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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early life and education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Family links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travels_in_Ireland_and_dating_of_Chad's_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels_in_Ireland_and_dating_of_Chad's_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Travels in Ireland and dating of Chad's life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travels_in_Ireland_and_dating_of_Chad's_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_Lastingham" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_Lastingham"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Founding of Lastingham</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Founding_of_Lastingham-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Founding of Lastingham subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_Lastingham-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abbot_of_Lastingham" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbot_of_Lastingham"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Abbot of Lastingham</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbot_of_Lastingham-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_a_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_a_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rise of a dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_a_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bishop_of_the_Northumbrians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bishop_of_the_Northumbrians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bishop of the Northumbrians</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bishop_of_the_Northumbrians-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bishop of the Northumbrians subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bishop_of_the_Northumbrians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Need_for_a_bishop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Need_for_a_bishop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Need for a bishop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Need_for_a_bishop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_of_Wilfrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_of_Wilfrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mission of Wilfrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_of_Wilfrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elevation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Elevation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bishop_of_the_Mercians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bishop_of_the_Mercians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bishop of the Mercians</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bishop_of_the_Mercians-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bishop of the Mercians subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bishop_of_the_Mercians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Recall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monastic_foundations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monastic_foundations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Monastic foundations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monastic_foundations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministry_among_the_Mercians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministry_among_the_Mercians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Ministry among the Mercians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministry_among_the_Mercians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cult_and_relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult_and_relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cult and relics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cult_and_relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayals_of_St_Chad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayals_of_St_Chad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Portrayals of St Chad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayals_of_St_Chad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_dedications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_dedications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable dedications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_dedications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable dedications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_dedications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Toponyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chad_as_a_personal_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chad_as_a_personal_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Chad as a personal name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chad_as_a_personal_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Patronage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chad of Mercia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%C3%BD_Ceada" title="Svatý Ceada – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svatý Ceada" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_von_York" title="Chad von York – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chad von York" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_de_Mercia" title="Chad de Mercia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chad de Mercia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ado_(sanktulo)" title="Ĉado (sanktulo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉado (sanktulo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_de_Mercie" title="Chad de Mercie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chad de Mercie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_of_Mercia" title="Chad of Mercia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Chad of Mercia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_dari_Mercia" title="Chad dari Mercia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chad dari Mercia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_di_Mercia" title="Chad di Mercia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chad di Mercia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_wa_Mercia" title="Chad wa Mercia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chad wa Mercia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceadda_(episcopus_Letocetensis)" title="Ceadda (episcopus Letocetensis) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ceadda (episcopus Letocetensis)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%81_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تشاد اوف ميرسيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشاد اوف ميرسيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_(bisschop)" title="Chad (bisschop) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chad (bisschop)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%89" title="メルシアのチャド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メルシアのチャド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_av_Mercia" title="Chad av Mercia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chad av Mercia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chade_da_M%C3%A9rcia" title="Chade da Mércia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chade da Mércia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_de_Lichfield" title="Chad de Lichfield – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chad de Lichfield" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Чед Мерсийский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чед Мерсийский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_od_Mercije" title="Chad od Mercije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Chad od Mercije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4_Chad" title="Pyhä Chad – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyhä Chad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_av_Mercia" title="Chad av Mercia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chad av Mercia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Bishop of York and Lichfield from 664 to 669</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 8th century bishop of Hereford, see <a href="/wiki/Ceadda_of_Hereford" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceadda of Hereford">Ceadda of Hereford</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #DFB0DF;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Chad</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Northumbria">Bishop of Northumbria</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Chad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saint_Chad.jpg/220px-Saint_Chad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saint_Chad.jpg/330px-Saint_Chad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saint_Chad.jpg/440px-Saint_Chad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="961" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Stained glass depiction from <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Monastery_(West_Park,_New_York)" title="Holy Cross Monastery (West Park, New York)">Holy Cross Monastery, West Park, New York</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointed</th><td class="infobox-data">664</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term ended</th><td class="infobox-data">669</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrid</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">664</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Unknown, but most likely in the 620s<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 March 672<br /><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral" title="Lichfield Cathedral">Lichfield Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Sainthood</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Feast day</th><td class="infobox-data">2 March</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican Communion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a>, holding a triple-spired cathedral (Lichfield)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patronage</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Shrines</th><td class="infobox-data">Grave and shrine tower was discovered in 2003 under the east end of Lichfield Cathedral nave. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Chad%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham">St. Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham</a>, where bones attributed to Chad were installed in 1841.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chad</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (died 2 March 672) was a prominent 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> monk. He was an <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Bishop of the Northumbrians</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lichfield" title="Bishop of Lichfield">Bishop of the Mercians and Lindsey People</a>. After his death he was known as a saint. </p><p>He was the brother of <a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">Bishop Cedd</a>, also a saint. He features strongly in the work of the Venerable <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> and is credited, together with Bishop Wilfrid of Ripon, with introducing Christianity to the <a href="/wiki/Mercian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercian kingdom">Mercian kingdom</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_of_St._Chad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Life_of_St._Chad.JPG/220px-Life_of_St._Chad.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Life_of_St._Chad.JPG/330px-Life_of_St._Chad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Life_of_St._Chad.JPG/440px-Life_of_St._Chad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2489" data-file-height="3599" /></a><figcaption>From a late copy of <i>The old Englisch Homely on the life of St. Chad</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span>, in the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most of what is known of Chad comes from the writings of <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable_Bede" class="mw-redirect" title="The Venerable Bede">the Venerable Bede</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the biography of Bishop Wilfrid written by Stephen of Ripon.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bede tells us that he obtained his information about Chad and his brother, Cedd, from the <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lastingham" title="Lastingham">Lastingham</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where both were <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbots</a>. Bede also refers to information he received from <a href="/wiki/Trumbert" title="Trumbert">Trumbert</a>, "who tutored me in the <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">Scriptures</a> and who had been educated in the <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> by that master [Chad]".<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, Bede considered himself to stand in the spiritual lineage of Chad and had gathered information from at least one who knew him personally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_links">Family links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Family links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chad was one of four brothers, all active in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> church. The others were <a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">Cedd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynibil" title="Cynibil">Cynibil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caelin">Caelin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chad seems to have been Cedd's junior, arriving on the political scene about ten years after Cedd. It is reasonable to suppose that Chad and his brothers were drawn from the Northumbrian nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They certainly had close connections throughout the Northumbrian ruling class. However, the name <i>Chad</i> is actually of <a href="/wiki/British_language_(Celtic)" class="mw-redirect" title="British language (Celtic)">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an element found in the personal names of many <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> princes and nobles of the period and signifies "battle". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only major fact that Bede gives about Chad's early life is that he was a student of <a href="/wiki/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Aidan of Lindisfarne">Aidan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Bede attributes the general pattern of Chad's ministry to the example of Aidan and his own brother, <a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">Cedd</a>, who was also a student of St Aidan. </p><p>Aidan was a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Columba</a> and was invited by King <a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald of Northumbria</a> to come from <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a> to establish a monastery. Aidan arrived in <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> in 635 and died in 651. Chad must have studied at Lindisfarne some time between these years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels_in_Ireland_and_dating_of_Chad's_life"><span id="Travels_in_Ireland_and_dating_of_Chad.27s_life"></span>Travels in Ireland and dating of Chad's life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Travels in Ireland and dating of Chad's life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of ecclesiastical settlements were established in 7th century Ireland to accommodate European monks, particularly Anglo-Saxon monks. Around 668, <a href="/wiki/Colm%C3%A1n_of_Lindisfarne" title="Colmán of Lindisfarne">Bishop Colman</a> resigned his see at <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> and returned to Ireland. Less than three years later he erected <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Mayo" title="Monastery of Mayo">an abbey in County Mayo</a> exclusively for the English monks in the village of <a href="/wiki/Mayo,_County_Mayo" title="Mayo, County Mayo">Mayo</a>, subsequently known as <i>Maigh Eo na Saxain</i> ("Mayo of the Saxons").<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chad is thought to have completed his education in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> as a monk before he was ordained a priest, but Bede does not explicitly mention this. One of his companions in Ireland would have been <a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_of_Ripon" title="Ecgberht of Ripon">Egbert of Ripon</a>. Egbert was of the Anglian nobility, probably from Northumbria. Bede places them among English scholars who arrived in Ireland while <a href="/wiki/Finan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Finan of Lindisfarne">Finan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colm%C3%A1n_of_Lindisfarne" title="Colmán of Lindisfarne">Colmán</a> were bishops at Lindisfarne. This suggests that they left for Ireland some time after Aidan's death in 651. They went to <a href="/wiki/Rath_Melsigi" title="Rath Melsigi">Rath Melsigi</a>, an Anglo-Saxon monastery in <a href="/wiki/County_Carlow" title="County Carlow">County Carlow</a>, for further study. In the controversy over the keeping of Easter, Rath Melsigi accepted the Roman computation. </p><p>In 664, the twenty-five year old Egbert barely survived a plague that had killed all his other companions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chad had by then already left Ireland to help his brother Cedd establish the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Lastingham" title="Lastingham">Lastingham or Laestingaeu</a> in Yorkshire. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> rule was slowly spreading across Western Europe. Chad was trained in an entirely distinct monastic tradition that tended to look back to <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Martin of Tours</a> as an exemplar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting199197_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting199197-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish and early Anglo-Saxon monasticism experienced by Chad was peripatetic, stressed <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a> practices and had a strong focus on Biblical <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a>, which generated a profound <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological consciousness</a>. Egbert recalled later that he and Chad "followed the monastic life together very strictly – in prayers and continence, and in meditation on Holy Scripture". Some of the scholars quickly settled in Irish monasteries, while others wandered from one master to another in search of knowledge. Bede says that the Irish monks gladly taught them and fed them, and even let them use their valuable books, without charge. Since books were all produced by hand, with painstaking attention to detail, this was astonishingly generous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_of_Lastingham">Founding of Lastingham</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Founding of Lastingham"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LastinghamChurchApsisH1b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/LastinghamChurchApsisH1b.jpg/360px-LastinghamChurchApsisH1b.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/LastinghamChurchApsisH1b.jpg/540px-LastinghamChurchApsisH1b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/LastinghamChurchApsisH1b.jpg/720px-LastinghamChurchApsisH1b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2584" /></a><figcaption>The altar in the crypt of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary,_Lastingham" title="Church of St Mary, Lastingham">Church of St Mary, Lastingham</a>, probable site of the early Anglo-Saxon church where Cedd and Chad officiated at Eucharist.</figcaption></figure> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Oswiu_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oswiu of Northumbria">Oswiu of Northumbria</a> appointed his nephew, <a href="/wiki/%C5%92thelwald_of_Deira" title="Œthelwald of Deira">Œthelwald</a>, to administer the coastal area of <a href="/wiki/Deira_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deira (kingdom)">Deira</a>. Chad's brother Cælin was chaplain at Œthelwald's court. It was on the initiative of Cælin that Ethelwald donated land for the building of a monastery at <a href="/wiki/Lastingham" title="Lastingham">Lastingham</a> near <a href="/wiki/Pickering,_North_Yorkshire" title="Pickering, North Yorkshire">Pickering</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_York_Moors" title="North York Moors">North York Moors</a>, close to one of the still-usable <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman roads</a>. Caelin introduced Ethelwold to Cedd. The monastery became a base for Cedd, who was serving as a missionary bishop in Essex. </p><p>Bede says that Cedd "fasted strictly in order to cleanse it from the filth of wickedness previously committed there". On the thirtieth day of his forty-day fast, he was called away on urgent business. Cynibil, another of his brothers, took over the fast for the remaining ten days. The incident indicates the brothers ties with Northumbria's ruling dynasty. Laestingaeu was clearly conceived as a base for the family and destined to be under their control for the foreseeable future – not an unusual arrangement in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting1991253_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting1991253-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cedd was stricken by the plague, and upon his death in 664, Chad succeeded him as abbot.<sup id="cite_ref-Burton_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burton-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbot_of_Lastingham">Abbot of Lastingham</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Abbot of Lastingham"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chad's first appearance as an ecclesiastical prelate occurs in 664, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Whitby" title="Synod of Whitby">Synod of Whitby</a>, when many Church leaders had been wiped out by the plague – among them Cedd, who died that year at Lastingham. On the death of his elder brother, Chad succeeded to the position of abbot.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bede tells us of a man called Owin (Owen), who appeared at the door of Lastingham. Owin was a household official of <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a>, an East Anglian princess who had come to marry <a href="/wiki/Ecgfrith_of_Northumbria" title="Ecgfrith of Northumbria">Ecgfrith</a>, Oswiu's younger son. He decided to renounce the world, and as a sign of this appeared at Lastingham in ragged clothes and carrying an axe. He had come primarily to work manually. He became one of Chad's closest associates. </p><p>Chad's <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> consciousness and its effect on others is brought to life in a reminiscence attributed to <a href="/wiki/Trumbert" title="Trumbert">Trumbert</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was one of his students at Lastingham. Chad used to break off reading whenever a gale sprang up and call on God to have pity on humanity. If the storm intensified, he would shut his book altogether and prostrate himself in prayer. During prolonged storms or thunderstorms he would go into the church itself to pray and sing <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">psalms</a> until calm returned. His monks obviously regarded this as an extreme reaction even to English weather and asked him to explain. Chad explained that storms are sent by God to remind humans of the day of judgement and to humble their pride. The typically Celtic Christian involvement with nature was not like the modern <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> preoccupation but a determination to read in it the mind of God, particularly in relation to the last things.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting199189_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting199189-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_a_dynasty">Rise of a dynasty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rise of a dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible that he had only recently returned from Ireland when prominence was thrust upon him. However, the growing importance of his family within the Northumbrian state is clear from Bede's account of Cedd's career of the founding of their monastery at <a href="/wiki/Lastingham" title="Lastingham">Lastingham</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concentration of ecclesiastical power and influence within the network of a noble family was probably common in Anglo-Saxon England: an obvious parallel would be the children of King <a href="/wiki/Merewalh" title="Merewalh">Merewalh</a> in Mercia in the following generation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">Cedd</a>, probably the elder brother, had become a very prominent figure in the Church while Chad was in Ireland. Probably as a newly ordained priest, he was sent in 653 by Oswiu on a difficult mission to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Angles" title="Middle Angles">Middle Angles</a>, at the request of their sub-king Peada, part of a developing pattern of Northumbrian intervention in Mercian affairs. After perhaps a year, he was recalled and sent on a similar mission to the <a href="/wiki/East_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="East Saxons">East Saxons</a>, being ordained bishop shortly afterwards. Cedd's position as both a Christian missionary and a royal emissary compelled him to travel often between Essex and Northumbria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bishop_of_the_Northumbrians">Bishop of the Northumbrians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bishop of the Northumbrians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Need_for_a_bishop">Need for a bishop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Need for a bishop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bede gives great prominence to the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Whitby" title="Synod of Whitby">Synod of Whitby</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 663/4, which he shows resolving the main issues of practice in the Northumbrian Church in favour of Roman practice. Cedd is shown acting as the main go-between in the <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> because of his facility with all of the relevant languages. Cedd was not the only prominent churchman to die of plague shortly after the synod. This was one of several outbreaks of the plague; they badly hit the ranks of the Church leadership, with most of the bishops in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms dead, including the archbishop of Canterbury. Bede tells us that <a href="/wiki/Colman_of_Lindisfarne" class="mw-redirect" title="Colman of Lindisfarne">Colmán</a>, the bishop of the Northumbrians at the time of the Synod, had left for Scotland after the Synod went against him. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Tuda_of_Lindisfarne" title="Tuda of Lindisfarne">Tuda</a>, who lived only a short time after his accession. The tortuous process of replacing him is covered by Bede<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> briefly, but in some respects puzzlingly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission_of_Wilfrid">Mission of Wilfrid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mission of Wilfrid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first choice to replace Tuda was <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrid</a>, a particularly zealous partisan of the Roman cause. Because of the plague, there were not the requisite three bishops available to ordain him, so he had gone to the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish</a> Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Neustria" title="Neustria">Neustria</a> to seek ordination. This was on the initiative of Alfrid, sub-king of Deira, although presumably Oswiu knew and approved this action at the time. Bede tells us that Alfrid sought a bishop for himself and his own people. This probably means the people of Deira. According to Bede, Tuda had been succeeded as abbot of Lindisfarne by Eata, who had been elevated to the rank of bishop. </p><p>Wilfrid met with his own teacher and patron, Agilbert, a spokesman for the Roman side at Whitby, who had been made bishop of Paris. Agilbert set in motion the process of ordaining Wilfrid canonically, summoning several bishops to <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a> for the ceremony. Bede tells us that he then lingered abroad for some time after his ordination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation">Elevation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Elevation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercia_in_time_of_Chad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2f/Mercia_in_time_of_Chad.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="470" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Bede implies that Oswiu decided to take further action because Wilfrid was away for longer than expected. It is unclear whether Oswiu changed his mind about Wilfrid, or whether he despaired of his return, or whether he never really intended him to become bishop but used this opportunity to get him out of the country. </p><p>Chad was invited then to become bishop of the Northumbrians by King Oswiu. Chad is often listed as a <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of York">Bishop of York</a>, but was more likely made Bishop of Northumbria. Bede generally uses ethnic, not geographical, designations for Chad and other early <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> bishops. However at this point, he does also refer to Oswiu's desire that Chad become bishop of the church in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>. York later became the diocesan city partly because it had already been designated as such in the earlier Roman-sponsored mission of <a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus</a> to Deira, so it is not clear whether Bede is simply echoing the practice of his own day, or whether Oswiu and Chad were considering a territorial basis and a see for his episcopate. It is quite clear that Oswiu intended Chad to be bishop over the entire Northumbrian people, over-riding the claims of both Wilfrid and Eata. </p><p>Chad faced the same problem over ordination as Wilfrid, and so set off to seek ordination amid the chaos caused by the plague. Bede tells us that he travelled first to Canterbury, where he found that Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Deusdedit_of_Canterbury" title="Deusdedit of Canterbury">Deusdedit</a> was dead and his replacement was still awaited. Bede does not tell us why Chad diverted to Canterbury. The journey seems pointless, since the archbishop had died three years previously, which must have been well known in Northumbria, and was the very reason Wilfrid had to go abroad. The most obvious reason for Chad's tortuous travels would be that he was also on a diplomatic mission from Oswiu, seeking to build an encircling alliance around Mercia, which was rapidly recovering from its position of weakness. From Canterbury he travelled to <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>, where he was ordained by bishop <a href="/wiki/Wine_(bishop)" title="Wine (bishop)">Wini</a> of the <a href="/wiki/West_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="West Saxons">West Saxons</a> and two British, i.e. Welsh, bishops. None of these bishops was recognised by Rome. Bede points out that "at that time there was no other bishop in all Britain canonically ordained except Wini" and the latter had been installed irregularly by the king of the West Saxons. </p><p>Bede describes Chad at this point as "a diligent performer in deed of what he had learnt in the Scriptures should be done." Bede also tells us that Chad was teaching the values of Aidan and Cedd. His life was one of constant travel. Bede says that Chad visited continually the towns, countryside, cottages, villages and houses to preach the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>. Clearly, the model he followed was one of the bishop as <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a>. Basic Christian rites of passage, <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>, were almost always performed by a bishop, and for decades to come they were generally carried out in mass ceremonies, probably with little systematic instruction or counselling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal">Removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In c. 666, Wilfrid returned from Neustria, "bringing many rules of Catholic observance", as Bede says. He found Chad already occupying the same position. It seems that he did not in fact challenge Chad's pre-eminence in his own area. Rather, he would have worked assiduously to build up his own support in sympathetic monasteries, like Gilling and <a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a>. He did, however, assert his episcopal rank by going into <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> to ordain priests. Bede tells us that the net effect of his efforts on the Church was that the Irish monks who still lived in Northumbria either came fully into line with Catholic practices or left for home. Nevertheless, Bede cannot conceal that Oswiu and Chad had broken significantly with Roman practice in many ways and that the Church in Northumbria had been divided by the ordination of rival bishops. </p><p>In 669, a new <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Tarsus" title="Theodore of Tarsus">Theodore of Tarsus</a>, sent by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Pope Vitalian</a> arrived in England. He immediately set off on a tour of the country, tackling abuses of which he had been forewarned. He instructed Chad to step down and Wilfrid to take over.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bede, Theodore was so impressed by Chad's show of humility that he confirmed his ordination as bishop, while insisting he step down from his position. Chad retired gracefully and returned to his post as abbot of Lastingham, leaving Wilfrid as bishop of the Northumbrians at York.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bishop_of_the_Mercians">Bishop of the Mercians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bishop of the Mercians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recall">Recall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later that same year, King <a href="/wiki/Wulfhere_of_Mercia" title="Wulfhere of Mercia">Wulfhere of Mercia</a> requested a bishop. Wulfhere and the other sons of <a href="/wiki/Penda" class="mw-redirect" title="Penda">Penda</a> had converted to Christianity, although Penda himself had remained a <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> until his death (655). Penda had allowed bishops to operate in Mercia, although none had succeeded in establishing the Church securely without active royal support. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Tarsus" title="Theodore of Tarsus">Archbishop Theodore</a> refused to consecrate a new bishop. Instead he recalled Chad out of his retirement at Lastingham. According to Bede, Theodore was greatly impressed by Chad's humility and holiness. This was displayed particularly in his refusal to use a horse: he insisted on walking everywhere. Despite his regard for Chad, Theodore ordered him to ride on long journeys and went so far as to lift him into the saddle on one occasion. </p><p>Chad was consecrated bishop of the Mercians (literally, frontier people) and of the Lindsey people (<a href="/wiki/Lindisfaras" title="Lindisfaras">Lindisfaras</a>). Bede tells us that Chad was actually the third bishop agreed by Wulfhere, making him the fifth bishop of the Mercians.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey" title="Kingdom of Lindsey">Kingdom of Lindsey</a>, covering the north-eastern area of modern <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>, was under Mercian control, although it had in the past sometimes fallen under Northumbrian control. Later Anglo-Saxon episcopal lists sometimes add the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Angles" title="Middle Angles">Middle Angles</a> to his responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-pase.ac.uk_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pase.ac.uk-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were a distinct part of the Mercian kingdom, centred on the middle <a href="/wiki/River_Trent" title="River Trent">Trent</a> and lower <a href="/wiki/River_Tame_(West_Midlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Tame (West Midlands)">Tame</a> – the area around <a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire" title="Tamworth, Staffordshire">Tamworth</a>, Lichfield and <a href="/wiki/Repton" title="Repton">Repton</a> that formed the core of the wider Mercian polity. It was their sub-king, Peada, who had secured the services of Chad's brother Cedd in 653, and they were frequently considered separately from the Mercians proper, a people who lived further to the west and north. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monastic_foundations">Monastic foundations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Monastic foundations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the patronage of Wulfhere, many monasteries were founded by Wilfrid and the site at Lichfield was selected as the centre for the new Mercian diocese.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archbishop Theodore made Chad Bishop of Mercia in 669. The Lichfield minster was similar to that at Lastingham, and Bede made clear that it was partly staffed by monks from Lastingham, including Chad's faithful retainer, Owin. Lichfield was very close to the old <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman road</a> of <a href="/wiki/Watling_Street" title="Watling Street">Watling Street</a>, the main route across Mercia, and <a href="/wiki/Icknield_Street" title="Icknield Street">Icknield Street</a> to the north. </p><p>Wulfhere also gave Chad land for a monastery at <a href="/wiki/Barrow_upon_Humber" title="Barrow upon Humber">Barrow upon Humber</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire" title="North Lincolnshire">North Lincolnshire</a>. He travelled about on foot until the Archbishop of Canterbury gave him a horse and ordered him to ride it, at least on long journeys.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chad's shrine at Lichfield, sponsored by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Walter_Langton" title="Walter Langton">Walter de Langton</a>, was destroyed in 1538. </p><p>Wulfhere also donated land sufficient for fifty families at a place in Lindsey, referred to by Bede as <i>Ad Barwae</i>. This is probably <a href="/wiki/Barrow_upon_Humber" title="Barrow upon Humber">Barrow upon Humber</a>: where an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> monastery of a later date has been excavated. This was easily reached by river from the Midlands and close to an easy crossing of the <a href="/wiki/River_Humber" class="mw-redirect" title="River Humber">River Humber</a>, allowing rapid communication along surviving Roman roads with Lastingham. Chad remained abbot of Lastingham throughout his life, as well as heading the communities at both Lichfield and Barrow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ministry_among_the_Mercians">Ministry among the Mercians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ministry among the Mercians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chad then proceeded to carry out much missionary and pastoral work within the kingdom. Bede tells us that Chad governed the bishopric of the Mercians and of the people of Lindsey 'in the manner of the ancient fathers and in great perfection of life'. However, Bede gives little concrete information about the work of Chad in Mercia, implying that in style and substance it was a continuation of what he had done in Northumbria. The area he covered was very large, stretching across England from coast to coast. It was also, in many places, difficult terrain, with woodland, heath and mountain over much of the centre and large areas of marshland to the east. Bede does tell us that Chad built for himself a small house at Lichfield, a short distance from the church, sufficient to hold his core of seven or eight brothers, who gathered to pray and study with him there when he was not out on business. </p><p>Chad worked in Mercia and Lindsey for only two and a half years before he too died during a plague.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet St. Bede could write in a letter that Mercia came to the faith and Essex was recovered for it by the two brothers Cedd and Chad. In other words, Bede considered that Chad's two years as bishop were decisive in Christianising Mercia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chad died on 2 March 672, and was buried near the Church of Saint Mary which later became part of the <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral" title="Lichfield Cathedral">cathedral at Lichfield</a>. Bede relates the death story as that of a man who was already regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>. Bede has stressed throughout his narrative that Chad's holiness communicated across boundaries of culture and politics, to Theodore, for example, in his own lifetime. The death story is clearly of supreme importance to Bede, confirming Chad's holiness and vindicating his life. The account occupies considerably more space in Bede's account than all the rest of Chad's ministry in Northumbria and Mercia together. </p><p>Bede noted that Owin was working outside the oratory at Lichfield. Inside, Chad studied alone because the other monks were at worship in the church. Suddenly Owin heard the sound of joyful singing, coming from heaven, at first to the south-east, but gradually coming closer until it filled the roof of the oratory itself. Then there was silence for half an hour, followed by the same singing going back the way it had come. Owin at first did nothing, but about an hour later Chad called him in and told him to fetch the seven brothers from the church. Chad gave his final address to the brothers, urging them to keep the monastic discipline they had learnt. Only after this did he tell them that he knew his own death was near, speaking of death as "that friendly guest who is used to visiting the brethren". He asked them to pray, then blessed and dismissed them. The brothers left, sad and downcast. </p><p>Owin returned a little later and saw Chad privately. He asked about the singing. Chad told him that he must keep it to himself for the time being: angels had come to call him to his heavenly reward, and in seven days they would return to fetch him. So it was that Chad weakened and died after seven days on 2 March, which remains his feast day. Bede wrote that: "he had always looked forward to this day, or rather his mind had always been on the Day of the Lord". Many years later, his old friend Egbert told a visitor that someone in Ireland had seen the heavenly company coming for Chad's soul and returning with it to heaven. Significantly, with the heavenly host was Cedd. Bede was not sure whether or not the vision was actually Egbert's own. </p><p>Bede's account of Chad's death strongly confirms the main themes of his life. Primarily he was a monastic leader, deeply involved in the fairly small communities of loyal brothers who formed his mission team. His consciousness was strongly eschatological: focussed on the last things and their significance. Finally, he was inextricably linked with Cedd and his other brothers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cult_and_relics">Cult and relics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cult and relics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chad is considered a saint in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ODS101_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODS101-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglican</a> churches, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Orthodox_Church" title="Celtic Orthodox Church">Celtic Orthodox Church</a> and is also noted as a saint in a new edition of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Synaxarium" title="Synaxarium">Synaxarion</a> (Book of Saints). His feast day is celebrated on 2 March.<sup id="cite_ref-ODS101_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODS101-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to St. Bede, Chad was venerated as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> immediately after his death, and his <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> were translated to a new shrine. He remained the centre of an important cult, focused on healing, throughout the Middle Ages. The cult had twin foci: his tomb in the nave and more particularly his skull, kept in a special Head Chapel, alongside the south choir <a href="/wiki/Aisle" title="Aisle">aisle</a>. </p><p>The transmission of the relics after the Reformation was tortuous. At the dissolution of the Shrine on the instructions of King Henry VIII in 1538, Prebendary Arthur Dudley of Lichfield Cathedral removed and passed them to his nieces, Bridget and Katherine Dudley, of <a href="/wiki/Russells_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Russells Hall">Russells Hall</a>. In 1651, they reappeared when a farmer Henry Hodgetts of <a href="/wiki/Sedgley" title="Sedgley">Sedgley</a> was on his death-bed and kept praying to St Chad. When the priest hearing his last confession, Fr Peter Turner SJ, asked him why he called upon Chad. Henry replied, "because his bones are in the head of my bed". He instructed his wife to give the relics to the priest, whence some of the relics found their way to the Seminary at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">St Omer</a>, in France. In the early 19th century, they found their way into the hands of Sir Thomas Fitzherbert-Brockholes of Aston Hall, near <a href="/wiki/Stone,_Staffordshire" title="Stone, Staffordshire">Stone, Staffordshire</a>. When his chapel was cleared after his death, his chaplain, Fr Benjamin Hulme, discovered the box containing the relics, which were examined and presented to Bishop Thomas Walsh, the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Vicar_Apostolic_of_the_Midland_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar Apostolic of the Midland District">Vicar Apostolic of the Midland District</a> in 1837 and were enshrined in the new <a href="/wiki/St_Chad%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham" title="St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham">St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham</a>, opened in 1841, in a new ark designed by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pugin" title="Augustus Pugin">Augustus Pugin</a>. </p><p>The relics, six bones, were enshrined on the Altar of St Chad's Cathedral. They were examined by the Oxford Archaeological Laboratory by carbon-dating techniques in 1985, and all but one of the bones (which was a third femur, and therefore could not have come from Bishop Chad) were dated to the seventh century, and were authenticated as 'true relics' by the Vatican authorities. In 1919, an Annual Mass and Solemn Outdoor Procession of the Relics was held at St Chad's Cathedral in Birmingham. This observance continues to the present, on the Saturday nearest to his Feast Day, 2 March. </p><p>In November 2022, one bone relic was returned to Lichfield Cathedral and is housed in a new shrine in the retrochoir and close to where they were located in medieval times. Lichfield Cathedral is a significant pilgrimage church-cathedral and the new shrine is a focus for all pilgrims ending their journey. </p><p>Chad is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">remembered</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church</a> on 2 March.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayals_of_St_Chad">Portrayals of St Chad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Portrayals of St Chad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no portraits or descriptions of St Chad from his own time. The only hint comes in the legend of Theodore lifting him bodily into the saddle, possibly suggesting that he was remembered as small in stature. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chad_Peada_Wulfhere_at_Lichfield.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Chad (left), alongside Mercian kings Peada and Wulfhere, as portrayed in 19th century sculpture above the western entrance to Lichfield Cathedral."><img alt="St Chad (left), alongside Mercian kings Peada and Wulfhere, as portrayed in 19th century sculpture above the western entrance to Lichfield Cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Chad_Peada_Wulfhere_at_Lichfield.jpeg/195px-Chad_Peada_Wulfhere_at_Lichfield.jpeg" decoding="async" width="195" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Chad_Peada_Wulfhere_at_Lichfield.jpeg/293px-Chad_Peada_Wulfhere_at_Lichfield.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Chad_Peada_Wulfhere_at_Lichfield.jpeg/391px-Chad_Peada_Wulfhere_at_Lichfield.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="838" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Chad (left), alongside Mercian kings <a href="/wiki/Peada_of_Mercia" title="Peada of Mercia">Peada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wulfhere_of_Mercia" title="Wulfhere of Mercia">Wulfhere</a>, as portrayed in 19th century sculpture above the western entrance to Lichfield Cathedral.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Stained_glass-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Saint Chad", stained glass window by Christopher Whall. Currently exhibited at Victoria and Albert Museum, London."><img alt=""Saint Chad", stained glass window by Christopher Whall. Currently exhibited at Victoria and Albert Museum, London." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Stained_glass-01.jpg/50px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Stained_glass-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Stained_glass-01.jpg/75px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Stained_glass-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Stained_glass-01.jpg/99px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Stained_glass-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="2765" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Saint Chad", stained glass window by Christopher Whall. Currently exhibited at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Chad_Church_(5)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1592962.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An example of a late sculpture of St Chad, from St Chad's Church, Lichfield, Staffordshire, 1930."><img alt="An example of a late sculpture of St Chad, from St Chad's Church, Lichfield, Staffordshire, 1930." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/St_Chad_Church_%285%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1592962.jpg/80px-St_Chad_Church_%285%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1592962.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/St_Chad_Church_%285%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1592962.jpg/120px-St_Chad_Church_%285%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1592962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/St_Chad_Church_%285%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1592962.jpg/160px-St_Chad_Church_%285%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1592962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An example of a late sculpture of St Chad, from St Chad's Church, <a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, 1930.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Chad_-_Statue_at_Lichfield_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A sculpture of St. Chad unveiled[25] in 2021 outside Lichfield Cathedral."><img alt="A sculpture of St. Chad unveiled[25] in 2021 outside Lichfield Cathedral." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/St_Chad_-_Statue_at_Lichfield_Cathedral.jpg/78px-St_Chad_-_Statue_at_Lichfield_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/St_Chad_-_Statue_at_Lichfield_Cathedral.jpg/117px-St_Chad_-_Statue_at_Lichfield_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/St_Chad_-_Statue_at_Lichfield_Cathedral.jpg/156px-St_Chad_-_Statue_at_Lichfield_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A sculpture of St. Chad unveiled<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2021 outside <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral" title="Lichfield Cathedral">Lichfield Cathedral</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_dedications">Notable dedications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable dedications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches">Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chad gives his name to <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Chad,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Saint Chad, Birmingham">cathedral</a>, where there are some <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> of the saint: about eight long bones. It is the only cathedral in England that has the relics of its patron saint enshrined upon its high altar. The <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral" title="Lichfield Cathedral">Lichfield Cathedral</a>, at the site of his burial, is dedicated to Chad, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">St Mary</a>, and still has a head chapel, where the skull of the saint was kept until it was lost during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>. The site of the medieval shrine is also marked. </p><p>Chad also gives his name to a <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_St_Chad,_Lichfield" class="mw-redirect" title="The Church of St Chad, Lichfield">parish church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a> (with Chad's Well, where traditionally Chad <a href="/wiki/Baptised" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptised">baptised</a> converts: now a <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a>). </p><p>Dedications are densely concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>, for example, has two <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> churches and an <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_and_St_Chad_Catholic_Academy" title="Our Lady and St Chad Catholic Academy">Academy</a> dedicated to Chad, while the nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Pattingham" title="Pattingham">Pattingham</a> has both an Anglican church and <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary school</a>. Shrewsbury had a large medieval church of St Chad which fell down in 1788: it was quickly replaced by a circular church in <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> style by George Steuart, on a different site but with the same dedication. Parish Church in <a href="/wiki/Montford,_Shropshire" title="Montford, Shropshire">Montford</a>, built in 1735–38, site of the graves of the parents of Charles Darwin.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parish Church in <a href="/wiki/Coseley" title="Coseley">Coseley</a> built in 1882. In <a href="/wiki/Rugby,_Warwickshire" title="Rugby, Warwickshire">Rugby, Warwickshire</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a> is named for him. Further afield, there is a considerable number of dedications in areas associated with Chad's career, like the churches in <a href="/wiki/Church_Wilne" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Wilne">Church Wilne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Chad%27s_Church,_Far_Headingley" title="St Chad's Church, Far Headingley">Far Headingley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, the Parish Church of <a href="/wiki/Rochdale" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/St_Chad%27s_Church,_Haggerston" title="St Chad's Church, Haggerston">Church of St Chad, Haggerston</a> in London, as well as some in the Commonwealth, like <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Victoria" title="Chelsea, Victoria">Chelsea</a> in Australia. There is also a <a href="/wiki/St_Chad%27s_College" class="mw-redirect" title="St Chad's College">St Chad's College</a> within the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Durham">University of Durham</a>, founded in 1904 as an Anglican hall. </p><p>In Canada, St Chad's Chapel and College was built in 1918 in <a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a>. Originally, it was a Catholic church and boys' school. In 1964, it became an Anglican school for girls, called St Chad's Girls' School. Today, it is a protected historic building in Regina.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Principal Parish of the <a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross">Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross</a> is named the Church of <a href="/wiki/St_Ninian" class="mw-redirect" title="St Ninian">St Ninian</a> and St Chad.<sup id="cite_ref-gci_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gci-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Brasenose_College,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapel of Brasenose College, Oxford">chapel of Brasenose College, Oxford</a> is named the Chapel of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Cluny" title="Hugh of Cluny">St Hugh</a> and St Chad.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toponyms">Toponyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Toponyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chadkirk_Chapel" title="Chadkirk Chapel">Chadkirk Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romiley" title="Romiley">Romiley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>, may have been dedicated to St Chad; as <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Cameron_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Cameron (academic)">Kenneth Cameron</a> points out, -<i>kirk</i> ("church") toponyms incorporate the name of the dedicatee more often than that of the patron.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chapel dates back to the 14th century, but the site is much older, possibly dating back to the 7th century when it is believed St Chad visited to bless the well there.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>St Chad's Well near Battle Bridge on the <a href="/wiki/River_Fleet" title="River Fleet">River Fleet</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> was a medicinal well dedicated to St Chad. It was destroyed by the Midland Railway company in 1860, and is remembered in the street name of St Chad's Place.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Worcestershire town of <a href="/wiki/Kidderminster" title="Kidderminster">Kidderminster</a> was thought by one 19th-century author to be named for a <a href="/wiki/Minster_(church)" title="Minster (church)">minster</a> dedicated to Chad or Cedd,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1969127_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1969127-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but modern scholars give the etymology of the name as "Cydela's monastery".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Denstone_College" title="Denstone College">Denstone College</a> in the Village of <a href="/wiki/Denstone" title="Denstone">Denstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttoxeter" title="Uttoxeter">Uttoxeter</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Woodard" title="Nathaniel Woodard">Nathaniel Woodard</a> as the Flagship Woodard School of the Midlands. The school was founded as St Chad's College, Denstone. The School's <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">Chapel</a> is named as the Chapel of St Chad with depictions of him around the chapel's <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">Narthex</a>. The students of the school wear the famous cross of St Chad which is the school's logo. The motto of the School is ‘Lignum Crucis Arbor Scientae’ which is Latin for ‘The Wood of the Cross is the Tree of Knowledge’. There are also depictions of him in the School's Quadrangle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chad_as_a_personal_name">Chad as a personal name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Chad as a personal name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chad_(name)" title="Chad (name)">Chad (name)</a></div> <p>Chad remains a fairly popular given name, one of the few personal names current among 7th century Anglo-Saxons to do so. However, it was very little used for many centuries before a modest revival in the mid-20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patronage">Patronage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Patronage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the somewhat confused nature of Chad's appointment and the continued references to '<a href="/wiki/Chad_(paper)" title="Chad (paper)">chads</a>', small pieces of ballot papers punched out by voters using voting machines in the <a href="/wiki/2000_US_Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 US Presidential Election">2000 US Presidential Election</a>, it has been jocularly suggested that Chad is the patron saint of botched elections. There is no official <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of elections, although the Church has designated a later English official, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, the patron of politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Spa Research Fellowship</i> states that Chad is the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_spa" title="Mineral spa">medicinal springs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although other listings<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> do not mention this patronage. </p><p>St. Chad's Day (2 March) is traditionally considered the most propitious day to sow <a href="/wiki/Broad_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad beans">broad beans</a> in England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. Chad's College is a college of Durham University.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">Ceadda</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Sherley-Price1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Sherley-Price" title="Leo Sherley-Price">Leo Sherley-Price</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OOSHpi4D7FQC&q=Cynibil&pg=PA182"><i>Ecclesiastical History of the English People by Bede</i></a>. Penguin Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044565-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044565-X"><bdi>0-14-044565-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People+by+Bede&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-14-044565-X&rft.au=Leo+Sherley-Price&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOOSHpi4D7FQC%26q%3DCynibil%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2013" class="citation book cs1">Higham, N. J., ed. (2013). <i>Wilfrid, abbot, bishop, saint: papers from the 1300th anniversary conferences [2009]</i>. Donington: Shaun Tyas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907730-29-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907730-29-0"><bdi>978-1-907730-29-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilfrid%2C+abbot%2C+bishop%2C+saint%3A+papers+from+the+1300th+anniversary+conferences+%5B2009%5D&rft.place=Donington&rft.pub=Shaun+Tyas&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-907730-29-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede" class="citation book cs1">Bede. <i>Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Preface</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People%2C+Preface&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref-1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede" class="citation book cs1">Bede. <i>Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book 4, chapter 3</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People%2C+Book+4%2C+chapter+3&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref-3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-3_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede" class="citation book cs1">Bede. <i>Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book 3, chapter 23</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People%2C+Book+3%2C+chapter+23&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Fletcher1997" class="citation book cs1">Richard Fletcher (1997). <i>The Conversion of Europe, p.167</i>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-255203-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-255203-5"><bdi>0-00-255203-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conversion+of+Europe%2C+p.167&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-00-255203-5&rft.au=Richard+Fletcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, J.T., (2006) Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-440-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-440-7">1-85109-440-7</a>, p. 360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref-2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede" class="citation book cs1">Bede. <i>Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book 3, chapter 28</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People%2C+Book+3%2C+chapter+28&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04115c.htm">Grattan-Flood, William. "St. Colman." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 23 April 2019<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede" class="citation book cs1">Bede. <i>Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book 3, chapter 27</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People%2C+Book+3%2C+chapter+27&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting199197-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting199197_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayr-Harting1991">Mayr-Harting 1991</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting1991253-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting1991253_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayr-Harting1991">Mayr-Harting 1991</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burton-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burton_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03470c.htm">Burton, Edwin. "St. Ceadda." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 28 September 2021<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting199189-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting199189_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayr-Harting1991">Mayr-Harting 1991</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede" class="citation book cs1">Bede. <i>Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book 3, chapter 25</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People%2C+Book+3%2C+chapter+25&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede" class="citation book cs1">Bede. <i>Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book 4, chapter 2</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People%2C+Book+4%2C+chapter+2&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede" class="citation book cs1">Bede. <i>Ecclesiastical History of the English People, Book 3, chapter 24</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People%2C+Book+3%2C+chapter+24&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pase.ac.uk-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pase.ac.uk_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=1581">"Chad 1"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prosopography+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.atitle=Chad+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpase.ac.uk%2Fjsp%2Fpersons%2FCreatePersonFrames.jsp%3FpersonKey%3D1581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2013" class="citation book cs1">Higham, N. J., ed. (2013). <i>Wilfrid, abbot, bishop, saint: papers from the 1300th anniversary conferences [2009]</i>. Donington: Shaun Tyas. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907730-29-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907730-29-0"><bdi>978-1-907730-29-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilfrid%2C+abbot%2C+bishop%2C+saint%3A+papers+from+the+1300th+anniversary+conferences+%5B2009%5D&rft.place=Donington&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Shaun+Tyas&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-907730-29-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satucket.com/lectionary/Chad.htm">"St. Chad"</a>. <i>www.satucket.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.satucket.com&rft.atitle=St.+Chad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.satucket.com%2Flectionary%2FChad.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicsaints.info/book-of-saints-chad/">"CatholicSaints.Info » Blog Archive » Book of Saints – Chad"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CatholicSaints.Info+%C2%BB+Blog+Archive+%C2%BB+Book+of+Saints+%E2%80%93+Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicsaints.info%2Fbook-of-saints-chad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODS101-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODS101_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODS101_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer,_David_Hugh2004" class="citation book cs1">Farmer, David Hugh (2004). <i>Oxford Dictionary of Saints</i> (Fifth ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860949-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860949-0"><bdi>978-0-19-860949-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Saints&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860949-0&rft.au=Farmer%2C+David+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3e7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018</i></a>. Church Publishing, Inc. 1 December 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-234-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-234-7"><bdi>978-1-64065-234-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Feasts+and+Fasts+2018&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-64065-234-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3e7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lichfield-cathedral.org/visit-the-cathedral/st-chad-statue">"St Chad Statue"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Chad+Statue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lichfield-cathedral.org%2Fvisit-the-cathedral%2Fst-chad-statue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1055118" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1055118?section=official-list-entry">"Church of Saint Chad, Montford, Shropshire (1055118)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Church+of+Saint+Chad%2C+Montford%2C+Shropshire+%281055118%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1055118%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://regina.ctvnews.ca/we-brought-this-building-back-to-life-st-chad-s-renovations-will-honour-historical-landmark-1.4001808">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We brought this building back to life': St. Chad's renovations will honour historical landmark"</a>. <i>Regina</i>. 5 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regina&rft.atitle=%27We+brought+this+building+back+to+life%27%3A+St.+Chad%27s+renovations+will+honour+historical+landmark&rft.date=2018-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregina.ctvnews.ca%2Fwe-brought-this-building-back-to-life-st-chad-s-renovations-will-honour-historical-landmark-1.4001808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gci-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gci_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/sout0.htm">"Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross"</a>. <i>All Dioceses</i>. GCatholic.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Dioceses&rft.atitle=Personal+Ordinariate+of+Our+Lady+of+the+Southern+Cross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcatholic.org%2Fdioceses%2Fdiocese%2Fsout0.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnc.ox.ac.uk/about-brasenose/history/212-college-history/397-a-brief-history-of-brasenose">"A concise history of Brasenose - Brasenose College, Oxford"</a>. <i>www.bnc.ox.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bnc.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=A+concise+history+of+Brasenose+-+Brasenose+College%2C+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnc.ox.ac.uk%2Fabout-brasenose%2Fhistory%2F212-college-history%2F397-a-brief-history-of-brasenose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1969" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Kenneth (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/englishplacename0000came_k7e5/page/128"><i>English Place-Names</i></a>. Methuen & Co. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-27990-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-416-27990-0"><bdi>978-0-416-27990-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Place-Names&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-416-27990-0&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishplacename0000came_k7e5%2Fpage%2F128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter" class="citation web cs1">Potter, Chesca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207153347/http://people.bath.ac.uk/liskmj/living-spring/sourcearchive/fs1/fs1cp1.htm">"The river of wells"</a>. <i>The Holy Wells Journal</i>. Series 1, issue 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.bath.ac.uk/liskmj/living-spring/sourcearchive/fs1/fs1cp1.htm">the original</a> on 7 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holy+Wells+Journal&rft.atitle=The+river+of+wells&rft.pages=Series+1%2C+issue+1&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Chesca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.bath.ac.uk%2Fliskmj%2Fliving-spring%2Fsourcearchive%2Ffs1%2Ffs1cp1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenChristopher1987" class="citation book cs1">Ben, Weinreb; Christopher, Hibbert, eds. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/londonencyclopae0000unse/page/699"><i>The London Encyclopaedia</i></a>. Papermac. p. 699. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-45817-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-45817-6"><bdi>0-333-45817-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+London+Encyclopaedia&rft.pages=699&rft.pub=Papermac&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-333-45817-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flondonencyclopae0000unse%2Fpage%2F699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1969127-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1969127_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron1969">Cameron 1969</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1890" class="citation book cs1">Burton, John Richard (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/historyofkidderm00burt/page/9/"><i>A History of Kidderminster</i></a>. E. Stock. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Kidderminster&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=E.+Stock&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=John+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofkidderm00burt%2Fpage%2F9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAytoCrofton2005" class="citation book cs1">Ayto, John; Crofton, Ian, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/brewersbritainir0000unse/page/608"><i>Brewer's Britain and Ireland</i></a>. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 608. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35385-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35385-X"><bdi>0-304-35385-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brewer%27s+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pages=608&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-304-35385-X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrewersbritainir0000unse%2Fpage%2F608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/religion/chad.asp">"St. Chad"</a>. 4 December 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Chad&rft.date=2000-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Freligion%2Fchad.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109072448/http://www.thespasdirectory.com/discover_the_spa_research_fell.asp?i=10#St%20Chad%20-%20Patron%20Saint%20of%20Medicinal%20Springs#St%20Chad%20-%20Patron%20Saint%20of%20Medicinal%20Springs">"Spa research fellowship, <i>Occasional paper, 5: St Chad – Patron Saint of Medicinal Springs</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespasdirectory.com/discover_the_spa_research_fell.asp?i=10#St%20Chad%20-%20Patron%20Saint%20of%20Medicinal%20Springs">the original</a> on 9 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spa+research+fellowship%2C+Occasional+paper%2C+5%3A+St+Chad+%E2%80%93+Patron+Saint+of+Medicinal+Springs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespasdirectory.com%2Fdiscover_the_spa_research_fell.asp%3Fi%3D10%23St%2520Chad%2520-%2520Patron%2520Saint%2520of%2520Medicinal%2520Springs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070625091044/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintc24.htm">"Patron Saints Index: Saint Chad"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintc24.htm">the original</a> on 25 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patron+Saints+Index%3A+Saint+Chad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-forum.com%2Fsaints%2Fsaintc24.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stchads.ac.uk/about/history/who-was-st-chad/">"Who was St Chad?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+was+St+Chad%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stchads.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fwho-was-st-chad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bassett, Steven, Ed. <i>The Origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms</i>. Leicester University Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1367-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1367-2">978-0-7185-1367-2</a>.</li> <li>Fletcher, Richard. <i>The Conversion of Europe: From Paganism to Christianity 371–1386</i>. HarperCollins, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-255203-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-255203-5">0-00-255203-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr-Harting1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mayr-Harting" title="Henry Mayr-Harting">Mayr-Harting, Henry</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fLrdkyalKpwC"><i>The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State University Press">Pennsylvania State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00769-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-00769-4"><bdi>978-0-271-00769-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+Christianity+to+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-271-00769-4&rft.aulast=Mayr-Harting&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfLrdkyalKpwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChad+of+Mercia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vleeskruijer" title="Rudolf Vleeskruijer">Rudolf Vleeskruijer</a> <i>The Life of St.Chad, an Old English Homily edited with introduction, notes, illustrative texts and glossary by R. Vleeskruyer</i>, North-Holland, Amsterdam (1953)</li> <li>Lepine, David (2021) 'Glorious Confessor. The cult of St Chad at Lichfield Cathedral during the Middle Ages'. <i>SAHS transactions.</i> 52, 29-52.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chad_of_Mercia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chad,_Saint" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chad, Saint">Chad, Saint</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chad_of_Mercia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chad of Mercia">Chad of Mercia</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=1581">Chad 1</a> at <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jaruman" title="Jaruman">Jaruman</a></div><i><b>as Bishop of Mercia </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lichfield" title="Bishop of Lichfield">Bishop of the Mercians and Lindsey People</a> </b><br />669–672 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Winfrith_(bishop)" title="Winfrith (bishop)">Winfrith</a></div><i><b>as Bishop of Lichfield </b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus</a> </b><br /><small><i><b>as Bishop of York </b></i></small> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b> <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Bishop of the Northumbrians</a> </b><br />664–669 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrid</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tuda_of_Lindisfarne" title="Tuda of Lindisfarne">Tuda</a></div><i><b>as Bishop of Lindisfarne </b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_of_Lichfield" title="Template:Bishops of Lichfield"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Bishops_of_Lichfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Bishops of Lichfield (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_of_Lichfield" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops of Lichfield"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_of_Lichfield_(including_precursor_offices)154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lichfield" title="Bishop of Lichfield">Bishops of Lichfield</a> (including precursor offices)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mercia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diuma" title="Diuma">Diuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceollach" title="Ceollach">Ceollach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumhere" title="Trumhere">Trumhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaruman" title="Jaruman">Jaruman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chad</a>, Bishop of the Mercians & the Lindisfaras</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lichfield</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winfrith_(bishop)" title="Winfrith (bishop)">Winfrith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxwulf" title="Seaxwulf">Seaxwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headda" title="Headda">Headda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldwine" title="Aldwine">Aldwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witta_(bishop_of_Lichfield)" title="Witta (bishop of Lichfield)">Witta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemele" title="Hemele">Hemele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthfrith" title="Cuthfrith">Cuthfrith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhthun_(bishop)" title="Berhthun (bishop)">Berhthun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygeberht" title="Hygeberht">Hygeberht</a> (Archbishop of Lichfield)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdwulf_of_Lichfield" title="Ealdwulf of Lichfield">Ealdwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herewine" title="Herewine">Herewine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_(bishop_of_Lichfield)" title="Æthelwold (bishop of Lichfield)">Æthelwold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunberght" title="Hunberght">Hunberght</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynefrith" title="Cynefrith">Cynefrith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunberht" title="Tunberht">Tunberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfsige_of_Lichfield" title="Wulfsige of Lichfield">Wulfsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgheard" title="Burgheard">Burgheard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadberht_of_Lichfield" title="Eadberht of Lichfield">Eadberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfred_of_Lichfield" title="Wulfred of Lichfield">Wulfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilferth" title="Wilferth">Wilferth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwine_of_Lichfield" title="Ælfwine of Lichfield">Ælfwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfgar_of_Lichfield" title="Wulfgar of Lichfield">Wulfgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynesige_of_Lichfield" title="Cynesige of Lichfield">Cynesige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynsige_of_Lichfield" title="Wynsige of Lichfield">Wynsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elphege_of_Lichfield" title="Elphege of Lichfield">Elphege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godwin_(bishop)" title="Godwin (bishop)">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leofgar" title="Leofgar">Leofgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihtm%C3%A6r" title="Brihtmær">Brihtmær</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfsige_(bishop_of_Lichfield)" title="Wulfsige (bishop of Lichfield)">Wulfsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leofwin" title="Leofwin">Leofwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Lichfield" title="Peter of Lichfield">Peter</a> (became Bishop of Chester)</li> <li>Peter, Bishop of Chester</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coventry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Limesey" title="Robert de Limesey">Robert de Limesey</a>, Bishop of Chester</li> <li>Robert de Limesey (previously Bishop of Chester)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peche" title="Robert Peche">Robert Peche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Clinton" title="Roger de Clinton">Roger de Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Durdent" title="Walter Durdent">Walter Durdent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Peche" title="Richard Peche">Richard Peche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_la_Pucelle" title="Gerard la Pucelle">Gerard la Pucelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nonant" title="Hugh Nonant">Hugh Nonant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Muschamp" title="Geoffrey de Muschamp">Geoffrey de Muschamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Cornhill" title="William de Cornhill">William de Cornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_de_Stavenby" title="Alexander de Stavenby">Alexander de Stavenby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coventry & Lichfield</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_de_Stavenby" title="Alexander de Stavenby">Alexander de Stavenby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Pateshull" title="Hugh de Pateshull">Hugh de Pateshull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Weseham" title="Roger Weseham">Roger Weseham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Meyland" title="Roger de Meyland">Roger de Meyland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Langton" title="Walter Langton">Walter Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Northburgh" title="Roger Northburgh">Roger Northburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Stretton" title="Robert de Stretton">Robert de Stretton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Skirlaw" title="Walter Skirlaw">Walter Skirlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Scrope_(bishop)" title="Richard Scrope (bishop)">Richard le Scrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burghill" title="John Burghill">John Burghill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catterick" title="John Catterick">John Catterick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cary_(bishop)" title="James Cary (bishop)">James Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Heyworth" title="William Heyworth">William Heyworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Booth_(bishop)" title="William Booth (bishop)">William Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Close" title="Nicholas Close">Nicholas Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Boulers" title="Reginald Boulers">Reginald Boulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hales_(bishop_of_Coventry_and_Lichfield)" title="John Hales (bishop of Coventry and Lichfield)">John Hales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smyth" title="William Smyth">William Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Arundel_(bishop_of_Exeter)" title="John Arundel (bishop of Exeter)">John Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Blythe" title="Geoffrey Blythe">Geoffrey Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Lee_(bishop)" title="Rowland Lee (bishop)">Rowland Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lichfield & Coventry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Lee_(bishop)" title="Rowland Lee (bishop)">Rowland Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sampson" title="Richard Sampson">Richard Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Baines" title="Ralph Baines">Ralph Baines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bentham" title="Thomas Bentham">Thomas Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Overton_(bishop)" title="William Overton (bishop)">William Overton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbot_(bishop)" title="George Abbot (bishop)">George Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neile" title="Richard Neile">Richard Neile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Overall_(bishop)" title="John Overall (bishop)">John Overall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morton_(bishop)" title="Thomas Morton (bishop)">Thomas Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wright_(English_bishop)" title="Robert Wright (English bishop)">Robert Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accepted_Frewen" title="Accepted Frewen">Accepted Frewen</a></li> <li><i>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</i></li> <li>Accepted Frewen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hacket" title="John Hacket">John Hacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wood_(bishop_of_Lichfield_and_Coventry)" title="Thomas Wood (bishop of Lichfield and Coventry)">Thomas Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="William Lloyd (bishop of Worcester)">William Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hough_(bishop)" title="John Hough (bishop)">John Hough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Chandler_(bishop)" title="Edward Chandler (bishop)">Edward Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalbroke" title="Richard Smalbroke">Richard Smalbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis" title="Frederick Cornwallis">Frederick Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Egerton_(bishop)" title="John Egerton (bishop)">John Egerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownlow_North" title="Brownlow North">Brownlow North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hurd_(bishop)" title="Richard Hurd (bishop)">Richard Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cornwallis,_4th_Earl_Cornwallis" title="James Cornwallis, 4th Earl Cornwallis">James Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ryder" title="Henry Ryder">Henry Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(schoolmaster)" title="Samuel Butler (schoolmaster)">Samuel Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lichfield</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(schoolmaster)" title="Samuel Butler (schoolmaster)">Samuel Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bowstead" title="James Bowstead">James Bowstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lonsdale" title="John Lonsdale">John Lonsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Selwyn_(bishop_of_Lichfield)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Selwyn (bishop of Lichfield)">George Selwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Maclagan" title="William Maclagan">William Maclagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Legge" title="Augustus Legge">Augustus Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kempthorne_(bishop)" title="John Kempthorne (bishop)">John Kempthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Woods_(bishop)" title="Edward Woods (bishop)">Edward Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretton_Reeve" title="Stretton Reeve">Stretton Reeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Skelton" title="Kenneth Skelton">Kenneth Skelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Sutton_(bishop)" title="Keith Sutton (bishop)">Keith Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Gledhill" title="Jonathan Gledhill">Jonathan Gledhill</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clive_Gregory" title="Clive Gregory">Clive Gregory</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ipgrave" title="Michael Ipgrave">Michael Ipgrave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_and_archbishops_of_York144" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_and_archbishops_of_York" title="Template:Bishops and archbishops of York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_and_archbishops_of_York" title="Template talk:Bishops and archbishops of York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_and_archbishops_of_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops and archbishops of York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_and_archbishops_of_York144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bishops and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">archbishops of York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosa_of_York" title="Bosa of York">Bosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Beverley" title="John of Beverley">John of Beverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_II_(bishop_of_York)" title="Wilfrid II (bishop of York)">Wilfrid II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Reformation<br />archbishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecgbert_of_York" title="Ecgbert of York">Egbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbert_of_York" title="Æthelbert of York">Æthelbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanbald_(died_796)" title="Eanbald (died 796)">Eanbald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanbald_(floruit_798)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eanbald (floruit 798)">Eanbald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfsige_of_York" title="Wulfsige of York">Wulfsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigmund_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Wigmund (archbishop of York)">Wigmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere_of_York" title="Wulfhere of York">Wulfhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald_of_York" title="Æthelbald of York">Æthelbald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrotheweard" title="Hrotheweard">Hrotheweard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_956)" title="Wulfstan (died 956)">Wulfstan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscytel" title="Oscytel">Oscytel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwald" title="Edwald">Edwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester" title="Oswald of Worcester">Oswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdwulf_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Ealdwulf (archbishop of York)">Ealdwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_1023)" title="Wulfstan (died 1023)">Wulfstan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_Puttoc" title="Ælfric Puttoc">Ælfric Puttoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynesige" title="Cynesige">Cynesige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdred_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Ealdred (archbishop of York)">Ealdred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Bayeux" title="Thomas of Bayeux">Thomas of Bayeux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Gerard (archbishop of York)">Gerard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_II_of_York" title="Thomas II of York">Thomas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurstan" title="Thurstan">Thurstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_York" title="William of York">William FitzHerbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Murdac" title="Henry Murdac">Henry Murdac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_York" title="William of York">William FitzHerbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Pont_L%27%C3%89v%C3%AAque" title="Roger de Pont L'Évêque">Roger de Pont L'Évêque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Geoffrey (archbishop of York)">Geoffrey Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Langton_(priest)" title="Simon Langton (priest)">Simon Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gray" title="Walter de Gray">Walter de Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewal_de_Bovil" title="Sewal de Bovil">Sewal de Bovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Ludham" title="Godfrey Ludham">Godfrey Ludham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Langton" title="William Langton">William Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">Walter Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Wickwane" title="William de Wickwane">William de Wickwane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_le_Romeyn" title="John le Romeyn">John le Romeyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Newark" title="Henry of Newark">Henry of Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Corbridge" title="Thomas of Corbridge">Thomas of Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greenfield" title="William Greenfield">William Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Melton" title="William Melton">William Melton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Zouche" title="William Zouche">William Zouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Thoresby" title="John of Thoresby">John of Thoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Neville" title="Alexander Neville">Alexander Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundel" title="Thomas Arundel">Thomas Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Waldby" title="Robert Waldby">Robert Waldby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Scrope_(bishop)" title="Richard Scrope (bishop)">Richard le Scrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Langley" title="Thomas Langley">Thomas Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hallam" title="Robert Hallam">Robert Hallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bowet" title="Henry Bowet">Henry Bowet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Morgan_(bishop)" title="Philip Morgan (bishop)">Philip Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fleming_(bishop)" title="Richard Fleming (bishop)">Richard Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Booth_(bishop)" title="William Booth (bishop)">William Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Neville_(bishop)" title="George Neville (bishop)">George Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Booth" title="Lawrence Booth">Lawrence Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savage_(bishop)" title="Thomas Savage (bishop)">Thomas Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bainbridge" title="Christopher Bainbridge">Christopher Bainbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Reformation<br />archbishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lee_(bishop)" title="Edward Lee (bishop)">Edward Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Holgate" title="Robert Holgate">Robert Holgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Heath" title="Nicholas Heath">Nicholas Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(bishop)" title="Thomas Young (bishop)">Thomas Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grindal" title="Edmund Grindal">Edmund Grindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Sandys_(bishop)" title="Edwin Sandys (bishop)">Edwin Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Piers" title="John Piers">John Piers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hutton_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Matthew Hutton (archbishop of York)">Matthew Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Matthew" title="Tobias Matthew">Tobias Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montaigne" title="George Montaigne">George Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Harsnett" title="Samuel Harsnett">Samuel Harsnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neile" title="Richard Neile">Richard Neile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(archbishop_of_York)" title="John Williams (archbishop of York)">John Williams</a></li> <li><i>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accepted_Frewen" title="Accepted Frewen">Accepted Frewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sterne_(bishop)" title="Richard Sterne (bishop)">Richard Sterne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dolben" title="John Dolben">John Dolben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lamplugh" title="Thomas Lamplugh">Thomas Lamplugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_(bishop)" title="John Sharp (bishop)">John Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Dawes,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir William Dawes, 3rd Baronet">Sir William Dawes Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Blackburne" title="Lancelot Blackburne">Lancelot Blackburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herring" title="Thomas Herring">Thomas Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hutton_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Matthew Hutton (archbishop of Canterbury)">Matthew Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_(archbishop_of_York)" title="John Gilbert (archbishop of York)">John Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hay_Drummond" title="Robert Hay Drummond">Robert Hay Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Markham_(bishop)" title="William Markham (bishop)">William Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Venables-Vernon-Harcourt" title="Edward Venables-Vernon-Harcourt">Edward Venables-Vernon-Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Musgrave_(bishop)" title="Thomas Musgrave (bishop)">Thomas Musgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Longley" title="Charles Longley">Charles Longley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson_(bishop)" title="William Thomson (bishop)">William Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Connor_Magee" title="William Connor Magee">William Connor Magee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Maclagan" title="William Maclagan">William Maclagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Lang" title="Cosmo Gordon Lang">Cosmo Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(bishop)" title="William Temple (bishop)">William Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Garbett" title="Cyril Garbett">Cyril Garbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramsey" title="Michael Ramsey">Michael Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Coggan" title="Donald Coggan">Donald Coggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Blanch" title="Stuart Blanch">Stuart Blanch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Habgood" title="John Habgood">John Habgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hope,_Baron_Hope_of_Thornes" title="David Hope, Baron Hope of Thornes">David Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sentamu" title="John Sentamu">John Sentamu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ferguson_(bishop)" title="Paul Ferguson (bishop)">Paul Ferguson</a> (acting diocesan)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cottrell" title="Stephen Cottrell">Stephen Cottrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_Anglo-Saxon_England220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Saxon_saints" title="Template:Anglo-Saxon saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_saints" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_Anglo-Saxon_England220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Saxon_saints" title="List of Anglo-Saxon saints">Saints of Anglo-Saxon England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British / Welsh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Aldate" title="Saint Aldate">Aldate of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Barloc">Barloc of Norbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brannoc_of_Braunton" title="Brannoc of Braunton">Brannoc of Braunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branwalator" title="Branwalator">Branwalator of Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credan" title="Credan">Credan of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congar_of_Congresbury" title="Congar of Congresbury">Congar of Congresbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachuna">Dachuna of Bodmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decuman" title="Decuman">Decuman of Watchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfin_of_Warrington" title="Elfin of Warrington">Elfin of Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_of_Ramsey" title="Ivo of Ramsey">Ivo of Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judoc" title="Judoc">Judoc of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melor" title="Melor">Melorius of Amesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectan_of_Hartland" title="Nectan of Hartland">Nectan of Hartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Neot_(monk)" title="Saint Neot (monk)">Neot of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumon">Rumon of Tavistock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Dol" title="Samson of Dol">Samson of Dol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sativola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sativola">Sativola of Exeter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Anglian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_II_of_East_Anglia" title="Æthelberht II of East Anglia">Æthelberht of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburh_of_Faremoutiers" title="Æthelburh of Faremoutiers">Æthelburh of Faremoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_of_Ramsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelflæd of Ramsey (page does not exist)">Æthelflæd of Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwine_of_Lindsey" title="Æthelwine of Lindsey">Æthelwine of Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulf" title="Adulf">Athwulf of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Blida" title="Saint Blida">Blida of Martham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botwulf_of_Thorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Botwulf of Thorney">Botwulf of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissa_of_Crowland" title="Cissa of Crowland">Cissa of Crowland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuthbald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuthbald (page does not exist)">Cuthbald of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Eadmund of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadnoth_the_Younger" title="Eadnoth the Younger">Eadnoth of Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthlac_of_Crowland" title="Guthlac of Crowland">Guthlac of Crowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefrith_of_Thorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Herefrith of Thorney">Herefrith of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiurmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiurmine (page does not exist)">Hiurmine of Blythburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_of_Thorney" title="Huna of Thorney">Huna of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pega" title="Pega">Pega of Peakirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxburh_of_Ely" title="Seaxburh of Ely">Seaxburh of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeberht_of_East_Anglia" title="Sigeberht of East Anglia">Sigeberht of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyrs_of_Thorney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martyrs of Thorney (page does not exist)">Tancred of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyrs_of_Thorney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martyrs of Thorney (page does not exist)">Torthred of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyrs_of_Thorney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martyrs of Thorney (page does not exist)">Tova of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Walstan" title="Saint Walstan">Walstan of Bawburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendreda" title="Wendreda">Wendreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihtburh" title="Wihtburh">Wihtburh of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfric_of_Holme" title="Wulfric of Holme">Wulfric of Holme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburh_of_Barking" title="Æthelburh of Barking">Æthelburh of Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildelith" title="Hildelith">Hildelith of Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osgyth" title="Osgyth">Osgyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6bbi_of_Essex" title="Sæbbi of Essex">Sæbbi of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frisian, <br />Frankish<br /> and Old Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balthild_of_Romsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balthild of Romsey (page does not exist)">Balthild of Romsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Kent" title="Bertha of Kent">Bertha of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_of_Burgundy" title="Felix of Burgundy">Felix of Dommoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helier" title="Helier">Helier of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimbald" title="Grimbald">Grimbald of St Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monegunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monegunda (page does not exist)">Monegunda of Watton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odwulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odwulf (page does not exist)">Odwulf of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfram_of_Sens" title="Wulfram of Sens">Wulfram of Grantham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irish and Scottish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Aidan of Lindisfarne">Aidan of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boisil" title="Boisil">Boisil of Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echa_of_Crayke" class="mw-redirect" title="Echa of Crayke">Echa of Crayke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultan_the_Scribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultan the Scribe">Ultan the Scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indract_of_Glastonbury" title="Indract of Glastonbury">Indract of Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Dub" title="Máel Dub">Maildub of Malmesbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kentish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domne_Eafe" title="Domne Eafe">Æbbe of Thanet (Domne Eafe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburh_of_Kent" title="Æthelburh of Kent">Æthelburh of Kent </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_and_%C3%86thelberht" title="Æthelred and Æthelberht">Æthelred of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albinus_(abbot)" title="Albinus (abbot)">Albinus of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhtwald" title="Berhtwald">Berhtwald of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deusdedit_of_Canterbury" title="Deusdedit of Canterbury">Deusdedit of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edburga_of_Minster-in-Thanet" title="Edburga of Minster-in-Thanet">Edburga of Minster-in-Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanswith" title="Eanswith">Eanswith of Folkestone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eormengyth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eormengyth (page does not exist)">Eormengyth of Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildrith" title="Mildrith">Mildrith of Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothhelm" title="Nothhelm">Nothhelm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigeburh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigeburh (page does not exist)">Sigeburh of Thanet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mercian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfnoth_of_Stowe" title="Ælfnoth of Stowe">Ælfnoth of Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_of_Crowland" title="Ælfthryth of Crowland">Ælfthryth of Crowland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelberht_of_Bedford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelberht of Bedford (page does not exist)">Æthelberht of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelmod_of_Leominster" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelmod of Leominster">Æthelmod of Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Mercia" title="Æthelred of Mercia">Æthelred of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwynn_of_Sodbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelwynn of Sodbury (page does not exist)">Æthelwynn of Sodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldwyn_of_Coln" title="Aldwyn of Coln">Aldwyn of Coln</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beonna_of_Breedon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beonna of Breedon (page does not exist)">Beonna of Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beorhthelm_of_Stafford" title="Beorhthelm of Stafford">Beorhthelm of Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenwulf_of_Mercia" title="Coenwulf of Mercia">Coenwulf of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotta_of_Breedon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cotta of Breedon (page does not exist)">Cotta of Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Credan_of_Evesham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Credan of Evesham (page does not exist)">Credan of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyneburga,_Kyneswide_and_Tibba" title="Kyneburga, Kyneswide and Tibba">Cyneburh of Castor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyneburh_of_Gloucester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyneburh of Gloucester (page does not exist)">Cyneburh of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kenelm" title="Saint Kenelm">Cynehelm of Winchcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyneswith" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyneswith">Cyneswith of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Bicester" title="Eadburh of Bicester">Eadburh of Bicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Pershore" class="mw-redirect" title="Eadburh of Pershore">Eadburh of Pershore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eadburh_of_Southwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eadburh of Southwell (page does not exist)">Eadburh of Southwell </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadgyth_of_Aylesbury" title="Eadgyth of Aylesbury">Eadgyth of Aylesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eadweard_of_Maugersbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eadweard of Maugersbury (page does not exist)">Eadweard of Maugersbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdgyth_of_Stortford" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealdgyth of Stortford">Ealdgyth of Stortford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earconwald" title="Earconwald">Earconwald of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egwin_of_Evesham" title="Egwin of Evesham">Egwin of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freomund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freomund (page does not exist)">Freomund of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuric" class="mw-redirect" title="Frithuric">Frithuric of Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuswith" title="Frithuswith">Frithuswith of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuwold_of_Chertsey" title="Frithuwold of Chertsey">Frithuwold of Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A6mma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hæmma (page does not exist)">Hæmma of Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merefin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merefin (page does not exist)">Merefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildburh" title="Mildburh">Mildburh of Wenlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildgyth" title="Mildgyth">Mildgyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildrith" title="Mildrith">Mildrith of Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milred" title="Milred">Milred of Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_of_Canterbury" title="Oda of Canterbury">Oda of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester" title="Oswald of Worcester">Oswald of Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osburh_of_Coventry" title="Osburh of Coventry">Osburh of Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regenhere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regenhere (page does not exist)">Regenhere of Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbold_of_Buckingham" title="Rumbold of Buckingham">Rumbold of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyneburga,_Kyneswide_and_Tibba" title="Kyneburga, Kyneswide and Tibba">Tibba of Ryhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werburgh" title="Werburgh">Werburgh of Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6rstan" title="Wærstan">Wærstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigstan" title="Wigstan">Wigstan of Repton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfhild_of_Barking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wulfhild of Barking (page does not exist)">Wulfhild of Barking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northumbrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acca_of_Hexham" title="Acca of Hexham">Acca of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86bbe_of_Coldingham" title="Æbbe of Coldingham">Æbbe "the Elder" of Coldingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86bbe_the_Younger" title="Æbbe the Younger">Æbbe "the Younger" of Coldingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lffl%C3%A6d_of_Whitby" title="Ælfflæd of Whitby">Ælfflæd of Whitby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwald_I_of_Northumbria" title="Ælfwald I of Northumbria">Ælfwald of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelburh_of_Hackness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelburh of Hackness (page does not exist)">Æthelburh of Hackness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelgyth_of_Coldingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelgyth of Coldingham (page does not exist)">Æthelgyth of Coldingham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelsige_of_Ripon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelsige of Ripon (page does not exist)">Æthelsige of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_(hermit)" title="Æthelwold (hermit)">Æthelwold of Farne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_(bishop_of_Lindisfarne)" title="Æthelwold (bishop of Lindisfarne)">Æthelwold of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchhild_of_Middleham" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchhild of Middleham">Alchhild of Middleham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchmund_of_Hexham" title="Alchmund of Hexham">Alchmund of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkmund_of_Derby" title="Alkmund of Derby">Alkmund of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldred_of_Tyninghame" title="Baldred of Tyninghame">Balthere of Tyningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Beda of Jarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Bega" title="Saint Bega">Bega of Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Biscop" title="Benedict Biscop">Benedict Biscop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bercthun" title="Bercthun">Bercthun of Beverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billfrith" title="Billfrith">Billfrith of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosa_of_York" title="Bosa of York">Bosa of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botwine" title="Botwine">Botwine of Ripon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ceadda of Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">Cedd of Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolfrith" title="Ceolfrith">Ceolfrith of Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_of_Northumbria" title="Ceolwulf of Northumbria">Ceolwulf of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert" title="Cuthbert">Cuthbert of Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryhthelm" title="Dryhthelm">Dryhthelm of Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadberht_of_Lindisfarne" title="Eadberht of Lindisfarne">Eadberht of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadfrith_of_Leominster" title="Eadfrith of Leominster">Eadfrith of Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadfrith_of_Lindisfarne" title="Eadfrith of Lindisfarne">Eadfrith of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Eadwine of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdberht_of_Ripon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealdberht of Ripon">Ealdberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Eanmund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Eanmund (page does not exist)">Eanmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eardwulf_of_Northumbria" title="Eardwulf of Northumbria">Eardwulf of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eata_of_Hexham" title="Eata of Hexham">Eata of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_of_Ripon" title="Ecgberht of Ripon">Ecgberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eoda (page does not exist)">Eoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosterwine" title="Eosterwine">Eosterwine of Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_of_Whitby" title="Hilda of Whitby">Hilda of Whitby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyglac" title="Hyglac">Hyglac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwig" title="Iwig">Iwig of Wilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Beverley" title="John of Beverley">John of Beverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osana" title="Osana">Osana of Howden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osthryth" title="Osthryth">Osthryth of Bardney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswine_of_Deira" title="Oswine of Deira">Oswine of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicgred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicgred">Sicgred of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigfrith" title="Sigfrith">Sigfrith of Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatberht" title="Tatberht">Tatberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihtberht" title="Wihtberht">Wihtberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrith of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_II_(bishop_of_York)" title="Wilfrid II (bishop of York)">Wilfrith II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilgils" title="Wilgils">Wilgils of Ripon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmin_of_North_Crawley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firmin of North Crawley (page does not exist)">Firmin of North Crawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birinus" title="Birinus">Birinus of Dorchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentius_of_Peterborough" title="Florentius of Peterborough">Florentius of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_of_Canterbury" title="Adrian of Canterbury">Hadrian of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_of_Canterbury" title="Honorius of Canterbury">Honorius of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Deacon" title="James the Deacon">James the Deacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus" title="Justus">Justus of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_of_Canterbury" title="Laurence of Canterbury">Laurence of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitus" title="Mellitus">Mellitus of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Canterbury" title="Peter of Canterbury">Peter of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Tarsus" title="Theodore of Tarsus">Theodore of Canterbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuthfl%C3%A6d" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuthflæd">Cuthflæd of Lyminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthmann_of_Steyning" title="Cuthmann of Steyning">Cuthmann of Steyning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewina" title="Lewina">Lewina of Bishopstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgar_of_Selwood" title="Ælfgar of Selwood">Ælfgar of Selwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Exeter" title="Ælfgifu of Exeter">Ælfgifu of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Shaftesbury" title="Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury">Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_of_Canterbury" title="Ælfheah of Canterbury">Ælfheah of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_the_Bald" title="Ælfheah the Bald">Ælfheah of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_of_Romsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelflæd of Romsey">Æthelflæd of Romsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelgar" title="Æthelgar">Æthelgar of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelnoth_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Æthelnoth (archbishop of Canterbury)">Æthelnoth of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwine_of_Athelney" title="Æthelwine of Athelney">Æthelwine of Athelney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_of_Winchester" title="Æthelwold of Winchester">Æthelwold of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm of Sherborne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benignus_of_Glastonbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benignus of Glastonbury (page does not exist)">Benignus of Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beocca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beocca (page does not exist)">Beocca of Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beorhthelm_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beorhthelm of Shaftesbury (page does not exist)">Beorhthelm of Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beornstan_of_Winchester" title="Beornstan of Winchester">Beornstan of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beornwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Beornwald">Beornwald of Bampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centwine_of_Wessex" title="Centwine of Wessex">Centwine of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthburh" title="Cuthburh">Cuthburh of Wimborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cwenburh" title="Cwenburh">Cwenburh of Wimborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Winchester" title="Eadburh of Winchester">Eadburh of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">Eadgar of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Polesworth" title="Edith of Polesworth">Eadgyth of Polesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wilton" title="Edith of Wilton">Eadgyth of Wilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Eadweard the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Eadweard the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwold_of_Cerne" title="Eadwold of Cerne">Eadwold of Cerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earmund" class="mw-redirect" title="Earmund">Earmund of Stoke Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edor" class="mw-redirect" title="Edor">Edor of Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everilda" title="Everilda">Evorhilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithestan" title="Frithestan">Frithestan of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6dde" title="Hædde">Hædde of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humbert_of_Stokenham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humbert of Stokenham (page does not exist)">Humbert of Stokenham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hwita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hwita (page does not exist)">Hwita of Whitchurch Canonicorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A6rwynn" title="Mærwynn">Mærwynn of Romsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Margaret of Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swithun" title="Swithun">Swithhun of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfsige_of_Sherborne" title="Wulfsige of Sherborne">Wulfsige of Sherborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfthryth_of_Wilton" title="Wulfthryth of Wilton">Wulfthryth of Wilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclear origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arilda_of_Oldbury" title="Arilda of Oldbury">Arilda of Oldbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthwara" title="Juthwara">Juthwara of Sherbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbold_of_Mechlin" title="Rumbold of Mechlin">Rumbold of Mechlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urith" title="Urith">Urith of Chittlehampton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/21px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/42px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q742311#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1065" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q742311#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1065" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q742311#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000078211140">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/40179979">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1812002/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpV9vhvVYWpG8ythkVgrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119053055">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95096718">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007259784705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119053055.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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