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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbot_of_Ripon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbot_of_Ripon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Abbot of Ripon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbot_of_Ripon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whitby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whitby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Whitby </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Whitby-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Whitby subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Whitby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_to_Whitby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_to_Whitby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Background to Whitby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_to_Whitby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Synod </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 York </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-York-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle York subsection </button> <ul id="toc-York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elevation_to_the_episcopate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation_to_the_episcopate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Elevation to the episcopate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation_to_the_episcopate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delays_and_difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delays_and_difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Delays and difficulties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delays_and_difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Favourable_outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Favourable_outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Favourable outcome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Favourable_outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diocesan_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diocesan_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Diocesan affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diocesan_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Expulsion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expulsion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Expulsion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Expulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dispute_with_the_king" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_with_the_king"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Dispute with the king </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_with_the_king-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appeal_to_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appeal_to_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Appeal to Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appeal_to_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missions_in_Sussex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions_in_Sussex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Missions in Sussex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions_in_Sussex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Northumbria_and_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Northumbria_and_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Return to Northumbria and exile </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_Northumbria_and_exile-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Return to Northumbria and exile subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Northumbria_and_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_from_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_from_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Return from exile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_from_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Mercia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rome_and_final_return_to_Northumbria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome_and_final_return_to_Northumbria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Rome and final return to Northumbria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rome_and_final_return_to_Northumbria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Other aspects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other aspects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cult_of_St_Oswald" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult_of_St_Oswald"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Cult of St Oswald </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cult_of_St_Oswald-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monastic_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monastic_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Monastic network </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monastic_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Builder_and_artistic_patron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Builder_and_artistic_patron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Builder and artistic patron </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Builder_and_artistic_patron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Resignation and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" > 20 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_de_York" title="Wilfrid de York – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wilfrid de York" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_von_York" title="Wilfrid von York – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wilfrid von York" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfredo_de_York" title="Wilfredo de York – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wilfredo de York" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfrido_de_Jorko" title="Vilfrido de Jorko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vilfrido de Jorko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wilfrid" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfryd_fan_York" title="Wilfryd fan York – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wilfryd fan York" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C" title="윌프리드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌프리드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfridus" title="Wilfridus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wilfridus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilfrido_di_York" title="Vilfrido di York – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vilfrido di York" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_wa_Ripon" title="Wilfrid wa Ripon – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wilfrid wa Ripon" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfridus_Eboracensis" title="Wilfridus Eboracensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Wilfridus Eboracensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ويلفريد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويلفريد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_van_York" title="Wilfrid van York – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wilfrid van York" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfryd_z_Yorku" title="Wilfryd z Yorku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilfryd z Yorku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вильфрид Йоркский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вильфрид Йоркский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wilfrid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wilfrid" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wilfrid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wilfrid" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вільфрід Йоркський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільфрід Йоркський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q719721#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Wilfrid" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian saint, Bishop of York from 664 to 678</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_(given_name)" title="Wilfred (given name)">Wilfred (given name)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Wilfred (disambiguation)">Wilfred (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #DFB0DF;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div> <div style="display:inline" class="fn">Wilfrid</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of York">Bishop of York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointed</th><td class="infobox-data">664</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term ended</th><td class="infobox-data">678</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chad_of_Mercia" title="Chad of Mercia">Chad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bosa_of_York" title="Bosa of York">Bosa of York</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">664</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 633 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">709 or 710 <a href="/wiki/Oundle" title="Oundle">Oundle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Sainthood</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Feast day</th><td class="infobox-data">12 October or 24 April</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a><a href="#cite_note-OC-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data">baptising, preaching, landing from a ship and received by the king; or engaged in theological disputation with his crozier near him and a lectern before him</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patronage</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Middlesbrough" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough">Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Leeds" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Leeds">Roman Catholic Diocese of Leeds</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Ripon<a href="#cite_note-RiponCath-4">[4]</a> </li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Shrines</th><td class="infobox-data">Ripon, <a href="/wiki/Sompting" title="Sompting">Sompting</a> (Sussex), and <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a> (Roeder).</td></tr></tbody></table> Wilfrid<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 633 – 709 or 710) was an English <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>. Born a <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbrian</a> noble, he entered religious life as a teenager and studied at <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>, and at Rome; he returned to Northumbria in about 660, and became the abbot of a newly founded monastery at <a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a>. In 664 Wilfrid acted as spokesman for the Roman position at the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Whitby" title="Synod of Whitby">Synod of Whitby</a>, and became famous for his speech advocating that the Roman method for calculating the date of Easter should be adopted. His success prompted the king's son, <a href="/wiki/Alhfrith" title="Alhfrith">Alhfrith</a>, to appoint him Bishop of Northumbria. Wilfrid chose to be consecrated in Gaul because of the lack of what he considered to be validly consecrated bishops in England at that time. During Wilfrid's absence Alhfrith seems to have led an unsuccessful revolt against his father, <a href="/wiki/Oswiu_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oswiu of Northumbria">Oswiu</a>, leaving a question mark over Wilfrid's appointment as bishop. Before Wilfrid's return Oswiu had appointed <a href="/wiki/Saint_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Chad">Ceadda</a> in his place, resulting in Wilfrid's retirement to Ripon for a few years following his arrival back in Northumbria. After becoming <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> in 668, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Tarsus" title="Theodore of Tarsus">Theodore of Tarsus</a> resolved the situation by deposing Ceadda and restoring Wilfrid as the Bishop of Northumbria. For the next nine years Wilfrid discharged his episcopal duties, founded monasteries, built churches, and improved the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>. However his <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> was very large, and Theodore wished to reform the English Church, a process which included breaking up some of the larger dioceses into smaller ones. When Wilfrid quarrelled with <a href="/wiki/Ecgfrith_of_Northumbria" title="Ecgfrith of Northumbria">Ecgfrith</a>, the Northumbrian king, Theodore took the opportunity to implement his reforms despite Wilfrid's objections. After Ecgfrith expelled him from York, Wilfrid travelled to Rome to appeal to the papacy. Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a> ruled in Wilfrid's favour, but Ecgfrith refused to honour the papal decree and instead imprisoned Wilfrid on his return to Northumbria before exiling him. Wilfrid spent the next few years in <a href="/wiki/Selsey" title="Selsey">Selsey</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a>, where he founded an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> and converted the pagan inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Kingdom of Sussex</a> to Christianity. Theodore and Wilfrid settled their differences, and Theodore urged the new Northumbrian king, <a href="/wiki/Aldfrith_of_Northumbria" title="Aldfrith of Northumbria">Aldfrith</a>, to allow Wilfrid's return. Aldfrith agreed to do so, but in 691 he expelled Wilfrid again. Wilfrid went to Mercia, where he helped missionaries and acted as bishop for the Mercian king. Wilfrid appealed to the papacy about his expulsion in 700, and the pope ordered that an English council should be held to decide the issue. This council, held at <a href="/wiki/Austerfield" title="Austerfield">Austerfield</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a> in 702, attempted to confiscate all of Wilfrid's possessions, and so Wilfrid travelled to Rome to appeal against the decision. His opponents in Northumbria excommunicated him, but the papacy upheld Wilfrid's side, and he regained possession of <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Cathedral" title="Ripon Cathedral">Ripon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hexham_Abbey" title="Hexham Abbey">Hexham</a>, his Northumbrian monasteries. Wilfrid died in 709 or 710. After his death, he was venerated as a saint. Historians then and now have been divided over Wilfrid. His followers commissioned <a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Ripon" title="Stephen of Ripon">Stephen of Ripon</a> to write a <a href="/wiki/Vita_Sancti_Wilfrithi" title="Vita Sancti Wilfrithi">Vita Sancti Wilfrithi</a> (or Life of Saint Wilfrid) shortly after his death, and the medieval historian <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> also wrote extensively about him. Wilfrid lived ostentatiously, and travelled with a large retinue. He ruled a large number of monasteries, and claimed to be the first Englishman to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Rule of Saint Benedict</a> into English monasteries. Some modern historians see him mainly as a champion of Roman customs against the customs of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">British and Irish churches</a>, others as an advocate for <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_seventh_century_kingdoms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the island of Great Britain. At the far north are the Picts, then below them Strathclyde and Northumbria. In the middle western section are Gwynedd, Powys, Dyfedd, and Gwent. Along the southern shore are Dumnonia, the West and South Saxons, and Kent, running from west to east. In the centre of the island is Mercia. Along the eastern central coast are the East Angles and Lindsey." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/British_seventh_century_kingdoms.svg/300px-British_seventh_century_kingdoms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/British_seventh_century_kingdoms.svg/450px-British_seventh_century_kingdoms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/British_seventh_century_kingdoms.svg/600px-British_seventh_century_kingdoms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1279" /></a><figcaption>Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the late 7th century</figcaption></figure> During Wilfrid's lifetime Britain and Ireland consisted of a number of small kingdoms. Traditionally the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a> were thought to have been divided into seven kingdoms, but modern historiography has shown that this is a simplification of a much more confused situation.<a href="#cite_note-Hept-7">[6]</a> A late 7th-century source, the <a href="/wiki/Tribal_Hidage" title="Tribal Hidage">Tribal Hidage</a>, lists the peoples south of the Humber river; among the largest groups of peoples are the West Saxons (later <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_East_Angles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the East Angles">East Angles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercians</a> (later the Kingdom of Mercia), and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kingdom of Kent</a>. Smaller groups who at that time had their own royalty but were later absorbed into larger kingdoms include the peoples of <a href="/wiki/Magons%C3%A6te" title="Magonsæte">Magonsæte</a>, Lindsey, <a href="/wiki/Hwicce" title="Hwicce">Hwicce</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">East Saxons</a>, the South Saxons,<a href="#cite_note-Kings9-8">[7]</a> the Isle of Wight, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Angles" title="Middle Angles">Middle Angles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest5-9">[8]</a> Other even smaller groups had their own rulers, but their size means that they do not often appear in the histories.<a href="#cite_note-Kings9-8">[7]</a> There were also native Britons in the west, in modern-day Wales and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, who formed kingdoms including those of <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dyfed" title="Kingdom of Dyfed">Dyfed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Conv37-10">[9]</a> Between the Humber and <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Forth</a> the English had formed into two main kingdoms, <a href="/wiki/Deira" title="Deira">Deira</a> and Bernicia, often united as the Kingdom of Northumbria.<a href="#cite_note-Kings74-11">[10]</a> A number of Celtic kingdoms also existed in this region, including <a href="/wiki/Craven_in_the_Domesday_Book" title="Craven in the Domesday Book">Craven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elmet" title="Elmet">Elmet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheged" title="Rheged">Rheged</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gododdin" title="Gododdin">Gododdin</a>. A native British kingdom, later called the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Kingdom of Strathclyde</a>, survived as an independent power into the 10th century in the area which became modern-day <a href="/wiki/Dunbartonshire" title="Dunbartonshire">Dunbartonshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clydesdale_(district)" title="Clydesdale (district)">Clydesdale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Conv38-12">[11]</a> To the north-west of Strathclyde lay the Gaelic kingdom of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a>, and to the north-east a small number of Pictish kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-Kings83-13">[12]</a> Further north still lay the great Pictish kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Fortriu" title="Fortriu">Fortriu</a>, which after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dun_Nechtain" title="Battle of Dun Nechtain">Battle of Dun Nechtain</a> in 685 came to be the strongest power in the northern half of Britain.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> The Irish had always had contacts with the rest of the British Isles, and during the early 6th century they emigrated from the island of Ireland to form the kingdom of Dál Riata, although exactly how much conquest took place is a matter of dispute with historians. It also appears likely that the Irish settled in parts of Wales, and even after the period of Irish settlement, Irish missionaries were active in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Yorke50-17">[16]</a> Christianity had only recently arrived in some of these kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest2-18">[17]</a> Some had been converted by the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_mission" title="Gregorian mission">Gregorian mission</a>, a group of Roman missionaries who arrived in Kent in 597 and who mainly influenced southern Britain. Others had been converted by the Hiberno-Scottish mission, chiefly Irish missionaries working in Northumbria and neighbouring kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-Conv123-19">[18]</a> A few kingdoms, such as Dál Riata, became Christian but how they did so is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Conv114-20">[19]</a> The native Picts, according to the medieval writer Bede, were converted in two stages, initially by native Britons under <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ninian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ninian">Ninian</a>, and subsequently by Irish missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-Conv128-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> The main sources for knowledge of Wilfrid are the medieval Vita Sancti Wilfrithi, written by Stephen of Ripon soon after Wilfrid's death, and the works of the medieval historian Bede, who knew Wilfrid during the bishop's lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-World151-23">[22]</a> Stephen's Vita is a hagiography, intended to show Wilfrid as a saintly man, and to buttress claims that he was a saint.<a href="#cite_note-Goffart285-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dict146-25">[24]</a> The Vita is selective in its coverage, and gives short shrift to Wilfrid's activities outside of Northumbria. Two-thirds of the work deals with Wilfrid's attempts to return to Northumbria, and is a defence and vindication of his Northumbrian career.<a href="#cite_note-Goffart285-24">[23]</a> Stephen's work is flattering and highly favourable to Wilfrid, making its use as a source problematic;<a href="#cite_note-Brown28-26">[25]</a> despite its shortcomings however, the Vita is the main source of information on Wilfrid's life.<a href="#cite_note-Laynes163-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barbarian175-28">[27]</a> It views the events in Northumbria in the light of Wilfrid's reputation and from his point of view, and is highly partisan.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser266-29">[28]</a> Another concern is that hagiographies were usually full of conventional material, often repeated from earlier saints' lives,<a href="#cite_note-Intro322-30">[29]</a> as was the case with Stephen's work.<a href="#cite_note-Saints137-31">[30]</a> It appears that the Vita Sancti Wilfrithi was not well known in the Middle Ages, as only two manuscripts of the work survive.<a href="#cite_note-Reread96-32">[31]</a> Bede also covers Wilfrid's life in his <a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a>, but this account is more measured and restrained than the Vita.<a href="#cite_note-Brown28-26">[25]</a> In the Historia, Bede used Stephen's Vita as a source, reworking the information and adding new material when possible. Other, more minor, sources for Wilfrid's life include a mention of Wilfrid in one of Bede's letters.<a href="#cite_note-Goffart322-33">[32]</a> A poetical Vita Sancti Wilfrithi by <a href="/wiki/Frithegod" title="Frithegod">Frithegod</a> written in the 10th century is essentially a rewrite of Stephen's Vita, produced in celebration of the movement of Wilfrid's <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> to Canterbury.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> Wilfrid is also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ASC-34">[33]</a> but as the Chronicle was probably a 9th-century compilation, the material on Wilfrid may ultimately have derived either from Stephen's Vita or from Bede.<a href="#cite_note-ASCxviii-35">[34]</a> Another, later, source is the Vita Sancti Wilfrithi written by <a href="/wiki/Eadmer" title="Eadmer">Eadmer</a>, a 12th-century Anglo-Norman writer and monk from Canterbury. This source is highly influenced by the contemporary concerns of its writer, but does attempt to provide some new material besides reworking Bede.<a href="#cite_note-Philpott101-36">[35]</a> Many historians, including the editor of Bede's works, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Plummer" title="Charles Plummer">Charles Plummer</a>, have seen in Bede's writings a dislike of Wilfrid. The historian Walter Goffart goes further, suggesting that Bede wrote his Historia as a reaction to Stephen's Vita Sancti Wilfrithi, and that Stephen's work was written as part of a propaganda campaign to defend a "Wilfridian" party in Northumbrian politics.<a href="#cite_note-Reread58-37">[36]</a> Some historians, including <a href="/wiki/James_E._Fraser_(historian)" title="James E. Fraser (historian)">James Fraser</a>, find that a credible view,<a href="#cite_note-Fraser266-29">[28]</a> but others such as Nick Higham are less convinced of Bede's hostility to Wilfrid.<a href="#cite_note-Reread58-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_early_education">Childhood and early education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Childhood and early education">edit</a>]</div> Wilfrid was born in Northumbria around 633.<a href="#cite_note-Harting107-38">[37]</a> James Fraser argues that Wilfrid's family were aristocrats from Deira, pointing out that most of Wilfrid's early contacts were from that area.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser190-39">[38]</a> A conflict with his stepmother when he was about 14 years old drove Wilfrid to leave home, probably without his father's consent.<a href="#cite_note-Hindley78-40">[39]</a> Wilfrid's background is never explicitly described as noble, but the king's retainers were frequent guests at his father's house, and on leaving home Wilfrid equipped his party with horses and clothes fit for a royal court.<a href="#cite_note-Barbarian175-28">[27]</a> Queen <a href="/wiki/Eanfl%C3%A6d" title="Eanflæd">Eanflæd</a> became Wilfrid's patroness following his arrival at the court of her husband, King Oswiu.<a href="#cite_note-Hindley78-40">[39]</a> She sent him to study under Cudda, formerly one of her husband's retainers, but by that time in about 648 a monk on the island of Lindisfarne.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> The monastery on the island had recently been founded by <a href="/wiki/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Aidan of Lindisfarne">Aidan</a>, who had been instrumental in converting Northumbria to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Barbarian175-28">[27]</a> At Lindisfarne Wilfrid is said to have "learned the whole <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">Psalter</a> by heart and several books".<a href="#cite_note-QConversion181-41">[40]</a> Wilfrid studied at Lindisfarne for a few years before going to the Kentish king's court at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> in 652, where he stayed with relatives of Queen Eanflæd.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> The queen had given Wilfrid a letter of introduction to pass to her cousin, King <a href="/wiki/Eorcenberht_of_Kent" title="Eorcenberht of Kent">Eorcenberht</a>, to ensure that Wilfrid was received by the king.<a href="#cite_note-Barbarian175-28">[27]</a> While in Kent, Wilfrid's career was advanced by Eanflæd's cousin <a href="/wiki/Hlothhere_of_Kent" title="Hlothhere of Kent">Hlothere</a>, who was later the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Kent" title="List of monarchs of Kent">King of Kent</a> from 673 to 685.<a href="#cite_note-Kings36-42">[41]</a> The Kentish court included a number of visiting clergymen at that time, including <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Biscop" title="Benedict Biscop">Benedict Biscop</a>, a noted missionary.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest36-43">[42]</a> Wilfrid appears to have spent about a year in Kent, but the exact chronology is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-World156-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_at_Rome_and_Lyon">Time at Rome and Lyon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Time at Rome and Lyon">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7th-century_Hexham_crypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An underground stone lined crypt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/7th-century_Hexham_crypt.jpg/250px-7th-century_Hexham_crypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/7th-century_Hexham_crypt.jpg/375px-7th-century_Hexham_crypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/7th-century_Hexham_crypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>7th-century <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hexham_Abbey" title="Hexham Abbey">Hexham monastery</a>, where Wilfrid may have deposited any relics he brought back from the continent</figcaption></figure> Wilfrid left Kent for Rome in the company of Benedict Biscop,<a href="#cite_note-EncASE-45">[44]</a> another of Eanflæd's contacts.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> This is the first pilgrimage to Rome known to have been undertaken by English natives,<a href="#cite_note-Herrin267-46">[45]</a> and took place some time between 653 and 658.<a href="#cite_note-Barbarian175-28">[27]</a> According to Wilfrid's later biographer, Stephen of Ripon, Wilfrid left Biscop's company at <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, where Wilfrid stayed under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Annemund" title="Annemund">Annemund</a>, the archbishop. Stephen says that Annemund wanted to marry Wilfrid to the archbishop's niece, and to make Wilfrid the governor of a Frankish province, but that Wilfrid refused and continued on his journey to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> There he learned the Roman method of <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">calculating the date of Easter</a>, and studied the Roman practice of relic collecting.<a href="#cite_note-Brown29-47">[46]</a> He developed a close friendship with <a href="/wiki/Boniface_Consiliarius" title="Boniface Consiliarius">Boniface Consiliarius</a> during his time in Rome. After an audience with the pope, Wilfrid returned to Lyon.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> Stephen of Ripon says that Wilfrid stayed in Lyon for three years, leaving only after the archbishop's murder. However, Annemund's murder took place in 660 and Wilfrid returned to England in 658, suggesting that Stephen's chronology is awry.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[b]</a> Stephen says that Annemund gave Wilfrid a clerical <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a>, although this does not appear to mean that he became a monk, merely that he entered the clergy. Bede is silent on the subject of Wilfrid's monastic status,<a href="#cite_note-Cubitt277-50">[48]</a> although Wilfrid probably became a monk during his time in Rome, or afterwards while he was in Gaul.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer22-51">[49]</a> Some historians, however, believe that Wilfrid was never a monk.<a href="#cite_note-Cubitt277-50">[48]</a> While in Gaul, Wilfrid absorbed Frankish ecclesiastical practices, including some aspects from the monasteries founded by <a href="/wiki/Columbanus" title="Columbanus">Columbanus</a>. This influence may be seen in Wilfrid's probable adoption of a Frankish ceremony in his consecration of churches later in his life, as well as in his employment of Frankish masons to build his churches.<a href="#cite_note-Sanc1-52">[50]</a> Wilfrid would also have learned of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Rule of Saint Benedict</a> in Gaul, as Columbanus' monasteries followed that monastic rule.<a href="#cite_note-Ceolfrid76-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbot_of_Ripon">Abbot of Ripon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Abbot of Ripon">edit</a>]</div> After Wilfrid's return to Northumbria in about 658, <a href="/wiki/Cenwalh_of_Wessex" title="Cenwalh of Wessex">Cenwalh</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Wessex" title="List of monarchs of Wessex">King of Wessex</a>, recommended Wilfrid to <a href="/wiki/Alhfrith_of_Deira" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhfrith of Deira">Alhfrith</a>, Oswiu's son, as a cleric well-versed in Roman customs and liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest87-54">[52]</a> Alhfrith was a sub-king of Deiria under his father's rule, and the most likely heir to his father's throne as his half-brothers were still young.<a href="#cite_note-Convert42-55">[53]</a> Shortly before 664 Alhfrith gave Wilfrid a monastery he had recently founded at Ripon,<a href="#cite_note-EncASE-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Earliest87-54">[52]</a> formed around a group of monks from <a href="/wiki/Melrose_Abbey" title="Melrose Abbey">Melrose Abbey</a>, followers of the <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Irish monastic customs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Convert42-55">[53]</a> Wilfrid ejected the abbot, Eata, because he would not follow the Roman customs;<a href="#cite_note-Earliest87-54">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert" title="Cuthbert">Cuthbert</a>, later a saint, was another of the monks expelled.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> Wilfrid introduced the Rule of Saint Benedict into Ripon, claiming that he was the first person in England to make a monastery follow it,<a href="#cite_note-Monasticism57-56">[54]</a> but this claim rests on the Vita Sancti Wilfrithi and does not say where Wilfrid became knowledgeable about the Rule, nor exactly what form of the Rule was being referred to.<a href="#cite_note-World199-57">[55]</a> Shortly afterwards Wilfrid was ordained a priest by <a href="/wiki/Agilbert" title="Agilbert">Agilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester" title="Bishop of Winchester">Bishop of Dorchester</a> in the kingdom of the Gewisse, part of Wessex.<a href="#cite_note-Hindley78-40">[39]</a> Wilfrid was a protégé of Agilbert, who later helped in Wilfrid's consecration as a bishop.<a href="#cite_note-World111-58">[56]</a> The monk <a href="/wiki/Ceolfrith" title="Ceolfrith">Ceolfrith</a> was attracted to Ripon from <a href="/wiki/Gilling_Abbey" title="Gilling Abbey">Gilling Abbey</a>, which had recently been depopulated as a result of the plague. Ceolfrith later became Abbot of <a href="/wiki/Wearmouth-Jarrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Wearmouth-Jarrow">Wearmouth-Jarrow</a> during the time the medieval chronicler and writer Bede was a monk there.<a href="#cite_note-World162-59">[57]</a> Bede hardly mentions the relationship between Ceolfrith and Wilfrid, but it was Wilfrid who consecrated Ceolfrith a priest and who gave permission for him to transfer to Wearmouth-Jarrow.<a href="#cite_note-Ceolfrid82-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Whitby">Whitby</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Whitby">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Whitby" title="Synod of Whitby">Synod of Whitby</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_to_Whitby">Background to Whitby</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Background to Whitby">edit</a>]</div> The Roman churches and those in Britain and Ireland (often called "Celtic" churches) used different methods to calculate the date of Easter. The church in Northumbria had traditionally used the Celtic method, and that was the date observed by King Oswiu. His wife Eanflæd and a son, Alhfrith, celebrated Easter on the Roman date,<a href="#cite_note-Making46-61">[59]</a> which meant that while one part of the royal court was still observing the <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lenten</a> fast, another would be celebrating with feasting.<a href="#cite_note-Societal52-62">[60]</a> Oswiu called a church council held at <a href="/wiki/Whitby_Abbey" title="Whitby Abbey">Whitby Abbey</a> in 664 in an attempt to resolve this <a href="/wiki/Easter_controversy" title="Easter controversy">controversy</a>. Although Oswiu himself had been brought up in the "Celtic" tradition, political pressures may have influenced his decision to call a council, as well as fears that if dissent over the date of Easter continued in the Northumbrian church it could lead to internal strife.<a href="#cite_note-Making46-61">[59]</a> The historian Richard Abels speculates that the expulsion of Eata from Ripon may have been the spark that led to the king's decision to call the council.<a href="#cite_note-Abels9-63">[61]</a> Regional tensions within Northumbria between the two traditional divisions, <a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a> and Deira, appear to have played a part, as churchmen in Bernicia favoured the Celtic method of dating and those in Deira may have leaned towards the Roman method.<a href="#cite_note-Reassess24-64">[62]</a> Abels identifies several conflicts contributing to both the calling of the council and its outcome, including a generational conflict between Oswiu and Alhfrith and the death of the Archbishop of Canterbury, <a href="/wiki/Deusdedit_of_Canterbury" title="Deusdedit of Canterbury">Deusdedit</a>. Political concerns unrelated to the dating problem, such as the decline of Oswiu's preeminence among the other English kingdoms and the challenge to that position by Mercia, were also factors.<a href="#cite_note-Abels2-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synod">Synod</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Synod">edit</a>]</div> Wilfrid attended the synod, or council, of Whitby, as a member of the party favouring the continental practice of dating Easter, along with <a href="/wiki/James_the_Deacon" title="James the Deacon">James the Deacon</a>, Agilbert, and Alhfrith. Those supporting the "Celtic" viewpoint were King Oswiu, <a href="/wiki/Hilda_of_Whitby" title="Hilda of Whitby">Hilda</a>, the Abbess of Whitby, <a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">Cedd</a>, a bishop, and <a href="/wiki/Colm%C3%A1n_of_Lindisfarne" title="Colmán of Lindisfarne">Colmán of Lindisfarne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lindisfarne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Lindisfarne">Bishop of Lindisfarne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Intro131-66">[64]</a> Wilfrid was chosen to present the Roman position to the council;<a href="#cite_note-Intro131-66">[64]</a> he also acted as Agilbert's interpreter, as the latter did not speak the local language.<a href="#cite_note-Barbarian263-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[c]</a> Bede describes Wilfrid as saying that those who did not calculate the date of Easter according to the Roman system were committing a sin.<a href="#cite_note-World83-69">[66]</a> Wilfrid's speech in favour of adopting Roman church practices helped secure the eclipse of the "Celtic" party in 664,<a href="#cite_note-Harting107-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASE123-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[d]</a> although most Irish churches did not adopt the Roman date of Easter until 704, and <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a> held out until 716.<a href="#cite_note-Conversion117-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[e]</a> Many of the Irish monasteries did not observe the Roman Easter, but they were not isolated from the continent; by the time of Whitby the southern Irish were already observing the Roman Easter date, and Irish clergy were in contact with their continental counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-Brown361-74">[69]</a> Those monks and clergy unable to accept the Whitby decision left Northumbria, some going to Ireland<a href="#cite_note-Kings84-75">[70]</a> and others to Iona.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest87-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="York">York</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: York">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation_to_the_episcopate">Elevation to the episcopate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Elevation to the episcopate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DescentChildrenOswiu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DescentChildrenOswiu.svg/375px-DescentChildrenOswiu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="375" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DescentChildrenOswiu.svg/563px-DescentChildrenOswiu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/DescentChildrenOswiu.svg/750px-DescentChildrenOswiu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>King Oswiu of Northumbria's family tree</figcaption></figure> After the supporters of the Celtic dating had withdrawn following the Council of Whitby, Wilfrid became the most prominent Northumbrian cleric. As a result, and because of his performance at Whitby,<a href="#cite_note-Reassess32-76">[71]</a> Wilfrid was elected to a bishopric in Northumbria about a year after the council.<a href="#cite_note-Handbook224-77">[72]</a> It is unclear where his diocese was located, although he was considered to be Alhfrith's bishop.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest87-54">[52]</a> The Vita Sancti Wilfrithi states that, nominated by both Oswiu and Alhfrith, he was made bishop at <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, and that he was a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan bishop</a>, but York at that time was not a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Diocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Diocese">Metropolitan Diocese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Societal42-78">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[f]</a> Bede says that Alhfrith alone nominated Wilfrid,<a href="#cite_note-Fraser193-81">[75]</a> and that Oswiu subsequently proposed an alternative candidate, "imitating the actions of his son".<a href="#cite_note-QFraser193-82">[76]</a> Several theories have been suggested to explain the discrepancies between the two sources.<a href="#cite_note-Societal42-78">[73]</a> One is that Alhfrith wished the seat to be at York,<a href="#cite_note-Earliest87-54">[52]</a> another is that Wilfrid was bishop only in Deira, a third supposes that Wilfrid was never bishop at York and that his diocese was only part of Deira.<a href="#cite_note-Societal42-78">[73]</a> At that time the Anglo-Saxon dioceses were not strictly speaking geographical designations, rather they were bishoprics for the tribes or peoples.<a href="#cite_note-Abels17-83">[77]</a> Wilfrid refused to be consecrated in Northumbria at the hands of Anglo-Saxon bishops. Deusdedit had died shortly after Whitby, and as there were no other bishops in Britain whom Wilfrid considered to have been <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">validly consecrated</a><a href="#cite_note-Earliest87-54">[52]</a> he travelled to <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a>, to be consecrated by Agilbert, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Paris" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris">Bishop of Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harting129-84">[78]</a> During his time in Gaul Wilfrid was exposed to a higher level of ceremony than that practised in Northumbria, one example of which is that he was carried to his consecration ceremony on a throne supported by nine bishops.<a href="#cite_note-Thomson56-85">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delays_and_difficulties">Delays and difficulties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Delays and difficulties">edit</a>]</div> Wilfrid delayed his return from Gaul, only to find on his arrival back in Northumbria that Ceadda had been installed as bishop in his place.<a href="#cite_note-EncASE-45">[44]</a> The reason for Wilfrid's delay has never been clear, although the historians <a href="/wiki/Eric_John" title="Eric John">Eric John</a> and Richard Abels theorise that it was caused by Alhfrith's unsuccessful revolt against Oswiu. They suggest that the rebellion happened shortly after Whitby, perhaps while Wilfrid was in Gaul for his consecration. Because Oswiu knew that Alhfrith had been a supporter of Wilfrid's, Oswiu prevented Wilfrid's return, suspecting Wilfrid of supporting his rivals.<a href="#cite_note-Reassess32-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abels18-86">[80]</a> That Ceadda was supported by Oswiu, and Wilfrid had been a supporter of Oswiu's son, lends further credence to the theory that Alhfrith's rebellion took place while Wilfrid was in Gaul.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer23-87">[81]</a> Stephen of Ripon reported that Wilfrid was expelled by "<a href="/wiki/Quartodeciman" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartodeciman">Quartodecimans</a>", or those who supported the celebration of Easter on the 14th day of the Jewish month <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a>, whether or not this was a Sunday. However, as the Irish church had never been Quartodecimans, Stephen in this instance was constructing a narrative to put Wilfrid in the best light.<a href="#cite_note-Rollason100-88">[82]</a> During his return to Northumbria Wilfrid's ship was blown ashore on the Sussex coast, the inhabitants of which were at that time pagan. On being attacked by the locals, Wilfrid's party killed the head priest before refloating their ship and making their escape.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> The historian Marion Gibbs suggests that after this episode Wilfrid visited <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> again, and took part in the diplomacy related to <a href="/wiki/Wighard" title="Wighard">Wigheard</a>'s appointment to the see of Canterbury. Wilfrid may also have taken part in negotiations to persuade King Cenwalh of Wessex to allow Agilbert to return to his see.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbs220-89">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Favourable_outcome">Favourable outcome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Favourable outcome">edit</a>]</div> Denied episcopal office, Wilfrid spent the three years from 665 to 668 as abbot of the monastery at Ripon.<a href="#cite_note-Reassess34-90">[84]</a> He occasionally performed episcopal functions in Mercia and Kent, but never did so north of the river <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest87-54">[52]</a> The historian James Fraser argues that Wilfrid may not have been allowed to return to Northumbria and instead went into exile at the Mercian court,<a href="#cite_note-Fraser193-81">[75]</a> but most historians have argued that Wilfrid was at Ripon.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Earliest87-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reassess34-90">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WulfhereGenealogy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/WulfhereGenealogy.svg/375px-WulfhereGenealogy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="375" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/WulfhereGenealogy.svg/563px-WulfhereGenealogy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/WulfhereGenealogy.svg/750px-WulfhereGenealogy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Wulfhere of Mercia's family tree</figcaption></figure> Wilfrid's monasteries in Mercia may date from this time,<a href="#cite_note-Earliest95-91">[85]</a> as King <a href="/wiki/Wulfhere_of_Mercia" title="Wulfhere of Mercia">Wulfhere of Mercia</a> gave him large grants of land in Mercia.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> Wilfrid may have persuaded King <a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_of_Kent" title="Ecgberht of Kent">Ecgberht of Kent</a> in 669 to build a church in an abandoned Roman fort at <a href="/wiki/Reculver" title="Reculver">Reculver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Society95-92">[86]</a> When Theodore, the newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, arrived in England in 669<a href="#cite_note-Theo445-93">[87]</a> it was clear that something had to be done about the situation in Northumbria. Ceadda's election to York was improper,<a href="#cite_note-Reassess34-90">[84]</a> and Theodore did not consider Ceadda's consecration to have been valid.<a href="#cite_note-Intro135-94">[88]</a> Consequently, Theodore deposed Ceadda,<a href="#cite_note-96">[g]</a> leaving the way open for Wilfrid,<a href="#cite_note-Reassess34-90">[84]</a> who was finally installed in his see in 669,<a href="#cite_note-Handbook224-77">[72]</a> the first Saxon to occupy the see of York.<a href="#cite_note-Brown359-97">[90]</a> Wilfrid spent the next nine years building churches, including at the monastery at Hexham, and attending to diocesan business.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> He continued to exercise control over his monastic houses of Ripon and Hexham while he was bishop.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest90-95">[89]</a> Oswiu's death on 15 February 670 eliminated a source of friction and helped to assure Wilfrid's return.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser197-98">[91]</a> While at York, Wilfrid was considered the "bishop of the Northumbrian peoples"; Bede records that Wilfrid's diocese was contiguous with the area ruled by Oswiu.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest21-99">[92]</a> The diocese was restricted to north of the Humber, however.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest22-100">[93]</a> Wilfrid may also have sought to exercise some ecclesiastical functions in the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Pictish kingdom</a>, as he is accorded the title "bishop of the Northumbrians and the Picts" in 669. Further proof of attempted Northumbrian influence in the Pictish regions is provided by the establishment for the Picts in 681 of a diocese centred on <a href="/wiki/Abercorn" title="Abercorn">Abercorn</a>, in the old territory of the British kingdom of Gododdin. The grants of land to Wilfrid west of the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a> testify to Northumbrian expansion in that area.<a href="#cite_note-Kings84-75">[70]</a> The Vita Sancti Wilfrithi claims that Wilfrid had ecclesiastical rule over Britons and Gaels.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest70-101">[94]</a> In 679, while Wilfrid was in Rome, he claimed authority over "all the northern part of Britain, Ireland and the islands, which are inhabited by English and British peoples, as well as by Gaelic and Pictish peoples".<a href="#cite_note-QFraser196-102">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diocesan_affairs">Diocesan affairs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diocesan affairs">edit</a>]</div> Wilfrid did not attend the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Hertford" title="Council of Hertford">Council of Hertford</a> held in September 672, but he did send representatives. Among the council's resolutions was one postponing a decision on the creation of new dioceses, which affected Wilfrid later.<a href="#cite_note-ASE133-103">[96]</a> Another ruling confirmed that the Roman calculation for the date of Easter should be adopted, and that bishops should act only in their own dioceses.<a href="#cite_note-Intro136-104">[97]</a> During the middle 670s Wilfrid acted as middleman in the negotiations to return a <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian</a> prince, <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_II" title="Dagobert II">Dagobert II</a>, from his exile in Ireland to Gaul.<a href="#cite_note-Making265-105">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[h]</a> Wilfrid was one of the first churchmen in Northumbria to use written <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charters</a> as records of gifts to his churches. He ordered the creation of a listing of all benefactions received by Ripon, which was recited at the dedication ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> Wilfrid was an advocate for the use of music in ecclesiastical ceremonies. He sent to Kent for a singing master to instruct his clergy in the Roman style of church music, which involved a double choir who sang in <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphons</a> and responses.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> Bede says that this singing master was named Æddi (or Eddius in Latin) and had the surname Stephen. Traditionally historians have identified Æddi as Stephen of Ripon, author of the Vita Sancti Wilfrithi, which has led to the assumption that the Vita was based on the recollections of one of Wilfrid's long-time companions. Recent scholarship has come to believe that the Vita was not authored by the singing master, but by someone who joined Wilfrid in the last years of Wilfrid's life, not a close companion.<a href="#cite_note-Bede102-108">[100]</a> Wilfrid introduced the Rule of Saint Benedict into the monasteries he founded.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> It appears likely that he was the first to introduce the Benedictine Rule into England, as evidence is lacking that <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine</a>'s monastery at Canterbury followed the Rule.<a href="#cite_note-Reassess35-109">[101]</a> He also was one of the first Anglo-Saxon bishops to record the gifts of land and property to his church, which he did at Ripon. Easter tables, used to calculate the correct date to celebrate Easter, were brought in from Rome where the <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus%27_Easter_table" title="Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table">Dionysiac Easter tables</a> had been recently introduced.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> He set up schools and became a religious advisor to the Northumbrian queen <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a>, first wife of <a href="/wiki/Ecgfrith_of_Northumbria" title="Ecgfrith of Northumbria">Ecgfrith</a>. Æthelthryth donated the land at <a href="/wiki/Hexham" title="Hexham">Hexham</a> where Wilfrid founded a monastery and built a church using some recycled stones from the Roman town of <a href="/wiki/Corbridge" title="Corbridge">Corbridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Society190-110">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASE135-111">[103]</a> When Wilfrid arrived in York as bishop the cathedral's roof was on the point of collapse; he had it repaired and covered in lead, and had glass set in the windows.<a href="#cite_note-Intro146-112">[104]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Barbara Yorke</a> says of Wilfrid at this time that he "seems to have continued a campaign against any survival of 'Irish errors' and distrusted any communities that remained in contact with Iona or other Irish religious houses which did not follow the Roman Easter".<a href="#cite_note-Conversion12-113">[105]</a> He also worked to combat pagan practices, building a church at <a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Scottish_Borders" title="Melrose, Scottish Borders">Melrose</a> on a pagan site.<a href="#cite_note-Society186-114">[106]</a> Contemporaries said of him that he was the first native bishop to "introduce the Catholic way of life to the churches of the English".<a href="#cite_note-QBrown359-115">[107]</a> He did not neglect his pastoral duties in his diocese,<a href="#cite_note-Barbarian175-28">[27]</a> making visits throughout the diocese to baptise and perform other episcopal functions, such as consecrating new churches.<a href="#cite_note-Society94-116">[108]</a> Some of the monasteries in his diocese were put under his protection by their abbots or abbesses, who were seeking someone to help protect their endowments.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer24-117">[109]</a> In ruling over such monasteries, Wilfrid may have been influenced by the Irish model of a group of monasteries all ruled by one person, sometimes while holding episcopal office.<a href="#cite_note-Century65-118">[110]</a> Wilfrid was criticised for dressing his household and servants in clothing fit for royalty.<a href="#cite_note-Dodwell179-119">[111]</a> He was accompanied on his travels by a retinue of warriors, one of whom, while at York, Wilfrid sent to abduct a young boy who had been promised to the church but whose family had changed their mind.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser78-120">[112]</a> Wilfrid also educated young men, both for clerical and secular careers.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser63-121">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expulsion">Expulsion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Expulsion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispute_with_the_king">Dispute with the king</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dispute with the king">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldfrith_bishoprics_and_monasteries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Northumbria, showing the bishopric of Whithorn on the west coast, Abercorn on the north coast, Lindisfarn on the northeast coast and york in the south. The bishopric of Hexham is in the centre. The abbey of Ripon is between York and Hexham and Whitby is on the coast south of Lindisfarne." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aldfrith_bishoprics_and_monasteries.png/330px-Aldfrith_bishoprics_and_monasteries.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aldfrith_bishoprics_and_monasteries.png/495px-Aldfrith_bishoprics_and_monasteries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Aldfrith_bishoprics_and_monasteries.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Map showing monasteries and bishoprics in Northumbria around 670. Bishoprics are underlined.</figcaption></figure> In 677<a href="#cite_note-ASE136-122">[114]</a> or 678, Wilfrid and Ecgfrith quarrelled, and Wilfrid was expelled from his see.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> Abbess <a href="/wiki/Hilda_of_Whitby" title="Hilda of Whitby">Hilda of Whitby</a> was a leader in a faction of the Northumbrian church that disliked Wilfrid, and her close ties with Theodore helped to undermine Wilfrid's position in Northumbria.<a href="#cite_note-EncASE-45">[44]</a> Another contributory factor in Wilfrid's expulsion was his encouragement of Æthelthryth's entry into a nunnery;<a href="#cite_note-ASE135-111">[103]</a> he had personally given her the veil, the ceremony of entering a nunnery, on her retirement to Ely Abbey.<a href="#cite_note-Narr322-123">[115]</a> Æthelthryth had donated the lands Wilfrid used to found Hexham Abbey, and the historian <a href="/wiki/N._J._Higham" title="N. J. Higham">N. J. Higham</a> argues that they had been part of the queen's <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower lands</a>, which, when Ecgfrith remarried, his new queen wanted to recover.<a href="#cite_note-Northumbria135-124">[116]</a> The historian Eric John feels that Wilfrid's close ties with the Mercian kingdom also contributed to his troubles with Egfrith, although John points out that these ties were necessary for Wilfrid's monastic foundations, some of which were in Mercia.<a href="#cite_note-Reassess35-109">[101]</a> Wilfrid not only lost his diocese, he lost control of his monasteries as well.<a href="#cite_note-Reassess34-90">[84]</a> Theodore took advantage of the situation to implement decrees of some councils on dividing up large dioceses.<a href="#cite_note-Reassess34-90">[84]</a> Theodore set up new bishoprics from Wilfrid's diocese, with seats at <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of York">York</a>, Hexham, Lindisfarne, and one in the region of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey" title="Kingdom of Lindsey">Lindsey</a>. The Lindsey see was quickly absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Lichfield" title="Diocese of Lichfield">Diocese of Lichfield</a>, but the other three remained separate.<a href="#cite_note-Making48-125">[117]</a> The bishops chosen for these sees, <a href="/wiki/Eata_of_Hexham" title="Eata of Hexham">Eata</a> at Hexham, <a href="/wiki/Eadh%C3%A6d" title="Eadhæd">Eadhæd</a> at Lindsey, and Bosa at York, had all either been supporters of the "Celtic" party at Whitby, or been trained by those who were.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest90-95">[89]</a> Eata had also been ejected from Ripon by Wilfrid.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest87-54">[52]</a> The new bishops were unacceptable to Wilfrid, who claimed they were not truly members of the Church because of their support for the "Celtic" method of dating Easter, and thus he could not serve alongside them.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest90-95">[89]</a> Another possible problem for Wilfrid was that the three new bishops did not come from Wilfrid's monastic houses nor from the communities where the bishops' seats were based. This was contrary to the custom of the time, which was to promote bishoprics from within the locality.<a href="#cite_note-Society98-126">[118]</a> Wilfrid's deposition became tangled up in a dispute over whether or not the Gregorian plan for Britain, with two metropolitan sees, the northern one set at York, would be followed through or abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbs216-127">[119]</a> Wilfrid seems to have felt that he had metropolitan authority over the northern part of England, but Theodore never acknowledged that claim, instead claiming authority over the whole of the island of Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser209-128">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appeal_to_Rome">Appeal to Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Appeal to Rome">edit</a>]</div> Wilfrid went to Rome after his expulsion to appeal against Theodore and Ecgfrith's decisions,<a href="#cite_note-ASE136-122">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hindley48-129">[121]</a> the first Englishman to challenge a royal or ecclesiastical decision by petitioning the papacy.<a href="#cite_note-Reassess34-90">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[i]</a> On the way he stopped at the court of <a href="/wiki/Aldgisl" title="Aldgisl">Aldgisl</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Frisia" title="List of rulers of Frisia">Frisian king</a> in <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> for most of 678.<a href="#cite_note-ASE136-122">[114]</a> Wilfrid had been blown off course on his trip from England to the continent, and ended up in Frisia according to some historians.<a href="#cite_note-Intro137-132">[123]</a> Others state that he intended to journey via Frisia to avoid <a href="/wiki/Neustria" title="Neustria">Neustria</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of the Palace">Mayor of the Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebroin" title="Ebroin">Ebroin</a>, disliked Wilfrid.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> He wintered in Frisia, avoiding the diplomatic efforts of Ebroin, who according to Stephen attempted to have Wilfrid killed. During his stay, Wilfrid attempted to convert the Frisians, who were still pagan at that time. Wilfrid's biographer says that most of the nobles converted,<a href="#cite_note-Levinson50-133">[124]</a> but the success was short-lived.<a href="#cite_note-Hindley121-134">[125]</a> After Frisia, he stopped at the court of Dagobert II in Austrasia, where the king offered Wilfrid the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Strasbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Strasbourg">Bishopric of Strasbourg</a>, which Wilfrid refused.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> Once in Italy, Wilfrid was received by <a href="/wiki/Perctarit" title="Perctarit">Perctarit</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> king, who gave him a place at his court.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson14-135">[126]</a> Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a> held a synod in October 679, which although it ordered Wilfrid's restoration and the return of the monasteries to his control, also directed that the new dioceses should be retained.<a href="#cite_note-ASE136-122">[114]</a> Wilfrid was given the right to replace any bishop in the new dioceses to whom he objected.<a href="#cite_note-Reassess34-90">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[j]</a> The council had been called to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelete controversy</a>, and Wilfrid's concerns were not the sole focus of the council. In fact, the historian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Henry Chadwick</a> thought that one reason Wilfrid secured the mostly favourable outcome was that Agatho wished for Wilfrid's support and testimony that the English Church was free of the monothelete heresy.<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick-138">[128]</a> Although Wilfrid did not win a complete victory, he did secure a papal decree limiting the number of dioceses in England to 12.<a href="#cite_note-ASG57-139">[129]</a> Wilfrid also secured the right for his monasteries of Ripon and Hexham to be directly supervised by the pope, preventing any further interference in their affairs by the diocesan bishops.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson24-140">[130]</a> Wilfrid returned to England after the council via Gaul. According to Stephen of Ripon, after the death of Dagobert II, Ebroin wished to imprison Wilfrid, but Wilfrid miraculously escaped.<a href="#cite_note-Life142-141">[131]</a> In 680 Wilfrid returned to Northumbria and appeared before a royal council. He produced the papal decree ordering his restoration, but was instead briefly imprisoned and then exiled by the king.<a href="#cite_note-Lyon49-142">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harting118-143">[133]</a> Wilfrid stayed for a short time in the kingdom of the Middle Angles and at Wessex,<a href="#cite_note-Reassess34-90">[84]</a> but soon took refuge in Sussex with King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwealh_of_Sussex" title="Æthelwealh of Sussex">Æthelwealh of Sussex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ASE138-144">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missions_in_Sussex">Missions in Sussex</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Missions in Sussex">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selsey_-_West_Sussex_dot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Selsey on the southern coast of England in the central section." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Selsey_-_West_Sussex_dot.png/170px-Selsey_-_West_Sussex_dot.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Selsey_-_West_Sussex_dot.png/255px-Selsey_-_West_Sussex_dot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Selsey_-_West_Sussex_dot.png/340px-Selsey_-_West_Sussex_dot.png 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the location of Selsey</figcaption></figure> Wilfrid spent the next five years preaching to, and converting the pagan inhabitants of Sussex, the South Saxons. He also founded <a href="/wiki/Selsey_Abbey" title="Selsey Abbey">Selsey Abbey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EncASE-45">[44]</a> on an estate near Selsey of 87 <a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">hides</a>, given to Wilfrid by Æthelwealh, king of the South Saxons.<a href="#cite_note-Tyler149-145">[135]</a> Bede attributes Wilfrid's ability to convert the South Saxons to his teaching them how to fish, and contrasts it with the lack of success of the Irish monk Dicuill.<a href="#cite_note-Coates180-146">[136]</a> Bede also says that the Sussex area had been experiencing a drought for three years before Wilfrid's arrival, but miraculously when Wilfrid arrived, and started baptising converts, rain began to fall.<a href="#cite_note-Barbarian244-147">[137]</a> Wilfrid worked with Bishop <a href="/wiki/Erkenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Erkenwald">Erkenwald</a> of London, helping to set up the church in Sussex. Erkenwald also helped reconcile Wilfrid and Theodore before Theodore's death in 690.<a href="#cite_note-Kings56-148">[138]</a> The mission was jeopardised when King Æthelwealh died during an invasion of his kingdom by <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dwalla_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cædwalla of Wessex">Cædwalla of Wessex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reassess34-90">[84]</a> Wilfrid previously had contact with Cædwalla, and may have served as his spiritual advisor before Cædwalla's invasion of Sussex.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest100-149">[139]</a> After Æthelwealh's death and Cædwalla's accession to the throne of Wessex, Wilfrid became one of the new king's advisors, and the king was converted.<a href="#cite_note-Making50-150">[140]</a> Cædwalla confirmed Æthelwealh's grant of land in the Selsey area and Wilfrid built his <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral church</a> near the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Pagham_Harbour" title="Pagham Harbour">Pagham Harbour</a>, believed to be what is now <a href="/wiki/St_Wilfrid%27s_Chapel,_Church_Norton" title="St Wilfrid's Chapel, Church Norton">Church Norton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[141]</a> Cædwalla sent Wilfrid to the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, which was still pagan, with the aim of converting the inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Reassess34-90">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[k]</a> The king also gave Wilfrid a quarter of the land on the island as a gift.<a href="#cite_note-Kings164-154">[143]</a> In 688, the king relinquished his throne and went on a pilgrimage to Rome to be baptised, but died shortly after the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-Making50-150">[140]</a> Wilfrid was probably influential in Cædwalla's decision to be baptised in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest100-149">[139]</a> During his time in Sussex Wilfrid was reconciled with Archbishop Theodore; the Vita Sancti Wilfrithi says that Theodore expressed a desire for Wilfrid to succeed him at Canterbury.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest102-155">[144]</a> Wilfrid may have been involved in founding monasteries near <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> as well as in other parts of Sussex, but the evidence backing this is based on the wording used in the founding charters resembling wording used by Wilfrid in other charters, not on any concrete statements that Wilfrid was involved.<a href="#cite_note-Society96-156">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Northumbria_and_exile">Return to Northumbria and exile</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Return to Northumbria and exile">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_from_exile">Return from exile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Return from exile">edit</a>]</div> In 686 Wilfrid was recalled to Northumbria after the death of Ecgfrith in battle with the Picts.<a href="#cite_note-Handbook224-77">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASE139-157">[146]</a> During the 680s Theodore had created two more dioceses in Northumbria, at Ripon, and at Abercorn in the Pictish kingdom, but both were short-lived.<a href="#cite_note-Making48-125">[117]</a> After Ecgfrith's death, Theodore wrote to the new king of Northumbria, Aldfrith, and to <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Mercia" title="Æthelred of Mercia">Æthelred</a>, king of Mercia and the Abbess of Whitby, Ælfflæd, suggesting that an agreement be made allowing Wilfrid's return to Northumbria. Aldfrith agreed, Wilfrid returned to the north, and Bosa was removed from York. Wilfrid did not recover the whole of his previous bishopric however, as Hexham and Lindisfarne remained separate sees.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[l]</a> Wilfrid appears to have lived at Ripon, and for a time he acted as administrator of the see of Lindisfarne after Cuthbert's death in 687.<a href="#cite_note-ASE139-157">[146]</a> In 691, the subdivision issue arose once more, along with quarrels with King Aldfrith over lands,<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> and attempts were made to make Wilfrid either give up all his lands or to stay confined to Ripon.<a href="#cite_note-Society96-156">[145]</a> A proposal to turn Ripon into a bishopric was also a source of dispute. When no compromise was possible Wilfrid left Northumbria for Mercia, and Bosa was returned to York.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> Something of the reception to Wilfrid's expulsion can be picked up in a Latin letter which has survived only in an incomplete quotation by <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Gesta_pontificum_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesta pontificum Anglorum">Gesta pontificum Anglorum</a>. We have it on William's authority that the letter was written by <a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm</a> of Malmesbury and addressed to Wilfrid's abbots. In it, Aldhelm asks the clergymen to remember the exiled bishop "who, nourishing, teaching, reproving, raised you in fatherly love" and appealing to lay aristocratic ideals of loyalty, urges them not to abandon their superior.<a href="#cite_note-160">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[149]</a> Neither William nor the citation itself gives a date, but the letter has been assigned to Wilfrid's exile under Aldfrith in the 690s.<a href="#cite_note-162">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercia">Mercia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mercia">edit</a>]</div> During his stay in Mercia Wilfrid acted as bishop with the consent of King Æthelred.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest120-163">[151]</a> Information on Wilfrid's life at this time is meagre, as the Vita Sancti Wilfrithi says little of this period.<a href="#cite_note-Bede105-164">[152]</a> He is generally considered to have been <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Leicester_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Leicester (ancient)">Bishop of Leicester</a> until about 706, when he is held to have been transferred to Hexham.<a href="#cite_note-Handbook218-165">[153]</a> Wilfrid became involved in the missionary efforts to the <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, which he had started in 678 during his stay in Frisia. Wilfrid helped the missionary efforts of <a href="/wiki/Willibrord" title="Willibrord">Willibrord</a>, which were more successful than his own earlier attempts.<a href="#cite_note-Hindley121-134">[125]</a> Willibrord was a monk of Ripon who was also a native of Northumbria.<a href="#cite_note-Barbarian199-166">[154]</a> Wilfrid was present at the exhumation of the body of Queen Æthelthryth at Ely Abbey in 695. He had been her spiritual adviser in the 670s, and had helped the queen become a nun against the wishes of her husband King Ecgfrith of Northumbria. The queen had joined Ely Abbey, where she died in 679. The ceremony in 695 found that her body had not decayed, which led to her being declared a saint.<a href="#cite_note-Narr260-167">[155]</a> Wilfrid's testimony as to the character and virginity of Æthelthryth was recorded by Bede.<a href="#cite_note-Narr322-123">[115]</a> In about 700, Wilfrid appealed once more to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Pope Sergius I</a> over his expulsion from York, and the pope referred the issue back to a council in England. In 702 King Aldfrith held a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Austerfield" title="Council of Austerfield">council</a> at <a href="/wiki/Austerfield" title="Austerfield">Austerfield</a> that upheld Wilfrid's expulsion, and once more Wilfrid travelled to Rome to appeal to the pope.<a href="#cite_note-ASE143-168">[156]</a> The Vita Sancti Wilfrithi gives a speech, supposedly delivered by Wilfrid there, in defence of Wilfrid's record over the previous 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-Narr263-169">[157]</a> The council was presided over by <a href="/wiki/Berhtwald" title="Berhtwald">Berhtwald</a>, the new archbishop of Canterbury, and the decision of the council was that Wilfrid should be deprived of all his monasteries but Ripon, and that he should cease to perform episcopal functions. When Wilfrid continued his appeal to the papacy, his opponents had him and his supporters <a href="/wiki/Excommunicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicated">excommunicated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rome_and_final_return_to_Northumbria">Rome and final return to Northumbria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rome and final return to Northumbria">edit</a>]</div> On his way to Rome Wilfrid stopped in Frisia to visit Willibrord.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson50-133">[124]</a> Following Wilfrid's arrival in Rome <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">Pope John VI</a> held a council, which declared that the King of Northumbria should follow the earlier papal decrees restoring Wilfrid to his see.<a href="#cite_note-ASE143-168">[156]</a> Wilfrid was disconcerted to find that the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">papal court</a> spoke Greek, and his biographer noted that Wilfrid was displeased when the pope discussed the appeal with advisers in a language Wilfrid could not understand.<a href="#cite_note-West57-170">[158]</a> The pope also ordered another council to be held in Britain to decide the issue, and ordered the attendance of Bosa, Berhtwald and Wilfrid. On his journey back to England Wilfrid had a seizure at <a href="/wiki/Meaux" title="Meaux">Meaux</a>, but he had returned to Kent by 705.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> Aldfrith died soon after Wilfrid's arrival back in England. The new king, <a href="/wiki/Eadwulf_I_of_Northumbria" title="Eadwulf I of Northumbria">Eadwulf</a>, had been considered one of Wilfrid's friends, but after his accession to the throne he ordered Wilfrid to stay out of Northumbria. Eadwulf's reign lasted only a few months before he was expelled to make way for Aldfrith's son <a href="/wiki/Osred_I_of_Northumbria" title="Osred I of Northumbria">Osred</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> to whom Wilfrid acted as spiritual adviser.<a href="#cite_note-EncASE-45">[44]</a> Wilfrid may have been one of Osred's chief supporters, along with Oswiu's daughter Abbess Ælfflæd of Whitby,<a href="#cite_note-Kings88-171">[159]</a> and the nobleman <a href="/wiki/Beornh%C3%A6th" title="Beornhæth">Beornhæth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kings92-172">[160]</a> Once Osred was secure on the throne Wilfrid was restored to Ripon and Hexham in 706. When Bosa of York died, Wilfrid did not contest the decision to appoint John of Beverley to York. This appointment meant John's transfer from Hexham, leaving Wilfrid free to perform episcopal functions at Hexham,<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> which he did until his death.<a href="#cite_note-Narr271-173">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_aspects">Other aspects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other aspects">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cult_of_St_Oswald">Cult of St Oswald</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cult of St Oswald">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald of Northumbria</a></div> Sometime after the translation of the relics of <a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald of Northumbria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bardney_Abbey" title="Bardney Abbey">Bardney Abbey</a> by <a href="/wiki/Osthryth" title="Osthryth">Osthryth</a> between 675 and 679,<a href="#cite_note-OswaldDNB-174">[162]</a> Wilfrid, along with Hexham Abbey, began to encourage and promote the cult of the dead king. Barbara Yorke sees this advocacy as a major factor in the prominence given to Oswald in Bede's <a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Courts249-175">[163]</a> Historian D. P. Kirby regards Wilfrid's championing of Oswald as being a contributing factor in Wilfrid's expulsion from York in 678. Kirby believes that Ecgfrith felt Wilfrid was promoting Oswald's branch of the Northumbrian royal family over his own.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest90-95">[89]</a> One of Wilfrid's protégés, Willibrord, became a missionary to the Frisians in 695, perhaps inspired by Wilfrid's example. Willibrord may have felt it expedient to leave Northumbria, where he was known as one of Wilfrid's followers.<a href="#cite_note-Reassess57-176">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monastic_network">Monastic network</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Monastic network">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swilfrid1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A crowned man hands a scroll to a tonsured man. The crowned man is standing on the steps of a building, surrounded by other men. The man receiving the scroll stands in front of the building, also surrounded by other men." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Swilfrid1.jpg/310px-Swilfrid1.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Swilfrid1.jpg/465px-Swilfrid1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Swilfrid1.jpg/620px-Swilfrid1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>Later engraving of a picture commissioned in c.1533 showing Cædwalla confirming a grant of land, at Selsey, to Wilfrid</figcaption></figure> Wilfrid's network of monasteries extended across at least three of the kingdoms of England in his day.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell46-177">[165]</a> They included Hexham, Ripon, Selsey, and <a href="/wiki/Oundle" title="Oundle">Oundle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Barbarian175-28">[27]</a> as well as possibly <a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral" title="Peterborough Cathedral">Peterborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brixworth" title="Brixworth">Brixworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evesham_Abbey" title="Evesham Abbey">Evesham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wing,_Buckinghamshire" title="Wing, Buckinghamshire">Wing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Withington,_Gloucestershire" title="Withington, Gloucestershire">Withington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer26-178">[166]</a> At his monasteries and dioceses he built churches in a style akin to that of the continent and Rome,<a href="#cite_note-Brown52-179">[167]</a> travelling between them with a large entourage of up to 120 followers.<a href="#cite_note-Brown361-74">[69]</a> He made many contacts and friends, not only in Northumbria and the other English kingdoms, but also in Gaul, Frisia, and Italy. Nobles sent their sons to him for <a href="/wiki/Fosterage" title="Fosterage">fostering</a>, and Wilfrid was known to help his protégés, no matter if they became clerics or not. The historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brown_(historian)" title="Peter Brown (historian)">Peter Brown</a> speculated that one reason for Wilfrid's exile in 678 was that he was overshadowing the king as a patron.<a href="#cite_note-Brown362-180">[168]</a> His contacts extended to the Lombard kingdom in Italy, where they included King Perctarit and his son <a href="/wiki/Cunipert" title="Cunipert">Cunipert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barbarian175-28">[27]</a> Wilfrid was a prolific founder of churches, which he then controlled until his death, and was a great fundraiser, acquiring lands and money from many of the kings he was in contact with.<a href="#cite_note-Society97-181">[169]</a> He was also noted for his ability to attract support from powerful women, especially queens. Queen Eanflæd, his first patron, introduced him to a number of helpful contacts, and he later attracted the support of Queen Æthelthryth, who gave the endowment for Hexham Abbey.<a href="#cite_note-Tyler156-182">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lffl%C3%A6d_of_Whitby" title="Ælfflæd of Whitby">Ælfflæd</a>, sister of King Aldfrith of Northumbria and daughter of Wilfrid's old patron Queen Eanflæd, helped to persuade the Northumbrians to allow Wilfrid to return from his last exile.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell37-183">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-BASEAelff-184">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Builder_and_artistic_patron">Builder and artistic patron</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Builder and artistic patron">edit</a>]</div> Wilfrid built a church capable of accommodating a congregation of 2,000 at Hexham, using stone from <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown362-180">[168]</a> The 12th-century writer <a href="/wiki/Ailred_of_Rievaulx" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailred of Rievaulx">Ailred of Rievaulx</a>, whose family helped restore Hexham, credited Wilfrid as the designer of a church beautifully embellished with paintings and sculpture.<a href="#cite_note-Dodwell92-185">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert81-186">[174]</a> It appears that the churches at Hexham and Ripon (which Wilfrid also built) were aisled <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilicas</a>, of the type that was common on the continent. Ripon was the first church in Northumbria to incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Porticus" title="Porticus">porticus</a>, similar to those of churches in Kent.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer45-187">[175]</a> 12th-century pilgrims' accounts declared that the church at Hexham rivalled those of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> The crypts at both Ripon and Hexham are unusual, and perhaps were intended by Wilfrid to mimic the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Roman catacombs</a> which he had seen on his travels.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> They are still extant, although the fabric of Wilfrid's churches above ground has been replaced by later structures. The churches were finished with glazed windows, made by glassmakers brought over from the continent.<a href="#cite_note-Making259-188">[176]</a> As well as his building projects Wilfrid also commissioned works to embellish the churches, including altar cloths made of silk woven with gold threads, and a <a href="/wiki/Gospel_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel book">gospel book</a> written on <a href="/wiki/Purple_parchment" title="Purple parchment">parchment dyed purple</a>, with gold lettering. The gospels were then enclosed in a gold book cover set with gems. When the church he had built at Ripon was consecrated, a three-day feast was held to accompany the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-Barbarian175-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[m]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resignation_and_death">Resignation and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Resignation and death">edit</a>]</div> After his final return to Northumbria Wilfrid retired to the monastery at <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Cathedral" title="Ripon Cathedral">Ripon</a>, where he lived until his death during a visit to Oundle,<a href="#cite_note-Hindley62-191">[178]</a> at the age of 75.<a href="#cite_note-Making158-192">[179]</a> A little over a year before his death in either 709<a href="#cite_note-Hindley62-191">[178]</a> or 710<a href="#cite_note-Bede101-193">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[n]</a> Wilfrid suffered another stroke or seizure, which led him to make arrangements for the disposition of his monasteries and possessions. He was buried near the altar of his church in Ripon. Bede records the epitaph that was placed on the tomb.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[o]</a> Wilfrid was succeeded at Hexham by Acca of Hexham, a protégé who had accompanied him to Rome in 703.<a href="#cite_note-World189-196">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levinson61-197">[182]</a> The monastery at Ripon celebrated the first anniversary of Wilfrid's death with a commemoration service attended by all the abbots of his monasteries and a spectacular white arc<a href="#cite_note-199">[p]</a> was said to have appeared in the sky starting from the gables of the basilica where his bones were laid to rest.<a href="#cite_note-Narr271-173">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[185]</a> Wilfrid left large sums of money to his monastic foundations, enabling them to purchase royal favour.<a href="#cite_note-Conversion163-202">[186]</a> Soon after his death a Vita Sancti Wilfrithi, was written by Stephen of Ripon, a monk of Ripon.<a href="#cite_note-Hindley62-191">[178]</a> The first version appeared in about 715 followed by a later revision in the 730s,<a href="#cite_note-Conversion12-113">[105]</a> the first biography written by a contemporary to appear in England.<a href="#cite_note-Farmer38-203">[187]</a> It was commissioned by two of Wilfrid's followers, Acca of Hexham, and the Abbot of Ripon, Tatbert.<a href="#cite_note-Barbarian175-28">[27]</a> Stephen's Vita is concerned with vindicating Wilfrid and making a case for his sainthood, and so is used with caution by historians,<a href="#cite_note-Earliest100-149">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kings73-204">[188]</a> although it is nevertheless an invaluable source for Wilfrid's life and the history of the time.<a href="#cite_note-Barbarian175-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aidan,_Cuthbert_and_Wilfrid_-_St_John_Lee_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three stained glass windows, each depicting a mitred and robed figure. All three are carrying staves." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Aidan%2C_Cuthbert_and_Wilfrid_-_St_John_Lee_church.jpg/220px-Aidan%2C_Cuthbert_and_Wilfrid_-_St_John_Lee_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Aidan%2C_Cuthbert_and_Wilfrid_-_St_John_Lee_church.jpg/330px-Aidan%2C_Cuthbert_and_Wilfrid_-_St_John_Lee_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Aidan%2C_Cuthbert_and_Wilfrid_-_St_John_Lee_church.jpg/440px-Aidan%2C_Cuthbert_and_Wilfrid_-_St_John_Lee_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Wilfrid (right), with saints <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_of_Lindisfarne" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuthbert of Lindisfarne">Cuthbert</a> (centre) and <a href="/wiki/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Aidan of Lindisfarne">Aidan</a> (left), depicted in a stained-glass window in the church of St John Lee near <a href="/wiki/Acomb,_Northumberland" title="Acomb, Northumberland">Acomb</a> in Northumberland; <a href="/wiki/Hexham_Abbey" title="Hexham Abbey">Hexham Abbey</a> is nearby.</figcaption></figure> Wilfrid's <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast day</a> is 12 October<a href="#cite_note-OBD411-205">[189]</a> or 24 April.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh623-206">[190]</a> Both dates were celebrated in early medieval England, but the April date appeared first in the liturgical calendars.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> The April date is the date when his <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> were <a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">translated</a> to a new shrine.<a href="#cite_note-ODS536-207">[191]</a> Immediately after his death Wilfrid's body was venerated as a cult object, and miracles were alleged to have happened at the spot where the water used to wash his body was discarded.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> A cult grew up at Ripon after his death and remained active until 948, when King <a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a> destroyed the church at Ripon; after the destruction, Wilfrid's relics were taken by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Oda_of_Canterbury" title="Oda of Canterbury">Oda of Canterbury</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Society314-208">[192]</a> and held in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gem-209">[193]</a> This account appears in a foreword written by Oda for <a href="/wiki/Frithegod" title="Frithegod">Frithegod</a>'s later poem on Wilfrid's life.<a href="#cite_note-Brooks53-210">[194]</a> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Byrhtferth" title="Byrhtferth">Byrhtferth</a>'s Vita Sancti Oswaldi, or Life of Saint Oswald, Oda's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester" title="Oswald of Worcester">Oswald, Archbishop of York</a>, preserved the relics at Ripon and restored the community there to care for them.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> The two differing accounts are not easily reconciled, but it is possible that Oswald collected secondary relics that had been overlooked by his uncle and installed those at Ripon.<a href="#cite_note-Thacker254-211">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[q]</a> The relics that were held at Canterbury were originally placed in the High Altar in 948, but after the fire at Canterbury Cathedral in 1067, Wilfrid's relics were placed in their own shrine.<a href="#cite_note-Shrines64-213">[196]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Conquest of England">Norman Conquest of England</a>, devotion continued to be paid to Wilfrid, with 48 churches dedicated to him and relics distributed between 11 sites.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> During the 19th century, the feast of Wilfrid was celebrated on the Sunday following <a href="/wiki/Lammas" title="Lammas">Lammas</a> in the town of Ripon with a parade and horse racing, a tradition which continued until at least 1908.<a href="#cite_note-Feast-214">[197]</a> Wilfrid is venerated in the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church<a href="#cite_note-Walsh623-206">[190]</a> and the Anglican Communion.<a href="#cite_note-OBD411-205">[189]</a> He is usually depicted either as a bishop preaching and baptising or else as a robed bishop holding an episcopal staff.<a href="#cite_note-ODS536-207">[191]</a> Wilfrid was one of the first bishops to bring relics of saints back from Rome. The papacy was trying to prevent the removal of actual body parts from Rome, restricting collectors to things that had come in contact with the bodily remains such as dust and cloth.<a href="#cite_note-Ortenberg45-215">[198]</a> Wilfrid was known as an advocate of Benedictine monasticism,<a href="#cite_note-Cubitt277-50">[48]</a> and regarded it as a tool in his efforts to "root out the poisonous weeds planted by the Scots".<a href="#cite_note-QMonasticism57-216">[199]</a> He built at Ripon and Hexham, and lived a majestic lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-Monasticism57-56">[54]</a> As a result of his various exiles, he founded monastic communities that were widely scattered over the British Isles, over which he kept control until his death.<a href="#cite_note-Conversion163-202">[186]</a> These monastic foundations, especially Hexham, contributed to the blending of the Gaelic and Roman strains of Christianity in Northumbria, which inspired a great surge of learning and missionary activity; Bede and Alcuin were among the scholars who emerged from Northumbrian monasteries influenced by Wilfrid. Missionaries inspired by his example went from Northumbria to the continent, where they converted pagans in Germany and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-Northumbria155-217">[200]</a> One commentator has said that Wilfrid "came into conflict with almost every prominent secular and ecclesiastical figure of the age".<a href="#cite_note-QHindley62-218">[201]</a> Hindley, a historian of the Anglo-Saxons, states that "Wilfrid would not win his sainthood through the Christian virtue of humility".<a href="#cite_note-Hindley78-40">[39]</a> The historian Barbara Yorke said of him that "Wilfrid's character was such that he seems to have been able to attract and infuriate in equal measure".<a href="#cite_note-Conversion163-202">[186]</a> His contemporary, Bede, although a partisan of the Roman dating of Easter, was a monk and always treats Wilfrid a little uneasily, showing some concern about how Wilfrid conducted himself as a clergyman and as a bishop.<a href="#cite_note-Brown363-219">[202]</a> The historian Eric John feels that it was Wilfrid's devotion to monasticism that led him to believe that the only way for the Church to be improved was through monasticism. John traces Wilfrid's many appeals to Rome to his motivation to hold together his monastic empire, rather than to self-interest. John also challenges the belief that Wilfrid was fond of pomp, pointing out that the comparison between the Irish missionaries who walked and Wilfrid who rode ignores the reality that the quickest method of travel in the Middle Ages was on horseback.<a href="#cite_note-Reassess35-109">[101]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hunter_Blair" title="Peter Hunter Blair">Peter Hunter Blair</a> summarises Wilfrid's life as follows: "Wilfrid left a distinctive mark on the character of the English church in the seventh century. He was not a humble man, nor, so far as we can see, was he a man greatly interested in learning, and perhaps he would have been more at home as a member of the Gallo-Roman episcopate where the wealth which gave him enemies in England would have passed unnoticed and where his interference in matters of state would have been less likely to take him to prison."<a href="#cite_note-World152-220">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/R._W._Southern" title="R. W. Southern">R. W. Southern</a>, another modern historian, says that Wilfrid was "the greatest papal enthusiast of the century".<a href="#cite_note-West57-170">[158]</a> James Campbell, a historian specialising in the Anglo-Saxon period, said of him "He was certainly one of the greatest ecclesiastics of his day. Ascetic, deemed a saint by some, the founder of several monasteries according to the rule of St Benedict, he established Christianity in Sussex and attempted to do so in Frisia. At the same time, his life and conduct were in some respects like those of a great Anglo-Saxon nobleman."<a href="#cite_note-Bede116-221">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 60em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Originally spelled Wilfrith.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser47-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Annemund was murdered at the command of <a href="/wiki/Balthild" class="mw-redirect" title="Balthild">Balthild</a>, the regent of <a href="/wiki/Chlothar_III" title="Chlothar III">Chlothar III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson10-48">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Agilbert was later expelled from his English bishopric by the King of Wessex when the king could not understand Agilbert.<a href="#cite_note-Barbarian263-67">[65]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> It is unclear how much of the speech in Bede's account of the council is actually Wilfrid's and how much was composed by Bede.<a href="#cite_note-Intro131-66">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Some Welsh churches did not adopt the Roman Easter until 768.<a href="#cite_note-Conversion117-72">[68]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> York did not attain metropolitan status until 735.<a href="#cite_note-Hall-79">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Theodore shortly afterwards reconsecrated Ceadda and gave him the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lichfield" title="Bishop of Lichfield">bishopric of Lichfield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Earliest90-95">[89]</a> The Vita Sancti Wilfrithi says that Wilfrid urged Theodore to appoint Ceadda to Lichfield.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Dagobert became king of <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> in 676, but was assassinated in 680.<a href="#cite_note-Long238-106">[99]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> And he was the only English bishop to appeal a royal verdict to the papacy until 1088 when <a href="/wiki/William_de_St-Calais" title="William de St-Calais">William de St-Calais</a> appealed a decision of King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II of England</a> to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-West184-130">[122]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> The copy of the decrees of Agatho has had interpolations added to it, partly to support the later <a href="/wiki/Canterbury%E2%80%93York_dispute" title="Canterbury–York dispute">Canterbury–York disputes</a> over primacy that started under Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Lanfranc" title="Lanfranc">Lanfranc</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a>. However, the Life of Wilfrid also confirms the basics of the council decrees, it is only in the decrees discussion of metropolitan status for Theodore that it is possibly corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbs217-136">[127]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> When Wilfrid returned to Northumbria, he gave the Wight mission to his nephew,<a href="#cite_note-Reassess34-90">[84]</a> Beornwine, who was not apparently an ordained priest.<a href="#cite_note-Society90-152">[142]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> The only authority for the expulsion of Bosa is Stephen of Ripon's Vita Sancti Wilfrithi, and it is possible that Bosa was not expelled, as he was still bishop at his death in 706.<a href="#cite_note-Usurp20-158">[147]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> The book, which was given to Ripon, does not survive.<a href="#cite_note-World228-189">[177]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Both years are given as death dates in sources. The discrepancy over his death date involves the fact that two dates were associated with Wilfrid's cult, 24 April and 12 October. Stephen of Ripon expressly states that Wilfrid died on a Thursday, and neither date in 709 was a Thursday. 24 April 710, however, was a Thursday, and is likely to be Wilfrid's death date. A complication is the fact that the October date is the more common commemoration date, but the April date is the one first associated with Wilfrid's cult, appearing in 7th- and 8th-century saints calendars. The October date probably arose because the April date conflicted with <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> The epitaph is recorded in Book V, Chapter XIX. An online translation is at the Medieval Sourcebook, part of the Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies by the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Clare_Stancliffe" title="Clare Stancliffe">Clare Stancliffe</a> believes the white arc was actually a <a href="/wiki/Moonbow" title="Moonbow">moonbow</a> or "lunar rainbow". Using information on the years that a moonbow was most likely to occur she establishes Thursday 24 April 710 as the date of Wilfrid's death.<a href="#cite_note-stancliffe21-198">[183]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> The early 12th century writer Eadmer, who wrote a Vita Sancti Wilfrithi, took this approach to the problem of the differing accounts of Wilfrid's relics, and appears to have been the first writer to suggest this solution.<a href="#cite_note-Philpott101-36">[35]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OC-1"><a href="#cite_ref-OC_1-0">^</a> Hutchinson-Hall Orthodox Saints p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://middlesbrough-diocese.org.uk/about">"About the Diocese"</a>. Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough. Retrieved 1 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Diocese&rft.pub=Roman+Catholic+Diocese+of+Middlesbrough&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiddlesbrough-diocese.org.uk%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dioceseofleeds.org.uk/st-wilfrid/">"St. Wilfrid"</a>. Roman Catholic Diocese of Leeds. 16 February 2019. 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Britain p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kings74-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Kings74_11-0">^</a> Yorke Kings and Kingdoms p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-Conv38-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Conv38_12-0">^</a> Yorke Conversion of Britain p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kings83-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Kings83_13-0">^</a> Yorke Kings and Kingdoms pp. 83–86 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Charles-Edwards "'Continuation of Bede" Seanchas pp. 137–145 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Woolf "Dun Nechtain" Scottish Historical Review pp. 182–201 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Woolf "Verturian hegemony" Mercia pp. 106–112 </li> <li id="cite_note-Yorke50-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Yorke50_17-0">^</a> York Conversion of Britain pp. 50–56 </li> <li id="cite_note-Earliest2-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Earliest2_18-0">^</a> Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Conv123-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Conv123_19-0">^</a> Yorke Conversion of Britain pp. 123–124 </li> <li id="cite_note-Conv114-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Conv114_20-0">^</a> Yorke Conversion of Britain pp. 114–115 </li> <li id="cite_note-Conv128-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Conv128_21-0">^</a> Yorke Conversion of Britain pp. 128–129 </li> <li id="cite_note-DNB-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_22-35">aj</a> Thacker "Wilfrid" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography </li> <li id="cite_note-World151-23"><a href="#cite_ref-World151_23-0">^</a> Blair World of Bede p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-Goffart285-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goffart285_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goffart285_24-1">b</a> Goffart Narrators of Barbarian History pp. 285–286 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dict146-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Dict146_25-0">^</a> Coredon Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases p. 146 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown28-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown28_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown28_26-1">b</a> Brown "Royal and Ecclesiastical" Renascence p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-Laynes163-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Laynes163_27-0">^</a> Laynesmith "Stephen of Ripon" Early Medieval Europe p. 163 </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbarian175-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barbarian175_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbarian175_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbarian175_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbarian175_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbarian175_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbarian175_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbarian175_28-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbarian175_28-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbarian175_28-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbarian175_28-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbarian175_28-10">k</a> Fletcher Barbarian Conversion pp. 175–180 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser266-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser266_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser266_29-1">b</a> Fraser From Caledonia to Pictland pp. 266–267 </li> <li id="cite_note-Intro322-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Intro322_30-0">^</a> Blair Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England p. 322 </li> <li id="cite_note-Saints137-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Saints137_31-0">^</a> Heffernan Sacred Biography pp. 137–142 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reread96-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Reread96_32-0">^</a> Higham (Re-)reading Bede pp. 98 and 237 footnote 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-Goffart322-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Goffart322_33-0">^</a> Goffart Narrators of Barbarian History p. 322 </li> <li id="cite_note-ASC-34"><a href="#cite_ref-ASC_34-0">^</a> Under the years 656, 661, 664, 675, 678, 685, 709, and 710. See the index to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Swanton" title="Michael Swanton">Michael Swanton</a>'s Anglo-Saxon Chronicle </li> <li id="cite_note-ASCxviii-35"><a href="#cite_ref-ASCxviii_35-0">^</a> Swanton "Introduction" Anglo-Saxon Chronicle pp. xviii–xix </li> <li id="cite_note-Philpott101-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philpott101_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philpott101_36-1">b</a> Philpott "Eadmer, his Archbishops and the English State" Medieval State p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reread58-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reread58_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reread58_37-1">b</a> Higham (Re-)reading Bede pp. 58–63 </li> <li id="cite_note-Harting107-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harting107_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harting107_38-1">b</a> Mayr-Harting Coming of Christianity p. 107–112 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser190-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Fraser190_39-0">^</a> Fraser Caledonia to Pictland pp. 190–191 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindley78-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hindley78_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hindley78_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hindley78_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hindley78_40-3">d</a> Hindley A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons pp. 78–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-QConversion181-41"><a href="#cite_ref-QConversion181_41-0">^</a> Quoted in Yorke Conversion of Britain p. 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kings36-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Kings36_42-0">^</a> Yorke Kings and Kingdoms pp. 36–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-Earliest36-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Earliest36_43-0">^</a> Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-World156-44"><a href="#cite_ref-World156_44-0">^</a> Blair World of Bede p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-EncASE-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncASE_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncASE_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncASE_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncASE_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncASE_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncASE_45-5">f</a> Thacker "St. Wilfrid" Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England p. 474–476 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrin267-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrin267_46-0">^</a> Herrin Formation of Christendom pp. 267–268 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown29-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown29_47-0">^</a> Brown "Royal and Ecclesiastical" Renascence pp. 29–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinson10-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Levinson10_48-0">^</a> Levison England and the Continent p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cubitt277-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cubitt277_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cubitt277_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cubitt277_50-2">c</a> Cubitt "Clergy in Early Anglo-Saxon England" Historical Research p. 277 </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer22-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Farmer22_51-0">^</a> Farmer "Introduction" Age of Bede p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanc1-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanc1_52-0">^</a> Coates "Construction of Episcopal Sanctity" Historical Research pp. 1–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceolfrid76-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Ceolfrid76_53-0">^</a> Coates "Ceolfrid" Journal of Medieval History pp. 76–77 </li> <li id="cite_note-Earliest87-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest87_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest87_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest87_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest87_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest87_54-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest87_54-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest87_54-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest87_54-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest87_54-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest87_54-9">j</a> Kirby Earliest English Kings pp. 87–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-Convert42-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Convert42_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Convert42_55-1">b</a> Higham Convert Kings p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Monasticism57-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monasticism57_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monasticism57_56-1">b</a> Lawrence Medieval Monasticism p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-World199-57"><a href="#cite_ref-World199_57-0">^</a> Blair World of Bede p. 199 </li> <li id="cite_note-World111-58"><a href="#cite_ref-World111_58-0">^</a> Blair World of Bede pp. 111–112 </li> <li id="cite_note-World162-59"><a href="#cite_ref-World162_59-0">^</a> Blair World of Bede pp. 162–163 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceolfrid82-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Ceolfrid82_60-0">^</a> Coates "Ceolfrid" Journal of Medieval History p. 82 </li> <li id="cite_note-Making46-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Making46_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making46_61-1">b</a> Kirby Making of Early England pp. 46–47 </li> <li id="cite_note-Societal52-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Societal52_62-0">^</a> John "Societal and Political Problems" Land, Church and People pp. 52–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-Abels9-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Abels9_63-0">^</a> Abels "Council of Whitby" Journal of British Studies p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reassess24-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Reassess24_64-0">^</a> John Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England pp. 24–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-Abels2-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Abels2_65-0">^</a> Abels "Council of Whitby" Journal of British Studies pp. 2–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-Intro131-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intro131_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intro131_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intro131_66-2">c</a> Blair Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbarian263-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barbarian263_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbarian263_67-1">b</a> Fletcher Barbarian Conversion p. 263 </li> <li id="cite_note-World83-69"><a href="#cite_ref-World83_69-0">^</a> Blair World of Bede pp. 83–84 </li> <li id="cite_note-ASE123-70"><a href="#cite_ref-ASE123_70-0">^</a> Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 123–125 </li> <li id="cite_note-Conversion117-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conversion117_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conversion117_72-1">b</a> Yorke Conversion of Britain p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown361-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown361_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown361_74-1">b</a> Brown Rise of Western Christendom pp. 361–362 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kings84-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kings84_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kings84_75-1">b</a> Yorke Kings and Kingdoms pp. 84–85 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reassess32-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess32_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess32_76-1">b</a> John Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England pp. 32–33 </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook224-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook224_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook224_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook224_77-2">c</a> Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 224 </li> <li id="cite_note-Societal42-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Societal42_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Societal42_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Societal42_78-2">c</a> John "Societal and Political Problems" Land, Church, and People pp. 42–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_79-0">^</a> Hall "York" Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England p. 428 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser193-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser193_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser193_81-1">b</a> Fraser Caledonia to Pictland p. 193 </li> <li id="cite_note-QFraser193-82"><a href="#cite_ref-QFraser193_82-0">^</a> Quoted in Fraser Caledonia to Pictland p. 193 </li> <li id="cite_note-Abels17-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Abels17_83-0">^</a> Abels "Council of Whitby" Journal of British Studies p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Harting129-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Harting129_84-0">^</a> Mayr-Harting Coming of Christianity p. 129–147 </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson56-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomson56_85-0">^</a> Thomson Western Church p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-Abels18-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Abels18_86-0">^</a> Abels "Council of Whitby" Journal of British Studies pp. 18–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer23-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Farmer23_87-0">^</a> Farmer "Introduction" Age of Bede p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rollason100-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Rollason100_88-0">^</a> Rollason "Hagiography and Politics" Holy Men and Holy Women p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbs220-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbs220_89-0">^</a> Gibbs "Decrees of Agatho" Speculum pp. 220–221 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reassess34-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess34_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess34_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess34_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess34_90-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess34_90-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess34_90-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess34_90-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess34_90-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess34_90-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess34_90-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess34_90-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess34_90-11">l</a> John Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England pp. 34–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-Earliest95-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Earliest95_91-0">^</a> Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-Society95-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Society95_92-0">^</a> Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-Theo445-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Theo445_93-0">^</a> Lapidge "Theodore" Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England p. 445 </li> <li id="cite_note-Intro135-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Intro135_94-0">^</a> Blair,Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-Earliest90-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest90_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest90_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest90_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest90_95-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest90_95-4">e</a> Kirby Earliest English Kings pp. 90–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown359-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown359_97-0">^</a> Brown Rise of Western Christendom Second Edition p. 359 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser197-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Fraser197_98-0">^</a> Fraser Caledonia to Pictland p. 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-Earliest21-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Earliest21_99-0">^</a> Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-Earliest22-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Earliest22_100-0">^</a> Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-Earliest70-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Earliest70_101-0">^</a> Kirby Earliest English Kings pp. 70–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-QFraser196-102"><a href="#cite_ref-QFraser196_102-0">^</a> Quoted in Fraser Caledonia to Pictland p. 196 </li> <li id="cite_note-ASE133-103"><a href="#cite_ref-ASE133_103-0">^</a> Stenton Anglo-Saxon England 3rd ed. pp. 133–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-Intro136-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Intro136_104-0">^</a> Blair Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England p. 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-Making265-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Making265_105-0">^</a> Kirby Making of Early England p. 265 </li> <li id="cite_note-Long238-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Long238_106-0">^</a> Wallace-Hadrill Long-haired Kings p. 238 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bede102-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Bede102_108-0">^</a> Kirby "Bede" English Historical Review pp. 102–104 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reassess35-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess35_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess35_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reassess35_109-2">c</a> John Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England pp. 35–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-Society190-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Society190_110-0">^</a> Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society pp. 190–191 </li> <li id="cite_note-ASE135-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASE135_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASE135_111-1">b</a> Stenton Anglo-Saxon England 3rd ed. p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-Intro146-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Intro146_112-0">^</a> Blair Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England p. 146 </li> <li id="cite_note-Conversion12-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conversion12_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conversion12_113-1">b</a> Yorke Conversion of Britain p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-Society186-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Society186_114-0">^</a> Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 186 </li> <li id="cite_note-QBrown359-115"><a href="#cite_ref-QBrown359_115-0">^</a> Quoted in Brown Rise of Western Christendom p. 359 </li> <li id="cite_note-Society94-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Society94_116-0">^</a> Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer24-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Farmer24_117-0">^</a> Farmer "Introduction" Age of Bede p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-Century65-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Century65_118-0">^</a> Campbell "First Century of Christianity" Essays in Anglo-Saxon History p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodwell179-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Dodwell179_119-0">^</a> Dodwell Anglo-Saxon Art p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser78-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Fraser78_120-0">^</a> Fraser Caledonia to Pictland p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser63-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Fraser63_121-0">^</a> Fraser Caledonia to Pictland p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-ASE136-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASE136_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASE136_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASE136_122-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASE136_122-3">d</a> Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-Narr322-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Narr322_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narr322_123-1">b</a> Goffart Narrators p. 322 </li> <li id="cite_note-Northumbria135-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Northumbria135_124-0">^</a> Higham Kingdom of Northumbria pp. 135–136 </li> <li id="cite_note-Making48-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Making48_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making48_125-1">b</a> Kirby Making of Early England pp. 48–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-Society98-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Society98_126-0">^</a> Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society pp. 98–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbs216-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbs216_127-0">^</a> Gibbs "Decrees of Agatho" Speculum p. 216 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser209-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Fraser209_128-0">^</a> Fraser Caledonia to Pictland pp. 209–210 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindley48-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindley48_129-0">^</a> Hindley A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-West184-130"><a href="#cite_ref-West184_130-0">^</a> Southern Western Society pp. 184–185 </li> <li id="cite_note-Intro137-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Intro137_132-0">^</a> Blair Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinson50-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson50_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levinson50_133-1">b</a> Levison England and the Continent pp. 50–51 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindley121-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hindley121_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hindley121_134-1">b</a> Hindley Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons pp. 121–122 </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinson14-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Levinson14_135-0">^</a> Levison England and the Continent p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbs217-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbs217_136-0">^</a> Gibbs "Decrees of Agatho" Speculum pp. 217–219 </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadwick-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick_138-0">^</a> Chadwick "Theodore" Archbishop Theodore pp. 88–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-ASG57-139"><a href="#cite_ref-ASG57_139-0">^</a> Loyn Anglo-Saxon Governance p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinson24-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Levinson24_140-0">^</a> Levison England and the Continent pp. 24–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-Life142-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Life142_141-0">^</a> Eddius Stephanus "Life of Wilfrid" Age of Bede pp. 142–143 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyon49-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Lyon49_142-0">^</a> Lyon Constitutional and Legal History p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-Harting118-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Harting118_143-0">^</a> Mayr-Harting Coming of Christianity p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-ASE138-144"><a href="#cite_ref-ASE138_144-0">^</a> Stenton Anglo-Saxon England 3rd ed. p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyler149-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Tyler149_145-0">^</a> Tyler "Reluctant Kings" History p. 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-Coates180-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Coates180_146-0">^</a> Coates "Role of Bishops" History p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbarian244-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Barbarian244_147-0">^</a> Fletcher Barbarian Conversion p. 244 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kings56-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Kings56_148-0">^</a> Yorke Kings and Kingdoms p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-Earliest100-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest100_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest100_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earliest100_149-2">c</a> Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-Making50-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Making50_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Making50_150-1">b</a> Kirby Making of Early England p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Mee History of Selsey pp. 12–13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Society90-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Society90_152-0">^</a> Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kings164-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Kings164_154-0">^</a> Yorke Kings and Kingdoms p. 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-Earliest102-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Earliest102_155-0">^</a> Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-Society96-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Society96_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Society96_156-1">b</a> Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-ASE139-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASE139_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASE139_157-1">b</a> Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-Usurp20-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Usurp20_158-0">^</a> Cubitt "Wilfrid's "Usurping Bishops"" Northern History pp. 20–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Ehwald (ed.) Aldhelmi Opera pp. 500–502 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Whitelock English Historical Documents no. 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Foley Images of Sanctity p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-Earliest120-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Earliest120_163-0">^</a> Kirby Earliest English Kings pp. 120–121 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bede105-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Bede105_164-0">^</a> Kirby "Bede" English Historical Review p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook218-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook218_165-0">^</a> Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 218 </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbarian199-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Barbarian199_166-0">^</a> Fletcher Barbarian Conversion p. 199 </li> <li id="cite_note-Narr260-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Narr260_167-0">^</a> Goffart Narrators pp. 260–261 </li> <li id="cite_note-ASE143-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASE143_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASE143_168-1">b</a> Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-Narr263-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Narr263_169-0">^</a> Goffart Narrators pp. 263–264 </li> <li id="cite_note-West57-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-West57_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-West57_170-1">b</a> Southern Western Society pp. 57–58 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kings88-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Kings88_171-0">^</a> Yorke Kings and Kingdoms p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kings92-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Kings92_172-0">^</a> Yorke Kings and Kingdoms p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-Narr271-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Narr271_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narr271_173-1">b</a> Goffart Narrators p. 271 </li> <li id="cite_note-OswaldDNB-174"><a href="#cite_ref-OswaldDNB_174-0">^</a> Craid "Oswald" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography </li> <li id="cite_note-Courts249-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Courts249_175-0">^</a> Yorke "Adaptation of the Anglo-Saxon Royal Courts" Cross Goes North p. 249 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reassess57-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Reassess57_176-0">^</a> John Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell46-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell46_177-0">^</a> Campbell Anglo-Saxon State p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer26-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Farmer26_178-0">^</a> Farmer "Introduction" Age of Bede p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown52-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown52_179-0">^</a> Brown Rise of Western Christendom p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown362-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown362_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown362_180-1">b</a> Brown Rise of Western Christendom pp. 362–363 </li> <li id="cite_note-Society97-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Society97_181-0">^</a> Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyler156-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Tyler156_182-0">^</a> Tyler "Reluctant Kings" History p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell37-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell37_183-0">^</a> Mitchell "Anglo-Saxon Double Monasteries" History Today p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-BASEAelff-184"><a href="#cite_ref-BASEAelff_184-0">^</a> Thacker "Ælfflæd" Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodwell92-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Dodwell92_185-0">^</a> Dodwell Anglo-Saxon Art pp. 92 and 275 footnote 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert81-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert81_186-0">^</a> Gilbert "Saint Wilfrid's Church at Hexam" Saint Wilfrid at Hexham p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer45-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Farmer45_187-0">^</a> Farmer "Saint Wilfrid" Saint Wilfrid at Hexham p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-Making259-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Making259_188-0">^</a> Kirby Making of Early England p. 259 </li> <li id="cite_note-World228-189"><a href="#cite_ref-World228_189-0">^</a> Blair World of Bede p. 228 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindley62-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hindley62_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hindley62_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hindley62_191-2">c</a> Hindley Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-Making158-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Making158_192-0">^</a> Kirby Making of Early England p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bede101-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Bede101_193-0">^</a> Kirby "Bede" English Historical Review p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-World189-196"><a href="#cite_ref-World189_196-0">^</a> Blair World of Bede p. 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinson61-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Levinson61_197-0">^</a> Levison England and the Continent p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-stancliffe21-198"><a href="#cite_ref-stancliffe21_198-0">^</a> Stancliffe "Dating Wilfrid's Death" Wilfrid pp. 21–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Farmer Age of Bede p.182 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Forster St Wilfrid of Ripon p.16 </li> <li id="cite_note-Conversion163-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conversion163_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conversion163_202-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conversion163_202-2">c</a> Yorke Conversion of Britain p. 163 </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer38-203"><a href="#cite_ref-Farmer38_203-0">^</a> Farmer "Saint Wilfrid" Saint Wilfrid at Hexham p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kings73-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Kings73_204-0">^</a> Yorke Kings and Kingdoms p. 73 </li> <li id="cite_note-OBD411-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OBD411_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBD411_205-1">b</a> Holford-Strevens, et al. Oxford Book of Days pp. 411–412 </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh623-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh623_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh623_206-1">b</a> Walsh New Dictionary of Saints p. 623–624 </li> <li id="cite_note-ODS536-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODS536_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODS536_207-1">b</a> Farmer Oxford Dictionary of Saints pp. 536–538 </li> <li id="cite_note-Society314-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Society314_208-0">^</a> Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 314 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gem-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Gem_209-0">^</a> Gem "Significance of the 11th century Rebuilding" Medieval Art and Architecture at Canterbury Before 1220 p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks53-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks53_210-0">^</a> Brooks Early History of the Church of Canterbury p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-Thacker254-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Thacker254_211-0">^</a> Thacker "Saint-making and Relic Collecting" St Oswald of Worcester pp. 254–255 </li> <li id="cite_note-Shrines64-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Shrines64_213-0">^</a> Nilson Cathedral Shrines p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-Feast-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Feast_214-0">^</a> "Feast of St Wilfrid" Folklore pp. 464–466 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ortenberg45-215"><a href="#cite_ref-Ortenberg45_215-0">^</a> Ortenberg "Anglo-Saxon Church and the Papacy" English Church and the Papacy p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-QMonasticism57-216"><a href="#cite_ref-QMonasticism57_216-0">^</a> Quoted in Lawrence Medieval Monasticism p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-Northumbria155-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Northumbria155_217-0">^</a> Higham Kingdom of Northumbria pp. 155–156 </li> <li id="cite_note-QHindley62-218"><a href="#cite_ref-QHindley62_218-0">^</a> Quoted in Hindley Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown363-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown363_219-0">^</a> Brown Rise of Western Christendom Second Edition pp. 363–364 </li> <li id="cite_note-World152-220"><a href="#cite_ref-World152_220-0">^</a> Blair World of Bede p. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bede116-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Bede116_221-0">^</a> Campbell "Bede I" Essays in Anglo-Saxon History p. 16 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbels,_Richard1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Abels" title="Richard Abels">Abels, Richard</a> (Autumn 1983). "The Council of Whitby: A Study in Early Anglo-Saxon Politics". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_British_Studies" title="Journal of British Studies">Journal of British Studies</a>. 23 (1): 1–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F385808">10.1086/385808</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175617">175617</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144462900">144462900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Council+of+Whitby%3A+A+Study+in+Early+Anglo-Saxon+Politics&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144462900%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F175617%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F385808&rft.au=Abels%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://middlesbrough-diocese.org.uk/about">"About the Diocese"</a>. Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough. Retrieved 15 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Diocese&rft.pub=Roman+Catholic+Diocese+of+Middlesbrough&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiddlesbrough-diocese.org.uk%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBede1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> (1988). A History of the English Church and People. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Sherley-Price" title="Leo Sherley-Price">Sherley-Price, Leo</a>. New York: Penguin Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044042-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044042-9"><bdi>0-14-044042-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English+Church+and+People&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-14-044042-9&rft.au=Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair,_John_P.2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_(historian)" title="John Blair (historian)">Blair, John P.</a> (2005). The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-921117-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-921117-5"><bdi>0-19-921117-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+in+Anglo-Saxon+Society&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-921117-5&rft.au=Blair%2C+John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair,_Peter_Hunter2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hunter_Blair" title="Peter Hunter Blair">Blair, Peter Hunter</a> (2003). An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England (Third ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-53777-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-53777-0"><bdi>0-521-53777-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-53777-0&rft.au=Blair%2C+Peter+Hunter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair,_Peter_Hunter1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hunter_Blair" title="Peter Hunter Blair">Blair, Peter Hunter</a> (1990). The World of Bede (Reprint of 1970 ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39819-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39819-3"><bdi>0-521-39819-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Bede&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=Reprint+of+1970&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-39819-3&rft.au=Blair%2C+Peter+Hunter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_George_Hardin1999" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, George Hardin (Fall 1999). "Royal and Ecclesiastical Rivalries in Bede's History". <a href="/wiki/Renascence_(journal)" title="Renascence (journal)">Renascence</a>. 52 (1): 19–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Frenascence19995213">10.5840/renascence19995213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162402718">162402718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renascence&rft.atitle=Royal+and+Ecclesiastical+Rivalries+in+Bede%27s+History&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-33&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Frenascence19995213&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162402718%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Brown%2C+George+Hardin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_Peter_G.2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brown_(historian)" title="Peter Brown (historian)">Brown, Peter G.</a> (2003). The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A. D. 200–1000. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22138-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22138-7"><bdi>0-631-22138-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Western+Christendom%3A+Triumph+and+Diversity%2C+A.+D.+200%E2%80%931000&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-631-22138-7&rft.au=Brown%2C+Peter+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_James_E.2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Campbell_(historian)" title="James Campbell (historian)">Campbell, James E.</a> (2003). The Anglo-Saxon State. London: Hambledon & London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-176-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-176-7"><bdi>1-85285-176-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+State&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+%26+London&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85285-176-7&rft.au=Campbell%2C+James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_James1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Campbell_(historian)" title="James Campbell (historian)">Campbell, James</a> (1986). "Bede I". Essays in Anglo-Saxon History. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 1–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907628-32-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-907628-32-X"><bdi>0-907628-32-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bede+I&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Anglo-Saxon+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-28&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-907628-32-X&rft.au=Campbell%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_James1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Campbell_(historian)" title="James Campbell (historian)">Campbell, James</a> (1986). "First Century of Christianity in England". Essays in Anglo-Saxon History. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 49–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907628-32-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-907628-32-X"><bdi>0-907628-32-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=First+Century+of+Christianity+in+England&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Anglo-Saxon+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=49-68&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-907628-32-X&rft.au=Campbell%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick,_Henry1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Chadwick, Henry</a> (1995). "Theodore, the English Church, and the Monothelete Controversy". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lapidge" title="Michael Lapidge">Lapidge, Michael</a> (ed.). Archbishop Theodore. Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England No. 11. 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M.</a> (2000). "'The Continuation of Bede', s.a. 750: High-Kings of Tara and 'Bretwaldas'". In Smyth, Alfred P. (ed.). Seanchas: Studies in Early Medieval Irish Archaeology, History and Literature in Honour of Francis J. Byrne. Dublin & Portland: Four Courts Press. pp. 137–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85182-489-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85182-489-8"><bdi>1-85182-489-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27The+Continuation+of+Bede%27%2C+s.a.+750%3A+High-Kings+of+Tara+and+%27Bretwaldas%27&rft.btitle=Seanchas%3A+Studies+in+Early+Medieval+Irish+Archaeology%2C+History+and+Literature+in+Honour+of+Francis+J.+Byrne&rft.place=Dublin+%26+Portland&rft.pages=137-145&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85182-489-8&rft.au=Charles-Edwards%2C+T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates,_Simon1999" class="citation journal cs1">Coates, Simon (1999). 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Historical Research. 71 (174): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2281.00050">10.1111/1468-2281.00050</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159820546">159820546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Construction+of+Episcopal+Sanctity+in+early+Anglo-Saxon+England%3A+the+Impact+of+Venantius+Fortunatus&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=174&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1998-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2281.00050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159820546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Coates%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates,_Simon1996" class="citation journal cs1">Coates, Simon (April 1996). 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Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F20916">10.1093/ref:odnb/20916</a>. Retrieved 26 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oswald+%28St+Oswald%29+%28603%2F4%E2%80%93642%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F20916&rft.au=Craig%2C+D.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F20916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCubitt,_Catherine2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cubitt, Catherine (August 2005). "The Clergy of Early Anglo-Saxon England". Historical Research. 78 (201): 273–287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.2005.00236.x">10.1111/j.1468-2281.2005.00236.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144787283">144787283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Clergy+of+Early+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=201&rft.pages=273-287&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.2005.00236.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144787283%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Cubitt%2C+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCubitt,_Catherine1989" class="citation journal cs1">Cubitt, Catherine (1989). "Wilfrid's "Usurping Bishops": Episcopal Elections in Anglo-Saxon England c. 600-c.800". Northern History. 25: 18–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fnhi.1989.25.1.18">10.1179/nhi.1989.25.1.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159908050">159908050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+History&rft.atitle=Wilfrid%27s+%22Usurping+Bishops%22%3A+Episcopal+Elections+in+Anglo-Saxon+England+c.+600-c.800&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=18-38&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fnhi.1989.25.1.18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159908050%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Cubitt%2C+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodwell,_C._R.1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Reginald_Dodwell" title="Charles Reginald Dodwell">Dodwell, C. R.</a> (1985). Anglo-Saxon Art: A New Perspective (Cornell University Press 1985 ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9300-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9300-5"><bdi>0-8014-9300-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Art%3A+A+New+Perspective&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.edition=Cornell+University+Press+1985&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8014-9300-5&rft.au=Dodwell%2C+C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhwald,_Rudolf1919" class="citation book cs1">Ehwald, Rudolf, ed. (1919). Aldhelmi Opera. Berlin: Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9631233">9631233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aldhelmi+Opera&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Weidmannsche+Verlagsbuchhandlung&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9631233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer,_D._H.1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Farmer, D. H. (1998). "Introduction". The Age of Bede: Bede – Life of Cuthbert, Eddius Stephanus – Life of Wilfrid, Bede – Lives of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow, The Anonymous History of Abbot Ceolfrith with the Voyage of St Brendan. Translated by Webb, J. F. (Revised ed.). London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044727-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044727-9"><bdi>978-0-14-044727-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Bede%3A+Bede+%E2%80%93+Life+of+Cuthbert%2C+Eddius+Stephanus+%E2%80%93+Life+of+Wilfrid%2C+Bede+%E2%80%93+Lives+of+the+Abbots+of+Wearmouth+and+Jarrow%2C+The+Anonymous+History+of+Abbot+Ceolfrith+with+the+Voyage+of+St+Brendan&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044727-9&rft.au=Farmer%2C+D.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer,_D._H.1974" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Farmer, D. H. (1974). 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Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860949-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860949-0"><bdi>978-0-19-860949-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Saints&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860949-0&rft.au=Farmer%2C+David+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Feast of St Wilfrid". Folklore. 19 (4): 464–466. 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Ripon, UK: Dean and Chapter of Ripon Cathedral. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9531979-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9531979-0-5"><bdi>0-9531979-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Wilfrid+of+Ripon&rft.place=Ripon%2C+UK&rft.pub=Dean+and+Chapter+of+Ripon+Cathedral&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-9531979-0-5&rft.au=Forster%2C+W.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser,_James_E.2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_E._Fraser_(historian)" title="James E. Fraser (historian)">Fraser, James E.</a> (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1232-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1232-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-1232-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Caledonia+to+Pictland%3A+Scotland+to+795&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+UK&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1232-1&rft.au=Fraser%2C+James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryde,_E._B.Greenway,_D._E.Porter,_S.Roy,_I.1996" class="citation book cs1">Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X"><bdi>0-521-56350-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+British+Chronology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=Third+revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-56350-X&rft.au=Fryde%2C+E.+B.&rft.au=Greenway%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Porter%2C+S.&rft.au=Roy%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGem,_Richard1982" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gem, Richard (1982). "The Significance of the 11th-century Rebuilding of Christ Church and St Augustine's, Canterbury, in the Development of Romanesque Architecture". Medieval Art and Architecture at Canterbury Before 1220. British Archaeological Association Conference Transactions. Vol. V. Kent Archaeological Society. pp. 1–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907307-05-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-907307-05-1"><bdi>0-907307-05-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Significance+of+the+11th-century+Rebuilding+of+Christ+Church+and+St+Augustine%27s%2C+Canterbury%2C+in+the+Development+of+Romanesque+Architecture&rft.btitle=Medieval+Art+and+Architecture+at+Canterbury+Before+1220&rft.series=British+Archaeological+Association+Conference+Transactions&rft.pages=1-19&rft.pub=Kent+Archaeological+Society&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-907307-05-1&rft.au=Gem%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs,_Marion1973" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbs, Marion (April 1973). "The Decrees of Agatho and the Gregorian Plan for York". <a href="/wiki/Speculum_(journal)" title="Speculum (journal)">Speculum</a>. XLVII (2): 213–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2852771">10.2307/2852771</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2852771">2852771</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162632357">162632357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=The+Decrees+of+Agatho+and+the+Gregorian+Plan+for+York&rft.volume=XLVII&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-246&rft.date=1973-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162632357%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2852771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2852771&rft.au=Gibbs%2C+Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert,_Edward1974" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gilbert, Edward (1974). "Saint Wilfrid's Church at Hexham". In Kirby, D. P. (ed.). Saint Wilfrid at Hexham. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Oriel Press. pp. 81–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85362-155-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85362-155-1"><bdi>0-85362-155-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Wilfrid%27s+Church+at+Hexham&rft.btitle=Saint+Wilfrid+at+Hexham&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne%2C+UK&rft.pages=81-113&rft.pub=Oriel+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-85362-155-1&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffart,_Walter_A.1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Goffart" title="Walter Goffart">Goffart, Walter A.</a> (1988). The Narrators of Barbarian History (A. D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05514-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05514-9"><bdi>0-691-05514-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Narrators+of+Barbarian+History+%28A.+D.+550%E2%80%93800%29%3A+Jordanes%2C+Gregory+of+Tours%2C+Bede%2C+and+Paul+the+Deacon&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-691-05514-9&rft.au=Goffart%2C+Walter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall,_R._A.2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hall, R. A. (2001). <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lapidge" title="Michael Lapidge">Lapidge, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Blair_(historian)" title="John Blair (historian)">Blair, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Keynes, Simon</a>; Scragg, Donald (eds.). York. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 497–499. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1"><bdi>978-0-631-22492-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=York&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=497-499&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22492-1&rft.au=Hall%2C+R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeffernan,_Thomas_J.1988" class="citation book cs1">Heffernan, Thomas J. (1988). Sacred Biography: Saints and Their Biographers in the Middle Ages. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507907-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507907-8"><bdi>0-19-507907-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Biography%3A+Saints+and+Their+Biographers+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-507907-8&rft.au=Heffernan%2C+Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrin,_Judith1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Herrin" title="Judith Herrin">Herrin, Judith</a> (1989). The Formation of Christendom. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00831-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00831-0"><bdi>0-691-00831-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Christendom&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-691-00831-0&rft.au=Herrin%2C+Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham,_N._J.1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._J._Higham" title="N. J. Higham">Higham, N. J.</a> (1997). The Convert Kings: Power and Religious Affiliation in Early Anglo-Saxon England. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-4827-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-4827-3"><bdi>0-7190-4827-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Convert+Kings%3A+Power+and+Religious+Affiliation+in+Early+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Manchester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7190-4827-3&rft.au=Higham%2C+N.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham,_N._J.1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._J._Higham" title="N. J. Higham">Higham, N. J.</a> (1993). The Kingdom of Northumbria: AD 350–1100. Gloucester, UK: A. Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86299-730-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86299-730-5"><bdi>0-86299-730-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Northumbria%3A+AD+350%E2%80%931100&rft.place=Gloucester%2C+UK&rft.pub=A.+Sutton&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-86299-730-5&rft.au=Higham%2C+N.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham,_N._J.2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._J._Higham" title="N. J. Higham">Higham, N. J.</a> (2006). (Re-)reading Bede: The Ecclesiastical History in Context. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-35368-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-35368-8"><bdi>0-415-35368-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28Re-%29reading+Bede%3A+The+Ecclesiastical+History+in+Context&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-35368-8&rft.au=Higham%2C+N.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindley,_Geoffrey2006" class="citation book cs1">Hindley, Geoffrey (2006). A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons: The Beginnings of the English Nation. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1738-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1738-5"><bdi>978-0-7867-1738-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Anglo-Saxons%3A+The+Beginnings+of+the+English+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1738-5&rft.au=Hindley%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riponcathedral.info/history-2/">"History"</a>. Ripon Cathedral. 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Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5053-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5053-7"><bdi>0-7190-5053-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reassessing+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Manchester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7190-5053-7&rft.au=John%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn,_Eric1970" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John, Eric (1970). "The Social and Political Problems of the Early English Church". In Thirsk, Joan (ed.). Land, Church, and People: Essays Presented to Professor <a href="/wiki/H._P._R._Finberg" title="H. P. R. Finberg">H. P. R. Finberg</a>. 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Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1"><bdi>978-0-631-22492-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heptarchy&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopaedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22492-1&rft.au=Keynes%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby,_D._P.1983" class="citation journal cs1">Kirby, D. P. (January 1983). "Bede, Eddius Stephanus and the Life of Wilfrid". <a href="/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review" title="The English Historical Review">The English Historical Review</a>. 98 (386): 101–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCVIII.CCCLXXXVI.101">10.1093/ehr/XCVIII.CCCLXXXVI.101</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/570165">570165</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159599493">159599493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Bede%2C+Eddius+Stephanus+and+the+Life+of+Wilfrid&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=386&rft.pages=101-114&rft.date=1983-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159599493%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F570165%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCVIII.CCCLXXXVI.101&rft.au=Kirby%2C+D.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby,_D._P.2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, D. P. (2000). The Earliest English Kings. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24211-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-24211-8"><bdi>0-415-24211-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+English+Kings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-24211-8&rft.au=Kirby%2C+D.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby,_D._P.1967" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, D. P. (1967). The Making of Early England (Reprint ed.). New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/399516">399516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Early+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F399516&rft.au=Kirby%2C+D.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidge,_Michael2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lapidge" title="Michael Lapidge">Lapidge, Michael</a> (2001). "Ælfflæd". 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Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1"><bdi>978-0-631-22492-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86lffl%C3%A6d&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopaedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22492-1&rft.au=Lapidge%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidge,_Michael2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lapidge" title="Michael Lapidge">Lapidge, Michael</a> (2001). "Theodore". 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Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 444–446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1"><bdi>978-0-631-22492-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theodore&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopaedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=444-446&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22492-1&rft.au=Lapidge%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence,_C._H.2001" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, C. H. (2001). Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (Third ed.). New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-40427-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-40427-4"><bdi>0-582-40427-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Monasticism%3A+Forms+of+Religious+Life+in+Western+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-582-40427-4&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+C.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaynesmith,_Mark_D.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Laynesmith, Mark D. (July 2000). "Stephen of Ripon and the Bible: Allegorical and Typological Interpretations of the Life of St Wilfrid". Early Medieval Europe. 9 (2): 163–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0254.00064">10.1111/1468-0254.00064</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162201866">162201866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Medieval+Europe&rft.atitle=Stephen+of+Ripon+and+the+Bible%3A+Allegorical+and+Typological+Interpretations+of+the+Life+of+St+Wilfrid&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-182&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-0254.00064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162201866%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Laynesmith%2C+Mark+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevison,_Wilhelm1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Levison" title="Wilhelm Levison">Levison, Wilhelm</a> (1973) [1946]. England and the Continent in the Eighth Century (Reprint ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821232-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821232-1"><bdi>0-19-821232-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+and+the+Continent+in+the+Eighth+Century&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-19-821232-1&rft.au=Levison%2C+Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoyn,_H._R.1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._R._Loyn" title="H. R. Loyn">Loyn, H. R.</a> (1984). The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England, 500–1087. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1217-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-1217-4"><bdi>0-8047-1217-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Governance+of+Anglo-Saxon+England%2C+500%E2%80%931087&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8047-1217-4&rft.au=Loyn%2C+H.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon,_Bryce_Dale1980" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, Bryce Dale (1980). A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England (Second ed.). New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-95132-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-95132-4"><bdi>0-393-95132-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Constitutional+and+Legal+History+of+Medieval+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-393-95132-4&rft.au=Lyon%2C+Bryce+Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr-Harting,_Henry1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mayr-Harting" title="Henry Mayr-Harting">Mayr-Harting, Henry</a> (1991). The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-00769-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-00769-9"><bdi>0-271-00769-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+Christianity+to+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=University+Park%2C+PA&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-271-00769-9&rft.au=Mayr-Harting%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMee,_Frances1988" class="citation book cs1">Mee, Frances (1988). A History of Selsey. Chichester, UK: Philimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-672-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85033-672-4"><bdi>0-85033-672-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Selsey&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Philimore&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-85033-672-4&rft.au=Mee%2C+Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell,_Barbara1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Barbara (October 1995). 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Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. pp. 95–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2715-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2715-3"><bdi>0-7914-2715-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hagiography+and+Politics+in+Early+Northumbria&rft.btitle=Holy+Men+and+Holy+Women%3A+Old+English+Prose+Saints%27+Lives+and+their+Contexts&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pages=95-114&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7914-2715-3&rft.au=Rollason%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014043506/http://catholic-forum.com/saints/saintw64.htm">"Saint Wilfrid"</a>. 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New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-020503-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-020503-9"><bdi>0-14-020503-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Society+and+the+Church+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-14-020503-9&rft.au=Southern%2C+R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStancliffe,_C._E.2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clare_Stancliffe" title="Clare Stancliffe">Stancliffe, C. E.</a> (2013). "Dating Wilfrid's Death and Stephen's Life". In <a href="/wiki/N._J._Higham" title="N. J. Higham">Higham, N.J.</a> (ed.). Wilfrid: Abbot, Bishop, Saint: Papers from the 1300th Anniversary Conferences. Donnington, UK: Shuan Tyas. pp. 17–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-19077-3027-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-19077-3027-6"><bdi>978-19077-3027-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dating+Wilfrid%27s+Death+and+Stephen%27s+Life&rft.btitle=Wilfrid%3A+Abbot%2C+Bishop%2C+Saint%3A+Papers+from+the+1300th+Anniversary+Conferences&rft.place=Donnington%2C+UK&rft.pages=17-26&rft.pub=Shuan+Tyas&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-19077-3027-6&rft.au=Stancliffe%2C+C.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton,_F._M.1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Stenton, F. M.</a> (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (Third ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280139-5&rft.au=Stenton%2C+F.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_of_Ripon1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Ripon" title="Stephen of Ripon">Stephen of Ripon</a> (1998). "Life of Wilfrid". The Age of Bede: Bede – Life of Cuthbert, Eddius Stephanus – Life of Wilfrid, Bede – Lives of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow, The Anonymous History of Abbot Ceolfrith with the Voyage of St Brendan. Translated by Webb, J. F. (Revised ed.). London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044727-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044727-9"><bdi>978-0-14-044727-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+Wilfrid&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Bede%3A+Bede+%E2%80%93+Life+of+Cuthbert%2C+Eddius+Stephanus+%E2%80%93+Life+of+Wilfrid%2C+Bede+%E2%80%93+Lives+of+the+Abbots+of+Wearmouth+and+Jarrow%2C+The+Anonymous+History+of+Abbot+Ceolfrith+with+the+Voyage+of+St+Brendan&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044727-9&rft.au=Stephen+of+Ripon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Swanton" title="Michael Swanton">Swanton, Michael James</a>. New York: Routledge. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92129-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92129-5"><bdi>0-415-92129-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-415-92129-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanton,_Michael_James1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Swanton" title="Michael Swanton">Swanton, Michael James</a> (1998). "Introduction". The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. New York: Routledge. pp. i–xxxv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92129-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92129-5"><bdi>0-415-92129-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=i-xxxv&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-415-92129-5&rft.au=Swanton%2C+Michael+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThacker,_Alan1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thacker, Alan (1996). "Saint-making and Relic Collecting by Oswald and his Communities". In <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brooks_(historian)" title="Nicholas Brooks (historian)">Brooks, Nicholas</a>; Cubitt, Catherine R. E. (eds.). St Oswald of Worcester: Life and Influence. London: Leicester University Press. pp. 244–268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7185-0003-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7185-0003-2"><bdi>0-7185-0003-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint-making+and+Relic+Collecting+by+Oswald+and+his+Communities&rft.btitle=St+Oswald+of+Worcester%3A+Life+and+Influence&rft.place=London&rft.pages=244-268&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7185-0003-2&rft.au=Thacker%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThacker,_Alan2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thacker, Alan (2001). "St Wilfrid". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lapidge" title="Michael Lapidge">Lapidge, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Blair_(historian)" title="John Blair (historian)">Blair, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Keynes, Simon</a>; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 474–476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1"><bdi>978-0-631-22492-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St+Wilfrid&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopaedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=474-476&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22492-1&rft.au=Thacker%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThacker,_Alan2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thacker, Alan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29409">"Wilfrid (St Wilfrid) (c.634–709/10)"</a>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29409">10.1093/ref:odnb/29409</a>. Retrieved 9 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wilfrid+%28St+Wilfrid%29+%28c.634%E2%80%93709%2F10%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29409&rft.au=Thacker%2C+Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F29409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson,_John_A._F.1998" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, John A. F. (1998). The Western Church in the Middle Ages. London: Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-60118-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-60118-3"><bdi>0-340-60118-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Church+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-340-60118-3&rft.au=Thomson%2C+John+A.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler,_Damian2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tyler, Damian (April 2007). "Reluctant Kings and Christian Conversion in Seventh-Century England". <a href="/wiki/History_(The_Journal_of_the_Historical_Association)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (The Journal of the Historical Association)">History</a>. 92 (306): 144–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2007.00389.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.2007.00389.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154928951">154928951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Reluctant+Kings+and+Christian+Conversion+in+Seventh-Century+England&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=306&rft.pages=144-161&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2007.00389.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154928951%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Tyler%2C+Damian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace-Hadrill,_J._M.1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._M._Wallace-Hadrill" title="J. M. Wallace-Hadrill">Wallace-Hadrill, J. M.</a> (1982). The Long-haired Kings. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6500-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6500-7"><bdi>0-8020-6500-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long-haired+Kings&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8020-6500-7&rft.au=Wallace-Hadrill%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh,_Michael_J.2007" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Michael J. (2007). A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West. London: Burns & Oats. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-438-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-438-2"><bdi>978-0-86012-438-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Dictionary+of+Saints%3A+East+and+West&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Burns+%26+Oats&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-86012-438-2&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitelock,_Dorothy" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Whitelock" title="Dorothy Whitelock">Whitelock, Dorothy</a> (ed.). English Historical Documents: Volume 1 c. 500–1042 (Second ed.). London: Eyre Methuen. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23967961">23967961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Historical+Documents%3A+Volume+1+c.+500%E2%80%931042&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Eyre+Methuen&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23967961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf,_Alex2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Woolf" title="Alex Woolf">Woolf, Alex</a> (October 2006). "Dún Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts". The Scottish Historical Review. 85 (2): 182–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fshr.2007.0029">10.1353/shr.2007.0029</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25529917">25529917</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201796703">201796703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scottish+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=D%C3%BAn+Nechtain%2C+Fortriu+and+the+Geography+of+the+Picts&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=182-201&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201796703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25529917%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fshr.2007.0029&rft.au=Woolf%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf,_Alex2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Woolf" title="Alex Woolf">Woolf, Alex</a> (2001). 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London: Leicester University Press. pp. 106–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7185-0231-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7185-0231-0"><bdi>0-7185-0231-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Verturian+Hegemony%3A+A+Mirror+in+the+North&rft.btitle=Mercia%3A+An+Anglo-Saxon+Kingdom+in+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=106-112&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7185-0231-0&rft.au=Woolf%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke,_Barbara2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Yorke, Barbara</a> (2003). "The Adaptation of the Anglo-Saxon Royal Courts to Christianity". In <a href="/wiki/Martin_Carver" title="Martin Carver">Carver, Martin</a> (ed.). The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe AD 300–1300. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 244–257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-125-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-125-2"><bdi>1-84383-125-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Adaptation+of+the+Anglo-Saxon+Royal+Courts+to+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Cross+Goes+North%3A+Processes+of+Conversion+in+Northern+Europe+AD+300%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=244-257&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84383-125-2&rft.au=Yorke%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke,_Barbara2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Yorke, Barbara</a> (2006). The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c. 600–800. London: Pearson/Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-77292-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-77292-3"><bdi>0-582-77292-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conversion+of+Britain%3A+Religion%2C+Politics+and+Society+in+Britain+c.+600%E2%80%93800&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pearson%2FLongman&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-582-77292-3&rft.au=Yorke%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke,_Barbara1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Yorke, Barbara</a> (1997). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16639-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16639-X"><bdi>0-415-16639-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Kingdoms+of+Early+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-16639-X&rft.au=Yorke%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley,_W._T.1989" class="citation journal cs1">Foley, W. T. (1989). "Imitation Apostoli: St Wilfrid of York and the Andrew Script". American Benedictine Review. 40: 13–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Benedictine+Review&rft.atitle=Imitation+Apostoli%3A+St+Wilfrid+of+York+and+the+Andrew+Script&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=13-31&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Foley%2C+W.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelteret,_David1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pelteret, David (1998). "Saint Wilfrid: Tribal Bishop, Civic Bishop or Germanic Lord?". In Hill, Joyce; Swan, Mary (eds.). The Community, the Family and the Saint: Patterns of Power in Early Modern Europe. Brepols. pp. 159–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-503-50668-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-503-50668-2"><bdi>2-503-50668-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Wilfrid%3A+Tribal+Bishop%2C+Civic+Bishop+or+Germanic+Lord%3F&rft.btitle=The+Community%2C+the+Family+and+the+Saint%3A+Patterns+of+Power+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=159-180&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=2-503-50668-2&rft.au=Pelteret%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-Williams,_Patrick1988" class="citation journal cs1">Sims-Williams, Patrick (April 1988). "St Wilfrid and Two Charters Dated AD 676 and 680". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Ecclesiastical_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Ecclesiastical History">Journal of Ecclesiastical History</a>. 39 (2): 163–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022046900020649">10.1017/S0022046900020649</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161662106">161662106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecclesiastical+History&rft.atitle=St+Wilfrid+and+Two+Charters+Dated+AD+676+and+680&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-183&rft.date=1988-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022046900020649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161662106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Sims-Williams%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStancliffe,_Clare2003" class="citation book cs1">Stancliffe, Clare (2003). Bede, Wilfrid, and the Irish. Jarrow Lecture 46. Jarrow, UK: St Paul's Church Jarrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-167882-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-167882-2"><bdi>978-0-02-167882-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bede%2C+Wilfrid%2C+and+the+Irish&rft.place=Jarrow%2C+UK&rft.series=Jarrow+Lecture+46&rft.pub=St+Paul%27s+Church+Jarrow&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-02-167882-2&rft.au=Stancliffe%2C+Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood,_I._N.1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_N._Wood" title="Ian N. Wood">Wood, I. N.</a> (January 1995). "Northumbrians and Franks in the age of Wilfrid". Northern History. 31: 10–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F007817295790175327">10.1179/007817295790175327</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159866133">159866133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+History&rft.atitle=Northumbrians+and+Franks+in+the+age+of+Wilfrid&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=10-21&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F007817295790175327&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159866133%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Wood%2C+I.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilfrid" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/bede-book5.html">Ecclesiastical History Book V</a> – Chapter XIX contains Wilfrid's epitaph. From the Medieval Sourcebook</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=874">Wilfrid 2</a> at <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a> – listing of most contemporary and close to contemporary mentions of Wilfrid in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a>. Includes some spurious charter listings.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chad_of_Mercia" title="Chad of Mercia">Chad of Mercia</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of York">Bishop of the Northumbrians</a> 664–678 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bosa_of_York" title="Bosa of York">Bosa</a></div>as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of York">Bishop of York</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eata_of_Hexham" title="Eata of Hexham">Eata of Hexham</a></div>as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lindisfarne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Lindisfarne">Bishop of Lindisfarne</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cuthwine_of_Leicester" title="Cuthwine of Leicester">Cuthwine of Leicester</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Leicester_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Leicester (ancient)">Bishop of Leicester</a> 692–705 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Headda" title="Headda">Headda</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Beverley" title="John of Beverley">John of Beverley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Hexham" title="Bishop of Hexham">Bishop of Hexham</a> 705–709 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Acca_of_Hexham" title="Acca of Hexham">Acca</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_York" title="Template:Bishops and Archbishops of York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_York" title="Template talk:Bishops and Archbishops of York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops and Archbishops of York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_and_Archbishops_of_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bishops and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishops of York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_of_Mercia" title="Chad of Mercia">Chad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilfrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosa_of_York" title="Bosa of York">Bosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Beverley" title="John of Beverley">John of Beverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_II_(bishop_of_York)" title="Wilfrid II (bishop of York)">Wilfrid II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Reformation archbishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecgbert_of_York" title="Ecgbert of York">Egbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbert_of_York" title="Æthelbert of York">Æthelbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanbald_(died_796)" title="Eanbald (died 796)">Eanbald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanbald_(floruit_798)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eanbald (floruit 798)">Eanbald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfsige_of_York" title="Wulfsige of York">Wulfsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigmund_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Wigmund (archbishop of York)">Wigmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere_of_York" title="Wulfhere of York">Wulfhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald_of_York" title="Æthelbald of York">Æthelbald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrotheweard" title="Hrotheweard">Hrotheweard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_956)" title="Wulfstan (died 956)">Wulfstan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscytel" title="Oscytel">Oscytel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwald" title="Edwald">Edwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester" title="Oswald of Worcester">Oswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdwulf_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Ealdwulf (archbishop of York)">Ealdwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfstan_(died_1023)" title="Wulfstan (died 1023)">Wulfstan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_Puttoc" title="Ælfric Puttoc">Ælfric Puttoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynesige" title="Cynesige">Cynesige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdred_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Ealdred (archbishop of York)">Ealdred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Bayeux" title="Thomas of Bayeux">Thomas of Bayeux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Gerard (archbishop of York)">Gerard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_II_of_York" title="Thomas II of York">Thomas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurstan" title="Thurstan">Thurstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_York" title="William of York">William FitzHerbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Murdac" title="Henry Murdac">Henry Murdac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_York" title="William of York">William FitzHerbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Pont_L%27%C3%89v%C3%AAque" title="Roger de Pont L'Évêque">Roger de Pont L'Évêque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Geoffrey (archbishop of York)">Geoffrey Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Langton_(priest)" title="Simon Langton (priest)">Simon Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gray" title="Walter de Gray">Walter de Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewal_de_Bovil" title="Sewal de Bovil">Sewal de Bovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Ludham" title="Godfrey Ludham">Godfrey Ludham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Langton" title="William Langton">William Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">Walter Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Wickwane" title="William de Wickwane">William de Wickwane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_le_Romeyn" title="John le Romeyn">John le Romeyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Newark" title="Henry of Newark">Henry of Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Corbridge" title="Thomas of Corbridge">Thomas of Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greenfield" title="William Greenfield">William Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Melton" title="William Melton">William Melton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Zouche" title="William Zouche">William Zouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Thoresby" title="John of Thoresby">John of Thoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Neville" title="Alexander Neville">Alexander Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundel" title="Thomas Arundel">Thomas Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Waldby" title="Robert Waldby">Robert Waldby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Scrope_(bishop)" title="Richard Scrope (bishop)">Richard le Scrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Langley" title="Thomas Langley">Thomas Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hallam" title="Robert Hallam">Robert Hallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bowet" title="Henry Bowet">Henry Bowet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Morgan_(bishop)" title="Philip Morgan (bishop)">Philip Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fleming_(bishop)" title="Richard Fleming (bishop)">Richard Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Booth_(bishop)" title="William Booth (bishop)">William Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Neville_(bishop)" title="George Neville (bishop)">George Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Booth" title="Lawrence Booth">Lawrence Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savage_(bishop)" title="Thomas Savage (bishop)">Thomas Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bainbridge" title="Christopher Bainbridge">Christopher Bainbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Reformation archbishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lee_(bishop)" title="Edward Lee (bishop)">Edward Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Holgate" title="Robert Holgate">Robert Holgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Heath" title="Nicholas Heath">Nicholas Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(bishop)" title="Thomas Young (bishop)">Thomas Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Grindal" title="Edmund Grindal">Edmund Grindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Sandys_(bishop)" title="Edwin Sandys (bishop)">Edwin Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Piers" title="John Piers">John Piers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hutton_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Matthew Hutton (archbishop of York)">Matthew Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Matthew" title="Tobias Matthew">Tobias Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montaigne" title="George Montaigne">George Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Harsnett" title="Samuel Harsnett">Samuel Harsnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neile" title="Richard Neile">Richard Neile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(archbishop_of_York)" title="John Williams (archbishop of York)">John Williams</a></li> <li>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accepted_Frewen" title="Accepted Frewen">Accepted Frewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sterne_(bishop)" title="Richard Sterne (bishop)">Richard Sterne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dolben" title="John Dolben">John Dolben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lamplugh" title="Thomas Lamplugh">Thomas Lamplugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_(bishop)" title="John Sharp (bishop)">John Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Dawes,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir William Dawes, 3rd Baronet">Sir William Dawes Bt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Blackburne" title="Lancelot Blackburne">Lancelot Blackburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herring" title="Thomas Herring">Thomas Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hutton_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Matthew Hutton (archbishop of Canterbury)">Matthew Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_(archbishop_of_York)" title="John Gilbert (archbishop of York)">John Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hay_Drummond" title="Robert Hay Drummond">Robert Hay Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Markham_(bishop)" title="William Markham (bishop)">William Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Venables-Vernon-Harcourt" title="Edward Venables-Vernon-Harcourt">Edward Venables-Vernon-Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Musgrave_(bishop)" title="Thomas Musgrave (bishop)">Thomas Musgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Longley" title="Charles Longley">Charles Longley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson_(bishop)" title="William Thomson (bishop)">William Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Connor_Magee" title="William Connor Magee">William Connor Magee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Maclagan" title="William Maclagan">William Maclagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Lang" title="Cosmo Gordon Lang">Cosmo Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(bishop)" title="William Temple (bishop)">William Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Garbett" title="Cyril Garbett">Cyril Garbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramsey" title="Michael Ramsey">Michael Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Coggan" title="Donald Coggan">Donald Coggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Blanch" title="Stuart Blanch">Stuart Blanch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Habgood" title="John Habgood">John Habgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hope,_Baron_Hope_of_Thornes" title="David Hope, Baron Hope of Thornes">David Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sentamu" title="John Sentamu">John Sentamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ferguson_(bishop)" title="Paul Ferguson (bishop)">Paul Ferguson</a> (acting diocesan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cottrell" title="Stephen Cottrell">Stephen Cottrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_of_Chichester" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_of_Chichester" title="Template:Bishops of Chichester"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_of_Chichester" title="Template talk:Bishops of Chichester"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_of_Chichester" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops of Chichester"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_of_Chichester" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Chichester" title="Bishop of Chichester">Bishops of Chichester</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bishops of Selsey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilfrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadberht_of_Selsey" title="Eadberht of Selsey">Eadberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eolla" title="Eolla">Eolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeferth_of_Selsey" title="Sigeferth of Selsey">Sigeferth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluberht" title="Aluberht">Aluberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Selsey" title="Oswald of Selsey">Oswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gislhere" title="Gislhere">Gislhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tota_(bishop)" title="Tota (bishop)">Tota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihthun" title="Wihthun">Wihthun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf_of_Selsey" title="Æthelwulf of Selsey">Æthelwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynered" title="Cynered">Cynered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthheard" title="Guthheard">Guthheard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wighelm" title="Wighelm">Wighelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beornheah" title="Beornheah">Beornheah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhun" title="Wulfhun">Wulfhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthheard" title="Guthheard">Guthheard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfred_of_Selsey" title="Ælfred of Selsey">Ælfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihthelm_(Bishop_of_Selsey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihthelm (Bishop of Selsey)">Brihthelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadhelm" title="Eadhelm">Eadhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelgar" title="Æthelgar">Æthelgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordbriht" title="Ordbriht">Ordbriht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfm%C3%A6r_(Bishop_of_Selsey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ælfmær (Bishop of Selsey)">Ælfmær</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelric_I" title="Æthelric I">Æthelric I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimketel" title="Grimketel">Grimketel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heca" title="Heca">Heca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelric_II" title="Æthelric II">Æthelric II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigand_of_Selsey" title="Stigand of Selsey">Stigand</a></li> <li>See translated</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Chichester" title="Godfrey of Chichester">Godfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Luffa" title="Ralph de Luffa">Ralph de Luffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seffrid_I" title="Seffrid I">Seffrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Chichester" title="Hilary of Chichester">Hilary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Greenford" title="John of Greenford">John of Greenford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seffrid_II" title="Seffrid II">Seffrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Wells" title="Simon of Wells">Simon of Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_de_Aquila" title="Nicholas de Aquila">Nicholas de Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Poore" title="Richard Poore">Richard Poore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranulf_of_Wareham" title="Ranulf of Wareham">Ranulf of Wareham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Neville" title="Ralph Neville">Ralph Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Passelewe" title="Robert Passelewe">Robert Passelewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Chichester" title="Richard of Chichester">Richard de la Wich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climping" title="John Climping">John Climping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bersted" title="Stephen Bersted">Stephen Bersted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_of_St_Leonard" title="Gilbert of St Leonard">Gilbert of St Leonard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Langton" title="John Langton">John Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Stratford" title="Robert de Stratford">Robert de Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lenn" title="William Lenn">William Lenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Reade_(bishop)" title="William Reade (bishop)">William Reade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rushhook" title="Thomas Rushhook">Thomas Rushhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mitford" title="Richard Mitford">Richard Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Waldby" title="Robert Waldby">Robert Waldby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reed_(bishop)" title="Robert Reed (bishop)">Robert Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Patrington" title="Stephen Patrington">Stephen Patrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ware_(Bishop_of_Chichester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Ware (Bishop of Chichester)">Henry Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Polton" title="Thomas Polton">Thomas Polton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rickingale" title="John Rickingale">John Rickingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brunce" title="Thomas Brunce">Thomas Brunce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sydenham" title="Simon Sydenham">Simon Sydenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Praty" title="Richard Praty">Richard Praty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Moleyns" title="Adam Moleyns">Adam Moleyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pecock" title="Reginald Pecock">Reginald Pecock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Arundel_(Bishop_of_Chichester)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Arundel (Bishop of Chichester)">John Arundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Story" title="Edward Story">Edward Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzJames" title="Richard FitzJames">Richard FitzJames</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sherborne" title="Robert Sherborne">Robert Sherborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sampson" title="Richard Sampson">Richard Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Day_(bishop)" title="George Day (bishop)">George Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scory" title="John Scory">John Scory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Day_(bishop)" title="George Day (bishop)">George Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopherson" title="John Christopherson">John Christopherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barlow_(bishop_of_Chichester)" title="William Barlow (bishop of Chichester)">William Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Curteys" title="Richard Curteys">Richard Curteys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bickley" title="Thomas Bickley">Thomas Bickley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Watson_(bishop)" title="Anthony Watson (bishop)">Anthony Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Andrewes" title="Lancelot Andrewes">Lancelot Andrewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Harsnett" title="Samuel Harsnett">Samuel Harsnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carleton_(bishop)" title="George Carleton (bishop)">George Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montagu" title="Richard Montagu">Richard Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Duppa" title="Brian Duppa">Brian Duppa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_King_(poet)" title="Henry King (poet)">Henry King</a></li> <li>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</li> <li>Henry King</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gunning" title="Peter Gunning">Peter Gunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brideoake" title="Ralph Brideoake">Ralph Brideoake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton_(bishop)" title="Guy Carleton (bishop)">Guy Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lake_(bishop)" title="John Lake (bishop)">John Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Patrick" title="Simon Patrick">Simon Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grove_(bishop)" title="Robert Grove (bishop)">Robert Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(bishop_of_Chichester)" title="John Williams (bishop of Chichester)">John Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Manningham" title="Thomas Manningham">Thomas Manningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bowers_(bishop)" title="Thomas Bowers (bishop)">Thomas Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Waddington" title="Edward Waddington">Edward Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hare_(bishop)" title="Francis Hare (bishop)">Francis Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Mawson" title="Matthias Mawson">Matthias Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Ashburnham,_4th_Baronet" title="Sir William Ashburnham, 4th Baronet">Sir William Ashburnham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Buckner_(bishop)" title="John Buckner (bishop)">John Buckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr_(bishop)" title="Robert Carr (bishop)">Robert Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Maltby" title="Edward Maltby">Edward Maltby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Otter" title="William Otter">William Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Shuttleworth" title="Philip Shuttleworth">Philip Shuttleworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashurst_Gilbert" title="Ashurst Gilbert">Ashurst Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Durnford" title="Richard Durnford">Richard Durnford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Wilberforce" title="Ernest Wilberforce">Ernest Wilberforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ridgeway" title="Charles Ridgeway">Charles Ridgeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfrid_Burrows" title="Winfrid Burrows">Winfrid Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bell_(bishop)" title="George Bell (bishop)">George Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wilson_(bishop)" title="Roger Wilson (bishop)">Roger Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kemp" title="Eric Kemp">Eric Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hind_(bishop_of_Chichester)" title="John Hind (bishop of Chichester)">John Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Warner_(bishop)" title="Martin Warner (bishop)">Martin Warner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_of_Lincoln" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_of_Lincoln" title="Template:Bishops of Lincoln"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_of_Lincoln" title="Template talk:Bishops of Lincoln"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_of_Lincoln" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops of Lincoln"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_of_Lincoln" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln" title="Bishop of Lincoln">Bishops of Lincoln</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leicester</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuthwine_of_Leicester" title="Cuthwine of Leicester">Cuthwine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilfrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headda" title="Headda">Headda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldwine" title="Aldwine">Aldwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torhthelm" title="Torhthelm">Torhthelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadbeorht_of_Leicester" title="Eadbeorht of Leicester">Eadbeorht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unwona" title="Unwona">Unwona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernbeorht" title="Wernbeorht">Wernbeorht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A6thhun" title="Hræthhun">Hræthhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdred_of_Leicester" title="Ealdred of Leicester">Ealdred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceobred" title="Ceobred">Ceobred</a></li> <li>see removed to Dorchester</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorchester</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlardus" title="Harlardus">Harlardus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigmund_(bishop_of_Dorchester)" title="Wigmund (bishop of Dorchester)">Wigmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenwulf_of_Dorchester" title="Coenwulf of Dorchester">Coenwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynsige" title="Wynsige">Wynsige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_(bishop_of_Dorchester)" title="Æthelwold (bishop of Dorchester)">Æthelwold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscytel" title="Oscytel">Oscytel</a></li> <li>united see:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leofwine_(bishop_of_Lindsey)" title="Leofwine (bishop of Lindsey)">Leofwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alnothus" title="Alnothus">Alnothus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86scwig_of_Dorchester" title="Æscwig of Dorchester">Æscwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfhelm_of_Dorchester" title="Ælfhelm of Dorchester">Ælfhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadnoth_the_Younger" title="Eadnoth the Younger">Eadnoth</a> (I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelric_(bishop_of_Dorchester)" title="Æthelric (bishop of Dorchester)">Æthelric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadnoth_II" title="Eadnoth II">Eadnoth</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulfus_Normanus" title="Ulfus Normanus">Ulfus Normanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfwig" title="Wulfwig">Wulfwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigius_de_F%C3%A9camp" title="Remigius de Fécamp">Remigius de Fécamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Remigius de Fécamp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bloet" title="Robert Bloet">Robert Bloet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Lincoln" title="Alexander of Lincoln">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Chesney" title="Robert de Chesney">Robert de Chesney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Geoffrey (archbishop of York)">Geoffrey Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Coutances" title="Walter de Coutances">Walter de Coutances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Lincoln" title="Hugh of Lincoln">Hugh of Avalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Blois_(bishop_of_Lincoln)" title="William de Blois (bishop of Lincoln)">William de Blois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Wells" title="Hugh of Wells">Hugh of Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lexington" title="Henry of Lexington">Henry of Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Gravesend" title="Richard of Gravesend">Richard of Gravesend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sutton_(bishop)" title="Oliver Sutton (bishop)">Oliver Sutton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalderby" title="John Dalderby">John Dalderby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Bek_(bishop_of_Norwich)" title="Antony Bek (bishop of Norwich)">Anthony Bek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Burghersh" title="Henry Burghersh">Henry Burghersh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bek_(bishop_of_Lincoln)" title="Thomas Bek (bishop of Lincoln)">Thomas Bek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gynwell" title="John Gynwell">John Gynwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bokyngham" title="John Bokyngham">John Bokyngham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort" title="Henry Beaufort">Henry Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Repyngdon" title="Philip Repyngdon">Philip Repyngdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fleming_(bishop)" title="Richard Fleming (bishop)">Richard Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey_(bishop_of_Lincoln)" title="William Grey (bishop of Lincoln)">William Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alnwick" title="William Alnwick">William Alnwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaduke_Lumley" title="Marmaduke Lumley">Marmaduke Lumley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chadworth" title="John Chadworth">John Chadworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell_(bishop)" title="John Russell (bishop)">John Russell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Smyth" title="William Smyth">William Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Atwater_(bishop)" title="William Atwater (bishop)">William Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Longland" title="John Longland">John Longland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Holbeach" title="Henry Holbeach">Henry Holbeach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(bishop_of_Lincoln)" title="John Taylor (bishop of Lincoln)">John Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_(bishop)" title="John White (bishop)">John White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watson_(bishop_of_Lincoln)" title="Thomas Watson (bishop of Lincoln)">Thomas Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bullingham" title="Nicholas Bullingham">Nicholas Bullingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cooper_(bishop)" title="Thomas Cooper (bishop)">Thomas Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wickham_(bishop)" title="William Wickham (bishop)">William Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chaderton" title="William Chaderton">William Chaderton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barlow_(bishop_of_Lincoln)" title="William Barlow (bishop of Lincoln)">William Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neile" title="Richard Neile">Richard Neile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montaigne" title="George Montaigne">George Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(archbishop_of_York)" title="John Williams (archbishop of York)">John Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Winniffe" title="Thomas Winniffe">Thomas Winniffe</a></li> <li>Episcopacy abolished (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sanderson_(theologian)" title="Robert Sanderson (theologian)">Robert Sanderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lany" title="Benjamin Lany">Benjamin Lany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fuller_(bishop)" title="William Fuller (bishop)">William Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barlow_(bishop)" title="Thomas Barlow (bishop)">Thomas Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tenison" title="Thomas Tenison">Thomas Tenison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gardiner_(bishop)" title="James Gardiner (bishop)">James Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wake" title="William Wake">William Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gibson" title="Edmund Gibson">Edmund Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Reynolds_(bishop)" title="Richard Reynolds (bishop)">Richard Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_(bishop_of_Salisbury)" title="John Thomas (bishop of Salisbury)">John Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Green_(bishop)" title="John Green (bishop)">John Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thurlow_(bishop)" title="Thomas Thurlow (bishop)">Thomas Thurlow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Pretyman_Tomline" title="George Pretyman Tomline">George Pretyman</a> (later Pretyman Tomline)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pelham_(bishop)" title="George Pelham (bishop)">George Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kaye_(bishop)" title="John Kaye (bishop)">John Kaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jackson_(bishop)" title="John Jackson (bishop)">John Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wordsworth" title="Christopher Wordsworth">Christopher Wordsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_King_(bishop_of_Lincoln)" title="Edward King (bishop of Lincoln)">Edward King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hicks_(bishop)" title="Edward Hicks (bishop)">Edward Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Swayne" title="William Swayne">William Swayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nugent_Hicks" title="Nugent Hicks">Nugent Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aylmer_Skelton" title="Aylmer Skelton">Aylmer Skelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Owen" title="Leslie Owen">Leslie Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Harland" title="Maurice Harland">Maurice Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Riches" title="Kenneth Riches">Kenneth Riches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Phipps_(bishop)" title="Simon Phipps (bishop)">Simon Phipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hardy_(bishop)" title="Bob Hardy (bishop)">Bob Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Saxbee" title="John Saxbee">John Saxbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lowson" title="Christopher Lowson">Christopher Lowson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Conway" title="Stephen Conway">Stephen Conway</a>, Bishop of Ely (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Court_(bishop)" title="David Court (bishop)">David Court</a> (acting)</li> <li>Stephen Conway</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_of_Hexham" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-bottom: #7F1734 5px solid; border-top: #7F1734 5px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bishops_of_Hexham" title="Template:Bishops of Hexham"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Bishops_of_Hexham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Bishops of Hexham (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_of_Hexham" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops of Hexham"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_of_Hexham" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Hexham" title="Bishop of Hexham">Bishops of Hexham</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>erected from <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of York">united Northumbrian diocese</a></li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Eata_of_Hexham" title="Eata of Hexham">Eata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumbert" title="Trumbert">Trumbert</a></li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_of_Lindisfarne" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuthbert of Lindisfarne">Cuthbert</a></li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Eata_of_Hexham" title="Eata of Hexham">Eata</a></li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/John_of_Beverley" title="John of Beverley">John of Beverley</a></li> <li>St <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilfrid</a></li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Acca_of_Hexham" title="Acca of Hexham">Acca</a></li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Frithubeorht" title="Frithubeorht">Frithubeorht</a></li> <li>St <a href="/wiki/Alcmund_of_Hexham" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcmund of Hexham">Eahlmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilbeorht" title="Tilbeorht">Tilbeorht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Whithorn" title="Æthelberht of Whithorn">Æthelberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heardred_of_Hexham" title="Heardred of Hexham">Heardred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanberht_of_Hexham" title="Eanberht of Hexham">Eanbehrt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidfrith_of_Hexham" title="Tidfrith of Hexham">Tidfrith</a></li> <li>See united to <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lindisfarne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Saxon_saints" title="Template:Anglo-Saxon saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_saints" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Saxon_saints" title="List of Anglo-Saxon saints">Saints of Anglo-Saxon England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British / Welsh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Aldate" title="Saint Aldate">Aldate of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Barloc">Barloc of Norbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brannoc_of_Braunton" title="Brannoc of Braunton">Brannoc of Braunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branwalator" title="Branwalator">Branwalator of Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credan" title="Credan">Credan of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congar_of_Congresbury" title="Congar of Congresbury">Congar of Congresbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachuna" title="Dachuna">Dachuna of Bodmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decuman" title="Decuman">Decuman of Watchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfin_of_Warrington" title="Elfin of Warrington">Elfin of Warrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_of_Ramsey" title="Ivo of Ramsey">Ivo of Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judoc" title="Judoc">Judoc of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melor" title="Melor">Melorius of Amesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectan_of_Hartland" title="Nectan of Hartland">Nectan of Hartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Neot_(monk)" title="Saint Neot (monk)">Neot of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumon">Rumon of Tavistock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Dol" title="Samson of Dol">Samson of Dol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sativola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sativola">Sativola of Exeter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Anglian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_II_of_East_Anglia" title="Æthelberht II of East Anglia">Æthelberht of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburh_of_Faremoutiers" title="Æthelburh of Faremoutiers">Æthelburh of Faremoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_of_Ramsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelflæd of Ramsey (page does not exist)">Æthelflæd of Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwine_of_Lindsey" title="Æthelwine of Lindsey">Æthelwine of Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulf" title="Adulf">Athwulf of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Blida" title="Saint Blida">Blida of Martham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botwulf_of_Thorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Botwulf of Thorney">Botwulf of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissa_of_Crowland" title="Cissa of Crowland">Cissa of Crowland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuthbald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuthbald (page does not exist)">Cuthbald of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Eadmund of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadnoth_the_Younger" title="Eadnoth the Younger">Eadnoth of Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthlac_of_Crowland" title="Guthlac of Crowland">Guthlac of Crowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefrith_of_Thorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Herefrith of Thorney">Herefrith of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiurmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiurmine (page does not exist)">Hiurmine of Blythburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_of_Thorney" title="Huna of Thorney">Huna of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pega" title="Pega">Pega of Peakirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxburh_of_Ely" title="Seaxburh of Ely">Seaxburh of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeberht_of_East_Anglia" title="Sigeberht of East Anglia">Sigeberht of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyrs_of_Thorney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martyrs of Thorney (page does not exist)">Tancred of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyrs_of_Thorney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martyrs of Thorney (page does not exist)">Torthred of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyrs_of_Thorney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martyrs of Thorney (page does not exist)">Tova of Thorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Walstan" title="Saint Walstan">Walstan of Bawburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendreda" title="Wendreda">Wendreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihtburh" title="Wihtburh">Wihtburh of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfric_of_Holme" title="Wulfric of Holme">Wulfric of Holme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburh_of_Barking" title="Æthelburh of Barking">Æthelburh of Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildelith" title="Hildelith">Hildelith of Barking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osgyth" title="Osgyth">Osgyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6bbi_of_Essex" title="Sæbbi of Essex">Sæbbi of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frisian, Frankish and Old Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balthild_of_Romsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balthild of Romsey (page does not exist)">Balthild of Romsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Kent" title="Bertha of Kent">Bertha of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_of_Burgundy" title="Felix of Burgundy">Felix of Dommoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helier" title="Helier">Helier of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimbald" title="Grimbald">Grimbald of St Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monegunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monegunda (page does not exist)">Monegunda of Watton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odwulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odwulf (page does not exist)">Odwulf of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfram_of_Sens" title="Wulfram of Sens">Wulfram of Grantham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irish and Scottish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Aidan of Lindisfarne">Aidan of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boisil" title="Boisil">Boisil of Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echa_of_Crayke" class="mw-redirect" title="Echa of Crayke">Echa of Crayke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultan_the_Scribe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultan the Scribe (page does not exist)">Ultan the Scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indract_of_Glastonbury" title="Indract of Glastonbury">Indract of Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Dub" title="Máel Dub">Maildub of Malmesbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kentish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domne_Eafe" title="Domne Eafe">Æbbe of Thanet (Domne Eafe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelburh_of_Kent" title="Æthelburh of Kent">Æthelburh of Kent </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_and_%C3%86thelberht" title="Æthelred and Æthelberht">Æthelred of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albinus_(abbot)" title="Albinus (abbot)">Albinus of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhtwald" title="Berhtwald">Berhtwald of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deusdedit_of_Canterbury" title="Deusdedit of Canterbury">Deusdedit of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edburga_of_Minster-in-Thanet" title="Edburga of Minster-in-Thanet">Edburga of Minster-in-Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanswith" title="Eanswith">Eanswith of Folkestone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eormengyth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eormengyth (page does not exist)">Eormengyth of Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildrith" title="Mildrith">Mildrith of Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothhelm" title="Nothhelm">Nothhelm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigeburh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigeburh (page does not exist)">Sigeburh of Thanet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mercian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfnoth_of_Stowe" title="Ælfnoth of Stowe">Ælfnoth of Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_of_Crowland" title="Ælfthryth of Crowland">Ælfthryth of Crowland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelberht_of_Bedford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelberht of Bedford (page does not exist)">Æthelberht of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelmod_of_Leominster" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelmod of Leominster">Æthelmod of Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Mercia" title="Æthelred of Mercia">Æthelred of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwynn_of_Sodbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelwynn of Sodbury (page does not exist)">Æthelwynn of Sodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldwyn_of_Coln" title="Aldwyn of Coln">Aldwyn of Coln</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beonna_of_Breedon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beonna of Breedon (page does not exist)">Beonna of Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beorhthelm_of_Stafford" title="Beorhthelm of Stafford">Beorhthelm of Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenwulf_of_Mercia" title="Coenwulf of Mercia">Coenwulf of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotta_of_Breedon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cotta of Breedon (page does not exist)">Cotta of Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Credan_of_Evesham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Credan of Evesham (page does not exist)">Credan of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyneburga,_Kyneswide_and_Tibba" title="Kyneburga, Kyneswide and Tibba">Cyneburh of Castor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyneburh_of_Gloucester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyneburh of Gloucester (page does not exist)">Cyneburh of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kenelm" title="Saint Kenelm">Cynehelm of Winchcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyneswith" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyneswith">Cyneswith of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Bicester" title="Eadburh of Bicester">Eadburh of Bicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Pershore" class="mw-redirect" title="Eadburh of Pershore">Eadburh of Pershore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eadburh_of_Southwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eadburh of Southwell (page does not exist)">Eadburh of Southwell </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadgyth_of_Aylesbury" title="Eadgyth of Aylesbury">Eadgyth of Aylesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eadweard_of_Maugersbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eadweard of Maugersbury (page does not exist)">Eadweard of Maugersbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdgyth_of_Stortford" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealdgyth of Stortford">Ealdgyth of Stortford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earconwald" title="Earconwald">Earconwald of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egwin_of_Evesham" title="Egwin of Evesham">Egwin of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freomund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freomund (page does not exist)">Freomund of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuric" class="mw-redirect" title="Frithuric">Frithuric of Breedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuswith" title="Frithuswith">Frithuswith of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithuwold_of_Chertsey" title="Frithuwold of Chertsey">Frithuwold of Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A6mma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hæmma (page does not exist)">Hæmma of Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merefin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merefin (page does not exist)">Merefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildburh" title="Mildburh">Mildburh of Wenlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildgyth" title="Mildgyth">Mildgyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildrith" title="Mildrith">Mildrith of Thanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milred" title="Milred">Milred of Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_of_Canterbury" title="Oda of Canterbury">Oda of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Worcester" title="Oswald of Worcester">Oswald of Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osburh_of_Coventry" title="Osburh of Coventry">Osburh of Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regenhere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regenhere (page does not exist)">Regenhere of Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbold_of_Buckingham" title="Rumbold of Buckingham">Rumbold of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyneburga,_Kyneswide_and_Tibba" title="Kyneburga, Kyneswide and Tibba">Tibba of Ryhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werburgh" title="Werburgh">Werburgh of Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6rstan" title="Wærstan">Wærstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigstan" title="Wigstan">Wigstan of Repton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulfhild_of_Barking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wulfhild of Barking (page does not exist)">Wulfhild of Barking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northumbrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acca_of_Hexham" title="Acca of Hexham">Acca of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86bbe_of_Coldingham" title="Æbbe of Coldingham">Æbbe "the Elder" of Coldingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86bbe_the_Younger" title="Æbbe the Younger">Æbbe "the Younger" of Coldingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lffl%C3%A6d_of_Whitby" title="Ælfflæd of Whitby">Ælfflæd of Whitby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwald_I_of_Northumbria" title="Ælfwald I of Northumbria">Ælfwald of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelburh_of_Hackness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelburh of Hackness (page does not exist)">Æthelburh of Hackness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelgyth_of_Coldingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelgyth of Coldingham (page does not exist)">Æthelgyth of Coldingham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelsige_of_Ripon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Æthelsige of Ripon (page does not exist)">Æthelsige of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_(hermit)" title="Æthelwold (hermit)">Æthelwold of Farne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_(bishop_of_Lindisfarne)" title="Æthelwold (bishop of Lindisfarne)">Æthelwold of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchhild_of_Middleham" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchhild of Middleham">Alchhild of Middleham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchmund_of_Hexham" title="Alchmund of Hexham">Alchmund of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkmund_of_Derby" title="Alkmund of Derby">Alkmund of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldred_of_Tyninghame" title="Baldred of Tyninghame">Balthere of Tyningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Beda of Jarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Bega" title="Saint Bega">Bega of Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Biscop" title="Benedict Biscop">Benedict Biscop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bercthun" title="Bercthun">Bercthun of Beverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billfrith" title="Billfrith">Billfrith of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosa_of_York" title="Bosa of York">Bosa of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botwine" title="Botwine">Botwine of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_of_Mercia" title="Chad of Mercia">Ceadda of Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedd" title="Cedd">Cedd of Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolfrith" title="Ceolfrith">Ceolfrith of Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_of_Northumbria" title="Ceolwulf of Northumbria">Ceolwulf of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert" title="Cuthbert">Cuthbert of Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryhthelm" title="Dryhthelm">Dryhthelm of Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadberht_of_Lindisfarne" title="Eadberht of Lindisfarne">Eadberht of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadfrith_of_Leominster" title="Eadfrith of Leominster">Eadfrith of Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadfrith_of_Lindisfarne" title="Eadfrith of Lindisfarne">Eadfrith of Lindisfarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Eadwine of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdberht_of_Ripon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealdberht of Ripon">Ealdberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Eanmund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Eanmund (page does not exist)">Eanmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eardwulf_of_Northumbria" title="Eardwulf of Northumbria">Eardwulf of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eata_of_Hexham" title="Eata of Hexham">Eata of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_of_Ripon" title="Ecgberht of Ripon">Ecgberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eoda (page does not exist)">Eoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosterwine" title="Eosterwine">Eosterwine of Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_of_Whitby" title="Hilda of Whitby">Hilda of Whitby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyglac" title="Hyglac">Hyglac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwig" title="Iwig">Iwig of Wilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Beverley" title="John of Beverley">John of Beverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osana" title="Osana">Osana of Howden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osthryth" title="Osthryth">Osthryth of Bardney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswine_of_Deira" title="Oswine of Deira">Oswine of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicgred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicgred">Sicgred of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigfrith" title="Sigfrith">Sigfrith of Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatberht" title="Tatberht">Tatberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihtberht" title="Wihtberht">Wihtberht of Ripon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilfrith of Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_II_(bishop_of_York)" title="Wilfrid II (bishop of York)">Wilfrith II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilgils" title="Wilgils">Wilgils of Ripon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmin_of_North_Crawley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firmin of North Crawley (page does not exist)">Firmin of North Crawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birinus" title="Birinus">Birinus of Dorchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Blaise" title="Saint Blaise">Blaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentius_of_Peterborough" title="Florentius of Peterborough">Florentius of Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_of_Canterbury" title="Adrian of Canterbury">Hadrian of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_of_Canterbury" title="Honorius of Canterbury">Honorius of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Deacon" title="James the Deacon">James the Deacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus" title="Justus">Justus of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_of_Canterbury" title="Laurence of Canterbury">Laurence of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitus" title="Mellitus">Mellitus of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Canterbury" title="Peter of Canterbury">Peter of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Tarsus" title="Theodore of Tarsus">Theodore of Canterbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuthfl%C3%A6d" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuthflæd">Cuthflæd of Lyminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthmann_of_Steyning" title="Cuthmann of Steyning">Cuthmann of Steyning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewina" title="Lewina">Lewina of Bishopstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgar_of_Selwood" title="Ælfgar of Selwood">Ælfgar of Selwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Exeter" title="Ælfgifu of Exeter">Ælfgifu of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Shaftesbury" title="Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury">Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_of_Canterbury" title="Ælfheah of Canterbury">Ælfheah of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfheah_the_Bald" title="Ælfheah the Bald">Ælfheah of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_of_Romsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelflæd of Romsey">Æthelflæd of Romsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelgar" title="Æthelgar">Æthelgar of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelnoth_(archbishop_of_Canterbury)" title="Æthelnoth (archbishop of Canterbury)">Æthelnoth of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwine_of_Athelney" title="Æthelwine of Athelney">Æthelwine of Athelney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_of_Winchester" title="Æthelwold of Winchester">Æthelwold of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Aldhelm of Sherborne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benignus_of_Glastonbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benignus of Glastonbury (page does not exist)">Benignus of Glastonbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beocca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beocca (page does not exist)">Beocca of Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beorhthelm_of_Shaftesbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beorhthelm of Shaftesbury (page does not exist)">Beorhthelm of Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beornstan_of_Winchester" title="Beornstan of Winchester">Beornstan of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beornwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Beornwald">Beornwald of Bampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centwine_of_Wessex" title="Centwine of Wessex">Centwine of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthburh" title="Cuthburh">Cuthburh of Wimborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cwenburh" title="Cwenburh">Cwenburh of Wimborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadburh_of_Winchester" title="Eadburh of Winchester">Eadburh of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">Eadgar of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Polesworth" title="Edith of Polesworth">Eadgyth of Polesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wilton" title="Edith of Wilton">Eadgyth of Wilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Eadweard the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Eadweard the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwold_of_Cerne" title="Eadwold of Cerne">Eadwold of Cerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earmund" class="mw-redirect" title="Earmund">Earmund of Stoke Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edor" class="mw-redirect" title="Edor">Edor of Chertsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everilda" title="Everilda">Evorhilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithestan" title="Frithestan">Frithestan of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A6dde" title="Hædde">Hædde of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humbert_of_Stokenham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humbert of Stokenham (page does not exist)">Humbert of Stokenham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hwita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hwita (page does not exist)">Hwita of Whitchurch Canonicorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A6rwynn" title="Mærwynn">Mærwynn of Romsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Margaret of Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swithun" title="Swithun">Swithhun of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfsige_of_Sherborne" title="Wulfsige of Sherborne">Wulfsige of Sherborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfthryth_of_Wilton" title="Wulfthryth of Wilton">Wulfthryth of Wilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclear origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arilda_of_Oldbury" title="Arilda of Oldbury">Arilda of Oldbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthwara" title="Juthwara">Juthwara of Sherbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbold_of_Mechlin" title="Rumbold of Mechlin">Rumbold of Mechlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urith" title="Urith">Urith of Chittlehampton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/19px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/29px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/38px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="267" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/21px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/42px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/21px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/42px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Wilfrid at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wilfrid" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Wilfrid">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Wilfrid_(DNB00)" class="extiw" title="s:Wilfrid (DNB00)">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719721#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719721#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719721#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000066296685">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/298402404">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/129518/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw4DHGJKm34rKJBHH74MP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118807293">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84070070">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16638740r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16638740r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0268022&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072648902">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtvqnz5q2jnr4">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810532916405606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/126045">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269695905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/31341651">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118807293.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/069922845">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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