</i> lost; finally published 1973; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesinchina100dewe">online</a></li></ul> <p><b>See also</b> </p> <ul><li><i>The Philosophy of John Dewey</i>, Edited by John J. McDermott. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 1981.</li> <li><i>The Essential Dewey: Volumes 1 and 2</i>. Edited by Larry Hickman and Thomas Alexander. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>, 1998.</li> <li>"To those who aspire to the profession of teaching" (APT). In Simpson, D.J., & Stack, S.F. (eds.), <i>Teachers, leaders and schools: Essays by John Dewey</i> (33–36). Carbonale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2010.</li> <li>"The classroom teacher" (CRT). In Simpson, D.J., & Stack, S.F. (eds.), <i>Teachers, leaders and schools: Essays by John Dewey</i> (153–60). Carbonale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2010.</li> <li>"The duties and responsibilities of the teaching profession" (DRT). In Simpson, D.J., & Stack, S.F. (eds.), <i>Teachers, leaders and schools: Essays by John Dewey</i> (245–48). Carbonale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2010.</li> <li>"The educational balance, efficiency and thinking" (EET). In Simpson, D.J., & Stack, S.F. (eds.), <i>Teachers, leaders and schools: Essays by John Dewey</i> (41–45). Carbonale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2010.</li> <li>"My pedagogic creed" (MPC). In Simpson, D.J., & Stack, S.F. (eds.), <i>Teachers, leaders and schools: Essays by John Dewey</i> (24–32). Carbonale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2010.</li> <li>"Professional spirit among teachers" (PST). In Simpson, D.J., & Stack, S.F. (eds.), <i>Teachers, leaders and schools: Essays by John Dewey</i> (37–40). Carbonale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2010.</li> <li>"The teacher and the public" (TAP). In Simpson, D.J., & Stack, S.F. (eds.), <i>Teachers, leaders and schools: Essays by John Dewey</i> (214–44). Carbonale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2010.</li></ul> <p><b>Dewey's Complete Writings</b> is available in four multi-volume sets (38 volumes in all) from Southern Illinois University Press: </p> <ul><li><i>The Early Works: 1892–1898</i> (5 volumes)</li> <li><i>The Middle Works: 1899–1924</i> (15 volumes)</li> <li><i>The Later Works: 1925–1953</i> (17 volumes)</li> <li><i>Supplementary Volume 1: 1884–1951</i></li></ul> <p><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlx.com/collections/133">The Collected Works of John Dewey: 1882–1953</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130816021059/http://www.nlx.com/collections/133">Archived</a> August 16, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlx.com/collections/132">The Correspondence of John Dewey 1871–1952</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100119075836/http://www.nlx.com/collections/132">Archived</a> January 19, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, and <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlx.com/collections/147">The Lectures of John Dewey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130609211850/http://www.nlx.com/collections/147">Archived</a> June 9, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> are available online via monographic purchase to academic institutions and via subscription to individuals, and also in TEI format for university servers in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlx.com">Past Masters series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060113083421/http://www.nlx.com/">Archived</a> January 13, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (The CD-ROM has been discontinued.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Dewey_Studies" title="Center for Dewey Studies">Center for Dewey Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Commission" title="Dewey Commission">Dewey Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquiry-based_learning" title="Inquiry-based learning">Inquiry-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_and_value-rational_action" title="Instrumental and value-rational action">Instrumental and value-rational action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey_bibliography" title="John Dewey bibliography">John Dewey bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey_Society" title="John Dewey Society">John Dewey Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_for_Independent_Political_Action" title="League for Independent Political Action">League for Independent Political Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malting_House_School" title="Malting House School">Malting House School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_ethics" title="Pragmatic ethics">Pragmatic ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_Institutes" title="Village Institutes">Village Institutes</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IEP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField,_Richard" class="citation book cs1">Field, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/dewey.htm"><i>John Dewey in </i>The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy<i><span></span></i></a>. Northwest Missouri State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090406082012/http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/dewey.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Process+Philosophy&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fprocess-philosophy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/dewey/">"Dewey, John | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128003021/https://iep.utm.edu/dewey/">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%8A%E8%A7%82%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB&rft.atitle=%E5%92%8C%E8%83%A1%E9%80%82%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%BA%E7%95%99%E6%B4%8B%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E3%80%81%E5%B8%88%E4%BB%8E%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E9%99%B6%E8%A1%8C%E7%9F%A5%E6%88%90%E4%BA%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AE%B6&rft.au=%E4%BA%8E%E5%85%B6%E5%A4%9A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shobserver.com%2Fwx%2Fdetail.do%3Fid%3D403806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Dewey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwethink00deweiala"><i>How we think</i></a> (1910), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/onlyateacher/john.html">"PBS Online: Only A Teacher: Schoolhouse Pioneers"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223193541/http://www.pbs.org/onlyateacher/john.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+General+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+100+most+eminent+psychologists+of+the+20th+century&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.586.1913%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145668721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F1089-2680.6.2.139&rft.aulast=Haggbloom&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.au=Warnick%2C+Renee&rft.au=Warnick%2C+Jason+E.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Vinessa+K.&rft.au=Yarbrough%2C+Gary+L.&rft.au=Russell%2C+Tenea+M.&rft.au=Borecky%2C+Chris+M.&rft.au=McGahhey%2C+Reagan&rft.au=Powell%2C+John+L.+III&rft.au=Beavers%2C+Jamie&rft.au=Monte%2C+Emmanuelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fmonitor%2Fjulaug02%2Feminent.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Ryan, <i>John Dewey and the High Tide of American Liberalism</i>, (1995), p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViolas,_Paul_C.Tozer,_StevenSenese,_Guy_B.2004" class="citation book cs1">Violas, Paul C.; Tozer, Steven; Senese, Guy B. (September 2004). <i>School and Society: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives</i>. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-298556-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-298556-6"><bdi>978-0-07-298556-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=School+and+Society%3A+Historical+and+Contemporary+Perspectives&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Humanities%2FSocial+Sciences%2FLanguages&rft.date=2004-09&rft.isbn=978-0-07-298556-6&rft.au=Violas%2C+Paul+C.&rft.au=Tozer%2C+Steven&rft.au=Senese%2C+Guy+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123213952/https://www.mi-knoll.de/122501.html">"John Dewey's Laboratory School in Chicago"</a>. <i>www.mi-knoll.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mi-knoll.de/122501.html">the original</a> on November 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mi-knoll.de&rft.atitle=John+Dewey%27s+Laboratory+School+in+Chicago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mi-knoll.de%2F122501.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/dewey/">"John Dewey (1859—1952)"</a>. <i>The University of Tennessee at Martin</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824175927/https://www.iep.utm.edu/dewey/">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Tennessee+at+Martin&rft.atitle=John+Dewey+%281859%E2%80%941952%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fdewey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutek2005" class="citation book cs1">Gutek, Gerald L. (2005). <i>Historical and Philosophical Foundations of Education: A Biographical Introduction</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-113809-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-113809-4"><bdi>978-0-13-113809-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+and+Philosophical+Foundations+of+Education%3A+A+Biographical+Introduction.&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-13-113809-4&rft.aulast=Gutek&rft.aufirst=Gerald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbk.org/infoview/PBK_InfoView.aspx?t=&id=59">Who Belongs To Phi Beta Kappa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120103230618/http://www.pbk.org/infoview/PBK_InfoView.aspx?t=&id=59">Archived</a> 2012-01-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Phi Beta Kappa website, accessed Oct 4, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/dewey/dewey.html">bio of Dewey from <i>Bowling Green State University</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102195748/http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/dewey/dewey.html">Archived</a> 2011-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Menand" title="Louis Menand">Louis Menand</a>, <i>The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in the United States</i>. New York: Farrar, Staus and Giroux, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123030744/https://blog.library.tc.columbia.edu/b/24244-Today-In-History-John-Dewey-Was-Born">"Today in History: John Dewey Was Born - Jennifer Govan - EdLab"</a>. October 20, 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.library.tc.columbia.edu/b/24244-Today-In-History-John-Dewey-Was-Born">the original</a> on January 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Today+in+History%3A+John+Dewey+Was+Born+-+Jennifer+Govan+-+EdLab&rft.date=2021-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.library.tc.columbia.edu%2Fb%2F24244-Today-In-History-John-Dewey-Was-Born&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirschenbaum2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kirschenbaum, Howard (Winter 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/219027027">"Carl Rogers's Life and Work: An Assessment on the 100th Anniversary of His Birth"</a>. <i>Journal of Counseling and Development</i>. <b>82</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">116–</span>124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1556-6678.2004.tb00293.x">10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00293.x</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/219027027">219027027</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006222255/https://www.proquest.com/docview/219027027">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2022</span> – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Counseling+and+Development&rft.atitle=Carl+Rogers%27s+Life+and+Work%3A+An+Assessment+on+the+100th+Anniversary+of+His+Birth&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1556-6678.2004.tb00293.x&rft.aulast=Kirschenbaum&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F219027027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Dewey1922" class="citation book cs1">John Dewey (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humannatureandco011182mbp"><i>Human Nature and Conduct: An Introduction to Social Psychology</i></a>. Henry Holt & Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2018</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Nature+and+Conduct%3A+An+Introduction+to+Social+Psychology&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.au=John+Dewey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumannatureandco011182mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Dewey (1929), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ariwatch.com/VS/JD/ImpressionsOfSovietRussia.htm"><i>Impressions of Soviet Russia and the Revolutionary World</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523160815/http://ariwatch.com/VS/JD/ImpressionsOfSovietRussia.htm">Archived</a> May 23, 2016, at the Portuguese Web Archive, <i>The New Republic</i>. Also at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.169066">Internet Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This refers to the Boydston edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry E. Duff, "Dewey's 'Experience And Nature' - A Tale Of Two Paradigms" <i>Pragmatism Today</i> 7.1 (2016): 70. Dewey was never at peace with <i>Experience and Nature</i> and in 1949 attempted a new introduction for a new edition (E&N: Appendix 1, 329f) but did not complete it. In 1951 he returned to it saying "Were I to write (or rewrite) <i>Experience and Nature</i> today I would entitle the book <i>Culture and Nature" (E&N:361)</i>. However, in the following paragraphs he criticises this idea.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hilda M. Neatby, <i>So Little for the Mind</i> (Toronto: Clarke Irwin & Co. Ltd., 1953), pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japangrant-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-japangrant_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-japangrant_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123213951/http://www.jaas.gr.jp/jjas/PDF/2007/No.18-107.pdf">"The Trans-Pacific Experience of John Dewey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaas.gr.jp/jjas/PDF/2007/No.18-107.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Trans-Pacific+Experience+of+John+Dewey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaas.gr.jp%2Fjjas%2FPDF%2F2007%2FNo.18-107.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31043/31043-h/31043-h.htm">"Letters from China and Japan by Harriet Alice Chipman Dewey and John Dewey"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309022732/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31043/31043-h/31043-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letters+from+China+and+Japan+by+Harriet+Alice+Chipman+Dewey+and+John+Dewey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F31043%2F31043-h%2F31043-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jessica Ching-Sze Wang. <i>John Dewey in China: To Teach and to Learn</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791472033" title="Special:BookSources/9780791472033">9780791472033</a> pp. 3–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShekitka2022" class="citation journal cs1">Shekitka, John Patrick (December 20, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F20965311221145446">"What Knowledge is of Most Worth? Considering the Neo-Confucians in the Contemporary Debate Between Moral and Intellectual Learning"</a>. <i>ECNU Review of Education</i>. <b>7</b>: 209653112211454. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F20965311221145446">10.1177/20965311221145446</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2096-5311">2096-5311</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255038008">255038008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ECNU+Review+of+Education&rft.atitle=What+Knowledge+is+of+Most+Worth%3F+Considering+the+Neo-Confucians+in+the+Contemporary+Debate+Between+Moral+and+Intellectual+Learning&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=209653112211454&rft.date=2022-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255038008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2096-5311&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F20965311221145446&rft.aulast=Shekitka&rft.aufirst=John+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F20965311221145446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberto Frega, "John Dewey's Social and Political Philosophy in the China Lectures: Introduction." <i>Transaction of the Charles S. Peirce Society</i> 53.1 (2017): 3-6 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/trancharpeirsoc.53.1.01">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308193258/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/trancharpeirsoc.53.1.01">Archived</a> March 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiu1995" class="citation journal cs1">Niu, Xiaodong (August 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23767673">"Mao Zedong and John Dewey: A Comparison of Educational Thought"</a>. <i>The Journal of Educational Thought (JET) / Revue de la Pensée Éducative</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 129-147<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Educational+Thought+%28JET%29+%2F+Revue+de+la+Pens%C3%A9e+%C3%89ducative&rft.atitle=Mao+Zedong+and+John+Dewey%3A+A+Comparison+of+Educational+Thought&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-147&rft.date=1995-08&rft.aulast=Niu&rft.aufirst=Xiaodong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23767673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhixin Su, "A critical evaluation of John Dewey's influence on Chinese education." <i>American Journal of Education</i> 103.3 (1995): 302-325 at p. 305 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1085533">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420101912/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1085533">Archived</a> April 20, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffer B. Daykin, "The Glocalization of John Dewey's Educational Philosophy in Republican-Era China." <i>American Journal Of Chinese Studies</i> (2014): 31-43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44288434">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310001355/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44288434">Archived</a> March 10, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Su, "A critical evaluation of John Dewey's influence on Chinese education". pp 308–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraakYoung2001" class="citation book cs1">Kraak, Andre; Young, Michael (2001). <i>Education in Retrospect: Policy and Implementation since 1990</i>. Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7969-1988-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7969-1988-5"><bdi>978-0-7969-1988-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+Retrospect%3A+Policy+and+Implementation+since+1990&rft.pub=Human+Sciences+Research+Council%2C+Pretoria&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7969-1988-5&rft.aulast=Kraak&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft.au=Young%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2002" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Jay (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/educationofjohnd00mart/page/406"><i>The Education of John Dewey</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/educationofjohnd00mart/page/406">406</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11676-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11676-3"><bdi>978-0-231-11676-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Education+of+John+Dewey&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11676-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feducationofjohnd00mart%2Fpage%2F406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paulus J. Mentz, "The Influence of John Dewey on Curriculum Development in South Africa" (ERIC Number: ED349654 1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED349654.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023003536/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED349654.pdf">Archived</a> October 23, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/dewey.htm">Biography at Muskingum College</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090331093737/http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/dewey.htm">Archived</a> 2009-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/women/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/dewey-alice-chipman-1858-1927">"from The Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106072750/http://www.encyclopedia.com/women/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/dewey-alice-chipman-1858-1927">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=from+The+Dictionary+of+Women+Worldwide%3A+25%2C000+Women+Through+the+Ages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fwomen%2Fdictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases%2Fdewey-alice-chipman-1858-1927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonFoley2004" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson, Douglas J.; Foley, Kathleen C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=eandc">"John Dewey and Hubbards, Nova Scotia"</a>. <i>Education and Culture</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203150115/http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=eandc">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+and+Culture&rft.atitle=John+Dewey+and+Hubbards%2C+Nova+Scotia&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rft.au=Foley%2C+Kathleen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.lib.purdue.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1014%26context%3Deandc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=eandc">"Douglas J. Simpson and Kathleen C. Foley, "John Dewey and Hubbards, Nova Scotia," <i>Education and Culture</i> 20(2) (2004): 42, 52"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203150115/http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=eandc">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Douglas+J.+Simpson+and+Kathleen+C.+Foley%2C+%22John+Dewey+and+Hubbards%2C+Nova+Scotia%2C%22+Education+and+Culture+20%282%29+%282004%29%3A+42%2C+52&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.lib.purdue.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1014%26context%3Deandc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051231124645/http://www.nlx.com/titles/titldewc.htm">"InteLex Past Masters - John Dewey: Correspondence"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlx.com/titles/titldewc.htm">the original</a> on December 31, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=InteLex+Past+Masters+-+John+Dewey%3A+Correspondence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlx.com%2Ftitles%2Ftitldewc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonFoley2004" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson, Douglas J.; Foley, Kathleen C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=eandc">"John Dewey and Hubbards, Nova Scotia"</a>. <i>Education and Culture</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">55–</span>56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203150115/http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=eandc">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+and+Culture&rft.atitle=John+Dewey+and+Hubbards%2C+Nova+Scotia&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rft.au=Foley%2C+Kathleen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.lib.purdue.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1014%26context%3Deandc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514094942/http://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/archives/sum2005/entries/dewey-political/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Dewey's Political Philosophy" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. 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Dutton & Co., 1923 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913111-11-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-913111-11-2">0-913111-11-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1020.html">"Dr. John Dewey Dead at 92; Philosopher a Noted Liberal – The Father of Progressive Education Succumbs in Home to Pneumonia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. June 2, 1952. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110062047/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1020.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr.+John+Dewey+Dead+at+92%3B+Philosopher+a+Noted+Liberal+%E2%80%93+The+Father+of+Progressive+Education+Succumbs+in+Home+to+Pneumonia&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1952-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F1020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=eandc">"Douglas J. Simpson and Kathleen C. Foley, "John Dewey and Hubbards, Nova Scotia", <i>Education and Culture</i> 20(2) (2004): 58–59"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203150115/http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014&context=eandc">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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May 19, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223639/https://www.forwardpress.in/2017/05/john-dewey-pragmatism-communication-and-bhimrao-ambedkar/">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forward+Press&rft.atitle=The+like-mindedness+of+Dewey+and+Ambedkar&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forwardpress.in%2F2017%2F05%2Fjohn-dewey-pragmatism-communication-and-bhimrao-ambedkar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forwardpress.in/2018/01/ambedkars-pragmatism-drew-heavily-on-the-1908-ethics/">"Ambedkar's pragmatism drew heavily on the 1908 'Ethics'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Forward Press</i>. January 5, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223819/https://www.forwardpress.in/2018/01/ambedkars-pragmatism-drew-heavily-on-the-1908-ethics/">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forward+Press&rft.atitle=Ambedkar%27s+pragmatism+drew+heavily+on+the+1908+%27Ethics%27&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forwardpress.in%2F2018%2F01%2Fambedkars-pragmatism-drew-heavily-on-the-1908-ethics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard L. Parsons, "The Meaning and Significance of Dewey's Religious Thought." <i>Journal of Religion</i> 40.3 (1960): 170-190 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1199556">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424054307/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1199556">Archived</a> April 24, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Rockefeller, <i>John Dewey: Religious Faith and Democratic Humanism</i>, (1994), p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leo R. Ward, "Theology and Liberal Education in Dewey." <i>Modern Age</i> 21.2 (1977): 139-146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._G._RudJim_GarrisonLynda_Stone2009" class="citation book cs1">A. G. Rud; Jim Garrison; Lynda Stone, eds. (2009). <i>Dewey at One Hundred Fifty</i>. Purdue University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-550-4"><bdi>978-1-55753-550-4</bdi></a>. <q>With respect to his personal beliefs, Dewey wrote to Max Otto that "I feel the gods are pretty dead, tho I suppose I ought to know that however, to be somewhat more philosophical in the matter, if atheism means simply not being a theist, then of course I'm an atheist. But the popular if not the etymological significance of the word is much wider. ... Although he described himself as an atheist in one sense of the term, it is also clear that Dewey was opposed to militant atheism for the same reason that he was opposed to supernaturalism: he thought both positions dogmatic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dewey+at+One+Hundred+Fifty&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-550-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030608113016/http://www.siu.edu/%7Edeweyctr/CHRONO.pdf">"John Dewey Chronology" 1934.04.08, 1936.03.12, 1940.09, and 1950.09.11.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"What Humanism Means to Me," first published in <i>Thinker 2</i> (June 1930): 9–12, as part of a series. Dewey: p. lw.5.266 [<i>The Collected Works of John Dewey, 1882–1953</i>, The Electronic Edition]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewey1938" class="citation book cs1">Dewey, john (1938). <i>Logic: The theory of Inquiry</i>. NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. p. iv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logic%3A+The+theory+of+Inquiry&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=iv&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart%2C+and+Winston&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewey1916" class="citation book cs1">Dewey, John (1916). <i>Essays in Experimental Logic</i>. NY: Dover Publications Inc. p. 330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Experimental+Logic&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Dover+Publications+Inc.&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewey1916" class="citation book cs1">Dewey, John (1916). <i>Essays in Experimental Logic</i>. NY: Dover Publications Inc. p. 331.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Experimental+Logic&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Dover+Publications+Inc.&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Dewey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Dewey, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Bentley" title="Arthur F. Bentley">Arthur Bentley</a>, (1949). <i>Knowing and the Known</i>. Beacon Press, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Dewey, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Bentley" title="Arthur F. Bentley">Arthur Bentley</a>, (1949). <i>Knowing and the Known</i>. Beacon Press, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, pp. 107–09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Dewey, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Bentley" title="Arthur F. Bentley">Arthur Bentley</a>, (1949). <i>Knowing and the Known</i>. Beacon Press, Boston, pp. 121–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louis_Menand_2001-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_Menand_2001_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_Menand_2001_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_Menand_2001_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club, (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 285-333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cywar-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cywar_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCywar1969" class="citation journal cs1">Cywar, Alan (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2711935">"John Dewey in World War I: Patriotism and International Progressivism"</a>. <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>21</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">578–</span>594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2711935">10.2307/2711935</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0678">0003-0678</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711935">2711935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=John+Dewey+in+World+War+I%3A+Patriotism+and+International+Progressivism&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E578-%3C%2Fspan%3E594&rft.date=1969&rft.issn=0003-0678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2711935%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2711935&rft.aulast=Cywar&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F2711935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070806190724/http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/public3_text.htm">"American Institute of Physics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/public3_text.htm">the original</a> on August 6, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Feinstein%2Fpublic3_text.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dewey_Commission_Report-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dewey_Commission_Report_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1937/dewey/index.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Dewey Commission Report"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125141408/http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1937/dewey/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Dewey+Commission+Report%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1937%2Fdewey%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Dewey</i>, edited by Molly Cochran. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiles1992" class="citation book cs1">Tiles, J. E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FSksfVY-nMC&q=john%20dewey%20communist%20teachers%20union&pg=PA398"><i>John Dewey: Political theory and social practice</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05313-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05313-6"><bdi>978-0-415-05313-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Dewey%3A+Political+theory+and+social+practice&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05313-6&rft.aulast=Tiles&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FSksfVY-nMC%26q%3Djohn%2520dewey%2520communist%2520teachers%2520union%26pg%3DPA398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naacp.org/nations-premier-civil-rights-organization/">"About | NAACP"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801144155/http://www.naacp.org/nations-premier-civil-rights-organization/">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+%26%23124%3B+NAACP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naacp.org%2Fnations-premier-civil-rights-organization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dewey, J. (1927) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wealthandwant.com/HG/PP/Dewey_Appreciation_HG.html">An Appreciation of Henry George</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140625102310/http://www.wealthandwant.com/HG/PP/Dewey_Appreciation_HG.html">Archived</a> June 25, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dewey, J. (1939) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/dewey-john_a-letter-to-henry-ford-1939.html">A Letter to Henry Ford</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113025951/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/dewey-john_a-letter-to-henry-ford-1939.html">Archived</a> 2015-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001029.html">"John Dewey"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240605042327/https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001029.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=John+Dewey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20001029.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=John+Dewey&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240605042538/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=John+Dewey&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DJohn%2BDewey%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrody" class="citation web cs1">Brody, Roger S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202231459/http://arago.si.edu/category_2028989.html">"30-cent Dewey"</a>. <i>arago.si.edu</i>. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arago.si.edu/category_2028989.html">the original</a> on February 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arago.si.edu&rft.atitle=30-cent+Dewey&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=Roger+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farago.si.edu%2Fcategory_2028989.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dewey worked on this book from 1939 before its loss in 1947. For a full account of this publication's history, see <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_Now" title="Philosophy Now">Philosophy Now</a></i> magazine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philosophynow.org/issues/102/Unmodern_Philosophy_and_Modern_Philosophy_by_John_Dewey">here (link)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140607004513/http://philosophynow.org/issues/102/Unmodern_Philosophy_and_Modern_Philosophy_by_John_Dewey">Archived</a> June 7, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 3 June 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Caspary, William R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108990927"><i>Dewey on Democracy</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629203344/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108990927">Archived</a> June 29, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2000). Cornell University Press.</li> <li>Martin, Jay. <i>The Education of John Dewey.</i> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a></li> <li>Rockefeller, Stephen. <i>John Dewey: Religious Faith and Democratic Humanism.</i> (1994). Columbia University Press</li> <li>Rud, A. G., Garrison, Jim, and Stone, Lynda (eds.) <i>John Dewey at 150: Reflections for a New Century.</i> West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Ryan" title="Alan Ryan">Ryan, Alan</a>. <i>John Dewey and the High Tide of American Liberalism.</i> (1995). W.W. Norton.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Westbrook_(historian)" title="Robert B. Westbrook (historian)">Westbrook, Robert B.</a> <i>John Dewey and American Democracy.</i> (1993). <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alexander, Thomas. <i>John Dewey's Theory of Art, Experience, and Nature</i> (1987). <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>.</li> <li>Bernstein, Richard J. <i>John Dewey</i> (1966), Washington Square Press.</li> <li>Boisvert, Raymond. <i>John Dewey: Rethinking Our Time</i>. (1997). SUNY Press.</li> <li>Campbell, James. <i>Understanding John Dewey: Nature and Cooperative Intelligence</i> (1995). Open Court Publishing Company.</li> <li>Crick, Nathan. <i>Democracy & Rhetoric: John Dewey on the Arts of Becoming</i> (2010). University of South Carolina Press.</li> <li>Fishman, Stephen M. and Lucille McCarthy. <i>John Dewey and the Philosophy and Practice of Hope</i> (2007). University of Illinois Press.</li> <li>Garrison, Jim. <i>Dewey and Eros: Wisdom and Desire in the Art of Teaching</i>. Charlotte: Information Age Publishing, 2010. Original published 1997 by Teachers College Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood2006" class="citation book cs1">Good, James (2006). <i>A Search for Unity in Diversity: The "Permanent Hegelian Deposit" in the Philosophy of John Dewey</i>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1061-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1061-4"><bdi>978-0-7391-1061-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Search+for+Unity+in+Diversity%3A+The+%22Permanent+Hegelian+Deposit%22+in+the+Philosophy+of+John+Dewey&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1061-4&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hickman, Larry A. <i>John Dewey's Pragmatic Technology</i> (1992). Indiana University Press.</li> <li>Hickman, Larry A., Flamm, Matthew C., Skowroński, Krzysztof P., and Rea Jennifer A., eds. (2011), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/title/31253">The Continuing Relevance of John Dewey</a></i>, Rodopi / Brill.</li> <li>Hook, Sidney. <i>John Dewey: An Intellectual Portrait</i> (1939).</li> <li>Howlett, Charles F., and Audrey Cohan, eds. <i>John Dewey: America's Peace-Minded Educator</i> (Southern Illinois UP, 2016), pp. 305.</li> <li>Kannegiesser, H. J. "Knowledge and Science" (1977). The Macmillan Company of Australia PTY Ltd.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKengor2010" class="citation book cs1">Kengor, Paul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PlE6AwAAQBAJ&q=editions%3Au6i91qhJNw8C&pg=PT5"><i>Dupes: How America's Adversaries Have Manipulated Progressives for a Century</i></a>. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4976-2085-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4976-2085-8"><bdi>978-1-4976-2085-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dupes%3A+How+America%27s+Adversaries+Have+Manipulated+Progressives+for+a+Century&rft.pub=Intercollegiate+Studies+Institute&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4976-2085-8&rft.aulast=Kengor&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPlE6AwAAQBAJ%26q%3Deditions%253Au6i91qhJNw8C%26pg%3DPT5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Knoll, Michael (2022). <i>Beyond Rhetoric: New Perspectives von John Dewey's Pedagogy</i> (Bern: Peter Lang). pp. 410.</li> <li>Knoll, Michael (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mi-knoll.de/53643.html">From Kidd to Dewey: The Origin and Meaning of "Social Efficiency"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103233047/http://mi-knoll.de/53643.html">Archived</a> November 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Journal of Curriculum Studies</i> 41 (June), 3, pp. 361–91.</li> <li>Knoll, Michael (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mi-knoll.de/122501.html">Laboratory School, University of Chicago</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030141559/http://mi-knoll.de/122501.html">Archived</a> October 30, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. D. C. Phillips (ed), <i>Encyclopaedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy</i>, Vol. 2 (London: Sage), pp. 455–58.</li> <li>Knoll, Michael (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00220272.2014.936045">John Dewey as Administrator: The Inglorious End of the Laboratory School in Chicago</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304215559/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00220272.2014.936045">Archived</a> March 4, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Journal of Curriculum Studies</i>, 47 (April), 2, pp. 203–52.</li> <li>Knoll, Michael (2024) <i>John Dewey's Laboratory School: The Rise and Fall of a World-Famous Experiment</i> (New York: Palgrave).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corliss_Lamont" title="Corliss Lamont">Lamont, Corliss</a> (1959), (ed., with the assistance of Mary Redmer). <i>Dialogue on John Dewey</i>. Horizon Press.</li> <li>Morse, Donald J. <i>Faith in Life: John Dewey's Early Philosophy.</i> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_Press" title="Fordham University Press">Fordham University Press</a>.</li> <li>Pappas, Gregory. <i>John Dewey's Ethics: Democracy as Experience</i> (2008), Indiana University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPring2007" class="citation book cs1">Pring, Richard (2007). <i>John Dewey: Continuum Library of Educational Thought</i>. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8403-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8403-1"><bdi>978-0-8264-8403-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Dewey%3A+Continuum+Library+of+Educational+Thought&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8403-1&rft.aulast=Pring&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Popkewitz" title="Thomas S. Popkewitz">Popkewitz, Thomas S.</a> (ed). <i>Inventing the Modern Self and John Dewey: Modernities and the Traveling of Pragmatism in Education</i> (2005), New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</li> <li>Putnam, Hilary. "Dewey's <i>Logic</i>: Epistemology as Hypothesis". In <i>Words and Life</i>, ed. James Conant. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.</li> <li>Ralston, Shane. <i>John Dewey's Great Debates-Reconstructed</i>. (2011). <a href="/wiki/Information_Age_Publishing" title="Information Age Publishing">Information Age Publishing</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Richardson_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry S. Richardson (philosopher)">Richardson, Henry S</a> (1998). "Truth and ends in Dewey". <i>Canadian Journal of Philosophy</i>. <b>28</b> (Supplement 1): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00455091.1998.10717497">10.1080/00455091.1998.10717497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Truth+and+ends+in+Dewey&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=Supplement+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00455091.1998.10717497&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Henry+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Dewey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rogers, Melvin. <i>The Undiscovered Dewey: Religion, Morality, and the Ethos of Democracy</i> (2008). Columbia University Press.</li> <li>Roth, Robert J. <i>John Dewey and Self-Realization.</i> (1962). <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>.</li> <li>Rorty, Richard. "Dewey's Metaphysics". In <i>The Consequences of Pragmatism: Essays 1972–1980</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982.</li> <li>Seigfried, Charlene Haddock, (ed.). <i>Feminist Interpretations of John Dewey</i> (2001). <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State University Press">Pennsylvania State University Press</a>.</li> <li>Shook, John. <i>Dewey's Empirical Theory of Knowledge and Reality.</i> (2000). The Vanderbilt Library of American Philosophy.</li> <li>Sleeper, R.W. <i>The Necessity of Pragmatism: John Dewey's Conception of Philosophy</i>. Introduction by Tom Burke. (2001). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Talisse" title="Robert B. Talisse">Talisse, Robert B</a>. <i>A Pragmatist Philosophy of Democracy</i> (2007). Routledge.</li> <li>Waks, Leonard J. and Andrea R. English, eds. <i>John Dewey's Democracy and Education: A Centennial Handbook</i> (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/John-Deweys-Democracy-Education-Centennial/dp/1107140307/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124022436/https://www.amazon.com/John-Deweys-Democracy-Education-Centennial/dp/1107140307">Archived</a> November 24, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>White, Morton. <i>The Origin of Dewey's Instrumentalism</i> (1943). Columbia University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dewey&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200306014851/https://archives.lib.siu.edu/index.php?p=collections%2Fcontrolcard&id=2125">Archived</a> 2020-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Special Collections Research Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030608113016/http://www.siu.edu/%7Edeweyctr/CHRONO.pdf">John Dewey Chronology at Southern Illinois University</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/john-dewey/">Works by John Dewey in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/446">Works by John Dewey</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Dewey%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Dewey%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Dewey%2C%20John%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Dewey%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Dewey%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Dewey%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Dewey%2C%20John%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Dewey%22%29%20OR%20%28%221859-1952%22%20AND%20Dewey%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John Dewey</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1977">Works by John Dewey</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Psychological_Association125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:APA_presidents" title="Template:APA presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:APA_presidents" title="Template talk:APA presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:APA_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:APA presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Psychological_Association125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1892–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Trumbull_Ladd" title="George Trumbull Ladd">George Trumbull Ladd</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattell" title="James McKeen Cattell">James McKeen Cattell</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stuart_Fullerton" title="George Stuart Fullerton">George Stuart Fullerton</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin">James Mark Baldwin</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_M%C3%BCnsterberg" title="Hugo Münsterberg">Hugo Münsterberg</a> (1898)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Dewey</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Josiah Royce</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Sanford" title="Edmund Sanford">Edmund Sanford</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lowe_Bryan" title="William Lowe Bryan">William Lowe Bryan</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Whiton_Calkins" title="Mary Whiton Calkins">Mary Whiton Calkins</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rowland_Angell" title="James Rowland Angell">James Rowland Angell</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rutgers_Marshall" title="Henry Rutgers Marshall">Henry Rutgers Marshall</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Stratton" title="George M. Stratton">George M. Stratton</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hubbard_Judd" title="Charles Hubbard Judd">Charles Hubbard Judd</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bowers_Pillsbury" title="Walter Bowers Pillsbury">Walter Bowers Pillsbury</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Seashore" title="Carl Seashore">Carl Seashore</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_C._Warren" title="Howard C. Warren">Howard C. Warren</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Woodworth" title="Robert S. Woodworth">Robert S. Woodworth</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Dodge" title="Raymond Dodge">Raymond Dodge</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yerkes" title="Robert Yerkes">Robert Yerkes</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wallace_Baird" title="John Wallace Baird">John Wallace Baird</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Dill_Scott" title="Walter Dill Scott">Walter Dill Scott</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Ivory_Franz" title="Shepherd Ivory Franz">Shepherd Ivory Franz</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Floy_Washburn" title="Margaret Floy Washburn">Margaret Floy Washburn</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Dunlap" title="Knight Dunlap">Knight Dunlap</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman" title="Lewis Terman">Lewis Terman</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._Madison_Bentley" title="I. Madison Bentley">I. Madison Bentley</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_A._Carr" title="Harvey A. Carr">Harvey A. Carr</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Levi_Hollingworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Levi Hollingworth">Harry Levi Hollingworth</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Boring" title="Edwin Boring">Edwin Boring</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lashley" title="Karl Lashley">Karl Lashley</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Langfeld" title="Herbert Langfeld">Herbert Langfeld</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Samuel_Hunter" title="Walter Samuel Hunter">Walter Samuel Hunter</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Richard_Miles" title="Walter Richard Miles">Walter Richard Miles</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leon_Thurstone" title="Louis Leon Thurstone">Louis Leon Thurstone</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Peterson_(psychologist)" title="Joseph Peterson (psychologist)">Joseph Peterson</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Poffenberger" title="Albert Poffenberger">Albert Poffenberger</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Tolman" title="Edward C. Tolman">Edward C. Tolman</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dashiell" title="John Dashiell">John Dashiell</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Carmichael" title="Leonard Carmichael">Leonard Carmichael</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Woodrow" title="Herbert Woodrow">Herbert Woodrow</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Perry_Stone" title="Calvin Perry Stone">Calvin Perry Stone</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Edward Anderson (psychologist)">John Edward Anderson</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Murphy" title="Gardner Murphy">Gardner Murphy</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Ray_Guthrie" title="Edwin Ray Guthrie">Edwin Ray Guthrie</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" title="Henry Garrett (psychologist)">Henry Garrett</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Marquis_(psychologist)" title="Donald Marquis (psychologist)">Donald Marquis</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Richardson_Sears" title="Robert Richardson Sears">Robert Richardson Sears</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._McVicker_Hunt" title="J. McVicker Hunt">J. McVicker Hunt</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurance_F._Shaffer" title="Laurance F. Shaffer">Laurance F. Shaffer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orval_Hobart_Mowrer" title="Orval Hobart Mowrer">Orval Hobart Mowrer</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lowell_Kelly" title="E. Lowell Kelly">E. Lowell Kelly</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Newcomb" title="Theodore Newcomb">Theodore Newcomb</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Cronbach" title="Lee Cronbach">Lee Cronbach</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler" title="Wolfgang Köhler">Wolfgang Köhler</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Meehl" title="Paul E. Meehl">Paul E. Meehl</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Osgood" title="Charles E. Osgood">Charles E. Osgood</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinn_McNemar" title="Quinn McNemar">Quinn McNemar</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hobbs" title="Nicholas Hobbs">Nicholas Hobbs</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Lindzey" title="Gardner Lindzey">Gardner Lindzey</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George Armitage Miller</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Albee" title="George Albee">George Albee</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_E._Tyler" title="Leona E. Tyler">Leona E. Tyler</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilbert_J._McKeachie" title="Wilbert J. McKeachie">Wilbert J. McKeachie</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._Blau" title="Theodore H. Blau">Theodore H. Blau</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Brewster_Smith" title="M. Brewster Smith">M. Brewster Smith</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Cummings" title="Nicholas Cummings">Nicholas Cummings</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Denmark" title="Florence Denmark">Florence Denmark</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Conger" title="John J. Conger">John J. Conger</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bevan_(psychologist)" title="William Bevan (psychologist)">William Bevan</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Siegel_(psychologist)" title="Max Siegel (psychologist)">Max Siegel</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Taylor_Spence" title="Janet Taylor Spence">Janet Taylor Spence</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Perloff" title="Robert Perloff">Robert Perloff</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_Wright" title="Logan Wright">Logan Wright</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Strickland" title="Bonnie Strickland">Bonnie Strickland</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Fowler" title="Raymond D. Fowler">Raymond D. Fowler</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Matarazzo" title="Joseph Matarazzo">Joseph Matarazzo</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Graham_(psychologist)" title="Stanley Graham (psychologist)">Stanley Graham</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spielberger" title="Charles Spielberger">Charles Spielberger</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wiggins_Jr." title="Jack Wiggins Jr.">Jack Wiggins Jr.</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Farley" title="Frank H. Farley">Frank H. Farley</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Fox" title="Ronald E. Fox">Ronald E. Fox</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Resnick" title="Robert J. Resnick">Robert J. Resnick</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cantor" title="Dorothy Cantor">Dorothy Cantor</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Abeles" title="Norman Abeles">Norman Abeles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Suinn" title="Richard Suinn">Richard Suinn</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_H._DeLeon" title="Patrick H. DeLeon">Patrick H. DeLeon</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norine_G._Johnson" title="Norine G. Johnson">Norine G. Johnson</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Philip Zimbardo</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sternberg" title="Robert Sternberg">Robert Sternberg</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_F._Halpern" title="Diane F. Halpern">Diane F. Halpern</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_F._Levant" title="Ronald F. Levant">Ronald F. Levant</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Koocher" title="Gerald Koocher">Gerald Koocher</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Brehm" title="Sharon Brehm">Sharon Brehm</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Alan E. Kazdin</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Bray" title="James H. Bray">James H. Bray</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_D._Goodheart" title="Carol D. Goodheart">Carol D. Goodheart</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melba_J._T._Vasquez" title="Melba J. T. Vasquez">Melba J. T. Vasquez</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Bennett_Johnson" title="Suzanne Bennett Johnson">Suzanne Bennett Johnson</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Bersoff" title="Donald N. Bersoff">Donald N. Bersoff</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadine_Kaslow" title="Nadine Kaslow">Nadine Kaslow</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_S._Anton" title="Barry S. Anton">Barry S. Anton</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_H._McDaniel" title="Susan H. McDaniel">Susan H. McDaniel</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Puente" title="Antonio Puente">Antonio Puente</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Henderson_Daniel" title="Jessica Henderson Daniel">Jessica Henderson Daniel</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosie_Phillips_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosie Phillips Davis (page does not exist)">Rosie Phillips Davis</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Shullman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra Shullman (page does not exist)">Sandra Shullman</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_F._Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer F. Kelly (page does not exist)">Jennifer F. Kelly</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Worrell" title="Frank C. Worrell">Frank C. Worrell</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thema_Bryant" title="Thema Bryant">Thema Bryant</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_education231" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_education" title="Template:Philosophy of education"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_education" title="Template talk:Philosophy of education"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_education" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of education"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_education231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_education" title="Category:Philosophers of education">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Fr%C3%B6bel" title="Friedrich Fröbel">Fröbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Herbart" title="Johann Friedrich Herbart">Herbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Montessori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi" title="Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi">Pestalozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Vygotsky</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_education" title="Category:Philosophers of education">more...</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_learning" title="Active learning">Active learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student-centred_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Student-centred learning">Student-centred learning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">What to teach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplative_education" title="Contemplative education">Contemplative education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_pedagogy" title="Critical pedagogy">Critical pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_essentialism" title="Educational essentialism">Educational essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Educational existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_perennialism" title="Educational perennialism">Educational perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_progressivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational progressivism">Progressive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reconstructionism">Social reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">How and whom to teach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(philosophy_of_education)" title="Constructivism (philosophy of education)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_schooling" title="Criticism of schooling">Criticism of schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_education" title="Humanistic education">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling">Unschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_education" title="Category:Philosophy of education">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethics256" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethics" title="Template:Ethics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethics" title="Template talk:Ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethics256" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_ethics" title="Pragmatic ethics">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering-focused_ethics" title="Suffering-focused ethics">Suffering-focused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_ethics" title="Computer ethics">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_ethics" title="Discourse ethics">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_ethics" title="Engineering ethics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Meat eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_ethics" title="Nursing ethics">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_ethics" title="Programming ethics">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_terraforming" title="Ethics of terraforming">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Uncertain sentience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaethics" title="Metaethics">Meta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiological_ethics" title="Axiological ethics">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(ethics)" title="Cognitivism (ethics)">Cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_naturalism" title="Ethical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_non-naturalism" title="Ethical non-naturalism">Non-naturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_subjectivism" title="Ethical subjectivism">Subjectivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_observer_theory" title="Ideal observer theory">Ideal observer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_constructivism" title="Moral constructivism">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_intuitionism" title="Ethical intuitionism">Intuitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">Emotivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-realism" title="Quasi-realism">Quasi-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_prescriptivism" title="Universal prescriptivism">Universal prescriptivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rationalism" title="Moral rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Value_pluralism" title="Value pluralism">Value monism – Value pluralism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseauism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseauism">Rousseauian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Tao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">Double standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">Ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">Immorality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">Moral agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hierarchy" title="Moral hierarchy">Moral hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_imperative" title="Moral imperative">Moral imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precept" title="Precept">Precept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-discipline">Self-discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics)" title="Intrinsic value (ethics)">Intrinsic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">Ethicists<br /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Frankena" title="William Frankena">Frankena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Korsgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 322 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics (Spinoza)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1677)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Sermons_Preached_at_the_Rolls_Chapel" title="Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel">Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1726)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1740)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Moral_Sentiments" title="The Theory of Moral Sentiments">The Theory of Moral Sentiments</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1759)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation" title="An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation">An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1780)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysics_of_Morals" title="Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals">Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1785)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1843)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1861)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_Ethics" title="The Methods of Ethics">The Methods of Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1874)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1887)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Ethica" title="Principia Ethica">Principia Ethica</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1903)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Ethics" title="Practical Ethics">Practical Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Virtue" title="After Virtue">After Virtue</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_and_Persons" title="Reasons and Persons">Reasons and Persons</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">Descriptive ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethics" title="History of ethics">History of ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ethics_articles" title="Index of ethics articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethics" title="Category:Ethics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epistemology363" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epistemology" title="Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epistemology" title="Template talk:Epistemology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epistemology363" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_BonJour" title="Laurence BonJour">Laurence BonJour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_DeRose" title="Keith DeRose">Keith DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Alvin Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Gupta_(philosopher)" title="Anil Gupta (philosopher)">Anil Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Susan Haack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Klein" title="Peter D. Klein">Peter Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Kornblith" title="Hilary Kornblith">Hilary Kornblith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Pritchard" title="Duncan Pritchard">Duncan Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pryor" title="James Pryor">James Pryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Siegel" title="Susanna Siegel">Susanna Siegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemological_theories" title="Category:Epistemological theories">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Feminist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitism" title="Infinitism">Infinitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">Innatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Reliabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism" title="Direct and indirect realism">Representational realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_epistemology" title="Category:Concepts in epistemology">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A priori</i> knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A posteriori</i> knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive knowledge">Descriptive knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_thought" title="Exploratory thought">Exploratory thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_injustice" title="Epistemic injustice">Epistemic injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettier_problem" title="Gettier problem">Gettier problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" title="Justification (epistemology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_(prefix)" title="Meta (prefix)">Meta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Privileged access">Privileged access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_knowledge" title="Procedural knowledge">Procedural knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regress_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Regress argument">Regress argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity" title="Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_epistemology_articles" title="Index of epistemology articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">Outline of epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_epistemology" title="Formal epistemology">Formal epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaepistemology" title="Metaepistemology">Metaepistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_epistemology" title="Virtue epistemology">Virtue epistemology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemology" title="Category:Epistemology">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Epistemology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Epistemology">Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_stubs" title="Category:Philosophy stubs">Stubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pragmatism74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pragmatism" title="Template:Pragmatism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pragmatism" title="Template talk:Pragmatism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pragmatism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pragmatism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pragmatism74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._C._S._Schiller" title="F. C. S. Schiller">F. C. S. Schiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protopragmatists or related thinkers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">George Herbert Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Josiah Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Giovanni Papini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Vailati" title="Giovanni Vailati">Giovanni Vailati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analytic, neo- and other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Bernstein" title="Richard J. Bernstein">Richard J. Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fine" title="Arthur Fine">Arthur Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fish" title="Stanley Fish">Stanley Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brandom" title="Robert Brandom">Robert Brandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Irving_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Irving Lewis">Clarence Irving Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Margolis" title="Joseph Margolis">Joseph Margolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_van_Orman_Quine" class="mw-redirect" title="Willard van Orman Quine">Willard van Orman Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Sandbothe" title="Mike Sandbothe">Mike Sandbothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shusterman" title="Richard Shusterman">Richard Shusterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Stanley" title="Jason Stanley">Jason Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Talisse" title="Robert B. Talisse">Robert B. Talisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Toulmin" title="Stephen Toulmin">Stephen Toulmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Unger" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto Unger">Roberto Unger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Hook" title="Sidney Hook">Sidney Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Levi" title="Isaac Levi">Isaac Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Susan Haack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Rescher" title="Nicholas Rescher">Nicholas Rescher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120964294">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/76314623">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/36653/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="John Dewey"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjxrCvhhQK777dgCBWbh3">WorldCat</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118525069">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dewey, John, 1859-1952"><a 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