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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Cause</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cause-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cause subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Incorrect_theories_about_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incorrect_theories_about_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Incorrect theories about causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incorrect_theories_about_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Humorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Humorism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miasma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miasma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Miasma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miasma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Astrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blaming_the_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blaming_the_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Blaming the Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blaming_the_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germ_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germ_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Germ warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germ_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reappearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reappearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reappearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reappearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_plague_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_plague_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The plague today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_plague_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Risk_of_plague" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_of_plague"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Risk of plague</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_of_plague-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Death rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Common locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symptoms_and_treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symptoms_and_treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Symptoms and treatments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symptoms_and_treatments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symptoms and treatments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symptoms_and_treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Symptoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_plague" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_plague"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Types of plague</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_plague-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bubonic_plague" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bubonic_plague"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Bubonic plague</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bubonic_plague-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pneumonic_plague" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pneumonic_plague"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Pneumonic plague</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pneumonic_plague-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Septicemic_plague" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Septicemic_plague"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Septicemic plague</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Septicemic_plague-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Treatments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other websites subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources_online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources_online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary sources online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources_online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources_online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources_online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Secondary sources online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources_online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Death</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 122 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">122 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D1%84%D3%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="Емынэ фӀыцӀэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Емынэ фӀыцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_Dood" title="Swart Dood – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swart Dood" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Tod" title="Schwarzer Tod – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwarzer Tod" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Capis_sorme" title="Čapis sorme – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Čapis sorme" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الموت الأسود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموت الأسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%82_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Սեւ Մահ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սեւ Մահ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negro" title="Peste negro – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Peste negro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_%C3%B6l%C3%BCm" title="Qara ölüm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara ölüm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="قارا اؤلوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارا اؤلوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81" title="কালো মৃত্যু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কালো মৃত্যু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maut_Hitam" title="Maut Hitam – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Maut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hek-s%C3%BA-p%C4%93ng" title="Hek-sú-pēng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hek-sú-pēng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ҡара үлем – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡара үлем" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Чорная смерць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чорная смерць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Чорная сьмерць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чорная сьмерць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82" title="Черната смърт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черната смърт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_smrt" title="Crna smrt – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crna smrt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosenn_Zu" title="Bosenn Zu – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bosenn Zu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesta_Negra" title="Pesta Negra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pesta Negra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A1_smrt" title="Černá smrt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černá smrt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla_Du" title="Pla Du – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pla Du" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d" title="Den sorte død – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den sorte død" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Tod" title="Schwarzer Tod – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzer Tod" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_surm" title="Must surm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must surm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Μαύρη πανώλη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαύρη πανώλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_morto" title="Nigra morto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra morto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izurri_Beltza" title="Izurri Beltza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izurri Beltza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="مرگ سیاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرگ سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ttin_svarta" title="Sóttin svarta – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sóttin svarta" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_noire" title="Peste noire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peste noire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_Dea" title="Swarte Dea – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swarte Dea" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Nere" title="Peste Nere – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Peste Nere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phl%C3%A1_Mh%C3%B3r" title="An Phlá Mhór – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phlá Mhór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_B%C3%A0s_Dubh" title="Am Bàs Dubh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Am Bàs Dubh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Negra" title="Peste Negra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Peste Negra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het-s%C3%AD-phiang" title="Het-sí-phiang – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Het-sí-phiang" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%82%AC%EB%B3%91" title="흑사병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흑사병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Սև մահ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև մահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4" title="काली मौत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काली मौत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba_kuge" title="Doba kuge – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Doba kuge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_pesto" title="Nigra pesto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nigra pesto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabah_Hitam_(pandemi)" title="Wabah Hitam (pandemi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wabah Hitam (pandemi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_nigre" title="Peste nigre – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Peste nigre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%BC%C3%A6%D0%BB%C3%A6%D1%82" title="Сау мæлæт – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сау мæлæт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartidau%C3%B0i" title="Svartidauði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svartidauði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_nera" title="Peste nera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peste nera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8" title="המוות השחור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המוות השחור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%A9z%C9%A9k%CA%8A_k%C9%A9kp%C9%9Bd%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Kɩzɩkʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɩzɩkʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შავი ჭირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავი ჭირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Оба індеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оба індеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap%C3%A8s_nwa" title="Lapès nwa – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lapès nwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap%C3%A8s_nw%C3%A8" title="Lapès nwè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lapès nwè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirina_re%C5%9F" title="Mirina reş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mirina reş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_Foscia" title="Mort Foscia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mort Foscia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazinura_negra" title="Hazinura negra – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Hazinura negra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mors_atra" title="Mors atra – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mors atra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meln%C4%81_n%C4%81ve" title="Melnā nāve – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnā nāve" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodoji_mirtis" title="Juodoji mirtis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodoji mirtis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjwarte_Doe%C3%ABd" title="Zjwarte Doeëd – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zjwarte Doeëd" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete_hal%C3%A1l" title="Fekete halál – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete halál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5" title="ब्ल्याक डेथ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ब्ल्याक डेथ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82" title="Црна смрт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црна смрт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahafatesana_Mainty" title="Fahafatesana Mainty – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahafatesana Mainty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ബ്ലാക്ക് ഡെത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്ലാക്ക് ഡെത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesta_s-sewda" title="Pesta s-sewda – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pesta s-sewda" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="काळा प्लेग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काळा प्लेग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="უჩა ჭირი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უჩა ჭირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الموت الاسود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الموت الاسود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maut_Hitam" title="Maut Hitam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ik-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-b%C3%AAng" title="Háik-sṳ̄-bêng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háik-sṳ̄-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%AF%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хар үхэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хар үхэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="မဲသေရောဂါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဲသေရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiltik_mikistli" title="Tiltik mikistli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tiltik mikistli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Dood" title="Zwarte Dood – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwarte Dood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="कालो मृत्यु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कालो मृत्यु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="हाकुगु मृत्यु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हाकुगु मृत्यु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黒死病 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒死病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartedauden" title="Svartedauden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svartedauden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartedauden" title="Svartedauden – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svartedauden" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_o%CA%BBlim" title="Qora oʻlim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora oʻlim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4" title="ਕਾਲੀ ਮੌਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲੀ ਮੌਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" title="تور مرګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تور مرګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blak_Det" title="Blak Det – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Blak Det" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_Dood" title="Swart Dood – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swart Dood" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna_%C5%9Bmier%C4%87" title="Czarna śmierć – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarna śmierć" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Negra" title="Peste Negra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peste Negra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moartea_neagr%C4%83" title="Moartea neagră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moartea neagră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Чёрная смерть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрная смерть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_niedda" title="Peste niedda – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Peste niedda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Daith" title="Black Daith – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Black Daith" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vdekja_e_Zez%C3%AB" title="Vdekja e Zezë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vdekja e Zezë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesti_niura" title="Pesti niura – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pesti niura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="කළු මරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කළු මරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierna_smr%C5%A5" title="Čierna smrť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čierna smrť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crna_smrt" title="Črna smrt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črna smrt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C5%8Frn%C5%8F_%C5%9Bmier%C4%87" title="Czŏrnŏ śmierć – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czŏrnŏ śmierć" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4" title="مردنی ڕەش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مردنی ڕەش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82" title="Црна смрт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црна смрт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_smrt" title="Crna smrt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crna smrt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta_surma" title="Musta surma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musta surma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den" title="Digerdöden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Digerdöden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salot_na_Itim" title="Salot na Itim – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salot na Itim" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="கறுப்புச் சாவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கறுப்புச் சாவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarka_taberkant" title="Tarka taberkant – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tarka taberkant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="กาฬมรณะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กาฬมรณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_%C3%96l%C3%BCm" title="Kara Ölüm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kara Ölüm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Чорна смерть – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорна смерть" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="سیاہ موت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاہ موت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1i_Ch%E1%BA%BFt_%C4%90en" title="Cái Chết Đen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cái Chết Đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_surm" title="Must surm – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Must surm" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesse_des_djins" title="Pesse des djins – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pesse des djins" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itom_nga_Kamatayon" title="Itom nga Kamatayon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Itom nga Kamatayon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergo_siya" title="Mergo siya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mergo siya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Burying_Plague_Victims_of_Tournai.jpg/350px-Burying_Plague_Victims_of_Tournai.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Burying_Plague_Victims_of_Tournai.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>The burial of the victims of the plague in Tournai. Fragment of a miniature from "The Chronicles of Gilles Li Muisis" (1272-1352), abbot of the monastery of St. Martin of the Righteous. Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, MS 13076-77, f. 24v.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackdeath2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Blackdeath2.gif/220px-Blackdeath2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Blackdeath2.gif/330px-Blackdeath2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Blackdeath2.gif/440px-Blackdeath2.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Black Death spreading across Europe 1347-1353</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Black Death (1346-1353)</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a>. </p><p>This outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> killed between 25 million and 50 million people across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-indiatimes1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiatimes1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was at its worst between 1347 and 1351. </p><p>At the time, <a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th-century</a> European writers called the pandemic the "Great Mortality". After later epidemics, it was named "the Black Death." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Cause" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Cause"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">Historians</a> cannot be sure which <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> caused the Black Death. However, most think that it was the <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a>. That is a <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> caused by the <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not everybody agrees that plague caused the Black Death. Some scientists and historians think it was <a href="/wiki/Anthrax_(disease)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthrax (disease)">anthrax</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a <a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">viral hemorrhagic fever</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incorrect_theories_about_causes">Incorrect theories about causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Incorrect theories about causes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Incorrect theories about causes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plague happened far before <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">scientists discovered germs</a>, and people at the time had no way of understanding <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a>. Instead, they blamed the Black Death on other things. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Humorism">Humorism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Humorism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Humorism"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time, doctors believed in <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">humorism</a>. According to this theory, the body consists of different fluids. If these "humors" are in <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> (balanced well), a person is healthy. When they are out of balance, disease results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Miasma">Miasma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Miasma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Miasma"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This theory did not explain why disease spreads from one person to another. Most people thought that <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> was caused by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miasma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miasma (not yet started)">miasma</a></i> ("bad air")<i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> The bad air could come from within the earth and cause the disease. To protect against the disease, people tried many non-medical techniques. These included opening opening only <a href="/wiki/North" title="North">north</a>-facing windows; not sleeping during the day; and not working too hard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Astrology">Astrology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Astrology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Astrology"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1348, <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI of France</a> asked the Faculty of Medicine of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> about what caused the Black Death. The Faculty concluded that bad <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy_and_astrology)" title="Conjunction (astronomy and astrology)">conjunction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (planet)">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn (planet)">Saturn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars (planet)">Mars</a> on 20 March 1345 had caused the pandemic. Since that answer was based on <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, many people believed it, and it was translated into many languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion">Religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Religion"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many people thought diseases were a punishment from <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>. Trying to please God, many participated in religious <a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">ceremonies</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Confession" title="Confession">Confession</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Communion</a>). They also <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">asked for forgiveness</a> and did <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blaming_the_Jews">Blaming the Jews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Blaming the Jews" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Blaming the Jews"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Many people believed the Jews were causing the plague by <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisoning</a> <a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">wells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Jews were victims of <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">massacres</a> throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jews_burned_to_death_in_Strasbourg_Feb._14_1349_during_the_Black_Death.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jews_burned_to_death_in_Strasbourg_Feb._14_1349_during_the_Black_Death.jpg/220px-Jews_burned_to_death_in_Strasbourg_Feb._14_1349_during_the_Black_Death.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jews_burned_to_death_in_Strasbourg_Feb._14_1349_during_the_Black_Death.jpg/330px-Jews_burned_to_death_in_Strasbourg_Feb._14_1349_during_the_Black_Death.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Jews_burned_to_death_in_Strasbourg_Feb._14_1349_during_the_Black_Death.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption><i>Jews Burned to Death in Stasbourg in 1349.</i> Jews were blamed for the plague and were victims of <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">massacres</a></figcaption></figure><p> According to a 2005 book:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Panic emerged</a> ... during the scourge of the Black Death in 1348, when widespread terror prompted a revival of the well poisoning charge. In areas where Jews appeared to die of the plague in fewer numbers than Christians, possibly because of better <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> [possibly related to religious practices] and greater isolation, lower mortality rates provided evidence of Jewish guilt.</i></p></blockquote><p> A 2021 study also noted:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p><i>Carriers of <a href="/wiki/Recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive">recessive</a> familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> have natural <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a> against Y. pestis. During the Black Death, Jews were blamed for the bubonic plague, perhaps because Jews carried FMF mutations and died at <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">lower plague rates</a> than Christians. Blaming <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minorities</a> for <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> echoes across <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>[.]</i></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_route.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/220px-Silk_route.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/330px-Silk_route.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/440px-Silk_route.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> routes by land (red) and by sea (blue). The Black Death may have spread along these trade routes</figcaption></figure> <p>The Black Death may have begun in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> or <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. It first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> in 1347.<sup id="cite_ref-lead_origin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lead_origin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to Encyclopedia Britannica:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p><i>The plague that caused the Black Death originated [started] in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in the early to mid-1300s and spread along <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> <a href="/wiki/West" title="West">westward</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">northern Africa</a>. It reached southern <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in 1348 and northern <a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> by 1350.</i></p></blockquote><p>Fleas living on black <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> probably carried the disease. These rats traveled on <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a> and brought the plague to <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> cities around the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean</a>. From there, the disease spread across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rats may also have traveled along <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and brought infected fleas to European cities. When the fleas bit humans, they infected them with the plague by injecting a bit of <i>Y. pestis</i> bacteria into the wound. <a href="/wiki/Symptom" title="Symptom">Symptoms</a> would start three to seven days later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germ_warfare">Germ warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Germ warfare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Germ warfare"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Black Death may have first infected Europeans in 1347. That year, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol forces</a> used the plague as a <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapon" title="Biological weapon">biological weapon</a>. This was one of the earliest uses of <a href="/wiki/Germ_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ warfare">germ warfare</a> in history.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, Mongol soldiers were fighting for control of Caffa (now Feodosiya, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>). Caffa was an important port and international trading center for <a href="/wiki/Trader" title="Trader">traders</a> from <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. From the port at Caffa, they could bring goods to many other parts of Europe and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To take control of Caffa, Mongol forces began a <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a>. Records say that during the siege, the Mongols <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapulted</a> plague-infested bodies over the walls into the city.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their goal was to make the people inside sick and thus weaken them or encourage them to leave Caffa. The strategy worked: Genoans fled the siege in <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a>. Still, the Caffa <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> may have brought the plague back to Italy with them; from there, it spread across Europe and Asia. The pandemic had begun.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reappearance">Reappearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Reappearance" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Reappearance"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_medical_officer_examining_a_ship%27s_crew_for_bubonic_plague_Wellcome_L0004071.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/A_medical_officer_examining_a_ship%27s_crew_for_bubonic_plague_Wellcome_L0004071.jpg/220px-A_medical_officer_examining_a_ship%27s_crew_for_bubonic_plague_Wellcome_L0004071.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/A_medical_officer_examining_a_ship%27s_crew_for_bubonic_plague_Wellcome_L0004071.jpg/330px-A_medical_officer_examining_a_ship%27s_crew_for_bubonic_plague_Wellcome_L0004071.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/A_medical_officer_examining_a_ship%27s_crew_for_bubonic_plague_Wellcome_L0004071.jpg/440px-A_medical_officer_examining_a_ship%27s_crew_for_bubonic_plague_Wellcome_L0004071.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1551" /></a><figcaption><i>"A medical officer examining a ship's crew for bubonic plague on arrival in the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a> (1905)"</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Until the <a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">1700s</a>, the plague reappeared in Europe at least once every <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generation</a>. Some of the smaller plagues were more intense and deadly than others. Later outbreaks include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Plague_of_1629%E2%80%931631&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian Plague of 1629–1631 (not yet started)">Italian Plague of 1629–1631</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague of London</a> (1665–1666), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Plague_of_Vienna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Plague of Vienna (not yet started)">Great Plague of Vienna</a> (1679), the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Marseille" title="Great Plague of Marseille">Great Plague of Marseille</a> in 1720–1722, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plague_Riot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plague Riot (not yet started)">1771 plague in Moscow</a>. Records suggest the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virulence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virulence (not yet started)">most harmful</a> form of the plague disappeared from Europe in the <a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were twelve plague outbreaks in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> between 1900 and 1925. According to the National Museum of Australia, in total 1,371 cases of plague were reported and 535 people died, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Public Health Department was opened and did some leading-edge research.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department confirmed that plague was transmitted from rat fleas to humans by the bacillus <i>Yersinia pestis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_plague_today">The plague today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: The plague today" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: The plague today"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plague sometimes occurs today. It is considered an animal disease and is found in all <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> except <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Risk_of_plague">Risk of plague</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Risk of plague" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Risk of plague"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a risk of human plague if all of these things are true:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>There is plague bacteria</li> <li>There is an animal reservoir: an animal that has plague, but does not get sick or give it to humans (like rats during the Black Death)</li> <li>There is a vector: a way for the plague to infect humans (i.e. infected fleas during the Black Death</li> <li>Humans live close to these animals</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_death_XV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Black_death_XV.jpg/220px-Black_death_XV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Black_death_XV.jpg/330px-Black_death_XV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Black_death_XV.jpg/440px-Black_death_XV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th-century</a> painting that shows <a href="/wiki/Grim_Reaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Grim Reaper">Death</a> visiting a person sick with plague</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death_rates">Death rates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Death rates" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Death rates"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> According to the Cleveland Clinic:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p><i>Immediate treatment with <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a> will help you survive the plague. With quick treatment, about 90% of people with all forms of plague survive. Without treatment, plague is nearly always fatal. With treatment, there’s a 5 to 15% <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality (death) rate</a> for bubonic plague and around a 50% mortality rate for pneumonic and septicemic plague.</i></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_locations">Common locations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: Common locations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Common locations"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plague epidemics have happened in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, Asia, and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. However, since the 1990s, most most cases of human plague happen in Africa. Plague is most common today in three countries:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> <p>In Madagascar, cases of bubonic plague are reported nearly every year, during the epidemic season (between <a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a> and <a href="/wiki/April" title="April">April</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symptoms_and_treatments">Symptoms and treatments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Symptoms and treatments" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Symptoms and treatments"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symptoms">Symptoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: Symptoms" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Symptoms"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three types of plague: bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. These had different symptoms, causes of death, and <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">death rates</a>. While the Black Death was mostly caused by bubonic plague, some victims may have had pneumonic plague, septicemic plague, or a combination. It is possible for a person to have all three types at once. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_plague">Types of plague</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Change section: Types of plague" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Types of plague"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bubonic_plague">Bubonic plague</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Change section: Bubonic plague" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Bubonic plague"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">Bubonic plague</a></i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_bubonic_plague.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Symptoms_of_bubonic_plague.svg/220px-Symptoms_of_bubonic_plague.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Symptoms_of_bubonic_plague.svg/330px-Symptoms_of_bubonic_plague.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Symptoms_of_bubonic_plague.svg/440px-Symptoms_of_bubonic_plague.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Between 30-60% of people who got the <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a> died during the Black Death</figcaption></figure> <p>In the bubonic type, the plague bacteria infect the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system"><i>lymph nodes</i></a>. </p><p>This was the most common type of plague during the Black Death. It was 30-60% fatal during the Black Death (death rates varied in different areas). </p><p>It spread when fleas bit rats who were infected with plague bacteria. When they bit humans, the fleas would pass the bacteria on to them. Humans rarely spread bubonic plague to each other. </p><p>In humans, the bubonic plague causes <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fevers</a>; severe <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">flu</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Symptom" title="Symptom">symptoms</a>; and buboes (swollen, painful <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a>). Buboes appeared as large, black-and-purple <a href="/wiki/Swelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling">swellings</a> filled with <a href="/wiki/Pus" title="Pus">pus</a> (usually in the <a href="/wiki/Groin" title="Groin">groin</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arms</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thighs</a>, and behind the <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ears</a>). Death can occur from organ failure; <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>; or other causes.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bubonic plague can spread to the lungs (causing pneumonic plague) and/or to the blood (causing septicemic plague).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pneumonic_plague">Pneumonic plague</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Change section: Pneumonic plague" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Pneumonic plague"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In pneumonic plague, the plague bacteria infect the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung"><i>lungs</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of plague was <i>always</i> fatal during the Black Death. </p><p>It is the most virulent (dangerous) form of plague, and can kill a person within 24 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pneumonic plague is very contagious. (This means it spreads easily from person to person.) Infected <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_droplet" title="Respiratory droplet">respiratory droplets</a> fly through the air when a person with plague <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">coughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sneeze" title="Sneeze">sneezes</a>, breathes, or talks. When another person breathes in those infected droplets, they get sick.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Septicemic_plague">Septicemic plague</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Change section: Septicemic plague" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Septicemic plague"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Septicemic_plague" title="Septicemic plague">Septicemic plague</a></i> </p><p>When a person has septicemic plague, the plague bacteria infect the <i>blood</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This blood infection causes various problems that are extremely dangerous. It causes <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, which can be quite deadly. A victim's blood can lose its ability to clot and start bleeding uncontrollably. They might bleed into their skin and <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a>, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Organ_failure" title="Organ failure">organ failure</a>. They might cough up blood so severely that they <a href="/wiki/Choking" title="Choking">choked</a> or <a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">drowned</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This type was 30-60% fatal during the Black Death (death rates varied in different areas). It was less common than bubonic or pneumonic plague. </p><p>This type of plague has several possible causes:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Bites from an infected flea</li> <li>Respiratory droplets</li> <li>Body fluids of an animal with plague gets into a human's body through a cut on their skin</li> <li>Untreated bubonic or pneumonic plague</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatments">Treatments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Change section: Treatments" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Treatments"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg/250px-Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg/375px-Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Doktorschnabel_430px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption><i>Doktor of Rome</i> artwork from 1656. Plague doctors tried to protect themselves with these unique costumes</figcaption></figure><p>Today, plague is treated with antibiotics. But because nobody during the Black Death understood what caused the plague, <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctors</a> had no effective treatments. Often, doctors simply told their <a href="/wiki/Patient" title="Patient">patients</a> to go to <a href="/wiki/Confession" title="Confession">Confession</a> so that their <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">sins would be forgiven</a> if they died. </p><p>Eventually, the pandemic caused doctors to change their ideas about how the human body worked. Just 200 years later, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Girolamo_Fracastoro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Girolamo Fracastoro (not yet started)">Girolamo Fracastoro</a> discovered that diseases spread through <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Change section: Impact" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Impact"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Black Death had a major effect on Europe's <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a>. At the time, there were 75 million and 200 million people across <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. The Black Death <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">killed around a third</a> of these people.<sup id="cite_ref-indiatimes1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiatimes1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some areas were affected more than others; in some places, up to half of the population died.<sup id="cite_ref-indiatimes1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiatimes1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pandemic changed Europe's <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structure</a> and decreased the power of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. This resulted in widespread <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Minority" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority">minorities</a> like <a href="/wiki/Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, foreigners, <a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">beggars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">lepers</a>. </p><p>The uncertainty of daily survival influenced people to live for the moment, as illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a> in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Decameron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Decameron (not yet started)">The Decameron</a></i> (1353). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Change section: Media" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Media"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Black Death appears in some modern literature and media, used as a subject or a <a href="/wiki/Setting" class="mw-disambig" title="Setting">setting</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s short story <i><a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_the_Red_Death" title="The Masque of the Red Death">The Masque of the Red Death</a></i> (1842) is set in an unnamed country during a <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fictional</a> plague that shares many things in common with the Black Death. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>'s writings used that theme too. His <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Plague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Plague (not yet started)">The Plague</a></i> (1947) discussed an <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> plague outbreak in and how people reacted to the <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague of London</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="cite-bracket" style="column-width: <sup id="> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-indiatimes1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-indiatimes1_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-indiatimes1_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-indiatimes1_1-2">1.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenedictow2021" class="citation book cs1">Benedictow, Ole (2021). <i>The complete history of the Black Death</i>. Suffolk, UK: The Boydell Press. p. 876. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78744-931-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78744-931-2"><bdi>978-1-78744-931-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+history+of+the+Black+Death&rft.place=Suffolk%2C+UK&rft.pages=876&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-78744-931-2&rft.aulast=Benedictow&rft.aufirst=Ole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21590-bubonic-plague">"Bubonic Plague"</a>. <i>The Cleveland Clinic</i>. June 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cleveland+Clinic&rft.atitle=Bubonic+Plague&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.clevelandclinic.org%2Fhealth%2Fdiseases%2F21590-bubonic-plague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2">3.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3">3.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/">"Plague"</a>. <i>World Health Organization</i>. October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424065540/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Plague&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs267%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCantor2001" class="citation book cs1">Cantor, Norman (2001). <i>In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It Made</i>. Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060014346" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060014346"><bdi>978-0060014346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Wake+of+the+Plague%3A+The+Black+Death+and+the+World+It+Made&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0060014346&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDuncanScott2005" class="citation journal cs1">Duncan, C; Scott, S (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1743272/">"What caused the Black Death?"</a>. <i>Postgraduate Medical Journal</i>. <b>81</b> (955): 315–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fpgmj.2004.024075">10.1136/pgmj.2004.024075</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-5473">0032-5473</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1743272">1743272</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15879045">15879045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postgraduate+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=What+caused+the+Black+Death%3F&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=955&rft.pages=315-320&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1743272%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0032-5473&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15879045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fpgmj.2004.024075&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Scott%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1743272%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1">6.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2">6.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3">6.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGlatterFinkelman2021" class="citation journal cs1">Glatter, Kathryn A.; Finkelman, Paul (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7513766/">"History of the Plague: An Ancient Pandemic for the Age of COVID-19"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>134</b> (2): 176–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amjmed.2020.08.019">10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.08.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9343">0002-9343</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7513766">7513766</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32979306">32979306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Plague%3A+An+Ancient+Pandemic+for+the+Age+of+COVID-19&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=176-181&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7513766%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9343&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32979306&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.amjmed.2020.08.019&rft.aulast=Glatter&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+A.&rft.au=Finkelman%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7513766%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barzilay, Tzafrir. <i>Poisoned Wells: Accusation, Persecution and Minorities in Medieval Europe, 1321-1422,</i> Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Marshall (2006). <i>John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture</i>; p. 376 "The period of the Black Death saw the massacre of Jews across Germany, and in Aragon, and Flanders",</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2005" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Richard S., ed. (2005). <i>Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution</i>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-439-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+of+Prejudice+and+Persecution&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-439-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lead_origin-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lead_origin_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lead_origin_10-1">10.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Sources for origins</b> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHollingsworth" class="citation web cs1">Hollingsworth, Julia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/23/asia/plague-china-history-intl-hnk-scli/index.html">"Black Death in China: A history of plagues, from ancient times to now"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200306011659/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/23/asia/plague-china-history-intl-hnk-scli/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Black+Death+in+China%3A+A+history+of+plagues%2C+from+ancient+times+to+now&rft.aulast=Hollingsworth&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2019%2F11%2F23%2Fasia%2Fplague-china-history-intl-hnk-scli%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBenedictow2004">Benedictow 2004</a>, pp. 50–51<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBenedictow2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBramantiStensethWalløeLei2016">Bramanti et al. 2016</a>, pp. 1–26<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBramantiStensethWalløeLei2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFWade2010" class="citation news cs1">Wade, Nicholas (2010-10-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/health/01plague.html">"Europe's Plagues Came From China, Study Finds"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101104083917/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/health/01plague.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+Plagues+Came+From+China%2C+Study+Finds&rft.date=2010-10-31&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F11%2F01%2Fhealth%2F01plague.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death">"Black Death | Causes, Facts, and Consequences"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709135155/https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Black+Death+%7C+Causes%2C+Facts%2C+and+Consequences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBlack-Death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSussman2011">Sussman 2011</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSussman2011 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death">"Black Death | Definition, Cause, Symptoms, Effects, Death Toll, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 2024-08-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Black+Death+%7C+Definition%2C+Cause%2C+Symptoms%2C+Effects%2C+Death+Toll%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=2024-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBlack-Death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0">12.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1">12.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-2">12.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-bright-side-of-the-black-death">"The Bright Side of the Black Death"</a>. <i>American Scientist</i>. 2017-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Bright+Side+of+the+Black+Death&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-bright-side-of-the-black-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_13-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_13-1">13.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_13-2">13.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/biological-weapon/Biological-weapons-in-history">"Biological Weapons in History"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Biological+Weapons+in+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fbiological-weapon%2FBiological-weapons-in-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-1">14.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/bubonic-plague">"Bubonic Plague"</a>. <i>National Museum of Australia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Bubonic+Plague&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nma.gov.au%2Fdefining-moments%2Fresources%2Fbubonic-plague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sydney.edu.au/medicine/museum/mwmuseum/index.php/Bubonic_Plague_comes_to_Sydney_in_1900">Bubonic Plague comes to Sydney in 1900</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210023117/http://sydney.edu.au/medicine/museum/mwmuseum/index.php/Bubonic_Plague_comes_to_Sydney_in_1900">Archived</a> 10 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-1">16.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-2">16.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-3">16.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-4">16.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-5">16.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_16-6">16.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17782-plague">"Plague: Types, History, Causes"</a>. <i>The Cleveland Clinic</i>. August 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cleveland+Clinic&rft.atitle=Plague%3A+Types%2C+History%2C+Causes&rft.date=2022-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.clevelandclinic.org%2Fhealth%2Fdiseases%2F17782-plague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-0">17.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-1">17.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/plague/signs-symptoms/index.html">"Signs and Symptoms of Plague"</a>. <i>United States <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a></i>. 2024-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Centers+for+Disease+Control&rft.atitle=Signs+and+Symptoms+of+Plague&rft.date=2024-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fplague%2Fsigns-symptoms%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/plague/symptoms-causes/syc-20351291">"Plague - Symptoms and causes"</a>. <i>Mayo Clinic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=Plague+-+Symptoms+and+causes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fdiseases-conditions%2Fplague%2Fsymptoms-causes%2Fsyc-20351291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Death" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span 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title="Edit section's source code: Primary sources online"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://housatonic.net/Documents/627.htm">Agnolo di Tura's account</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/de_mussi.shtml">Gabriele de' Mussi's account</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061029004222/http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/de_mussi.shtml">Archived</a> 2006-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/marchionne.shtml">Marchionne di Coppo di Stefano Buonaiuti's account</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203113411/http://brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/marchionne.shtml">Archived</a> 2007-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/petrarca2.shtml">A Petrarch account</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204225814/http://brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/petrarca2.shtml">Archived</a> 2007-02-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/petrarca.shtml">More quotes from Petrarch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070204011139/http://brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/perspectives/petrarca.shtml">Archived</a> 2007-02-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources_online">Secondary sources online</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Change section: Secondary sources online" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Secondary sources online"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture29b.html"><i>The History Guide</i> "Satan Triumphant: The Black Death"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic428.htm">Symptoms, causes, pictures of bubonic plague</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themiddleages.net/plague.html">Overview of the black death</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/health/newsid_1925000/1925513.stm">BBC news story on controversy over Black Death origins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/language/literary/rosie.htm">Examination of "Ring around the Rosy"'s relationship to the plague</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml">Black Death Overview from BBC history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/osheim/intro.html">Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050608001920/http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/osheim/intro.html">Archived</a> 2005-06-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Primary source documents and analyisis</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_plague/">Secrets of the Dead . Mystery of the Black Death</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325105354/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_plague/">Archived</a> 2014-03-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Myadel/pandemics.htm">Pandemics in Eastern Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605143319/http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Myadel/pandemics.htm">Archived</a> 2011-06-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&oldid=9851241">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Death&oldid=9851241</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plague_pandemics" title="Category:Plague pandemics">Plague pandemics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Ages" title="Category:Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 28 October 2024, at 07:52.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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