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class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Martin Seligman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مارتن سيليغمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارتن سيليغمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%85%D9%86" title="مارتین سلیقمن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارتین سلیقمن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%86" title="مارتین سلیگمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارتین سلیگمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%8B%B4_%EC%85%80%EB%A6%AC%EA%B7%B8%EB%A8%BC" title="마틴 셀리그먼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마틴 셀리그먼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մարտին Սելիգման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարտին Սելիգման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_E._P._Seligman" title="Martin E. P. Seligman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martin E. P. Seligman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="מרטין סליגמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרטין סליגמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="മാർട്ടിൻ സെലിഗ്മാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർട്ടിൻ സെലിഗ്മാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="マーティン・セリグマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーティン・セリグマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Селигман, Мартин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Селигман, Мартин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мартін Селігман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мартін Селігман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B5%9B%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%9B%BC" title="马丁·赛里格曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马丁·赛里格曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Martin Seligman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_(1)cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="759" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Seligman in 2009</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1942-08-12</span>) </span>August 12, 1942<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 82)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_helplessness" title="Learned helplessness">Learned helplessness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattell_Fellow_Award" title="James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award">James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Zubin_Award" title="Joseph Zubin Award">Joseph Zubin Award</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/APA_Award_for_Lifetime_Contributions_to_Psychology" title="APA Award for Lifetime Contributions to Psychology">APA Award for Lifetime Contributions to Psychology</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Martin_Seligman.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Signature_of_Martin_Seligman.svg/150px-Signature_of_Martin_Seligman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Signature_of_Martin_Seligman.svg/225px-Signature_of_Martin_Seligman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Signature_of_Martin_Seligman.svg/300px-Signature_of_Martin_Seligman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="152" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Martin Elias Peter Seligman</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; born August 12, 1942) is an American <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a>, educator, and author of <a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a> books. Seligman is a strong promoter within the scientific community of his theories of <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">positive psychology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His theory of <a href="/wiki/Learned_helplessness" title="Learned helplessness">learned helplessness</a> is popular among scientific and clinical psychologists.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_General_Psychology" title="Review of General Psychology">Review of General Psychology</a></i> survey, published in 2002, ranked Seligman as the 31st most cited psychologist of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seligman is the Zellerbach Family Professor of Psychology in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>'s Department of Psychology. He was previously the Director of the Clinical Training Program in the department, and earlier taught at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the director of the university's Positive Psychology Center.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seligman was elected president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> for 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the founding editor-in-chief of <i><a href="/wiki/Prevention_%26_Treatment" title="Prevention & Treatment">Prevention and Treatment</a></i> (the APA electronic journal) and is on the board of advisers of <i><a href="/wiki/Parents_(magazine)" title="Parents (magazine)">Parents</a></i> magazine. </p><p>Seligman has written about positive psychology topics in books such as <i>The Optimistic Child</i>, <i>Child's Play</i>, <i>Learned Optimism</i>, <i>Authentic Happiness</i>, and <i>Flourish</i>. His most recent book, <i>The Hope Circuit: A Psychologist's Journey from Helplessness to Optimism</i>, was published in 2018. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seligman was born in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, to a Jewish family. He was educated at a public school and at <a href="/wiki/The_Albany_Academy" title="The Albany Academy">The Albany Academy</a>. He earned a bachelor's degree in philosophy at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in 1964, graduating <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa cum laude">summa cum laude</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1989, Seligman received an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary doctorate</a> from the Faculty of Social Sciences at <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Learned_helplessness">Learned helplessness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Learned helplessness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Learned_helplessness" title="Learned helplessness">Learned helplessness</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle_Box_Dog_Orange.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Shuttle_Box_Dog_Orange.png/220px-Shuttle_Box_Dog_Orange.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Shuttle_Box_Dog_Orange.png/330px-Shuttle_Box_Dog_Orange.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Shuttle_Box_Dog_Orange.png/440px-Shuttle_Box_Dog_Orange.png 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Inescapable shock training in the shuttle box</figcaption></figure> <p>Seligman's foundational experiments and theory of "learned helplessness" began at University of Pennsylvania in 1967, as an extension of his interest in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">depression</a>. Seligman and colleagues accidentally discovered that the experimental conditioning protocol they used with dogs led to behaviors which were unexpected, in that under the experimental conditions, the recently conditioned dogs did not respond to opportunities to learn to escape from an unpleasant situation ('electric shocks of moderate intensity').<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fictionalised account of the experiment, and illustration of <a href="/wiki/Anti-vivisection" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-vivisection">anti-vivisection</a> arguments about the ethics of electrocuting dogs in the name of psychological research, occur in clinical psychologist <a href="/wiki/Guy_Holmes_(psychologist)" title="Guy Holmes (psychologist)">Guy Holmes</a>' novel The Black Dogs of Glaslyn.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, and in subsequent years, very little ethical critique of the experiment was published, although definitional and conceptual issues were critiqued.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seligman developed the theory further, finding learned helplessness to be a psychological condition in which a human being or an animal has learned to act or behave helplessly in a particular situation—usually after experiencing some inability to avoid an adverse situation—even when it actually <i>has</i> the power to change its unpleasant or even harmful circumstance. Seligman saw a similarity with severely depressed patients, and argued that clinical depression and related <a href="/wiki/Mental_illnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illnesses">mental illnesses</a> result in part from a perceived absence of control over the outcome of a situation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years, alongside <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Yvonne_Abramson" title="Lyn Yvonne Abramson">Abramson</a>, Seligman reformulated his theory of learned helplessness to include <a href="/wiki/Explanatory_style" title="Explanatory style">attributional style</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seligman_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seligman-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Happiness">Happiness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Happiness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 2002 book <i>Authentic Happiness</i>, Seligman saw <a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">happiness</a> as made up of positive emotion, engagement and meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positive_psychology">Positive psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Positive psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seligman worked with <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Peterson_(psychologist)" title="Christopher Peterson (psychologist)">Christopher Peterson</a> to create what they describe as a "positive" counterpart to the <i><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a></i> (<i>DSM</i>). While the <i>DSM</i> focuses on what can go wrong, <i><a href="/wiki/Character_Strengths_and_Virtues_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Character Strengths and Virtues (book)">Character Strengths and Virtues</a></i> (2004) is designed to look at what can go right. In their research they looked across cultures and across millennia to attempt to distill a manageable list of virtues that have been highly valued from ancient China and India, through Greece and Rome, to contemporary Western cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their list includes six character strengths: <i><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>/knowledge</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">courage</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Humanitarianism" title="Humanitarianism">humanity</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">temperance</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendence</a></i>. Each of these has three to five sub-entries; for instance, <i>temperance</i> includes <i>forgiveness</i>, <i>humility</i>, <i>prudence</i>, and <i>self-regulation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors do not believe that there is a hierarchy for the six virtues; no one is more fundamental than or a precursor to the others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Well-being">Well-being</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Well-being"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his book <i>Flourish</i>, 2011, Seligman wrote on "Well-Being Theory",<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and said, with respect to how he measures <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>Each element of well-being must itself have three properties to count as an element: </p><ol><li>It contributes to well-being.</li> <li>Many people pursue it for its own sake, not merely to get any of the other elements.</li> <li>It is defined and measured independently of the other elements.</li></ol></blockquote> <p>Seligman concluded that there are five elements to "well-being", which fall under the <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> PERMA:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Positive emotion—Can only be assessed subjectively</li> <li>Engagement—Like positive emotion, can <i>only </i>be measured through subjective means. It is presence of a <a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">flow state</a></li> <li>Relationships—The presence of friends, family, intimacy, or <a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">social connection</a></li> <li>Meaning—Belonging to and serving something bigger than one's self</li> <li>Achievement—Accomplishment that is pursued even when it brings no positive emotion, no meaning, and nothing in the way of positive relationships.</li></ul> <p>These theories have not been empirically validated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In July 2011, Seligman encouraged the <a href="/wiki/British_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British Prime Minister">British Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, to look into well-being as well as financial wealth in ways of assessing the prosperity of a nation. On July 6, 2011, Seligman appeared on <i><a href="/wiki/Newsnight" title="Newsnight">Newsnight</a></i> and was interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Paxman" title="Jeremy Paxman">Jeremy Paxman</a> about his ideas and his interest in the concept of well-being. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MAPP_program">MAPP program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: MAPP program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Master of Applied Positive Psychology (MAPP) program at the University of Pennsylvania was established under the leadership of Seligman as the first educational initiative of the Positive Psychology Center in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seligman plays <a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge" title="Contract bridge">bridge</a> and finished second in the 1998 installment of one of the three major North American pair championships, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Pairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Ribbon Pairs">Blue Ribbon Pairs</a>, as well as having won over 50 regional championships.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seligman has seven children, four grandchildren, and two dogs. He and his second wife, Mandy, live in a house that was once occupied by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ormandy" title="Eugene Ormandy">Eugene Ormandy</a>. They have home-schooled five of their seven children.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seligman was inspired by the work of the psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Aaron_T._Beck" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron T. Beck">Aaron T. Beck</a> at the University of Pennsylvania in refining his own cognitive techniques and exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSeligman1975" class="citation book cs1">— (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/helplessnessonde00seli"><i>Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death</i></a>. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0752-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0752-3"><bdi>978-0-7167-0752-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helplessness%3A+On+Depression%2C+Development%2C+and+Death&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-0752-3&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhelplessnessonde00seli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span> (Paperback reprint edition, W.H. Freeman, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-2328-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-2328-X">0-7167-2328-X</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligman1991" class="citation book cs1">— (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qreACUdDAc0C"><i>Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life</i></a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-01911-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-01911-2"><bdi>978-0-671-01911-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learned+Optimism%3A+How+to+Change+Your+Mind+and+Your+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-671-01911-2&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqreACUdDAc0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span> (Paperback reprint edition, Penguin Books, 1998; reissue edition, Free Press, 1998)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligman1993" class="citation book cs1">— (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatyoucanchange00seli"><i>What You Can Change and What You Can't: The Complete Guide to Successful Self-Improvement</i></a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41024-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41024-9"><bdi>978-0-679-41024-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+You+Can+Change+and+What+You+Can%27t%3A+The+Complete+Guide+to+Successful+Self-Improvement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-679-41024-9&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatyoucanchange00seli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span> (Paperback reprint edition, Ballantine Books, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-449-90971-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-449-90971-9">0-449-90971-9</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligman1996" class="citation book cs1">— (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GoMABgcQzs4C"><i>The Optimistic Child: Proven Program to Safeguard Children from Depression & Build Lifelong Resilience</i></a>. New York: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-183119-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-183119-6"><bdi>978-0-09-183119-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Optimistic+Child%3A+Proven+Program+to+Safeguard+Children+from+Depression+%26+Build+Lifelong+Resilience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-09-183119-6&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGoMABgcQzs4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span> (Paperback edition, Harper Paperbacks, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-097709-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-097709-4">0-06-097709-4</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligman2002" class="citation book cs1">— (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/authentichappine00seli_0"><i>Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment</i></a></span>. New York: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2297-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2297-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-2297-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authentic+Happiness%3A+Using+the+New+Positive+Psychology+to+Realize+Your+Potential+for+Lasting+Fulfillment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2297-6&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fauthentichappine00seli_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span> (Paperback edition, Free Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2298-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-2298-9">0-7432-2298-9</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligman2004" class="citation journal cs1">— (Spring 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F001152604323049424">"Can Happiness be Taught?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a></i>. <b>133</b> (2): 80–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F001152604323049424">10.1162/001152604323049424</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57570511">57570511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daedalus&rft.atitle=Can+Happiness+be+Taught%3F&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=80-87&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F001152604323049424&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57570511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1162%252F001152604323049424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonSeligman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Peterson_(psychologist)" title="Christopher Peterson (psychologist)">Peterson, Christopher</a>; Seligman, Martin E. P. (2004). <a href="/wiki/Character_Strengths_and_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Character Strengths and Virtues"><i>Character Strengths and Virtues</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516701-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516701-6"><bdi>978-0-19-516701-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Character+Strengths+and+Virtues&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516701-6&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Seligman%2C+Martin+E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligman2011" class="citation book cs1">— (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flourishvisionar0000seli"><i>Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-being</i></a></span>. New York: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-9075-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-9075-3"><bdi>978-1-4391-9075-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flourish%3A+A+Visionary+New+Understanding+of+Happiness+and+Well-being&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-9075-3&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflourishvisionar0000seli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/aboutus.htm">Positive Psychology Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703152134/http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/aboutus.htm">Archived</a> July 3, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBower1981" class="citation book cs1">Bower, Gordon H. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A-Tk-JHDe58C&pg=PA30"><i>The psychology of learning and motivation: advances in research and theory</i></a>. Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-543315-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-543315-0"><bdi>978-0-12-543315-0</bdi></a>. <q>The most popular theoretical interpretation of the learned helplessness phenomenon to date is that of Seligman (1975) and Maier and Seligman (1976).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+psychology+of+learning+and+motivation%3A+advances+in+research+and+theory&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Academic+Press%2C+Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-12-543315-0&rft.aulast=Bower&rft.aufirst=Gordon+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA-Tk-JHDe58C%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaggbloomWarnickWarnickJones2002" class="citation journal cs1">Haggbloom, Steven J.; et al. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx">"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century"</a>. <i>Review of General Psychology</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 139–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1089-2680.6.2.139">10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145668721">145668721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+General+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+100+most+eminent+psychologists+of+the+20th+century&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-152&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F1089-2680.6.2.139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145668721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Haggbloom&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.au=Warnick%2C+Renee&rft.au=Warnick%2C+Jason+E.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Vinessa+K.&rft.au=Yarbrough%2C+Gary+L.&rft.au=Russell%2C+Tenea+M.&rft.au=Borecky%2C+Chris+M.&rft.au=McGahhey%2C+Reagan&rft.au=Powell%2C+John+L.+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fmonitor%2Fjulaug02%2Feminent.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesmz/p/martin-seligman.htm">"A Brief Biography of Psychologist Martin Seligman"</a>. <i>psychology.about.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psychology.about.com&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Biography+of+Psychologist+Martin+Seligman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsychology.about.com%2Fod%2Fprofilesmz%2Fp%2Fmartin-seligman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/about/governance/president/past-presidents.aspx">"Former APA Presidents"</a>. American Psychological Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+APA+Presidents&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fabout%2Fgovernance%2Fpresident%2Fpast-presidents.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/faculty-profile/profile-dr-martin-seligmanf">"Martin Seligman, Ph.D."</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Seligman%2C+Ph.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu%2Ffaculty-profile%2Fprofile-dr-martin-seligmanf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0199/hirtz.html">"The Pennsylvania Gazette: Martin Seligman's Journey"</a>. <i>Upenn.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Upenn.edu&rft.atitle=The+Pennsylvania+Gazette%3A+Martin+Seligman%27s+Journey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Fgazette%2F0199%2Fhirtz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/traditions/prizes/honorary-doctorates/">"Honorary doctorates"</a>. Uppsala University, Sweden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+doctorates&rft.pub=Uppsala+University%2C+Sweden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uu.se%2Fen%2Fabout-uu%2Ftraditions%2Fprizes%2Fhonorary-doctorates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligmanMaier1967" class="citation journal cs1">Seligman, M.E.P.; Maier, S.F. (1967). "Failure to escape traumatic shock". <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology</i>. <b>74</b> (1): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.611.8411">10.1.1.611.8411</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0024514">10.1037/h0024514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6032570">6032570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Psychology&rft.atitle=Failure+to+escape+traumatic+shock&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.611.8411%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6032570&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0024514&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=M.E.P.&rft.au=Maier%2C+S.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvermierSeligman1967" class="citation journal cs1">Overmier, J.B.; Seligman, M.E.P. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.philly.com/2010-05-30/news/24964448_1_positive-psychology-positive-thinker-soldiers">the original</a> on February 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+power+of+a+positive+thinker&rft.date=2010-05-30&rft.aulast=Burling&rft.aufirst=Stacey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.philly.com%2F2010-05-30%2Fnews%2F24964448_1_positive-psychology-positive-thinker-soldiers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirtz1999" class="citation web cs1">Hirtz, Rob (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0199/hirtz.html">"Martin Seligman's Journey: from Learned Helplessness to Learned Happiness"</a>. <i>The Pennsylvania Gazette</i>. The University of Pennsylvania.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pennsylvania+Gazette&rft.atitle=Martin+Seligman%27s+Journey%3A+from+Learned+Helplessness+to+Learned+Happiness&rft.date=1999-01&rft.aulast=Hirtz&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Fgazette%2F0199%2Fhirtz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Seligman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q320927" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q320927"><b>Martin Seligman <small>(Q320927)</small></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/">Authentic Happiness</a>, Seligman's homepage at University of Pennsylvania</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/seligman04/seligman_index.html">"Eudaemonia, the Good Life: A Talk with Martin Seligman"</a>, an article wherein Seligman speaks extensively on the topic of <a href="/wiki/Eudaemonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudaemonia">eudaemonia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positivepsychology.org/">"The Positive Psychology Center"</a>, a website devoted to positive psychology. Martin Seligman is director of the Positive Psychology Center of the University of Pennsylvania.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pennpositivepsych.org">Program description for Master of Applied Positive Psychology degree</a> established by Seligman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150304222550/http://www.ppc.sas.upenn.edu/vitae.htm">Martin E. P. Seligman's curriculum vitae</a> at the University of Pennsylvania</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/martin_seligman_on_the_state_of_psychology.html">TED Talk: Why is psychology good?</a></li> <li>University of Pennsylvania's page on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sas.upenn.edu/lps/graduate/mapp">MAPP</a> program</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Ehrenreich2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Barbara Ehrenreich</a> (2010). "Going to the source". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brightsidedhowre00ehre"><i>Bright-sided: How Positive Thinking is Undermining America</i></a>. Picador. pp. 150–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-65885-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-65885-4"><bdi>978-0-312-65885-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/555654196">555654196</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:APA_Presidents" title="Template talk:APA Presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:APA_Presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:APA Presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Psychological_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1892–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Trumbull_Ladd" title="George Trumbull Ladd">George Trumbull Ladd</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattell" title="James McKeen Cattell">James McKeen Cattell</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stuart_Fullerton" title="George Stuart Fullerton">George Stuart Fullerton</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin">James Mark Baldwin</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_M%C3%BCnsterberg" title="Hugo Münsterberg">Hugo Münsterberg</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Josiah Royce</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Sanford" title="Edmund Sanford">Edmund Sanford</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lowe_Bryan" title="William Lowe Bryan">William Lowe Bryan</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Whiton_Calkins" title="Mary Whiton Calkins">Mary Whiton Calkins</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rowland_Angell" title="James Rowland Angell">James Rowland Angell</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rutgers_Marshall" title="Henry Rutgers Marshall">Henry Rutgers Marshall</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Stratton" title="George M. Stratton">George M. Stratton</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hubbard_Judd" title="Charles Hubbard Judd">Charles Hubbard Judd</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bowers_Pillsbury" title="Walter Bowers Pillsbury">Walter Bowers Pillsbury</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Seashore" title="Carl Seashore">Carl Seashore</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_C._Warren" title="Howard C. Warren">Howard C. Warren</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Woodworth" title="Robert S. Woodworth">Robert S. Woodworth</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Dodge" title="Raymond Dodge">Raymond Dodge</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yerkes" title="Robert Yerkes">Robert Yerkes</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wallace_Baird" title="John Wallace Baird">John Wallace Baird</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Dill_Scott" title="Walter Dill Scott">Walter Dill Scott</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Ivory_Franz" title="Shepherd Ivory Franz">Shepherd Ivory Franz</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Floy_Washburn" title="Margaret Floy Washburn">Margaret Floy Washburn</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Dunlap" title="Knight Dunlap">Knight Dunlap</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman" title="Lewis Terman">Lewis Terman</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._Madison_Bentley" title="I. Madison Bentley">I. Madison Bentley</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_A._Carr" title="Harvey A. Carr">Harvey A. Carr</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Levi_Hollingworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Levi Hollingworth">Harry Levi Hollingworth</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Boring" title="Edwin Boring">Edwin Boring</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lashley" title="Karl Lashley">Karl Lashley</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Langfeld" title="Herbert Langfeld">Herbert Langfeld</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Samuel_Hunter" title="Walter Samuel Hunter">Walter Samuel Hunter</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Richard_Miles" title="Walter Richard Miles">Walter Richard Miles</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leon_Thurstone" title="Louis Leon Thurstone">Louis Leon Thurstone</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Peterson_(psychologist)" title="Joseph Peterson (psychologist)">Joseph Peterson</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Poffenberger" title="Albert Poffenberger">Albert Poffenberger</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Tolman" title="Edward C. Tolman">Edward C. Tolman</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dashiell" title="John Dashiell">John Dashiell</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Carmichael" title="Leonard Carmichael">Leonard Carmichael</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Woodrow" title="Herbert Woodrow">Herbert Woodrow</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Perry_Stone" title="Calvin Perry Stone">Calvin Perry Stone</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Edward Anderson (psychologist)">John Edward Anderson</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Murphy" title="Gardner Murphy">Gardner Murphy</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Ray_Guthrie" title="Edwin Ray Guthrie">Edwin Ray Guthrie</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" title="Henry Garrett (psychologist)">Henry Garrett</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Marquis_(psychologist)" title="Donald Marquis (psychologist)">Donald Marquis</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Richardson_Sears" title="Robert Richardson Sears">Robert Richardson Sears</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._McVicker_Hunt" title="J. McVicker Hunt">J. McVicker Hunt</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurance_F._Shaffer" title="Laurance F. Shaffer">Laurance F. Shaffer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orval_Hobart_Mowrer" title="Orval Hobart Mowrer">Orval Hobart Mowrer</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lowell_Kelly" title="E. Lowell Kelly">E. Lowell Kelly</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Newcomb" title="Theodore Newcomb">Theodore Newcomb</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Cronbach" title="Lee Cronbach">Lee Cronbach</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler" title="Wolfgang Köhler">Wolfgang Köhler</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Meehl" title="Paul E. Meehl">Paul E. Meehl</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Osgood" title="Charles E. Osgood">Charles E. Osgood</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinn_McNemar" title="Quinn McNemar">Quinn McNemar</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hobbs" title="Nicholas Hobbs">Nicholas Hobbs</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Lindzey" title="Gardner Lindzey">Gardner Lindzey</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George Armitage Miller</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Albee" title="George Albee">George Albee</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_E._Tyler" title="Leona E. Tyler">Leona E. Tyler</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilbert_J._McKeachie" title="Wilbert J. McKeachie">Wilbert J. McKeachie</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._Blau" title="Theodore H. Blau">Theodore H. Blau</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Brewster_Smith" title="M. Brewster Smith">M. Brewster Smith</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Cummings" title="Nicholas Cummings">Nicholas Cummings</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Denmark" title="Florence Denmark">Florence Denmark</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Conger" title="John J. Conger">John J. Conger</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bevan_(psychologist)" title="William Bevan (psychologist)">William Bevan</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Siegel_(psychologist)" title="Max Siegel (psychologist)">Max Siegel</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Taylor_Spence" title="Janet Taylor Spence">Janet Taylor Spence</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Perloff" title="Robert Perloff">Robert Perloff</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_Wright" title="Logan Wright">Logan Wright</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Strickland" title="Bonnie Strickland">Bonnie Strickland</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Fowler" title="Raymond D. Fowler">Raymond D. Fowler</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Matarazzo" title="Joseph Matarazzo">Joseph Matarazzo</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Graham_(psychologist)" title="Stanley Graham (psychologist)">Stanley Graham</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spielberger" title="Charles Spielberger">Charles Spielberger</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wiggins_Jr." title="Jack Wiggins Jr.">Jack Wiggins Jr.</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Farley" title="Frank H. Farley">Frank H. Farley</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Fox" title="Ronald E. Fox">Ronald E. Fox</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Resnick" title="Robert J. Resnick">Robert J. Resnick</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cantor" title="Dorothy Cantor">Dorothy Cantor</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Abeles" title="Norman Abeles">Norman Abeles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Seligman</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Suinn" title="Richard Suinn">Richard Suinn</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_H._DeLeon" title="Patrick H. DeLeon">Patrick H. DeLeon</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norine_G._Johnson" title="Norine G. Johnson">Norine G. Johnson</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Philip Zimbardo</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sternberg" title="Robert Sternberg">Robert Sternberg</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_F._Halpern" title="Diane F. Halpern">Diane F. Halpern</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_F._Levant" title="Ronald F. Levant">Ronald F. Levant</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Koocher" title="Gerald Koocher">Gerald Koocher</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Brehm" title="Sharon Brehm">Sharon Brehm</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Alan E. Kazdin</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Bray" title="James H. Bray">James H. Bray</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_D._Goodheart" title="Carol D. Goodheart">Carol D. Goodheart</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melba_J._T._Vasquez" title="Melba J. T. Vasquez">Melba J. T. Vasquez</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Bennett_Johnson" title="Suzanne Bennett Johnson">Suzanne Bennett Johnson</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Bersoff" title="Donald N. Bersoff">Donald N. Bersoff</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadine_Kaslow" title="Nadine Kaslow">Nadine Kaslow</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_S._Anton" title="Barry S. Anton">Barry S. Anton</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_H._McDaniel" title="Susan H. McDaniel">Susan H. McDaniel</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Puente" title="Antonio Puente">Antonio Puente</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Henderson_Daniel" title="Jessica Henderson Daniel">Jessica Henderson Daniel</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosie_Phillips_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosie Phillips Davis (page does not exist)">Rosie Phillips Davis</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Shullman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra Shullman (page does not exist)">Sandra Shullman</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_F._Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer F. Kelly (page does not exist)">Jennifer F. Kelly</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Worrell" title="Frank C. Worrell">Frank C. Worrell</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thema_Bryant" title="Thema Bryant">Thema Bryant</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#BFD7FF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychology" title="Template:Psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychology" title="Template talk:Psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">Psychologist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" title="Basic science (psychology)">Basic <br />psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">Affective science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_psychology" title="Theoretical psychology">Theoretical</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psi-stylized.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stylized letter psi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/50px-Psi-stylized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/75px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/100px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied <br />psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_psychology" title="Coaching psychology">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Methodologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_research" title="Archival research">Archival research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavior epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_psychological_research" title="Qualitative psychological research">Qualitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychological_research" title="Quantitative psychological research">Quantitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-report_inventory" title="Self-report inventory">Self-report inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Statistical surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McClelland" title="David McClelland">David McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus" title="Richard Lazarus">Richard Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Schachter" title="Stanley Schachter">Stanley Schachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zajonc" title="Robert Zajonc">Robert Zajonc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Brown_(psychologist)" title="Roger Brown (psychologist)">Roger Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mischel" title="Walter Mischel">Walter Mischel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Aronson" title="Elliot Aronson">Elliot Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McEwen" title="Bruce McEwen">Bruce McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Squire" title="Larry Squire">Larry Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Nisbett" title="Richard E. Nisbett">Richard E. Nisbett</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Diener" title="Ed Diener">Ed Diener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_E._Taylor" title="Shelley E. Taylor">Shelley E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">John Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._Kessler" title="Ronald C. Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. LeDoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davidson" title="Richard Davidson">Richard Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Fiske" title="Susan Fiske">Susan Fiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Baumeister" title="Roy Baumeister">Roy Baumeister</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114808201">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/120689121">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/60101/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkMDhMTfgMHPc6yKwgHYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120951363">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80112801">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124208582">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124208582">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00456061">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Seligman, Martin E. P."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V157869">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0013951&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1016833">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067957145">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200004984">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810570130605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267695205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00418128?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=e77l_EUAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/713a966b-7ab4-4657-99cc-9b94012335d8">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/120951363">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033332045">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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