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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Warehousing_in_the_past-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory_and_ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistory and ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Medieval Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Industrial revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warehouse_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warehouse_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Warehouse layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warehouse_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Typology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Typology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Typology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retail_warehouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail_warehouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Retail warehouses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail_warehouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cool_warehouses_and_cold_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cool_warehouses_and_cold_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cool warehouses and cold storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cool_warehouses_and_cold_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_warehouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_warehouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Overseas warehouses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_warehouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packing_warehouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packing_warehouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Packing warehouses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packing_warehouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_warehouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_warehouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Railway warehouses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_warehouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canal_warehouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canal_warehouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Canal warehouses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canal_warehouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Storage_and_shipping_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_and_shipping_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Storage and shipping systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_and_shipping_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automation_and_optimization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automation_and_optimization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Automation and optimization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automation_and_optimization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Recent trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Warehouse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B9" title="مستودع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستودع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almac%C3%A9n" title="Almacén – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Almacén" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almas%E1%BA%BD" title="Almasẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Almasẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anbar" title="Anbar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anbar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhng-kh%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Chhng-khò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhng-khò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="गोदाम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गोदाम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Склад – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Склад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magatzem" title="Magatzem – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magatzem" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklad" title="Sklad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sklad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magasin_(lager)" title="Magasin (lager) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Magasin (lager)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagerhaltung" title="Lagerhaltung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lagerhaltung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladu" title="Ladu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ladu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7" title="Αποθήκη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αποθήκη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almac%C3%A9n" title="Almacén – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Almacén" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazeno" title="Magazeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Magazeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biltegi" title="Biltegi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biltegi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="انبار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انبار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Entrepôt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almac%C3%A9n" title="Almacén – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Almacén" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%BD%EA%B3%A0" title="창고 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="창고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="मालगोदाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मालगोदाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skladi%C5%A1te" title="Skladište – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Skladište" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazino" title="Magazino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Magazino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudang" title="Gudang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gudang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazzino" title="Magazzino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magazzino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%9F" title="מחסן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחסן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3" title="ಉಗ್ರಾಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಗ್ರಾಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Қойма – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қойма" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghala" title="Ghala – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ghala" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazen" title="Magazen – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Magazen" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand%C4%97lis" title="Sandėlis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sandėlis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakt%C3%A1roz%C3%A1s" title="Raktározás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Raktározás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Склад – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Склад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="वखार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वखार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazijn_(opslagplaats)" title="Magazijn (opslagplaats) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Magazijn (opslagplaats)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%89%E5%BA%AB" title="倉庫 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="倉庫" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ларма – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ларма" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagerbygning" title="Lagerbygning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lagerbygning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombor" title="Ombor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ombor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangasina" title="Mangasina – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Mangasina" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazyn_(budowla)" title="Magazyn (budowla) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Magazyn (budowla)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaz%C3%A9m" title="Armazém – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Armazém" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depozit_de_m%C4%83rfuri" title="Depozit de mărfuri – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Depozit de mărfuri" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qullqa" title="Qullqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qullqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Склад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Склад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Кыстабыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кыстабыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depoja" title="Depoja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Depoja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magasenu_(lucali)" title="Magasenu (lucali) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Magasenu (lucali)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Warehouse" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="گودام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گودام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skladi%C5%A1%C4%8De" title="Skladišče – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skladišče" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Магацин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Магацин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skladi%C5%A1te" title="Skladište – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Skladište" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudang" title="Gudang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gudang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varasto" title="Varasto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Varasto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagerbyggnad" title="Lagerbyggnad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lagerbyggnad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Амбар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Амбар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/khuw" title="khuw – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="khuw" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF" title="గిడ్డంగి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గిడ్డంగి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="คลังสินค้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลังสินค้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depo" title="Depo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Depo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F)" title="Склад (будівля) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Склад (будівля)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="گودام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گودام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_kho" title="Nhà kho – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà kho" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%96%80" title="庫爾喀 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="庫爾喀" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%93%E5%BA%93" title="仓库 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="仓库" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9F_(%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%93)" title="מאגאזין (סקלאד) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאגאזין (סקלאד)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%80%89" title="貨倉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貨倉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarci" title="Embarci – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Embarci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%89%E5%BA%AB" title="倉庫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="倉庫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Building for storing goods and giving services</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the large buildings that store goods. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Warehouse_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Warehouse (disambiguation)">Warehouse (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warehouse_in_New_Jersey_where_trucks_deliver_granite_slabs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Warehouse_in_New_Jersey_where_trucks_deliver_granite_slabs.jpg/300px-Warehouse_in_New_Jersey_where_trucks_deliver_granite_slabs.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Warehouse_in_New_Jersey_where_trucks_deliver_granite_slabs.jpg/450px-Warehouse_in_New_Jersey_where_trucks_deliver_granite_slabs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Warehouse_in_New_Jersey_where_trucks_deliver_granite_slabs.jpg/600px-Warehouse_in_New_Jersey_where_trucks_deliver_granite_slabs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Warehouse in <a href="/wiki/South_Jersey" title="South Jersey">South Jersey</a>, a U.S. <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast epicenter</a> for <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> and warehouse construction,<sup id="cite_ref-SouthJerseyEastCoastLogisticsEpicenter_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SouthJerseyEastCoastLogisticsEpicenter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> outside <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, where trucks deliver slabs of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>warehouse</b> is a building for storing <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warehouses are used by <a href="/wiki/Manufacturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturer">manufacturers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Importer" class="mw-redirect" title="Importer">importers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Exporter">exporters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wholesaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholesaler">wholesalers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> businesses, <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a>, etc. They are usually large plain buildings in <a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">industrial parks</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_fringe" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural–urban fringe">outskirts</a> of cities, towns, or villages. </p><p>Warehouses usually have <a href="/wiki/Loading_dock" title="Loading dock">loading docks</a> to load and unload goods from trucks. Sometimes warehouses are designed for the loading and unloading of goods directly from <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaports</a>. They often have <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forklift_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Forklift truck">forklifts</a> for moving goods, which are usually placed on <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standard <a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">pallets</a> and then loaded into <a href="/wiki/Pallet_racking" title="Pallet racking">pallet racks</a>. Stored goods can include any raw materials, packing materials, <a href="/wiki/Spare_part" title="Spare part">spare parts</a>, components, or finished goods associated with agriculture, manufacturing, and production. </p><p>In India and Hong Kong, a warehouse may be referred to as a <b>godown</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also godowns in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Bund" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Bund">Shanghai Bund</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warehousing_in_the_past">Warehousing in the past</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Warehousing in the past"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_ancient_history">Prehistory and ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory and ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A warehouse can be defined functionally as a building in which to store bulk produce or goods (<i>wares</i>) for commercial purposes. The built form of warehouse structures throughout time depends on many contexts: materials, technologies, sites, and cultures. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostia_antica-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ostia_antica-17.jpg/220px-Ostia_antica-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ostia_antica-17.jpg/330px-Ostia_antica-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ostia_antica-17.jpg/440px-Ostia_antica-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The entrance to a warehouse (the Horrea Epagathiana) in <a href="/wiki/Ostia_(Rome)" title="Ostia (Rome)">Ostia</a>, an ancient Roman city</figcaption></figure> <p>In this sense, the warehouse postdates the need for communal or state-based mass storage of surplus food. Prehistoric civilizations relied on family- or community-owned <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">storage pits</a>, or 'palace' storerooms, such as at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, to protect surplus food. The archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew" title="Colin Renfrew">Colin Renfrew</a> argued that gathering and storing agricultural surpluses in Bronze Age Minoan 'palaces' was a critical ingredient in the formation of proto-state power.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The need for warehouses developed in societies in which trade reached a critical mass requiring storage at some point in the exchange process. This was highly evident in ancient Rome, where the horreum (pl. horrea) became a standard building form.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most studied examples are in <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a>, the port city that served Rome. The <a href="/wiki/Horrea_Galbae" title="Horrea Galbae">Horrea Galbae</a>, a warehouse complex on the road towards Ostia, demonstrates that these buildings could be substantial, even by modern standards. Galba's horrea complex contained 140 rooms on the ground floor alone, covering an area of some 225,000 square feet (21,000 m<sup>2</sup>). As a point of reference, less than half of U.S. warehouses today are larger than 100,000 square feet (9290 m<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horgen_-_Sust-Ortsmuseum_-_Z%C3%BCrichsee_IMG_3829.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Horgen_-_Sust-Ortsmuseum_-_Z%C3%BCrichsee_IMG_3829.JPG/220px-Horgen_-_Sust-Ortsmuseum_-_Z%C3%BCrichsee_IMG_3829.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Horgen_-_Sust-Ortsmuseum_-_Z%C3%BCrichsee_IMG_3829.JPG/330px-Horgen_-_Sust-Ortsmuseum_-_Z%C3%BCrichsee_IMG_3829.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Horgen_-_Sust-Ortsmuseum_-_Z%C3%BCrichsee_IMG_3829.JPG/440px-Horgen_-_Sust-Ortsmuseum_-_Z%C3%BCrichsee_IMG_3829.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A <i>Sust</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> type of warehouse, in <a href="/wiki/Horgen" title="Horgen">Horgen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The need for a warehouse implies having quantities of goods too big to be stored in a domestic storeroom. But as attested by legislation concerning the levy of duties, some medieval merchants across Europe commonly kept goods in their large household storerooms, often on the ground floor or cellars.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is the <a href="/wiki/Fondaco_dei_Tedeschi" title="Fondaco dei Tedeschi">Fondaco dei Tedeschi</a>, the substantial quarters of German traders in Venice, which combined a dwelling, warehouse, market and quarters for travellers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> on, dedicated warehouses were constructed around ports and other commercial hubs to facilitate large-scale trade. The warehouses of the trading port <a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> in Bergen, Norway (now a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_site" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage site">World Heritage site</a>), demonstrate characteristic European gabled timber forms dating from the late Middle Ages, though what remains today was largely rebuilt in the same traditional style following great fires in 1702 and 1955. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_revolution">Industrial revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Industrial revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_Dock,_Brooklyn,_ca._1872-1887._(5833485842).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Atlantic_Dock%2C_Brooklyn%2C_ca._1872-1887._%285833485842%29.jpg/220px-Atlantic_Dock%2C_Brooklyn%2C_ca._1872-1887._%285833485842%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Atlantic_Dock%2C_Brooklyn%2C_ca._1872-1887._%285833485842%29.jpg/330px-Atlantic_Dock%2C_Brooklyn%2C_ca._1872-1887._%285833485842%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Atlantic_Dock%2C_Brooklyn%2C_ca._1872-1887._%285833485842%29.jpg/440px-Atlantic_Dock%2C_Brooklyn%2C_ca._1872-1887._%285833485842%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Historic Atlantic Dock warehouse in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> in the 1800s</figcaption></figure> <p>During the industrial revolution of the mid 18th century, the function of warehouses evolved and became more specialised. The mass production of goods launched by the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries fuelled the development of larger and more specialised warehouses, usually located close to transport hubs on canals, at railways and portside. Specialisation of tasks is characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Factory_system" title="Factory system">factory system</a>, which developed in British textile mills and potteries in the mid-late 1700s. Factory processes sped up work and deskilled labour, bringing new profits to capital investment. </p><p>Warehouses also fulfill a range of commercial functions besides simple storage, exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Manchester_cotton_warehouses" title="Manchester cotton warehouses">Manchester's cotton warehouses</a> and Australian wool stores: receiving, stockpiling and despatching goods; displaying goods for commercial buyers; packing, checking and labelling orders, and dispatching them. </p><p>The utilitarian architecture of warehouses responded fast to emerging technologies. Before and into the nineteenth century, the basic European warehouse was built of load-bearing masonry walls or heavy-framed timber with a suitable external cladding. Inside, heavy timber posts supported timber beams and joists for the upper levels, rarely more than four to five stories high. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GlosDocks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/GlosDocks.jpg/220px-GlosDocks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/GlosDocks.jpg/330px-GlosDocks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/GlosDocks.jpg/440px-GlosDocks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>19th-century warehouses in <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a> docks, in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, originally used to store imported corn</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Gable_roof" title="Gable roof">gabled roof</a> was conventional, with a gate in the gable facing the street, rail lines or port for a crane to hoist goods into the window-gates on each floor below. Convenient access for road transport was built-in via very large doors on the ground floor. If not in a separate building, office and display spaces were located on the ground or first floor. </p><p>Technological innovations of the early 19th century changed the shape of warehouses and the work performed inside them: cast iron columns and later, moulded steel posts; <a href="/wiki/Saw-tooth_roof" title="Saw-tooth roof">saw-tooth roofs</a>; and steam power. All (except steel) were adopted quickly and were in common use by the middle of the 19th century. </p><p>Strong, slender <a href="/wiki/Cast-iron_architecture" title="Cast-iron architecture">cast iron columns</a> began to replace masonry piers or timber posts to carry levels above the ground floor. As modern <a href="/wiki/Steel_frame" title="Steel frame">steel framing</a> developed in the late 19th century, its strength and constructibility enabled the first skyscrapers. Steel girders replaced timber beams, increasing the span of internal bays in the warehouse. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Saw-tooth_roof" title="Saw-tooth roof">saw-tooth roof</a> brought natural light to the top story of the warehouse. It transformed the shape of the warehouse, from the traditional peaked hip or gable to an essentially flat roof form that was often hidden behind a <a href="/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet">parapet</a>. Warehouse buildings now became strongly horizontal. Inside the top floor, the vertical glazed pane of each saw-tooth enabled natural lighting over displayed goods, improving buyer inspection. </p><p>Hoists and cranes driven by <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam power</a> expanded the capacity of manual labour to lift and move heavy goods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Warehouse" title="Special:EditPage/Warehouse">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pallet_racks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pallet_racks.jpg/170px-Pallet_racks.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pallet_racks.jpg/255px-Pallet_racks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pallet_racks.jpg/340px-Pallet_racks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Aisle with pallets on storage racks in a modern warehouse</figcaption></figure> <p>Two new power sources, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulics</a>, and electricity, re-shaped warehouse design and practice at the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century. </p><p>Public <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_power_network" title="Hydraulic power network">hydraulic power networks</a> were constructed in many large industrial cities around the world in the 1870s-80s, exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Hydraulic_Power" title="Manchester Hydraulic Power">Manchester</a>. They were highly effective to power cranes and lifts, whose application in warehouses served taller buildings and enabled new labour efficiencies. </p><p>Public <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_industry" title="Electric power industry">electricity networks</a> emerged in the 1890s. They were used at first mainly for lighting and soon to electrify lifts, making possible taller, more efficient warehouses. It took several decades for electrical power to be distributed widely throughout cities in the western world. </p><p>20th-century technologies made warehousing ever more efficient. Electricity became widely available and transformed lighting, security, lifting, and transport from the 1900s. The <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>, developed in the late 19th century, was installed in mass-produced vehicles from the 1910s. It not only reshaped transport methods but enabled many applications as a compact, portable power plant, wherever small engines were needed. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adams_%26_Bazemore_Cotton_Warehouse,_4th_near_Poplar,_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_7e9ab74033df525c16cfacddfb85955f.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Adams_%26_Bazemore_Cotton_Warehouse%2C_4th_near_Poplar%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_7e9ab74033df525c16cfacddfb85955f.jpeg/302px-Adams_%26_Bazemore_Cotton_Warehouse%2C_4th_near_Poplar%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_7e9ab74033df525c16cfacddfb85955f.jpeg" decoding="async" width="302" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Adams_%26_Bazemore_Cotton_Warehouse%2C_4th_near_Poplar%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_7e9ab74033df525c16cfacddfb85955f.jpeg/453px-Adams_%26_Bazemore_Cotton_Warehouse%2C_4th_near_Poplar%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_7e9ab74033df525c16cfacddfb85955f.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Adams_%26_Bazemore_Cotton_Warehouse%2C_4th_near_Poplar%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_7e9ab74033df525c16cfacddfb85955f.jpeg/604px-Adams_%26_Bazemore_Cotton_Warehouse%2C_4th_near_Poplar%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_7e9ab74033df525c16cfacddfb85955f.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Adams & Bazemore Cotton Warehouse in <a href="/wiki/Macon,_GA" class="mw-redirect" title="Macon, GA">Macon, GA</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Forklift" title="Forklift">forklift</a> truck was invented in the early 20th century and came into wide use after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Forklifts transformed the possibilities of multi-level <a href="/wiki/Pallet_racking" title="Pallet racking">pallet racking</a> of goods in taller, single-level steel-framed buildings for higher storage density. The forklift, and its load fixed to a uniform <a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">pallet</a>, enabled the rise of <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistic</a> approaches to storage in the later 20th century. </p><p>Always a building of function, in the late 20th century warehouses began to adapt to standardization, mechanization, technological innovation, and changes in <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> methods. Here in the 21st century, we are currently witnessing the next major development in warehousing, <a href="/wiki/Warehouse_automation" class="mw-redirect" title="Warehouse automation">automation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warehouse_layout">Warehouse layout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Warehouse layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A good warehouse layout consist of 5 areas: </p> <ul><li><b>Loading and unloading area</b> - This is the area where goods are unloaded and loaded into the truck. It could be part of the building or separated from the building.</li> <li><b>Reception area </b> - Also known as staging area, this a place where the incoming goods are processed and reviewed, and sorted before proceeding to storage.</li> <li><b>Storage area</b> - This is the area of the warehouse where goods sit as it awaits dispatch. This area can be further subdivided into static storage for goods that will take longer before being dispatched and dynamic storage for goods that sell faster.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Picking area</b> - This is the area where goods being dispatched are prepared or modified before being shipped.</li> <li><b>Shipping area</b> - Once goods have been prepared, they proceed to the packing or shipping area where they await the actual shipping.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typology">Typology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_House_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/India_House_5.JPG/220px-India_House_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/India_House_5.JPG/330px-India_House_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/India_House_5.JPG/440px-India_House_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/India_House,_Manchester" title="India House, Manchester">India House, Manchester</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Warehouses are generally considered industrial buildings<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are usually located in industrial districts or <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zones</a> (such as the outskirts of a city).<sup id="cite_ref-Jowsey3-5-4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jowsey3-5-4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/LoopNet" title="LoopNet">LoopNet</a> categorizes warehouses using the "industrial" property type.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Craftsman_Book_Company" title="Craftsman Book Company">Craftsman Book Company</a>'s 2018 National Building Cost Manual lists "Warehouses" under the "Industrial Structures Section."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, warehouses are classified under the <a href="/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_Act_1990" title="Town and Country Planning Act 1990">Town and Country Planning Act 1990</a> as the industrial category <i>B8 Storage and distribution</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jowsey3-5-2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jowsey3-5-2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jowsey7-5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jowsey7-5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Types of warehouses include storage warehouses, <a href="/wiki/Distribution_center" title="Distribution center">distribution centers</a> (including fulfillment centers and truck terminals), <a href="/wiki/Retail_warehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail warehouse">retail warehouses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cool_warehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Cool warehouse">cold storage warehouses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flex_space" title="Flex space">flex space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Zendeq there are 13 types<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of warehouses: </p> <ol><li>Public Warehouses</li> <li>Private Warehouses</li> <li>Government Warehouses</li> <li>Bonded Warehouses</li> <li>Distribution Centers</li> <li>Production/Manufacturing Warehouses</li> <li>Cross-Docking Warehouses</li> <li>Cooperative Warehouses</li> <li>Specialized Storage Warehouses</li> <li>Smart/Automated Warehouses</li> <li>Contract Warehouses</li> <li>Reverse Logistics Warehouses</li> <li>Consolidation Warehouses</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retail_warehouses">Retail warehouses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Retail warehouses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Warehouse_store" title="Warehouse store">Warehouse store</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:101_Portland_Street,_Manchester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/101_Portland_Street%2C_Manchester.jpg/220px-101_Portland_Street%2C_Manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/101_Portland_Street%2C_Manchester.jpg/330px-101_Portland_Street%2C_Manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/101_Portland_Street%2C_Manchester.jpg/440px-101_Portland_Street%2C_Manchester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>The Pickles Building 101 Portland Street, Manchester</figcaption></figure> <p>These displayed goods for the home trade. This would be finished goods- such as the latest cotton blouses or fashion items. Their street frontage was impressive, so they took the styles of Italianate <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_style_architecture" title="Palazzo style architecture">Palazzi</a>. Warehouses are now more technologically oriented and help in linking stocks with the retail store in an accurate way. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a>'s construction in Manchester's <a href="/wiki/Mosley_Street" title="Mosley Street">Mosley Street</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_style_architecture" title="Palazzo style architecture">palazzo</a> warehouse. There were already seven warehouses on <a href="/wiki/Portland_Street,_Manchester" title="Portland Street, Manchester">Portland Street</a> when S. & J. Watts & Co. commenced building the elaborate <a href="/wiki/Watts_Warehouse" title="Watts Warehouse">Watts Warehouse</a> of 1855,<sup id="cite_ref-Wyke_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyke-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PB81_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PB81-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but four more were opened before it was finished. </p><p><b><u>The Main Benefits of Retail Warehouse</u></b> </p> <ul><li>Safety and Preservation</li> <li>Trouble-free handling</li> <li>Ensuring Continuous supply of products</li> <li>Easy access for small traders</li> <li>Location advantages</li> <li>Employment Generation</li> <li>Ease of financing<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Assisting in selling</li> <li>Retail warehouses serve as local and regional store distribution centers.</li> <li>Opportunity to obtain local and regional store distribution centers.</li> <li>Utilizing already established retail warehouses and retail centers.</li> <li>Better competitive advantage for omnichannel needs in niche markets</li> <li>Redevelopment of struggling urban areas, such as those where a local supermarket or a chain supermarket has gone out of business or left town.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Freestanding facilities offer dock doors, clear heights compatible with industrial use and ample parking.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b><u>Challenges of Retail Warehouse</u></b> </p> <ul><li>Tight profit margins</li> <li>High customer expectation</li> <li>Operational Inefficiency</li> <li>May have higher costs than initially thought.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cool_warehouses_and_cold_storage">Cool warehouses and cold storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cool warehouses and cold storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cool_warehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Cool warehouse">Cool warehouse</a></div> <p>Cold storage preserves agricultural products. Refrigerated storage helps in eliminating <a href="/wiki/Sprouting" title="Sprouting">sprouting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">rotting</a> and insect damage. Edible products are generally not stored for more than one year. Several <a href="/wiki/Perishable" class="mw-redirect" title="Perishable">perishable</a> products require a storage temperature as low as −25 °C. </p><p>Cold storage helps stabilize <a href="/wiki/Market_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Market price">market prices</a> and evenly distribute goods both on demand and timely basis. The farmers get the opportunity of producing <a href="/wiki/Cash_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash crops">cash crops</a> to get remunerative prices. The consumers get the supply of perishable commodities with lower fluctuation of prices. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a> compressors are commonly used in cold storage warehouses to maintain the temperature. Ammonia refrigerant is cheaper, easily available, and has a high latent <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_evaporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of evaporation">heat of evaporation</a>, but it is also highly <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> and can form <a href="/wiki/ANFO" title="ANFO">an explosive mixture</a> when mixed with fuel oil. <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">Insulation</a> is also important, to reduce the loss of cold and to keep different sections of the warehouse at different temperatures. </p><p>There are two main types of refrigeration system used in cold storage warehouses: <a href="/wiki/Vapor_absorption_refrigeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapor absorption refrigeration">vapor absorption systems</a> (VAS) and <a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">vapor-compression systems</a> (VCS). VAS, although comparatively costlier to install, is more economical in operation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The temperature necessary for <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">preservation</a> depends on the storage time required and the type of product. In general, there are three groups of products, foods that are alive (e.g. fruits and vegetables), foods that are no longer alive and have been processed in some form (e.g. meat and fish products), and commodities that benefit from storage at controlled temperature (e.g. beer, tobacco). </p><p>Location is important for the success of a cold storage facility. It should be in close proximity to a growing area as well as a market,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> be easily accessible for heavy vehicles, and have an uninterrupted power supply. </p><p>Plant attached cold storage is the preferred option for some manufacturers who want to keep their cold storage in house. Products can be transported via conveyor straight from manufacturing to a dedicated cold storage facility on-site.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overseas_warehouses">Overseas warehouses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Overseas warehouses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These catered for the overseas trade. They became the meeting places for overseas wholesale buyers where printed and plain could be discussed and ordered.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyke_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyke-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade in cloth in Manchester was conducted by many nationalities. </p><p>Behrens Warehouse is on the corner of <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street,_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Street, Manchester">Oxford Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portland_Street" title="Portland Street">Portland Street</a>. It was built for Louis Behrens & Son by P Nunn in 1860. It is a four-storey predominantly red brick build with 23 bays along Portland Street and 9 along Oxford Street.<sup id="cite_ref-PB81_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PB81-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Behrens family were prominent in banking and in the social life of the German Community in Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-PB84_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PB84-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Coates_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coates-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An Overseas warehouse refers to storage facilities located abroad. It plays a pivotal role in cross-border e-commerce trade, where local businesses transport goods en masse to desired market countries then establish a warehouse to store and distribute the goods in response to local sales demands. This process includes managing tasks such as sorting, packaging, and delivering straight from the local warehouse accordingly. Overseas warehouses can be principally divided into two types: Self-operated and Third-party public service warehouses. </p><p>Self-operated overseas warehouses are established and administered by the cross-border e-commerce enterprise. They only provide logistics services like warehousing and distribution for their own goods, implying that the entire logistics system of the cross-border e-commerce enterprise is self-controlled. </p><p>On the other hand, a Third-party public service overseas warehouse is built and run by a separate logistics enterprise. There, they provide services including order sorting, multi-channel delivery, and subsequent transportation for multiple exporting e-commerce companies. This kind of warehouse broadly indicates that the entire e-commerce logistics system is under third-party control.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fundamental business operations in overseas warehouses include the following: </p><p>1. Sellers send bulk products from their home country to an overseas warehouse where the staff undertakes inventory and shelving. When a buyer places an order, the seller sends delivery instructions to the warehouse system and local delivery is then executed based on those instructions. </p><p>2. In instances of issues with sellers' accounts or incorrect labels, goods need to be returned to the overseas warehouse for correction and re-sale. </p><p>3. A common transfer practice combines Amazon's FBA service with third-party overseas warehouses, where goods are initially stored and then intermittently moved to FBA for replenishment, while concurrently shipping from overseas warehouses. </p><p>4. The warehouses also handle supplementary services such as product returns and exchanges.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By using an overseas warehouse, the delivery speed has certain advantages, which can improve the product price and increase gross profit to a certain extent. At the same time, it can also improve the consumer experience and stimulate the second consumption, so as to improve the overall sales.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packing_warehouses">Packing warehouses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Packing warehouses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Modern term: <a href="/wiki/Fulfillment_house" title="Fulfillment house">Fulfillment house</a></i> </p><p>The main purpose of packing warehouses was the picking, checking, labelling and packing of goods for export.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyke_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyke-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The packing warehouses: <a href="/wiki/Asia_House,_Manchester" title="Asia House, Manchester">Asia House</a>, <a href="/wiki/India_House,_Manchester" title="India House, Manchester">India House</a> and Velvet House along <a href="/wiki/Whitworth_Street" title="Whitworth Street">Whitworth Street</a> in Manchester were some of the tallest buildings of their time. See <a href="/wiki/List_of_packing_houses" title="List of packing houses">List of packing houses</a>. The more efficient the pick and pack process is, the faster items can be shipped to customers. Pick and pack warehousing is the process in which fulfillment centers choose products from shipments and re-package them for distribution. When shipments are received by the warehouse, items are stored and entered into an inventory management system for tracking and accountability. Picking refers to selecting the right quantities of products from warehouse storage. Packing, on the other hand, happens when those products are placed in shipping boxes with appropriate packaging materials, labeled, documented and shipped.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_warehouses">Railway warehouses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Railway warehouses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Warehouses were built close to the major stations in railway hubs. The first railway warehouse to be built was opposite the passenger platform at the terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a>. There was an important group of warehouses around <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">London Road station</a> (now Piccadilly station).In the 1890s the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(Great_Britain)" title="Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)">Great Northern Railway Company</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Warehouse" title="Great Northern Warehouse">warehouse</a> was completed on <a href="/wiki/Deansgate" title="Deansgate">Deansgate</a>: this was the last major railway warehouse to be built.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyke_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyke-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The London Warehouse Picadilly was one of four warehouses built by the <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_Sheffield_and_Lincolnshire_Railway" title="Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway">Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway</a> in about 1865 to service the new London Road Station. It had its own branch to the <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Canal" title="Ashton Canal">Ashton Canal</a>. This warehouse was built of brick with stone detailing. It had cast iron columns with wrought iron beams.<sup id="cite_ref-M_2002_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_2002-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of its diversification activities, CWC developed a warehousing facility of Railway land along a Railway siding as a Pilot Project at Whitefield Goods Terminal at Bangalore after entering into an agreement with Indian Railway. This project started operation since February 2002 and resulted in attracting additional traffic to the Railways, improvement in customer service and an increase in the volumes of cargo handled by CWC. The success of this project led CWC to consider developing Railside Warehousing Complexes at other centers also throughout near identified Rail Terminals.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canal_warehouses">Canal warehouses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canal warehouses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canal_warehouse" title="Canal warehouse">Canal warehouse</a></div> <p>All these warehouse types can trace their origins back to the canal warehouses which were used for trans-shipment and storage. <a href="/wiki/Castlefield" title="Castlefield">Castle field</a> warehouses in Manchester are of this type and important as they were built at the terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a> in 1761.The Duke's Warehouse in the Castle field Canal Basin in Manchester was the first canal warehouse to have the classic design features of internal canal arms, multi-storeys, split level loading, terracing and water powered hoists, and was built between 1769 and 1771.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Castle field terminus of the Bridgewater Canal has attracted a considerable amount of interest from historians since the 1860s, and from archaeologists since the 1960s.These studies have developed two themes; the complexity and success (or failure) of the water management systems built by James Brindley, and the physical development of the basin as a ware-house zones.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helsinki_Malmi_Koivunen_Oy_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Helsinki_Malmi_Koivunen_Oy_1.jpg/220px-Helsinki_Malmi_Koivunen_Oy_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Helsinki_Malmi_Koivunen_Oy_1.jpg/330px-Helsinki_Malmi_Koivunen_Oy_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Helsinki_Malmi_Koivunen_Oy_1.jpg/440px-Helsinki_Malmi_Koivunen_Oy_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2566" data-file-height="2310" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Loading_dock" title="Loading dock">loading docks</a> for truck transport at Koivunen Oy company in <a href="/wiki/Malmi,_Helsinki" title="Malmi, Helsinki">Malmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A customised storage building, a warehouse enables a business to stockpile goods, e.g., to build up a full load prior to transport, or hold unloaded goods before further distribution, or store goods like wine and cheese that require maturation. As a place for storage, the warehouse has to be secure, convenient, and as spacious as possible, according to the owner's resources, the site and contemporary building technology.  Before mechanised technology developed, warehouse functions relied on human labor, using mechanical lifting aids like pulley systems. </p><p>Breaking it down, warehouse operations covers a number of important areas, from the receiving, organization, fulfillment, and distribution processes. These areas include: </p> <ul><li>Receiving of goods</li> <li>Cross-docking of goods</li> <li>Organizing and storing inventory</li> <li>Attaching <a href="/wiki/Asset_tracking" title="Asset tracking">asset tracking</a> solutions (like barcodes) to assets and inventory</li> <li>Integrating and maintaining a tracking software, like a warehouse management system</li> <li>Overseeing the integration of new technology</li> <li>Selecting picking routes</li> <li>Establishing sorting and packing practices</li> <li>Maintaining the warehouse facility</li> <li>Developing racking designs and warehouse infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_and_shipping_systems">Storage and shipping systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Storage and shipping systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the most common warehouse storage systems are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_racking" title="Pallet racking">Pallet racking</a> including selective, drive-in, drive-thru, double-deep, pushback, and gravity flow</li> <li>Cantilever racking uses arms, rather than pallets, to store long thin objects like timber.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzanine_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzanine (architecture)">Mezzanine</a> adds a semi-permanent story of storage within a warehouse<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS/RS" class="mw-redirect" title="AS/RS">Vertical Lift Modules</a> are packed systems with vertically arranged trays stored on both sides of the unit.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS/RS" class="mw-redirect" title="AS/RS">Horizontal Carousels</a> consist of a frame and a rotating carriage of bins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS/RS" class="mw-redirect" title="AS/RS">Vertical Carousels</a> consisting of a series of carriers mounted on a vertical closed-loop track, inside a metal enclosure.</li></ul> <p>A "piece pick" is a type of order selection process where a product is picked and handled in individual units and placed in an outer carton, tote or another container before shipping. Catalog companies and internet retailers are examples of predominantly piece-pick operations. Their customers rarely order in pallet or case quantities; instead, they typically order just one or two pieces of one or two items. Several elements make up the piece-pick system. They include the order, the picker, the pick module, the pick area, handling equipment, the container, the pick method used and the information technology used.<sup id="cite_ref-C4WDefault-2292585_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C4WDefault-2292585-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every movement inside a warehouse must be accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Work_order" title="Work order">work order</a>. Warehouse operation can fail when workers move goods without work orders, or when a storage position is left unregistered in the system. </p><p>One of the most important factors to be considered while designing a warehouse storage plan is the Product Volume. The Products which has high demand and the ones that has to reach the customer or the next workstation in a short span of time has to be kept in places like low storage racks or even near primary aisles, which greatly minimizes the distance to be moved and thus the time consumed. Opposingly, the less frequent moved products can be placed somewhere distant from the primary aisles or even the higher storage racks. </p><p>Material direction and <a href="/wiki/Track_%26_Trace" class="mw-redirect" title="Track & Trace">tracking</a> in a warehouse can be coordinated by a <a href="/wiki/Warehouse_Management_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Warehouse Management System">Warehouse Management System</a> (WMS), a <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> driven computer program. The development of work procedures goes hard in hand with training warehouse personnel. Most firms implement a WMS to standardize work procedure and encourage best practice. These systems facilitate management in their daily planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling the utilization of available resources, to move and store materials into, within, and out of a warehouse, while supporting staff in the performance of material movement and storage in and around a warehouse. <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a> personnel use the WMS to improve warehouse efficiency by directing pathways and to maintain accurate <a href="/wiki/Inventory" title="Inventory">inventory</a> by recording warehouse transactions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automation_and_optimization">Automation and optimization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Automation and optimization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Warehouse_robotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Warehouse robotics">Warehouse robotics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Automatisches_Kleinteilelager.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Automatisches_Kleinteilelager.jpg/220px-Automatisches_Kleinteilelager.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Automatisches_Kleinteilelager.jpg/330px-Automatisches_Kleinteilelager.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Automatisches_Kleinteilelager.jpg/440px-Automatisches_Kleinteilelager.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An automatic storage warehouse for small parts</figcaption></figure> <p>Some warehouses are completely <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automated</a>, and require only operators to work and handle all the task. Pallets and product move on a system of automated <a href="/wiki/Conveyor" class="mw-redirect" title="Conveyor">conveyors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automated_storage_and_retrieval_system" title="Automated storage and retrieval system">automated storage and retrieval systems</a> coordinated by <a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller" title="Programmable logic controller">programmable logic controllers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> running <a href="/wiki/Logistics_automation" title="Logistics automation">logistics automation</a> software.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These systems are often installed in <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigerated</a> warehouses where temperatures are kept very cold to keep the product from spoiling. This is especially true in electronics warehouses that require specific temperatures to avoid damaging parts. Automation is also common where land is expensive, as automated storage systems can use vertical space efficiently. These high-bay storage areas are often more than 10 meters (33 feet) high, with some over 20 meters (65 feet) high. Automated storage systems can be built up to 40m high. </p><p>For a warehouse to function efficiently, the facility must be properly <i>slotted</i>. Slotting addresses which storage medium a product is picked from (<a href="/wiki/Pallet_racking" title="Pallet racking">pallet rack</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carton_flow" title="Carton flow">carton flow</a>), where each item is placed for storage, and how items are picked (pick-to-light, <a href="/wiki/Voice_Directed_Warehousing" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice Directed Warehousing">pick-to-voice</a>, or pick-to-paper). With a proper slotting plan, a warehouse can ensure that fast moving items are stored in the most accessible areas or closest to dock areas, improve its inventory rotation requirements, such as <a href="/wiki/FIFO_and_LIFO_accounting" title="FIFO and LIFO accounting">first in, first out (FIFO) and last in, first out (LIFO)</a> systems, control labor costs and increase productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pallet racks are commonly used to organize a warehouse. It is important to know the dimensions of racking and the number of bays needed as well as the dimensions of the product to be stored.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clearance should be accounted for if using a forklift or pallet mover to move inventory. </p><p>To help speed up the receiving of goods, <a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a> (RFID) portals have been installed at the doors of the warehouses for instant verification of product information like the SKUs and their quantities. RFID technology also ensures precise inventory management and easy goods and equipment tracking.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs">Costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An article by Thomas W. Speh published around 1990 and considered significant by the Warehousing Forum stated that a <a href="/wiki/Costing" class="mw-redirect" title="Costing">costing</a> system for warehousing should take account of the space allocated for storage per period of time, and the time taken for handling materials as they are admitted to or discharged from the warehouse. Speh advises businesses on the factors to be taken into account in building up a "handling price" and a "storage price", which will enable an operator to make a profit and take account of risks such as unused space, at the same time as managing buyers' expectations of a fair price.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_trends">Recent trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Recent trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Warehouse" title="Special:EditPage/Warehouse">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Modern warehouses commonly use a system of wide aisle pallet racking to store goods which can be loaded and unloaded using <a href="/wiki/Forklift_trucks" class="mw-redirect" title="Forklift trucks">forklift trucks</a>. </p><p>Traditional warehousing has declined since the last decades of the 20th century, with the gradual introduction of <a href="/wiki/Just_In_Time_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Just In Time (business)">Just In Time</a> (JIT) techniques. The JIT system promotes product delivery directly from suppliers to consumer without the use of warehouses. However, with the gradual implementation of <a href="/wiki/Offshore_outsourcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore outsourcing">offshore outsourcing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">offshoring</a> in about the same time period, the distance between the manufacturer and the retailer (or the parts manufacturer and the industrial plant) grew considerably in many domains, necessitating at least one warehouse per country or per region in any typical <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> for a given range of products. </p><p>Recent retailing trends have led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Warehouse_stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Warehouse stores">warehouse-style retail stores</a>. These high-ceiling buildings display retail goods on tall, heavy-duty industrial racks rather than conventional retail shelving. Typically, items ready for sale are on the bottom of the racks, and crated or palletized inventory is in the upper rack. Essentially, the same building serves as both a warehouse and retail store. </p><p>Another trend relates to <a href="/wiki/Vendor-managed_inventory" title="Vendor-managed inventory">vendor-managed inventory</a> (VMI). This gives the vendor the control to maintain the level of stock in the store. This method has its own issue that the vendor gains access to the warehouse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several non-profit organizations which are focused on imparting knowledge, education and research in the field of warehouse management and its role in the supply chain industry. The Warehousing Education and Research Council (WERC)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and International Warehouse Logistics Association (IWLA)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Illinois, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. They provide professional certification and continuing education programs for the industry in the country. The Australian College of Training have government funded programs to provide personal development and continuation training in warehousing certs II – V (Diploma), they operate in Western Australia online and face to face, or Australia wide for online only courses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Warehousing has unique health and safety challenges and has been recognized by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) in the United States as a priority industry sector in the <a href="/wiki/National_Occupational_Research_Agenda" title="National Occupational Research Agenda">National Occupational Research Agenda</a> (NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Creating a safe and productive warehouse setting starts with a culture of safety. This culture should be reinforced by the managers at all levels, especially executives and owners. </p><p>Creating a safe working environment begins with a safety plan that covers all parts of the warehouse and applies to all employees. Owners and managers should expect to put resources of time and money toward safety and willingly build these costs into the overall budget. </p><p>Regular training and inspections should be done to ensure that all employees are knowledgeable in fire safety processes and that all fire safety measures are in place and functioning as required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_storage_and_retrieval_system" title="Automated storage and retrieval system">Automated storage and retrieval system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_center" title="Distribution center">Distribution center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_automation" title="Document automation">Document automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">Data warehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory" title="Inventory">Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_management_software" title="Inventory management software">Inventory management software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick_and_pack" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick and pack">Pick and pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping list">Shipping list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Directed_Warehousing" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice Directed Warehousing">Voice Directed Warehousing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warehouse_management_system" title="Warehouse management system">Warehouse management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_truck" title="Self-driving truck">Self-driving truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">Storage room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guided_vehicle" title="Automated guided vehicle">Automated guided vehicle</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SouthJerseyEastCoastLogisticsEpicenter-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SouthJerseyEastCoastLogisticsEpicenter_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJon_Hurdle2021" class="citation web cs1">Jon Hurdle (May 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.njspotlightnews.org/2021/05/warehouses-sprawl-northern-nj-central-nj-newmark-reports-greenfields/amp/">"Report details surge in warehouse construction…"</a>. NJ Spotlight News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2023</span>. <q>In South Jersey, the area has become the "epicenter" of warehouse construction in the greater Philadelphia region..'Activity in the Southern New Jersey industrial market continues to amaze,' the report said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+details+surge+in+warehouse+construction%E2%80%A6&rft.pub=NJ+Spotlight+News&rft.date=2021-05-13&rft.au=Jon+Hurdle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.njspotlightnews.org%2F2021%2F05%2Fwarehouses-sprawl-northern-nj-central-nj-newmark-reports-greenfields%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Cyril M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Dictionary_of_Architecture_Construction">"Warehouse"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Architecture & Construction</i> (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 1056. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0071452373" title="Special:BookSources/978-0071452373"><bdi>978-0071452373</bdi></a>. <q>warehouse: A building designed for the storage of various goods.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Warehouse&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Architecture+%26+Construction&rft.pages=1056&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0071452373&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Cyril+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDictionary_of_Architecture_Construction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesJokiniemi2008" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Nikolas; Jokiniemi, Erkki (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Dictionary_of_Architecture_and_Building_Construction">"warehouse"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Architecture and Building Construction</i>. Elsevier. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8502-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8502-3"><bdi>978-0-7506-8502-3</bdi></a>. <q>warehouse: a large building for storing goods and products prior to distribution; a storehouse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=warehouse&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Architecture+and+Building+Construction&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-8502-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Nikolas&rft.au=Jokiniemi%2C+Erkki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDictionary_of_Architecture_and_Building_Construction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718200212/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/godown">"godown - Definition of godown in English by Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries - English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/godown">the original</a> on July 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+-+English&rft.atitle=godown+-+Definition+of+godown+in+English+by+Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fgodown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span> "Late 16th century from Portuguese gudão, from Tamil kiṭaṅku, Malayalam kiṭaṅṅu, or Kannada gadaṅgu 'store, warehouse'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrew1972" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin (1972). <i>The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium BC</i>. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-16480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-16480-3"><bdi>0-416-16480-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Civilisation%3A+The+Cyclades+and+the+Aegean+in+the+Third+Millennium+BC.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-416-16480-3&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickman1971" class="citation book cs1">Rickman, Geoffrey (1971). <i>Roman Granaries and Store Buildings</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07724-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07724-9"><bdi>0-521-07724-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Granaries+and+Store+Buildings&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-521-07724-9&rft.aulast=Rickman&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2018" class="citation web cs1">Michael (15 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719005033/https://www.action-storage.com/blog/general/history-of-the-warehouse/">"A History of the Warehouse"</a>. <i>Action Storage</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.action-storage.com/blog/general/history-of-the-warehouse/">the original</a> on 2019-07-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Action+Storage&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Warehouse&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft.au=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.action-storage.com%2Fblog%2Fgeneral%2Fhistory-of-the-warehouse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz2004" class="citation book cs1">Schulz, Jurgen (2004). <i>The New Palaces of Medieval Venice</i>. University Park PA: Penn State Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-04836-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-04836-0"><bdi>0-271-04836-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Palaces+of+Medieval+Venice&rft.place=University+Park+PA&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-271-04836-0&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Jurgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarus-Wilson2013" class="citation book cs1">Carus-Wilson, E.M. (2013). <i>Medieval Merchant Venturers: Collected Studies</i>. Hoboken NJ: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-58279-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-58279-0"><bdi>978-1-136-58279-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Merchant+Venturers%3A+Collected+Studies&rft.place=Hoboken+NJ&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-58279-0&rft.aulast=Carus-Wilson&rft.aufirst=E.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman,_John_Block_(1)_&_Figg,_Kristeb_Mossler_(2),_Eds2000" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, John Block (1) & Figg, Kristeb Mossler (2), Eds (2000). <i>Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Garland. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-59094-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-59094-9"><bdi>978-1-135-59094-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade%2C+Travel%2C+and+Exploration+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-135-59094-9&rft.au=Friedman%2C+John+Block+%281%29+%26+Figg%2C+Kristeb+Mossler+%282%29%2C+Eds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publication.sipmm.edu.sg/essential-techniques-warehouse-efficiency/#Good_Warehouse_Layout">"Essential Techniques for Warehouse Efficiency - SIPMM Publications"</a>. <i>publication.sipmm.edu.sg</i>. 2022-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publication.sipmm.edu.sg&rft.atitle=Essential+Techniques+for+Warehouse+Efficiency+-+SIPMM+Publications&rft.date=2022-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublication.sipmm.edu.sg%2Fessential-techniques-warehouse-efficiency%2F%23Good_Warehouse_Layout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSicola2017" class="citation book cs1">Sicola, Maria (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naiop.org/-/media/Research/Research/Research-Reports/Terms-and-Definitions/CRE-Terms-and-Definitions-2017.ashx?la=en">"Industrial Terminology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Commercial Real Estate Terms and Definitions</i>. The NAIOP Research Foundation. pp. 21–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Industrial+Terminology&rft.btitle=Commercial+Real+Estate+Terms+and+Definitions&rft.pages=21-26&rft.pub=The+NAIOP+Research+Foundation&rft.date=2017-03&rft.aulast=Sicola&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naiop.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2FResearch%2FResearch%2FResearch-Reports%2FTerms-and-Definitions%2FCRE-Terms-and-Definitions-2017.ashx%3Fla%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://realestate.findlaw.com/land-use-laws/types-of-zoning.html">"Types of Zoning"</a>. <i>Findlaw</i>. Thomson Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-17</span></span>. <q>Office buildings, shopping centers, nightclubs, hotels, certain warehouses, some apartment complexes -- as well as vacant land that has the potential for development into these types of buildings -- can all be zoned as commercial. Almost any kind of real estate (other than single-family home and single-family lots) can be considered commercial real estate... Manufacturing plants and many storage facilities have industrial zoning.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Findlaw&rft.atitle=Types+of+Zoning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frealestate.findlaw.com%2Fland-use-laws%2Ftypes-of-zoning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2016" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, John B. (2016-04-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J9fyjwEACAAJ"><i>Warehouse Veteran: Your Tactical Field Guide to Industrial Real Estate</i></a>. INDCRE Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780997329803" title="Special:BookSources/9780997329803"><bdi>9780997329803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warehouse+Veteran%3A+Your+Tactical+Field+Guide+to+Industrial+Real+Estate&rft.pub=INDCRE+Publishing&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft.isbn=9780997329803&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ9fyjwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrattBall2018" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, Andy C.; Ball, Rick (2018-01-12). "Industrial property, policy and economic development: The research agenda". In Ball, Rick; Pratt, Andy C. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-1GDwAAQBAJ"><i>Industrial Property: Policy and Economic Development</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351330619" title="Special:BookSources/9781351330619"><bdi>9781351330619</bdi></a>. <q>The Valuation Office produces a very useful <i>Property Market Report</i> (PMR)...There is a section of the report that deals specifically with industrial property...The capital values are broken down into four categories: small starter units...nursery units...industrial/warehouse units (circa 500 square meters); and industrial/warehouse units (circa 1,000 square metres).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Industrial+property%2C+policy+and+economic+development%3A+The+research+agenda&rft.btitle=Industrial+Property%3A+Policy+and+Economic+Development&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft.isbn=9781351330619&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Andy+C.&rft.au=Ball%2C+Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm-1GDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowsey2014" class="citation book cs1">Jowsey, Ernie (2014-07-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9oABAAAQBAJ"><i>Real Estate Concepts: A Handbook</i></a>. Routledge. § 3.5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135084424" title="Special:BookSources/9781135084424"><bdi>9781135084424</bdi></a>. <q>Although industrial property is such a large commercial property sector and its buildings can range in size from a small business workshop...up to a large warehouse...the sector generally includes the following types of properties: logistic centres; warehouses; distribution centers; industrial estates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Estate+Concepts%3A+A+Handbook&rft.pages=%C2%A7+3.5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft.isbn=9781135084424&rft.aulast=Jowsey&rft.aufirst=Ernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9oABAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowsey2014" class="citation book cs1">Jowsey, Ernie (2014-07-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9oABAAAQBAJ"><i>Real Estate Concepts: A Handbook</i></a>. Routledge. § 3.5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135084424" title="Special:BookSources/9781135084424"><bdi>9781135084424</bdi></a>. <q>From a property perspective, industrial property is property (land and buildings) that can be used for a variety of purposes, with the following being the most common uses: ... storage;...The main types of property invested in in the UK are: 1 <i>Shops (retail sector</i>...2 <i>Offices</i>...3 <i>Industrial factories and warehouses</i>...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Estate+Concepts%3A+A+Handbook&rft.pages=%C2%A7+3.5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft.isbn=9781135084424&rft.aulast=Jowsey&rft.aufirst=Ernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9oABAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmour2016" class="citation web cs1">Gilmour, Emma (2016-06-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realcommercial.com.au/news/what-is-industrial-real-estate">"Industrial property: what is it?"</a>. <i>www.realcommercial.com.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.realcommercial.com.au&rft.atitle=Industrial+property%3A+what+is+it%3F&rft.date=2016-06-28&rft.aulast=Gilmour&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realcommercial.com.au%2Fnews%2Fwhat-is-industrial-real-estate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommercial_Real_Estate2018" class="citation news cs1">Commercial Real Estate (2018-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.financialpost.com/real-estate/property-post/shortage-of-industrial-real-estate-is-pushing-companies-out-of-vancouver">"Shortage of industrial real estate is pushing companies out of Vancouver | Financial Post"</a>. <i>Financialpost</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financialpost&rft.atitle=Shortage+of+industrial+real+estate+is+pushing+companies+out+of+Vancouver+%7C+Financial+Post&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft.au=Commercial+Real+Estate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2Freal-estate%2Fproperty-post%2Fshortage-of-industrial-real-estate-is-pushing-companies-out-of-vancouver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2013" class="citation web cs1">Schmidt, Robert (2013-02-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.propertymetrics.com/blog/2013/02/27/types-of-commercial-real-estate/">"Types of Commercial Real Estate"</a>. <i>PropertyMetrics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PropertyMetrics&rft.atitle=Types+of+Commercial+Real+Estate&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.propertymetrics.com%2Fblog%2F2013%2F02%2F27%2Ftypes-of-commercial-real-estate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Jowsey3-5-4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jowsey3-5-4_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowsey2014" class="citation book cs1">Jowsey, Ernie (2014-07-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9oABAAAQBAJ"><i>Real Estate Concepts: A Handbook</i></a>. Routledge. § 3.5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135084424" title="Special:BookSources/9781135084424"><bdi>9781135084424</bdi></a>. <q><i>Warehouses</i> are used for storage of goods by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, customs, etc. They are usually large open space buildings in industrial areas of cities and towns.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Estate+Concepts%3A+A+Handbook&rft.pages=%C2%A7+3.5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft.isbn=9781135084424&rft.aulast=Jowsey&rft.aufirst=Ernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9oABAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loopnet.com/warehouses-for-sale/">"Warehouses for Sale"</a>. <i>LoopNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LoopNet&rft.atitle=Warehouses+for+Sale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loopnet.com%2Fwarehouses-for-sale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoselle2018" class="citation web cs1">Moselle, Ben, ed. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.craftsman-book.com/media/static/previews/2018_NBC_book_preview.pdf">"2018 National Building Cost Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Craftsman</i> (42nd ed.). p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Craftsman&rft.atitle=2018+National+Building+Cost+Manual&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.craftsman-book.com%2Fmedia%2Fstatic%2Fpreviews%2F2018_NBC_book_preview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jowsey3-5-2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jowsey3-5-2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowsey2014" class="citation book cs1">Jowsey, Ernie (2014-07-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9oABAAAQBAJ"><i>Real Estate Concepts: A Handbook</i></a>. Routledge. § 3.5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135084424" title="Special:BookSources/9781135084424"><bdi>9781135084424</bdi></a>. <q>From a UK planning perspective, industrial property use generally classified under the Use Classes Order 2010 as: ... <i>B8 Storage or Distribution</i>...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Estate+Concepts%3A+A+Handbook&rft.pages=%C2%A7+3.5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft.isbn=9781135084424&rft.aulast=Jowsey&rft.aufirst=Ernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9oABAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jowsey7-5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jowsey7-5_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowsey2014" class="citation book cs1">Jowsey, Ernie (2014-07-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9oABAAAQBAJ"><i>Real Estate Concepts: A Handbook</i></a>. Routledge. § 7.5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135084424" title="Special:BookSources/9781135084424"><bdi>9781135084424</bdi></a>. <q>Factories and warehouses usually have shorter building life than offices and most shops, and so the impact of depreciation on them is greater. As a result, yields on industrial property are normally significantly higher than those on other commercial property.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Estate+Concepts%3A+A+Handbook&rft.pages=%C2%A7+7.5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-07-11&rft.isbn=9781135084424&rft.aulast=Jowsey&rft.aufirst=Ernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9oABAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSicola2017" class="citation book cs1">Sicola, Maria (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naiop.org/-/media/Research/Research/Research-Reports/Terms-and-Definitions/CRE-Terms-and-Definitions-2017.ashx?la=en">"Retail Terminology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Commercial Real Estate Terms and Definitions</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Camcode&rft.atitle=What+is+Warehouse+Operations%3F&rft.date=2018-12-26&rft.aulast=Stazzone&rft.aufirst=Shelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.camcode.com%2Fasset-tags%2Fwhat-is-warehouse-operations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palletrackingsystemsltd.co.uk/glossary/mezzanine-flooring/">"Pallet Racking Systems Ltd"</a>. 2014-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publication.sipmm.edu.sg&rft.atitle=Technology+Application+for+Smart+Warehousing+%7C+SIPMM+Publications&rft.date=2022-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublication.sipmm.edu.sg%2Ftechnology-application-for-smart-warehousing%2F%23Radio_Frequency_Identification_RFID_Technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Speh, Thomas W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warehousingforum.com/sample/Vol-24-number-07-Jun2009.pdf">Understanding Warehouse Costs and Risks</a>, <i>Ackerman Warehousing Forum</i>, volume 24, number 7, June 2009, original written "nearly two decades" previously, edited by Kenneth B. Ackerman, accessed 15 February 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edumaritime.net/illinois/warehouse-education-research-council">"Warehouse Education & Research Council - Warehouse Certification and Online Programs"</a>. <i>www.edumaritime.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.edumaritime.net&rft.atitle=Warehouse+Education+%26+Research+Council+-+Warehouse+Certification+and+Online+Programs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edumaritime.net%2Fillinois%2Fwarehouse-education-research-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edumaritime.net/illinois/warehouse-logistics-association-iwla">"International Warehouse Logistics Association (IWLA) - Certified Logistics Professional Program"</a>. <i>www.edumaritime.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.edumaritime.net&rft.atitle=International+Warehouse+Logistics+Association+%28IWLA%29+-+Certified+Logistics+Professional+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edumaritime.net%2Fillinois%2Fwarehouse-logistics-association-iwla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/twu/default.html">"CDC - NIOSH Program Portfolio : Transportation, Warehousing and Utilities"</a>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i>. 2019-03-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=CDC+-+NIOSH+Program+Portfolio+%3A+Transportation%2C+Warehousing+and+Utilities&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fprograms%2Ftwu%2Fdefault.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/twu/default.html">"CDC - NORA - Transportation, Warehousing and Utilities Sector Council"</a>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i>. 2019-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=CDC+-+NORA+-+Transportation%2C+Warehousing+and+Utilities+Sector+Council&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnora%2Fcouncils%2Ftwu%2Fdefault.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2014" class="citation book cs1">Kumar (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325070921/http://www.yesdee.com/ysdbook.php?ysde=409&ys=0-64-56"><i>warehouse – Layout Planning and Part Feeding Methods</i></a>. Yes Dee Publishing Pvt Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789380381381" title="Special:BookSources/9789380381381"><bdi>9789380381381</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yesdee.com/ysdbook.php?ysde=409&ys=0-64-56">the original</a> on 2014-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=warehouse+%E2%80%93+Layout+Planning+and+Part+Feeding+Methods&rft.pub=Yes+Dee+Publishing+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789380381381&rft.au=Kumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yesdee.com%2Fysdbook.php%3Fysde%3D409%26ys%3D0-64-56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarehouse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The Story of the Bale</i>, Manchester: Lloyd's Packing Warehouses Ltd, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Street,_Manchester" title="Princess Street, Manchester">Princess Street</a>, 1926</li> <li>Taylor, Simon, et al. (2002) <i>Manchester - the warehouse legacy: introduction and guide</i>; text by Simon Taylor, Malcolm Cooper and P. S. Barnwell. English Heritage <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781873592670" title="Special:BookSources/9781873592670">9781873592670</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warehouse&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Warehouses" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Warehouses">Warehouses</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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