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Disponibil în 44 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="يوليوس ماير – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوليوس ماير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1_(%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%DA%A4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC)" title="يوليوس ماير (دكتور من مملكة ڤورتيمبيرج) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوليوس ماير (دكتور من مملكة ڤورتيمبيرج)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="یولیوس روبرت فون مایر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یولیوس روبرت فون مایر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юліус Роберт Маер – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Юліус Роберт Маер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юлиус Роберт фон Майер – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юлиус Роберт фон Майер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Julius von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_von_Mayer" title="Robert von Mayer – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mayer" title="Robert Mayer – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Mayer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Γιούλιους φον Μάγιερ – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιούλιους φον Μάγιερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Julius von Mayer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Julius von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Julius von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="یولیوس روبرت فون مایر – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یولیوس روبرت فون مایر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="יוליוס רוברט פון מאייר – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוליוס רוברט פון מאייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mayer" title="Robert Mayer – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert Mayer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Յուլիուս Ռոբերտ Մայեր – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յուլիուս Ռոբերտ Մայեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Julius von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC" title="ユリウス・ロベルト・フォン・マイヤー – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユリウス・ロベルト・フォン・マイヤー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ იულიუს მაიერი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობერტ იულიუს მაიერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೂಲಿಯಸ್ ರಾಬರ್ಟ್ ಮೇಯರ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೂಲಿಯಸ್ ರಾಬರ್ಟ್ ಮೇಯರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="율리우스 로베르트 폰 마이어 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="율리우스 로베르트 폰 마이어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mayer" title="Robert Mayer – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Mayer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_Mayer" title="Julius Robert Mayer – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Julius Robert Mayer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Julius von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Майер, Юлиус Роберт фон – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Майер, Юлиус Роберт фон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mayer" title="Robert Mayer – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert Mayer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mayer" title="Robert Mayer – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Mayer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ยูลีอุส ฟ็อน ไมเออร์ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูลีอุส ฟ็อน ไมเออร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" title="Julius Robert von Mayer – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Julius Robert von Mayer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%94%D1%80" title="Юліус Роберт фон Маєр – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юліус Роберт фон Маєр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94" title="尤利乌斯·冯·迈尔 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尤利乌斯·冯·迈尔" 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="infocaseta"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet biografii" style="background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Julius Robert von Mayer</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Julius_Robert_Mayer_von_Friedrich_Berrer_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Julius_Robert_Mayer_von_Friedrich_Berrer_%28portrait%29.jpg/220px-Julius_Robert_Mayer_von_Friedrich_Berrer_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Julius_Robert_Mayer_von_Friedrich_Berrer_%28portrait%29.jpg/330px-Julius_Robert_Mayer_von_Friedrich_Berrer_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Julius_Robert_Mayer_von_Friedrich_Berrer_%28portrait%29.jpg/440px-Julius_Robert_Mayer_von_Friedrich_Berrer_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="685" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Date personale</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Născut</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><time datetime="1814-11-25"><a href="/wiki/25_noiembrie" title="25 noiembrie">25 noiembrie</a> <a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a></time><sup id="cite_ref-95090ca3c02f3bf43ed1e14c9b7756db_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95090ca3c02f3bf43ed1e14c9b7756db-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><sup id="cite_ref-14261271a284743ca71e7df8b09a1f9b_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14261271a284743ca71e7df8b09a1f9b-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-bcb9ef716f90982d5b1db4578ddb4c5f_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bcb9ef716f90982d5b1db4578ddb4c5f-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-a9a70fc1d39d563753e576fa0233c903_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a9a70fc1d39d563753e576fa0233c903-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-bde8b8300690d8eba7ac3de3efe99702_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bde8b8300690d8eba7ac3de3efe99702-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57171#P569" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regatul_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Regatul Württemberg">Regatul Württemberg</a><sup id="cite_ref-e0925766fabd1d3f1c0c6a360def30ad_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e0925766fabd1d3f1c0c6a360def30ad-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57171#P19" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Decedat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><time datetime="1878-03-20"><a href="/wiki/20_martie" title="20 martie">20 martie</a> <a href="/wiki/1878" title="1878">1878</a></time> (63 de ani)<sup id="cite_ref-95090ca3c02f3bf43ed1e14c9b7756db_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95090ca3c02f3bf43ed1e14c9b7756db-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14261271a284743ca71e7df8b09a1f9b_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14261271a284743ca71e7df8b09a1f9b-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bcb9ef716f90982d5b1db4578ddb4c5f_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bcb9ef716f90982d5b1db4578ddb4c5f-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bde8b8300690d8eba7ac3de3efe99702_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bde8b8300690d8eba7ac3de3efe99702-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20e360ebc87576c3616e2d79e3383773_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20e360ebc87576c3616e2d79e3383773-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57171#P570" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a><sup id="cite_ref-e0925766fabd1d3f1c0c6a360def30ad_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e0925766fabd1d3f1c0c6a360def30ad-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57171#P20" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Înmormântat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q437892" class="extiw" title="d:Q437892"><span lang="de">Alter Friedhof</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Alter Friedhof</span> (cemetery in Heilbronn, Germany)|]]</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57171#P119" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Cauza decesului</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Moarte_din_cauze_naturale" title="Moarte din cauze naturale">cauze naturale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuberculoz%C4%83" title="Tuberculoză">tuberculoză</a>) <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57171#P509" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Frați și surori</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94828700" class="extiw" title="d:Q94828700"><span lang="en">Friedrich Mayer</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Friedrich Mayer</span> |]]</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57171#P3373" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Cetățenie</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/20px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/40px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Regatul_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Regatul Württemberg">Regatul Württemberg</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57171#P27" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Ocupație</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Fizician" title="Fizician">fizician</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medic" title="Medic">medic</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57171#P106" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Limbi vorbite</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83" title="Limba germană">limba germană</a><sup id="cite_ref-f7e1eef3dbaba59760e29e189984c5ce_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f7e1eef3dbaba59760e29e189984c5ce-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57171#P1412" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#F5F5DC;color:#000000;">Activitate</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Domeniu</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Fizic%C4%83" title="Fizică">fizică</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medicin%C4%83" title="Medicină">medicină</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57171#P101" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Alma Mater</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Universitatea_din_T%C3%BCbingen" title="Universitatea din Tübingen">Universitatea din Tübingen</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57171#P69" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Organizații</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684415" class="extiw" title="d:Q684415"><span lang="de">Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften</span> (academy of sciences)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2822396" class="extiw" title="d:Q2822396">Academia de Științe din Torino</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_de_%C8%98tiin%C8%9Be_din_Torino_(science_academy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia de Științe din Torino (science academy) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-0b633c3ffafb907ab6b1b8624e8cc81b_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0b633c3ffafb907ab6b1b8624e8cc81b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57171#P463" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Conducător de doctorat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson">William Thomson</a>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57171#P184" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Premii</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Medalia_Copley" title="Medalia Copley">Medalia Copley</a><small> (<time datetime="1871">1871</time>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-6fd4776638caa785744bcdb580b15bf0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6fd4776638caa785744bcdb580b15bf0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3405172" class="extiw" title="d:Q3405172">Premiul Poncelet</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Premiul_Poncelet_(French_science_award)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premiul Poncelet (French science award) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><small> (<time datetime="1869">1869</time>)</small>  <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57171#P166" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##F5F5DC solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57171" class="extiw" title="d:Q57171">date</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_Robert_von_Mayer&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Om_de_%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16573438">.mw-parser-output .infocaseta{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#000)}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style> <p><b>Julius Robert Mayer</b> (n. <time datetime="1814-11-25"><a href="/wiki/25_noiembrie" title="25 noiembrie">25 noiembrie</a> <a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a></time>, <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regatul_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Regatul Württemberg">Regatul Württemberg</a> – d. <time datetime="1878-03-20"><a href="/wiki/20_martie" title="20 martie">20 martie</a> <a href="/wiki/1878" title="1878">1878</a></time>, <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>) a fost un <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> și <a href="/wiki/Medic" title="Medic">medic</a> <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">german</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aportul_său_în_domeniul_fizicii"><span id="Aportul_s.C4.83u_.C3.AEn_domeniul_fizicii"></span>Aportul său în domeniul fizicii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Robert_von_Mayer&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Aportul său în domeniul fizicii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Robert_von_Mayer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Aportul său în domeniul fizicii"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Observațiile sale asupra culorii <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nge" title="Sânge">sângelui</a> marinarilor, diferită în regiunile <a href="/wiki/Tropicale" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropicale">tropicale</a> și în cele <a href="/wiki/Nord" title="Nord">nordice</a>, i-au sugerat ideea despre existența unei legături între căldură și lucrul mecanic. A efectuat cercetările corespunzătoare în domeniul <a href="/wiki/Fizic%C4%83" title="Fizică">fizicii</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>A determinat <a href="/wiki/Echivalentul_mecanic_al_c%C4%83ldurii" class="mw-redirect" title="Echivalentul mecanic al căldurii">echivalentul mecanic al căldurii</a> – relația dintre unitățile de măsură ale <a href="/wiki/Lucru_mecanic" title="Lucru mecanic">lucrului</a> și <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ldur%C4%83" title="Căldură">căldurii</a>, care în acele timpuri erau diferite. Rezultatele au fost publicate în 1842 în periodicul Liebigs Annalen. </p><p>A stabilit relația dintre căldurilor molare ale gazelor la presiune și la volum constant (<a href="/wiki/Rela%C8%9Bia_lui_Mayer" title="Relația lui Mayer">relația lui Mayer</a> și anume Cp=Cv+R). </p><p>De asemenea, a formulat <a href="/wiki/Legea_conserv%C4%83rii_energiei" title="Legea conservării energiei">legea conservării și transformării energiei</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Robert_von_Mayer&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Robert_von_Mayer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-0b633c3ffafb907ab6b1b8624e8cc81b-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0b633c3ffafb907ab6b1b8624e8cc81b_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accademiadellescienze.it/"><i><span lang="it">www.accademiadellescienze.it</span></i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2020-12-01">1 decembrie 2020</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22it%22%3Ewww.accademiadellescienze.it%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accademiadellescienze.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6fd4776638caa785744bcdb580b15bf0-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6fd4776638caa785744bcdb580b15bf0_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1dsunM9ukGLgaW3HdG9cvJ_QKd7pWjGI0qi_fCb1ROD4/pubhtml?gid=1336391689&single=true"><i>Award winners : Copley Medal</i></a> (în engleză), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Societatea Regală din Londra</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2018-12-30">30 decembrie 2018</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Award+winners+%3A+Copley+Medal&rft.pub=Societatea+Regal%C4%83+din+Londra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fspreadsheets%2Fd%2F1dsunM9ukGLgaW3HdG9cvJ_QKd7pWjGI0qi_fCb1ROD4%2Fpubhtml%3Fgid%3D1336391689%26single%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95090ca3c02f3bf43ed1e14c9b7756db-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-95090ca3c02f3bf43ed1e14c9b7756db_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-95090ca3c02f3bf43ed1e14c9b7756db_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/"><i>Julius von Mayer</i></a>, SNAC<span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-10-09">9 octombrie 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julius+von+Mayer&rft.pub=SNAC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnaccooperative.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14261271a284743ca71e7df8b09a1f9b-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-14261271a284743ca71e7df8b09a1f9b_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-14261271a284743ca71e7df8b09a1f9b_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whonamedit.com/"><i>Julius Robert Mayer</i></a>, <span lang="en">Who Named It?</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2017-10-09">9 octombrie 2017</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julius+Robert+Mayer&rft.pub=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22%3EWho+Named+It%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whonamedit.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bcb9ef716f90982d5b1db4578ddb4c5f-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bcb9ef716f90982d5b1db4578ddb4c5f_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bcb9ef716f90982d5b1db4578ddb4c5f_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/"><i>Autoritatea BnF</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2015-10-10">10 octombrie 2015</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autoritatea+BnF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.bnf.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a9a70fc1d39d563753e576fa0233c903-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a9a70fc1d39d563753e576fa0233c903_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana"><i>Julius-Robert von Mayer</i></a>, Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julius-Robert+von+Mayer&rft.pub=Gran+Enciclop%C3%A8dia+Catalana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enciclopedia.cat%2Fgran-enciclopedia-catalana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bde8b8300690d8eba7ac3de3efe99702-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bde8b8300690d8eba7ac3de3efe99702_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bde8b8300690d8eba7ac3de3efe99702_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brockhaus.de/"><i>Julius Robert von Mayer</i></a>, <span lang="de">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julius+Robert+von+Mayer&rft.pub=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22de%22%3EBrockhaus+Enzyklop%C3%A4die%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brockhaus.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e0925766fabd1d3f1c0c6a360def30ad-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e0925766fabd1d3f1c0c6a360def30ad_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e0925766fabd1d3f1c0c6a360def30ad_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accademiadellescienze.it/"><i><span lang="it">www.accademiadellescienze.it</span></i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2020-12-01">1 decembrie 2020</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22it%22%3Ewww.accademiadellescienze.it%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accademiadellescienze.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20e360ebc87576c3616e2d79e3383773-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20e360ebc87576c3616e2d79e3383773_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/histoire/biographies/"><i>Julius Robert Mayer</i></a>, <span lang="fr">Base biographique</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julius+Robert+Mayer&rft.pub=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22fr%22%3EBase+biographique%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biusante.parisdescartes.fr%2Fhistoire%2Fbiographies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f7e1eef3dbaba59760e29e189984c5ce-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-f7e1eef3dbaba59760e29e189984c5ce_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12185921x"><i>Autoritatea BnF</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2015-10-10">10 octombrie 2015</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autoritatea+BnF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fcb12185921x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7b57188bc0d7f319161273f241f2c260_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16744133" class="extiw" title="d:Q16744133">CONOR.SI</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=CONOR.SI_(authority_control_file_for_author_and_corporate_names_in_Slovene_system_COBISS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CONOR.SI (authority control file for author and corporate names in Slovene system COBISS) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%26%238203%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați valoarea <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|titlelink=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#bad_paramlink" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Mihai Marinciuc, Spiridon Rusu, <i>Fizică, manual pentru clasa a X-a</i>, editura „Știința”, <a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, 2001</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Robert_von_Mayer&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Robert_von_Mayer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>D Geană: <i>Termodinamică chimică. Teoria echilibrului intre faze și chimic</i>, Editura Politehnica Press, 2003</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Bottomley, J. T. (<time datetime="1882">1882</time>). „James Prescott Joule”. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>26</b> (678): 617–620. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1882Natur..26..617B">1882Natur..26..617B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F026617a0">10.1038/026617a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=James+Prescott+Joule&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=678&rft.pages=617-620&rft.date=1882&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F026617a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1882Natur..26..617B&rft.au=Bottomley%2C+J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Cardwell, D. S. L. (<time datetime="1991">1991</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWLQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>James Joule: A Biography</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-7190-3479-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-7190-3479-5">0-7190-3479-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joule%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7190-3479-5&rft.au=Cardwell%2C+D.+S.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZWLQAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA67%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Forrester, J. (<time datetime="1975">1975</time>). „Chemistry and the Conservation of Energy: The Work of James Prescott Joule”. <i>Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 273–313. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-3681%2875%2990025-4">10.1016/0039-3681(75)90025-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Chemistry+and+the+Conservation+of+Energy%3A+The+Work+of+James+Prescott+Joule&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=273-313&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0039-3681%2875%2990025-4&rft.au=Forrester%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li>Fox, R, "James Prescott Joule, 1818–1889", in <cite class="citation book">North, J. (<time datetime="1969">1969</time>). <i>Mid-nineteenth-century scientists</i>. Elsevier. pp. 72–103. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-7190-3479-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-7190-3479-5">0-7190-3479-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mid-nineteenth-century+scientists&rft.pages=72-103&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-7190-3479-5&rft.au=North%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Reynolds, Osbourne (<time datetime="1892">1892</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109972#page/11/mode/1up"><i>Memoir of James Prescott Joule</i></a>. Manchester, England: Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-03-05">5 martie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+James+Prescott+Joule&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.pub=Manchester+Literary+and+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1892&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Osbourne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F109972%23page%2F11%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Sibum, H. O. (<time datetime="1995">1995</time>). „Reworking the mechanical value of heat: instruments of precision and gestures of accuracy in early Victorian England”. <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science</i>. <b>26</b>: 73–106. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-3681%2894%2900036-9">10.1016/0039-3681(94)00036-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Reworking+the+mechanical+value+of+heat%3A+instruments+of+precision+and+gestures+of+accuracy+in+early+Victorian+England&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=73-106&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0039-3681%2894%2900036-9&rft.au=Sibum%2C+H.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Smith, C. (<time datetime="1998">1998</time>). <i>The Science of Energy: A Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain</i>. London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-485-11431-3" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-485-11431-3">0-485-11431-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Energy%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+Energy+Physics+in+Victorian+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-485-11431-3&rft.au=Smith%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation encyclopaedia">Smith, Crosbie (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). „Joule, James Prescott”. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_National_Biography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictionary of National Biography — pagină inexistentă">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (ed. online). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F15139">10.1093/ref:odnb/15139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joule%2C+James+Prescott&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F15139&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Crosbie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">(Necesită abonament sau <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/">apartenență la sistemul britanic de biblioteci publice</a>.)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:DNBfirst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format:DNBfirst — pagină inexistentă">Format:DNBfirst</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Smith, C.; Wise, M.N. (<time datetime="1989">1989</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2JYWeyAXpHUC&lpg=PA306&ots=CorbWWAw2J&dq=joule%201844&pg=PA305#v=onepage&q=joule%201844&f=false"><i>Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-521-26173-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-521-26173-2">0-521-26173-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+and+Empire%3A+A+Biographical+Study+of+Lord+Kelvin&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-26173-2&rft.au=Smith%2C+C.&rft.au=Wise%2C+M.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2JYWeyAXpHUC%26lpg%3DPA306%26ots%3DCorbWWAw2J%26dq%3Djoule%25201844%26pg%3DPA305%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Djoule%25201844%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Steffens, H.J. (<time datetime="1979">1979</time>). <i>James Prescott Joule and the Concept of Energy</i>. Watson. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-88202-170-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-88202-170-2">0-88202-170-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Prescott+Joule+and+the+Concept+of+Energy&rft.pub=Watson&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-88202-170-2&rft.au=Steffens%2C+H.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Walker, James (<time datetime="1950">1950</time>). <i>Physics 4th Edition</i>. Pearson. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-321-54163-5" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-321-54163-5">978-0-321-54163-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+4th+Edition&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-321-54163-5&rft.au=Walker%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Robert_von_Mayer&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Robert_von_Mayer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; color:var(--color-base, #000);"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style=""><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> conține materiale multimedia legate de: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Julius Robert von Mayer"> Julius Robert von Mayer</a></b></i> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Julius Robert von Mayer">categorie</a>)</div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL239730M/The_scientific_papers_of_James_Prescott_Joule">The scientific papers of James Prescott Joule (1884)</a> – annotated by Joule</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/scientificpapers00joul">The joint scientific papers of James Prescott Joule (1887)</a> – annotated by Joule</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Joule-Heat-1845.html">Classic papers of 1845 and 1847 at ChemTeam website</a> <i>On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat</i> and <i>On the Existence of an Equivalent Relation between Heat and the ordinary Forms of Mechanical Power</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10301513">Joule's water friction apparatus</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Science_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="London Science Museum — pagină inexistentă">London Science Museum</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/JOULE1.html">Some Remarks on Heat and the Constitution of Elastic Fluids</a></i>, Joule's 1851 estimate of the speed of a gas molecule</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/manchesteruniversity/data/gb133-jpj">Joule Manuscripts</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rylands_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Rylands Library — pagină inexistentă">John Rylands Library</a>, Manchester.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101006041736/http://bad.org.uk/Portals/_Bad/History/Historical%20poster%2006.pdf">University of Manchester material on Joule</a> – includes photographs of Joule's house and gravesite</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">„<a href="https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Joule,_James_Prescott_(DNB00)" class="extiw" title="s:Joule, James Prescott (DNB00)">Joule, James Prescott</a>”. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictionary_of_National_Biography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictionary of National Biography — pagină inexistentă">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. <time datetime="1885">1885</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joule%2C+James+Prescott&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=PQsAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=James+Joule+obituary">„Dr. Joule”</a>. <i>Electrical Engineer</i>. London: Biggs & Co (18 October): 311–312. <time datetime="1889">1889</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-05-16">16 mai 2008</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electrical+Engineer&rft.atitle=Dr.+Joule&rft.issue=18+October&rft.pages=311-312&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DPQsAAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA311%26lpg%3DPA311%26dq%3DJames%2BJoule%2Bobituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AJulius+Robert+von+Mayer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> – obituary with brief comment on Joule's family</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cse.salford.ac.uk/physics">Joule Physics Laboratory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129090231/http://www.cse.salford.ac.uk/physics">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2013-01-29">29 ianuarie 2013</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Salford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Salford — pagină inexistentă">University of Salford</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joulesbrewery.co.uk">Joule’s Brewery</a> – contains further information on the origins of the Joules brewery and the link with James Prescott Joule</li></ul> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Copley_1851-1900" title="Format:Copley 1851-1900"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Copley_1851-1900&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Copley 1851-1900 — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Copley_1851-1900&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;">Laureați ai <a href="/wiki/Medalia_Copley" title="Medalia Copley">Medaliei Copley</a> între anii <a href="/wiki/1851" title="1851">1851</a> și <a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> (1851) • <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> (1852) • <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</a> (1853) • <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes Peter Müller">Johannes Peter Müller</a> (1854) • <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> (1855) • <a href="/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" title="Henri Milne-Edwards">Henri Milne-Edwards</a> (1856) • <a href="/wiki/Michel-Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel-Eugène Chevreul">Michel-Eugène Chevreul</a> (1857) • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> (1858) • <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (1859) • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> (1860) • <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (1861) • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham">Thomas Graham</a> (1862) • <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> (1863) • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (1864) • <a href="/wiki/Michel_Chasles" title="Michel Chasles">Michel Chasles</a> (1865) • <a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Julius Plücker</a> (1866) • <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> (1867) • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> (1868) • <a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1869) • <a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (1870) • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Julius Robert von Mayer</a> (1871) • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> (1872) • <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> (1873) • <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (1874) • <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> (1875) • <a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a> (1876) • <a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a> (1877) • <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault">Jean-Baptiste Boussingault</a> (1878) • <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Julius_Emanuel_Clausius" title="Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> (1879) • <a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1880) • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Adolphe_Wurtz" title="Charles Adolphe Wurtz">Charles Adolphe Wurtz</a> (1881) • <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> (1882) • <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson">Lord Kelvin</a> (1883) • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig" title="Carl Ludwig">Carl Ludwig</a> (1884) • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Kekul%C3%A9_von_Stradonitz" title="Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz">August Kekulé</a> (1885) • <a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Franz Ernst Neumann</a> (1886) • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1887) • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1888) • <a href="/wiki/George_Salmon" title="George Salmon">George Salmon</a> (1889) • <a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a> (1890) • <a href="/wiki/Stanislao_Cannizzaro" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> (1891) • <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> (1892) • <a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1893) • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> (1894) • <a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> (1895) • <a href="/wiki/Karl_Gegenbaur" title="Karl Gegenbaur">Karl Gegenbaur</a> (1896) • <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a> (1897) • <a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1898) • <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt Rayleigh">John William Strutt Rayleigh</a> (1899) • <a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a> (1900)</div> <p>  </p> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Format:Copley_1731-1750" title="Format:Copley 1731-1750">1731–1750</a> • <a href="/wiki/Format:Copley_1751-1800" title="Format:Copley 1751-1800">1751–1800</a> • <a href="/wiki/Format:Copley_1801-1850" title="Format:Copley 1801-1850">1801–1850</a> • <a href="/wiki/Format:Copley_1851-1900" title="Format:Copley 1851-1900">1851–1900</a> • <a href="/wiki/Format:Copley_1901-1950" title="Format:Copley 1901-1950">1901–1950</a> • <a href="/wiki/Format:Copley_1951%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Format:Copley 1951–2000">1951–2000</a> • <a href="/wiki/Format:Copley_2001-prezent" title="Format:Copley 2001-prezent">2001–prezent</a> 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