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id="toc-Canada_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Canada East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Canada West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Parliamentary system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parliamentary_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parliamentary system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capitals_(seat_of_government)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitals_(seat_of_government)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Capitals (seat of government)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitals_(seat_of_government)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governors_general" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governors_general"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Governors general</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governors_general-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Charles_Poulett_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Sydenham_(1839–1841)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_Poulett_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Sydenham_(1839–1841)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham (1839–1841)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_Poulett_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Sydenham_(1839–1841)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_Bagot_(1841–1843)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_Bagot_(1841–1843)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Charles Bagot (1841–1843)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_Bagot_(1841–1843)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_Metcalfe,_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_(1843–1845)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_Metcalfe,_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_(1843–1845)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe (1843–1845)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_Metcalfe,_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_(1843–1845)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_Cathcart,_2nd_Earl_Cathcart_and_Baron_Greenock_(1845–1847)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_Cathcart,_2nd_Earl_Cathcart_and_Baron_Greenock_(1845–1847)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart and Baron Greenock (1845–1847)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_Cathcart,_2nd_Earl_Cathcart_and_Baron_Greenock_(1845–1847)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin_(1847–1854)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin_(1847–1854)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin (1847–1854)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin_(1847–1854)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edmund_Walker_Head,_8th_Baronet_(1854–1861)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edmund_Walker_Head,_8th_Baronet_(1854–1861)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Edmund Walker Head, 8th Baronet (1854–1861)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edmund_Walker_Head,_8th_Baronet_(1854–1861)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck_(1861–1868)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck_(1861–1868)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck (1861–1868)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck_(1861–1868)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Executive Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Legislative Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Legislative Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-District_councils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#District_councils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>District councils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-District_councils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political parties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political parties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reform_Association_of_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_Association_of_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reform Association of Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_Association_of_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parti_rouge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parti_rouge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Parti rouge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parti_rouge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clear_Grits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clear_Grits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Clear Grits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clear_Grits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parti_bleu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parti_bleu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Parti bleu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parti_bleu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal-Conservative_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal-Conservative_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Liberal-Conservative Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal-Conservative_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_responsible_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_responsible_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effects of responsible government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_of_responsible_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects of responsible government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_responsible_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liberal_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Liberal order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legislative initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Political history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Political structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Province of Canada</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="مقاطعة كندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقاطعة كندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_%C9%99yal%C9%99ti" title="Kanada əyaləti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kanada əyaləti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_Unida_del_Canad%C3%A0" title="Província Unida del Canadà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Província Unida del Canadà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjednocen%C3%A1_kanadsk%C3%A1_provincie" title="Sjednocená kanadská provincie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sjednocená kanadská provincie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinz_Kanada" title="Provinz Kanada – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Provinz Kanada" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_Unida_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Provincia Unida de Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Provincia Unida de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinco_Kanado" title="Provinco Kanado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Provinco Kanado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadako_Probintzia_Batua" title="Kanadako Probintzia Batua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kanadako Probintzia Batua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="استان کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استان کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_du_Canada" title="Province du Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Province du Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_Unida_do_Canad%C3%A1" title="Provincia Unida do Canadá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Provincia Unida do Canadá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4%EC%A3%BC" title="캐나다주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐나다주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincija_Kanada" title="Provincija Kanada – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Provincija Kanada" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsi_Kanada" title="Provinsi Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Provinsi Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_Canada" title="Provincia Canada – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Provincia Canada" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_del_Canada" title="Provincia del Canada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Provincia del Canada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsi_Kanada" title="Provinsi Kanada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Provinsi Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincie_Canada" title="Provincie Canada – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Provincie Canada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prowincja_Kanady_(kolonia)" title="Prowincja Kanady (kolonia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prowincja Kanady (kolonia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_do_Canad%C3%A1" title="Província do Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Província do Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_Canada" title="Provincia Canada – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Provincia Canada" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Канада (провинция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канада (провинция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Провинција Канада – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Провинција Канада" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadan_provinssi" title="Kanadan provinssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanadan provinssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsen_Kanada" title="Provinsen Kanada – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Provinsen Kanada" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="มณฑลแคนาดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มณฑลแคนาดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_(eyalet)" title="Kanada (eyalet) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kanada (eyalet)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Провінція Канади – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Провінція Канади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%89nh_Canada" title="Tỉnh Canada – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tỉnh Canada" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Province_of_Canada&params=45.5_N_75.5_W_type:country"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">75°30′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.5°N 75.5°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.5; -75.5</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">UK possession in North America, 1841–1867</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Province_of_Canada" title="Ecclesiastical Province of Canada">Ecclesiastical Province of Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada (New France)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Canada West" redirects here. For the athletic association, see <a href="/wiki/Canada_West_Universities_Athletic_Association" title="Canada West Universities Athletic Association">Canada West Universities Athletic Association</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"United Canadas" and "Colony of Canada" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Canadas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Canadas (disambiguation)">Canadas (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Canada (disambiguation)">Canada (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Province_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Province of Canada">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Province+of+Canada%22">"Province of Canada"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Province+of+Canada%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Province+of+Canada%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Province+of+Canada%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Province+of+Canada%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Province+of+Canada%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Province of Canada</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Province du Canada</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1841–1867</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Canada"><img alt="Flag of Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Union_Jack#Canada" title="Union Jack">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1901-1952).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Canada"><img alt="Coat of arms of Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1482" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Canada#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Canada"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the Queen</a><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="127" data-mwtitle="Rufst_du,_mein_Vaterland,_God_Save_the_King,_Íslands_minni,_Kongesangen_and_Oben_am_jungen_Rhein_(1938).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Rufst_du%2C_mein_Vaterland%2C_God_Save_the_King%2C_%C3%8Dslands_minni%2C_Kongesangen_and_Oben_am_jungen_Rhein_%281938%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Rufst_du%2C_mein_Vaterland%2C_God_Save_the_King%2C_%C3%8Dslands_minni%2C_Kongesangen_and_Oben_am_jungen_Rhein_%281938%29.oga/Rufst_du%2C_mein_Vaterland%2C_God_Save_the_King%2C_%C3%8Dslands_minni%2C_Kongesangen_and_Oben_am_jungen_Rhein_%281938%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Province_of_Canada.JamesWyld.ca1842.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Canada"><img alt="Location of Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Province_of_Canada.JamesWyld.ca1842.jpg/250px-Province_of_Canada.JamesWyld.ca1842.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Province_of_Canada.JamesWyld.ca1842.jpg/375px-Province_of_Canada.JamesWyld.ca1842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Province_of_Canada.JamesWyld.ca1842.jpg/500px-Province_of_Canada.JamesWyld.ca1842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5766" data-file-height="3814" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_British_Empire" title="Territorial evolution of the British Empire">British colony</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a> 1841–1844</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> 1844–1849</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> 1849–1851, 1855–1859</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> 1851–1855, 1859–1865</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> 1865–1867</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a> • <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church of Canada</a>), the officially <a href="/wiki/State_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="State Religion">Established Church</a> in Canada's West (1841-1854)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1841–1867 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1841 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poulett_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Sydenham" title="Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham">Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1861–1867 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck" title="Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck">Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Joint_premiers_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Joint premiers of the Province of Canada">Premier</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1841–1842 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Harrison" title="Samuel Harrison">Samuel Harrison</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Parliament of the Province of Canada">Parliament of the Province of Canada</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Upper house</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Council of the Province of Canada">Legislative Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Lower house</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada under British rule">Pre-Confederation era</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1840" title="Act of Union 1840">Act of Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1841</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 March 1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Canadian Confederation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1867</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1860–61 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,507,657</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_pound" title="Canadian pound">Canadian pound sterling</a>, 1841–1858</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Canadian dollar</a>, 1858–1867</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Province of Canada</b> (or the <b>United Province of Canada</b> or the <b>United Canadas</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/British_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British colony">British colony</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> from 1841 to 1867. Its formation reflected recommendations made by <a href="/wiki/John_Lambton,_1st_Earl_of_Durham" title="John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham">John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Report_on_the_Affairs_of_British_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Report on the Affairs of British North America">Report on the Affairs of British North America</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838" title="Rebellions of 1837–1838">Rebellions of 1837–1838</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1840" title="Act of Union 1840">Act of Union 1840</a>, passed on 23 July 1840 by the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> and proclaimed by the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Crown</a> on 10 February 1841,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> merged the Colonies of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> by abolishing their separate parliaments and replacing them with a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Parliament of the Province of Canada">single one</a> with two houses, a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Council of the Province of Canada">Legislative Council</a> as the upper chamber and the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly</a> as the lower chamber. In the aftermath of the Rebellions of 1837–1838, unification of the two Canadas was driven by two factors. Firstly, Upper Canada was near bankruptcy because it lacked stable tax revenues, and needed the resources of the more populous Lower Canada to fund its internal transportation improvements. Secondly, unification was an attempt to swamp the French vote by giving each of the former provinces the same number of parliamentary seats, despite the larger population of Lower Canada. </p><p>Although Durham's report had called for the Union of the Canadas and for <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> (a government accountable to an independent local legislature), only the first of the two recommendations was implemented in 1841. For the first seven years, the government was led by an appointed governor general accountable only to the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">British government</a>. Responsible government was not achieved until the second LaFontaine–Baldwin ministry in 1849, when Governor General <a href="/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin">James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin</a>, agreed that the cabinet would be formed by the largest party in the Legislative Assembly, making the premier the head of the government and reducing the governor general to a more symbolic role. </p><p>The Province of Canada ceased to exist at <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> on 1 July 1867, when it was divided into the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. Ontario included the area occupied by the pre-1841 British colony of Upper Canada, while Quebec included the area occupied by the pre-1841 British colony of Lower Canada (which had included <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> until 1809, when Labrador was transferred to the British <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Newfoundland">colony of Newfoundland</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-marianopolis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marianopolis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upper Canada was primarily English-speaking, whereas Lower Canada was primarily French-speaking. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1855_Colton_Map_of_British_North_America_or_Canada_-_Geographicus_-_Canada-colton-1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1855_Colton_Map_of_British_North_America_or_Canada_-_Geographicus_-_Canada-colton-1855.jpg/220px-1855_Colton_Map_of_British_North_America_or_Canada_-_Geographicus_-_Canada-colton-1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1855_Colton_Map_of_British_North_America_or_Canada_-_Geographicus_-_Canada-colton-1855.jpg/330px-1855_Colton_Map_of_British_North_America_or_Canada_-_Geographicus_-_Canada-colton-1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1855_Colton_Map_of_British_North_America_or_Canada_-_Geographicus_-_Canada-colton-1855.jpg/440px-1855_Colton_Map_of_British_North_America_or_Canada_-_Geographicus_-_Canada-colton-1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3183" /></a><figcaption>1855 map of Northern America, by <a href="/wiki/J._H._Colton" title="J. H. Colton">Joseph Colton</a>, showing Canada East and Canada West</figcaption></figure> <p>The Province of Canada was divided into two parts: <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a> and <b>Canada West</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_East">Canada East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Canada East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a></div> <p>Canada East was what became of the former colony of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> after being united into the Province of Canada. It would become the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> after Confederation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_West">Canada West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canada West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada West was what became of the former colony of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> after being united into the Province of Canada. It would become the province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> after Confederation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parliamentary_system">Parliamentary system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Parliamentary system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional history of Canada</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitals_(seat_of_government)"><span id="Capitals_.28seat_of_government.29"></span>Capitals (seat of government)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Capitals (seat of government)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Province_of_Canada_from_Lake_Superior_to_the_Gulf_of_St._Lawrence_CTASC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_the_Province_of_Canada_from_Lake_Superior_to_the_Gulf_of_St._Lawrence_CTASC.jpg/220px-Map_of_the_Province_of_Canada_from_Lake_Superior_to_the_Gulf_of_St._Lawrence_CTASC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_the_Province_of_Canada_from_Lake_Superior_to_the_Gulf_of_St._Lawrence_CTASC.jpg/330px-Map_of_the_Province_of_Canada_from_Lake_Superior_to_the_Gulf_of_St._Lawrence_CTASC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_the_Province_of_Canada_from_Lake_Superior_to_the_Gulf_of_St._Lawrence_CTASC.jpg/440px-Map_of_the_Province_of_Canada_from_Lake_Superior_to_the_Gulf_of_St._Lawrence_CTASC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="20937" data-file-height="14681" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Province of Canada from Lake Superior to the Gulf of St. Lawrence (1855)</figcaption></figure> <p>The location of the capital city of the Province of Canada changed six times in its 26-year history. The first capital was in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a> (1841–1844). The capital moved to <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> (1844–1849) until rioters, spurred by a series of incendiary articles published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_(Montreal)" title="The Gazette (Montreal)">The Gazette</a></i>, protested against the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_Losses_Bill" title="Rebellion Losses Bill">Rebellion Losses Bill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Parliament_Buildings_in_Montreal" title="Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal">burned down Montreal's parliament buildings</a>. It then moved to <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> (1849–1851). It moved to <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> from 1851 to 1855, then returned to Toronto from 1855 to 1859 before returning to Quebec City from 1859 to 1865. In 1857, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> chose <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> as the permanent capital of the Province of Canada, initiating construction of Canada's first parliament buildings, on <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a>. The first stage of this construction was completed in 1865, just in time to host the final session of the last <a href="/wiki/8th_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="8th Parliament of the Province of Canada">parliament</a> of the Province of Canada before <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governors_general">Governors general</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Governors general"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">List of governors general of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Canada_1840.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/United_Canada_1840.png/350px-United_Canada_1840.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/United_Canada_1840.png/525px-United_Canada_1840.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/United_Canada_1840.png/700px-United_Canada_1840.png 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption>Political organization under the <i>Act of Union</i>, 1840</figcaption></figure> <p>The Governor General remained the head of the civil administration of the colony, appointed by the British government, and responsible to it, not to the local legislature. He was aided by the Executive Council and the Legislative Council. The Executive Council aided in administration, and the Legislative Council reviewed legislation produced by the elected Legislative Assembly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charles_Poulett_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Sydenham_(1839–1841)"><span id="Charles_Poulett_Thomson.2C_1st_Baron_Sydenham_.281839.E2.80.931841.29"></span>Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham (1839–1841)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham (1839–1841)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Sydenham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lord_Sydenham.jpg/130px-Lord_Sydenham.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lord_Sydenham.jpg/195px-Lord_Sydenham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lord_Sydenham.jpg/260px-Lord_Sydenham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Charles Poulett Thomson</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Poulett_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Sydenham" title="Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham">Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham</a></div> <p>Sydenham came from a wealthy family of timber merchants, and was an expert in finance, having served on the English Board of Trade which regulated banking (including the colony). He was promised a barony if he could successfully implement the union of the Canadas, and introduce a new form of municipal government, the District Council. The aim of both exercises in state-building was to strengthen the power of the Governor General, to minimise the effect of the numerically superior French vote, and to build a "middle party" that answered to him, rather than the Family Compact or the Reformers. Sydenham was a <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> who believed in rational government, not "responsible government". To implement his plan, he used widespread electoral violence through the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order_in_Canada" title="Orange Order in Canada">Orange Order</a>. His efforts to prevent the election of <a href="/wiki/Louis-Hippolyte_Lafontaine" title="Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine">Louis LaFontaine</a>, the leader of the French reformers, were foiled by <a href="/wiki/David_Willson_(1778%E2%80%931866)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Willson (1778–1866)">David Willson</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Peace" title="The Children of Peace">Children of Peace</a>, who convinced the electors of the 4th Riding of York to transcend linguistic prejudice and elect LaFontaine in an English-speaking riding in Canada West.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charles_Bagot_(1841–1843)"><span id="Charles_Bagot_.281841.E2.80.931843.29"></span>Charles Bagot (1841–1843)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Charles Bagot (1841–1843)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SirCharlesBagot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/SirCharlesBagot.JPG/130px-SirCharlesBagot.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/SirCharlesBagot.JPG/195px-SirCharlesBagot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/SirCharlesBagot.JPG/260px-SirCharlesBagot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Charles Bagot</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bagot" title="Charles Bagot">Charles Bagot</a></div> <p>Bagot was appointed after the unexpected death of Thomson, with the explicit instructions to resist calls for responsible government. He arrived in the capital, Kingston, to find that Thomson's "middle party" had become polarised and he therefore could not form an executive. Even the Tories informed Bagot he could not form a cabinet without including LaFontaine and the French Party. LaFontaine demanded four cabinet seats, including one for Robert Baldwin. Bagot became severely ill thereafter, and Baldwin and Lafontaine became the first real premiers of the Province of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, to take office as ministers, the two had to run for re-election. While LaFontaine was easily re-elected in 4th York, Baldwin lost his seat in Hastings as a result of Orange Order violence. It was now that the pact between the two men was completely solidified, as LaFontaine arranged for Baldwin to run in <a href="/wiki/Rimouski" title="Rimouski">Rimouski</a>, Canada East. This was the union of the Canadas they sought, where LaFontaine overcame linguistic prejudice to gain a seat in English Canada, and Baldwin obtained his seat in French Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charles_Metcalfe,_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_(1843–1845)"><span id="Charles_Metcalfe.2C_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_.281843.E2.80.931845.29"></span>Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe (1843–1845)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe (1843–1845)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe,_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe%2C_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg/130px-Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe%2C_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe%2C_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg/195px-Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe%2C_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe%2C_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg/260px-Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe%2C_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3154" /></a><figcaption>Charles Metcalfe</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Metcalfe,_1st_Baron_Metcalfe" title="Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe">Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe</a></div> <p>The Baldwin–LaFontaine ministry barely lasted six months before Governor Bagot also died in March 1843. He was replaced by Charles Metcalfe, whose instructions were to check the "radical" reform government. Metcalfe reverted to the Thomson system of strong central autocratic rule. Metcalfe began appointing his own supporters to patronage positions without Baldwin and LaFontaine's approval, as joint premiers. They resigned in November 1843, beginning a constitutional crisis that would last a year. Metcalfe refused to recall the legislature to demonstrate its irrelevance; he could rule without it. This year-long crisis, in which the legislature was prorogued, "was the final signpost on Upper Canada's conceptual road to democracy. Lacking the scale of the American Revolution, it nonetheless forced a comparable articulation and rethinking of the basics of political dialogue in the province."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ensuing election, however, the Reformers did not win a majority and thus were not called to form another ministry. Responsible government would be delayed until after 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charles_Cathcart,_2nd_Earl_Cathcart_and_Baron_Greenock_(1845–1847)"><span id="Charles_Cathcart.2C_2nd_Earl_Cathcart_and_Baron_Greenock_.281845.E2.80.931847.29"></span>Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart and Baron Greenock (1845–1847)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart and Baron Greenock (1845–1847)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cathcart,_2nd_Earl_Cathcart" title="Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart">Charles Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart</a></div> <p>Cathcart had been a staff officer with Wellington in the Napoleonic Wars, and rose in rank to become commander of British forces in North America from June 1845 to May 1847. He was also appointed as Administrator then Governor General for the same period, uniting for the first time the highest Civil and military offices. The appointment of this military officer as Governor General was due to heightened tensions with the United States over the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a>. Cathcart was deeply interested in the natural sciences, but ignorant of constitutional practice, and hence an unusual choice for Governor General. He refused to become involved in the day-to-day government of the conservative ministry of William Draper, thereby indirectly emphasising the need for responsible government. His primary focus was on redrafting the Militia Act of 1846. The signing of the Oregon Boundary Treaty in 1846 made him dispensable.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin_(1847–1854)"><span id="James_Bruce.2C_8th_Earl_of_Elgin_.281847.E2.80.931854.29"></span>James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin (1847–1854)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin (1847–1854)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felice_Beato_(British,_born_Italy_-_Portrait_of_Lord_Elgin,_Plenipotentiary_and_Ambassador,_Who_Signed_the_Treaty_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_Portrait_of_Lord_Elgin%2C_Plenipotentiary_and_Ambassador%2C_Who_Signed_the_Treaty_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/130px-Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_Portrait_of_Lord_Elgin%2C_Plenipotentiary_and_Ambassador%2C_Who_Signed_the_Treaty_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_Portrait_of_Lord_Elgin%2C_Plenipotentiary_and_Ambassador%2C_Who_Signed_the_Treaty_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/195px-Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_Portrait_of_Lord_Elgin%2C_Plenipotentiary_and_Ambassador%2C_Who_Signed_the_Treaty_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_Portrait_of_Lord_Elgin%2C_Plenipotentiary_and_Ambassador%2C_Who_Signed_the_Treaty_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/260px-Felice_Beato_%28British%2C_born_Italy_-_Portrait_of_Lord_Elgin%2C_Plenipotentiary_and_Ambassador%2C_Who_Signed_the_Treaty_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2801" data-file-height="3681" /></a><figcaption>James Bruce, Lord Elgin</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin">James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin</a></div> <p>Elgin's second wife, Lady Mary Louisa Lambton, was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/John_Lambton,_1st_Earl_of_Durham" title="John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham">Lord Durham</a> and niece of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Lord Grey</a>, making him an ideal compromise figure to introduce responsible government. On his arrival, the Reform Party won a decisive victory at the polls. Elgin invited LaFontaine to form the new government, the first time a Governor General requested cabinet formation on the basis of party. The party character of the ministry meant that the elected premier – and no longer the governor – would be the head of the government. The Governor General would become a more symbolic figure. The elected Premier in the Legislative Assembly would now become responsible for local administration and legislation. It also deprived the Governor of patronage appointments to the civil service, which had been the basis of Metcalfe's policy.<sup id="cite_ref-biographi.ca_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biographi.ca-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The test of responsible government came in 1849, when the Baldwin–Lafontaine government passed the Rebellion Losses Bill, compensating French Canadians for losses suffered during the <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellions of 1837">Rebellions of 1837</a>. Lord Elgin granted <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> to the bill despite heated <a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tory</a> opposition and his own personal misgivings, sparking riots in Montreal, during which Elgin himself was assaulted by an English-speaking Orange Order mob and the Parliament buildings were burned down.<sup id="cite_ref-biographi.ca_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biographi.ca-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Edmund_Walker_Head,_8th_Baronet_(1854–1861)"><span id="Edmund_Walker_Head.2C_8th_Baronet_.281854.E2.80.931861.29"></span>Edmund Walker Head, 8th Baronet (1854–1861)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Edmund Walker Head, 8th Baronet (1854–1861)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Walker_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Edmund_Walker_Head.jpg/130px-Edmund_Walker_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Edmund_Walker_Head.jpg/195px-Edmund_Walker_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Edmund_Walker_Head.jpg/260px-Edmund_Walker_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>Edmund Walker Head</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Walker_Head" title="Edmund Walker Head">Edmund Walker Head</a></div> <p>It was under Head, that true political party government was introduced with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a> and <a href="/wiki/George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier" title="George-Étienne Cartier">George-Étienne Cartier</a> in 1856. It was during their ministry that the first organised moves toward Canadian Confederation took place.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck_(1861–1868)"><span id="Charles_Monck.2C_4th_Viscount_Monck_.281861.E2.80.931868.29"></span>Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck (1861–1868)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck (1861–1868)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck" title="Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck">Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck</a></div> <p>It was under Monck's governorship that the <a href="/wiki/Great_Coalition" title="Great Coalition">Great Coalition</a> of all of the political parties of the two Canadas occurred in 1864. The Great Coalition was formed to end the political deadlock between predominantly French-speaking Canada East and predominantly English-speaking Canada West. The deadlock resulted from the requirement of a "double majority" to pass laws in the Legislative Assembly (i.e., a majority in both the Canada East and Canada West sections of the assembly). The removal of the deadlock resulted in three conferences that led to confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_Council">Executive Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Executive Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Executive Council of the Province of Canada">Executive Council of the Province of Canada</a></div> <p>Thomson reformed the Executive Councils of Upper and Lower Canada by introducing a "President of the Committees of Council" to act as a chief executive officer for the council and chair of the various committees. The first was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldwin_Sullivan" title="Robert Baldwin Sullivan">Robert Baldwin Sullivan</a>. Thomson also systematically organised the civil service into departments, the heads of which sat on the Executive Council. A further innovation was to demand that every Head of department seek election in the Legislative Assembly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_Council">Legislative Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legislative Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Council of the Province of Canada">Legislative Council of the Province of Canada</a></div> <p>The Legislative Council of the Province of Canada was the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>. The 24 legislative councillors were originally appointed. In 1856, a bill was passed to replace the process of appointing members by a process of electing members. Members were to be elected from 24 divisions in each of Canada East and Canada West. Twelve members were elected every two years from 1856 to 1862. Members previously appointed were not required to relinquish their seats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_Assembly">Legislative Assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legislative Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joint_premiers_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Joint premiers of the Province of Canada">Joint premiers of the Province of Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_Province_of_Canada" title="List of elections in the Province of Canada">List of elections in the Province of Canada</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Elections to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada (1841–1863) – seats won by party </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b>Year</b> </th> <th colspan="3">1841 </th> <th colspan="3">1844 </th> <th colspan="3">1848 </th> <th colspan="3">1851 </th> <th colspan="3">1854 </th> <th colspan="3">1858 </th> <th colspan="3">1861 </th> <th colspan="3">1863 </th></tr> <tr> <th>CW</th> <th>CE</th> <th>Total</th> <th>CW</th> <th>CE</th> <th>Total</th> <th>CW</th> <th>CE</th> <th>Total</th> <th>CW</th> <th>CE</th> <th>Total</th> <th>CW</th> <th>CE</th> <th>Total</th> <th>CW</th> <th>CE</th> <th>Total</th> <th>CW</th> <th>CE</th> <th>Total</th> <th>CW</th> <th>CE</th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr align="right"> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">   </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(pre-Confederation_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)">Reform</a></b></td> <td>29</td> <td></td> <td>29</td> <td>12</td> <td></td> <td>12</td> <td>23</td> <td></td> <td>23</td> <td>20</td> <td></td> <td>20</td> <td>19</td> <td></td> <td>19</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">   </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Clear_Grits" title="Clear Grits">Clear Grits</a></b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>14</td> <td></td> <td>14</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">   </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(pre-Confederation_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)">Radical Reform</a></b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">   </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(pre-Confederation_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)">Moderate Reform</a></b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>5</td> <td></td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td>6</td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">   </td> <td align="left"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Parti_canadien" title="Parti canadien">Patriote</a></b></i></td> <td></td> <td>21</td> <td>21</td> <td></td> <td>23</td> <td>23</td> <td></td> <td>23</td> <td>23</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">   </td> <td align="left"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Parti_rouge" title="Parti rouge">Rouges</a></b></i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td>19</td> <td>19</td> <td></td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">   </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td></td> <td>9</td> <td>9</td> <td></td> <td>9</td> <td>9</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>34</td> <td>5</td> <td>39</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>58</td> <td>39</td> <td>25</td> <td>64 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td bgcolor="#9999FF">   </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></b></td> <td>10</td> <td></td> <td>10</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td bgcolor="#9999FF">   </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tory</a></b></td> <td></td> <td>17</td> <td>17</td> <td>28</td> <td>13</td> <td>41</td> <td>18</td> <td>6</td> <td>24</td> <td>20</td> <td>3</td> <td>23</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td bgcolor="#9999FF">   </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Parti_canadien" title="Parti canadien">Ministerialist</a></b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>23</td> <td>23</td> <td></td> <td>35</td> <td>35</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td bgcolor="#9999FF">   </td> <td align="left"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">Bleus</a></b></i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>33</td> <td>33</td> <td></td> <td>27</td> <td>27</td> <td></td> <td>25</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td bgcolor="#9999FF">   </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative</a></b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>25</td> <td>9</td> <td>34</td> <td>24</td> <td>15</td> <td>39</td> <td>29</td> <td>8</td> <td>37</td> <td>24</td> <td>11</td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td bgcolor="#DCDCDC">   </td> <td align="left"><b>Independent</b></td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>7</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>1</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td colspan="2" align="left"><b>Total</b></td> <td>42</td> <td>42</td> <td>84</td> <td>42</td> <td>42</td> <td>84</td> <td>42</td> <td>42</td> <td>84</td> <td>42</td> <td>42</td> <td>84</td> <td>65</td> <td>65</td> <td>130</td> <td>65</td> <td>65</td> <td>130</td> <td>65</td> <td>65</td> <td>130</td> <td>65</td> <td>65</td> <td>130 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LHLafontaine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/LHLafontaine.jpg/171px-LHLafontaine.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/LHLafontaine.jpg/257px-LHLafontaine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/LHLafontaine.jpg/342px-LHLafontaine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="467" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Louis-Hippolyte_Lafontaine" title="Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine">Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RobertBaldwin23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/RobertBaldwin23.jpg/173px-RobertBaldwin23.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/RobertBaldwin23.jpg/260px-RobertBaldwin23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/RobertBaldwin23.jpg/346px-RobertBaldwin23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="745" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldwin" title="Robert Baldwin">Robert Baldwin</a>, father of responsible government</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Canada West, with its 450,000 inhabitants, was represented by 42 seats in the Legislative Assembly, the same number as the more populated Canada East, with 650,000 inhabitants. </p><p>The Legislature's effectiveness was further hampered by the requirement of a "double majority" where a majority of votes for the passage of a bill had to be obtained from the members of <i>both</i> Canada East and West. </p><p>Each administration was led by two men, one from each half of the province. Officially, one of them at any given time had the title of <i>Premier</i>, while the other had the title of <i>Deputy</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="District_councils">District councils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: District councils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Municipal government in Upper Canada was under the control of appointed magistrates who sat in <a href="/wiki/Quarter_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarter session">Courts of Quarter Sessions</a> to administer the law within a District. A few cities, such as Toronto, were incorporated by special acts of the legislature. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Poulett_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Sydenham" title="Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham">Governor Thomson</a>, 1st Baron Sydenham, spearheaded the passage of the District Councils Act which transferred municipal government to District Councils. His bill allowed for two elected councillors from each township, but the warden, clerk and treasurer were to be appointed by the government. This thus allowed for strong administrative control and continued government patronage appointments. Sydenham's bill reflected his larger concerns to limit popular participation under the tutelage of a strong executive.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Councils were reformed by the Baldwin Act in 1849 which made municipal government truly democratic rather than an extension of central control of the Crown. It delegated authority to municipal governments so they could raise taxes and enact <a href="/wiki/By-law" title="By-law">by-laws</a>. It also established a hierarchy of types of municipal governments, starting at the top with cities and continued down past towns, villages and finally townships. This system was to prevail for the next 150 years.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(pre-Confederation_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)">Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_Association_of_Canada">Reform Association of Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reform Association of Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Meeting_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Second_Meeting_House.jpg/290px-Second_Meeting_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Second_Meeting_House.jpg/435px-Second_Meeting_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Second_Meeting_House.jpg/580px-Second_Meeting_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3273" data-file-height="2041" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Peace" title="The Children of Peace">The Second Meeting House, Sharon</a>, where the Reform Association met in June 1844</figcaption></figure> <p>During the year-long constitutional crisis in 1843–44, when Metcalfe prorogued Parliament to demonstrate its irrelevance, Baldwin established a "Reform Association" in February 1844, to unite the Reform movement in Canada West and to explain their understanding of responsible government. Twenty-two branches were established. A grand meeting of all branches of the Reform Association was held in the Second Meeting House of the Children of Peace in <a href="/wiki/Sharon,_Ontario" title="Sharon, Ontario">Sharon</a>. Over three thousand people attended this rally for Baldwin.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Association was not, however, a true political party and individual members voted independently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parti_rouge">Parti rouge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parti rouge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parti_rouge" title="Parti rouge">Parti rouge</a></div> <p>The <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Parti rouge</span></span> (alternatively known as the Parti démocratique) was formed in Canada East around 1848 by radical <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a> inspired by the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_Papineau" title="Louis-Joseph Papineau">Louis-Joseph Papineau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institut_canadien_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Institut canadien de Montréal">Institut canadien de Montréal</a>, and the reformist movement led by the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_canadien" title="Parti canadien">Parti patriote</a></span></span> of the 1830s. The reformist <i>rouges</i> did not believe that the 1840 <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1840" title="Act of Union 1840">Act of Union</a> had truly granted a <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> to former Upper and Lower Canada. They advocated important democratic reforms, republicanism, <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of the state and the church</a>. In 1858, the elected <i>rouges</i> allied with the <a href="/wiki/Clear_Grits" title="Clear Grits">Clear Grits</a>. This resulted in the shortest-lived government in Canadian history, falling in less than a day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clear_Grits">Clear Grits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Clear Grits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clear_Grits" title="Clear Grits">Clear Grits</a></div> <p>The Clear Grits were the inheritors of William Lyon Mackenzie's <a href="/wiki/The_Reform_Movement_(Upper_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reform Movement (Upper Canada)">Reform movement</a> of the 1830s. Their support was concentrated among southwestern Canada West farmers, who were frustrated and disillusioned by the 1849 <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(pre-Confederation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party (pre-Confederation)">Reform</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldwin" title="Robert Baldwin">Robert Baldwin</a> and Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine's lack of democratic enthusiasm. The Clear Grits advocated <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal male suffrage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Representation_(politics)#Representation_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation (politics)">representation by population</a>, democratic institutions, reductions in government expenditure, abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Clergy_reserve" title="Clergy reserve">Clergy reserves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">voluntarism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> with the United States. Their platform was similar to that of the British <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartists</a>. The Clear Grits and the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_rouge" title="Parti rouge">Parti rouge</a></span></span> evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_Wearing_1996,_pp._19–20_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_Wearing_1996,_pp._19–20-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parti_bleu">Parti bleu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Parti bleu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">Parti bleu</a></div> <p>The Parti bleu was a moderate political group in Canada East that emerged in 1854. It was based on the moderate reformist views of Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal-Conservative_Party">Liberal-Conservative Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Liberal-Conservative Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative_Party" title="Liberal-Conservative Party">Liberal-Conservative Party</a></div> <p>The Liberal-Conservative Party emerged from a coalition government in 1854 in which moderate <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(pre-Confederation_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)">Reformers</a> and Conservatives from <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada#Canada_West" title="Upper Canada">Canada West</a> joined with <i><a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">bleus</a></i> from Canada East under the dual prime-ministership of <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacNab" title="Allan MacNab">Allan MacNab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustin-Norbert_Morin" title="Augustin-Norbert Morin">A.-N. Morin</a>. The new ministry were committed to secularise the Clergy reserves in Canada West and to abolish <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">seigneurial tenure</a> in Canada East.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the Liberal-Conservatives evolved into the Conservative party.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_Wearing_1996,_pp._19–20_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_Wearing_1996,_pp._19–20-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_responsible_government">Effects of responsible government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Effects of responsible government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Province_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Province of Canada">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>No provision for responsible government was included in the Act of Union 1840. Early Governors of the province were closely involved in political affairs, maintaining a right to make <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Ontario" title="Executive Council of Ontario">Executive Council</a> and other appointments without the input of the legislative assembly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Canada_1848.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/United_Canada_1848.png/350px-United_Canada_1848.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/United_Canada_1848.png/525px-United_Canada_1848.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/United_Canada_1848.png/700px-United_Canada_1848.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Political organisation under the <i>Union Act</i> (1848)</figcaption></figure> <p>However, in 1848 the <a href="/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin">Earl of Elgin</a>, then Governor General, appointed a Cabinet nominated by the majority party of the Legislative Assembly, the Baldwin–Lafontaine coalition that had won elections in January. Lord Elgin upheld the principles of responsible government by not repealing the Rebellion Losses Bill, which was highly unpopular with some English-speaking <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">Loyalists</a> who favoured imperial over majority rule. </p><p>As Canada East and Canada West each held 42 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly</a>, there was a legislative deadlock between English (mainly from Canada West) and French (mainly from Canada East). The majority of the province was French, which demanded "rep-by-pop" (representation by population), which the Anglophones opposed. </p><p>The granting of responsible government to the colony is typically attributed to reforms in 1848 (principally the effective transfer of control over patronage from the Governor to the elected ministry). These reforms resulted in the appointment of the second Baldwin–Lafontaine government that quickly removed many of the disabilities on French-Canadian political participation in the colony. </p><p>Once the English population, rapidly growing through immigration, exceeded the French, the English demanded representation-by-population. In the end, the legislative deadlock between English and French led to a movement for a federal union which resulted in the broader Canadian Confederation in 1867. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_order">Liberal order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Liberal order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In "The Liberal Order Framework: A Prospectus for a Reconnaissance of Canadian History" McKay argues that "the category 'Canada' should henceforth denote a historically specific project of rule, rather than either an essence we must defend or an empty homogeneous space we must possess. Canada-as-project can be analyzed as the implantation and expansion over a heterogeneous terrain of a certain politico-economic logic—to wit, liberalism."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The liberalism of which McKay writes is not that of a specific political party, but of certain practices of state building which prioritise property, first of all, and the individual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_initiatives">Legislative initiatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Legislative initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incendie_Parlement_Montreal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Incendie_Parlement_Montreal.jpg/220px-Incendie_Parlement_Montreal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Incendie_Parlement_Montreal.jpg/330px-Incendie_Parlement_Montreal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Incendie_Parlement_Montreal.jpg/440px-Incendie_Parlement_Montreal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2986" /></a><figcaption>Burning of the Parliament Buildings, Montreal, 1849</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Baldwin Act 1849</i>, also known as the Municipal Corporations Act, replaced the local government system based on district councils in Canada West by government at the county level. It also granted more autonomy to townships, villages, towns and cities. </p><p>Despite the controversy, the government compensated landowners in the <i>Rebellion Losses Bill</i> of 1849 for the actions during the Rebellion. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian%E2%80%93American_Reciprocity_Treaty" title="Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty">Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty</a></i> of 1854, also known as the Elgin–<a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a> Treaty, was a trade treaty between the United Province of Canada and the United States. It covered raw materials and was in effect from 1854 to 1865. It represented a move toward free trade. </p><p>Education in Canada West was regulated by the province through the General Board of Education from 1846 until 1850, when it was replaced by the Department of Public Instruction, which lasted until 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province improved the educational system in Canada West under <a href="/wiki/Egerton_Ryerson" title="Egerton Ryerson">Egerton Ryerson</a>. </p><p>French was reinstated as an official language of the legislature and the courts. The Legislature also codified the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Quebec" title="Civil Code of Quebec">Civil Code of Lower Canada</a> in 1866, and abolished the seigneurial system in Canada East. </p><p>In 1849, King's College was renamed the University of Toronto and the school's ties with the Church of England were severed.<sup id="cite_ref-friedland_2002_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedland_2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Railway">Grand Trunk Railway</a> was incorporated by the Legislature in the 1850s. Exploration of Western Canada and <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> with a view to annexation and settlement was a priority of Canada West politicians in the 1850s leading to the <a href="/wiki/Palliser_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Palliser Expedition">Palliser Expedition</a> and the Red River Expedition of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Youle_Hind" title="Henry Youle Hind">Henry Youle Hind</a>, George Gladman and <a href="/wiki/Simon_James_Dawson" title="Simon James Dawson">Simon James Dawson</a>. </p><p>In 1857, the Legislature introduced the <i><a href="/wiki/Gradual_Civilization_Act" title="Gradual Civilization Act">Gradual Civilization Act</a></i>, putting into law the principle that Indigenous persons should become British subjects and discard their Indian status, in exchange for a grant of land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada_by_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of Canada by year">Population of Canada by year</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Population (Upper) Canada West<sup id="cite_ref-StatCanHist_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatCanHist-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Population (Lower) Canada East<sup id="cite_ref-StatCanHist_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatCanHist-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1841 </td> <td>455,688 </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td>1844 </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>697,084 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848 </td> <td>725,879 </td> <td>765,797–786,693 estimates </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851–52 </td> <td>952,004 </td> <td>890,261 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1860–61 </td> <td>1,396,091 </td> <td>1,111,566 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_history">Political history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Political history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">History of Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_Province_of_Canada" title="List of elections in the Province of Canada">List of elections in the Province of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_by-elections_in_the_Province_of_Canada" title="List of by-elections in the Province of Canada">List of by-elections in the Province of Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_structure">Political structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Political structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">List of governors general of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_premiers_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Joint premiers of the Province of Canada">Joint premiers of the Province of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Crown_Lands_(Province_of_Canada)" title="Commissioner of Crown Lands (Province of Canada)">Commissioner of Crown Lands (Province of Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Postmasters_General_for_the_Province_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Postmasters General for the Province of Canada">Postmasters General of the Province of Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIan_S._Markham_et_al2013" class="citation book cs1">Ian S. Markham et al (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rbwKNhBueasC&pg=PT138"><i>The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to the Anglican Communion</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 138–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118320860" title="Special:BookSources/9781118320860"><bdi>9781118320860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley-Blackwell+Companion+to+the+Anglican+Communion&rft.pages=138-39&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781118320860&rft.au=Ian+S.+Markham+et+al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrbwKNhBueasC%26pg%3DPT138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curtis Fahey, <i>In His Name: The Anglican Experience in Upper Canada, 1791–1854</i> (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/province-of-canada-1841-67/">"Province of Canada 1841–67"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Province+of+Canada+1841%E2%80%9367&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fprovince-of-canada-1841-67%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marianopolis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marianopolis_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/NFLDHistory/Quebec-NewfoundlandLabradorBoundaryIssue.htm">"Labrador–Canada boundary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marianopolis_College" title="Marianopolis College">Marianopolis College</a>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2008</span>. <q><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labrador_Act_1809&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labrador Act 1809 (page does not exist)">Labrador Act 1809</a>. – An imperial act (49 Geo. 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Vol. VIII (1851–1860) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Murray%2C+Charles%2C+2nd+Earl+Cathcart&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=O.+A&rft.au=Hillmer%2C+Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fcathcart_charles_murray_8E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biographi.ca-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biographi.ca_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biographi.ca_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=4324">"BRUCE, JAMES, 8th Earl of Elgin and 12th Earl of Kincardine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. 1979–2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BRUCE%2C+JAMES%2C+8th+Earl+of+Elgin+and+12th+Earl+of+Kincardine&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979%2F2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2F009004-119.01-e.php%3F%26id_nbr%3D4324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=4490">"HEAD, Sir EDMUND WALKER"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. 1979–2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=HEAD%2C+Sir+EDMUND+WALKER&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979%2F2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2F009004-119.01-e.php%3F%26id_nbr%3D4490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=6306">"MONCK, CHARLES STANLEY, 4th Viscount MONCK"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. 1979–2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MONCK%2C+CHARLES+STANLEY%2C+4th+Viscount+MONCK&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979%2F2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2F009004-119.01-e.php%3F%26id_nbr%3D6306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhebell1989" class="citation journal cs1">Whebell, C. 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Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/governmentpoliti00whit/page/134">134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+and+Politics+of+Ontario&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgovernmentpoliti00whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrauwers2009" class="citation book cs1">Schrauwers, Albert (2009). <i>Union is Strength: W.L. 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M. S. Careless, <i>The Union of the Canadas 1841–1857</i>, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1967, pp. 192–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMckay2000" class="citation journal cs1">Mckay, Ian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utpjournals.press/doi/abs/10.3138/chr.81.4.616">"The Liberal Order Framework: A Prospectus for a Reconnaissance of Canadian History"</a>. <i>Canadian Historical Review</i>. <b>81</b> (4). University of Toronto Press: 616–678. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fchr.81.4.616">10.3138/chr.81.4.616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162365787">162365787</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Liberal+Order+Framework%3A+A+Prospectus+for+a+Reconnaissance+of+Canadian+History&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=616-678&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fchr.81.4.616&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162365787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mckay&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utpjournals.press%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.3138%2Fchr.81.4.616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100510024702/https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/english/on-line-exhibits/education/ministers.aspx">"The Evolution of Education in Ontario – The Ministries and Ministers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archives_of_Ontario" title="Archives of Ontario">Archives of Ontario</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/english/on-line-exhibits/education/ministers.aspx">the original</a> on 10 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Education+in+Ontario+%E2%80%93+The+Ministries+and+Ministers&rft.pub=Archives+of+Ontario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov.on.ca%2Fenglish%2Fon-line-exhibits%2Feducation%2Fministers.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-friedland_2002-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-friedland_2002_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedland2002" class="citation book cs1">Friedland, Martin L. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universityoftoro0000frie"><i>The University of Toronto: A History</i></a></span>. University of Toronto Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universityoftoro0000frie/page/4">4</a>, 31, 143, 156, 313, 376, 593–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-4429-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-4429-8"><bdi>0-8020-4429-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+of+Toronto%3A+A+History&rft.pages=4%2C+31%2C+143%2C+156%2C+313%2C+376%2C+593-6&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8020-4429-8&rft.aulast=Friedland&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funiversityoftoro0000frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvince+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StatCanHist-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StatCanHist_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatCanHist_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000823022139/http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/98-187-XIE/colonial.pdf">Statistics of Canada Introduction Volume Fourth</a>." <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. pp. 20–21. Retrieved 24 October 2018.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Careless., J. M. S. ed. <i>The Pre-Confederation premiers : Ontario government leaders, 1841–1867</i>; (Toronto : University of Toronto Press, 1980.)</li> <li>Careless, J. M. S. <i>The union of the Canadas : the growth of Canadian institutions, 1841–1857</i>. (Toronto : McClelland and Stewart, 1967.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-1912-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-1912-2">0-7710-1912-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unionofcanadaoxf00jmsc">online</a></li> <li>Cornell, Paul G. <i>The great coalition, June 1864</i>. (Ottawa : Canadian Historical Association, 1966.)</li> <li>Cornell, Paul G. "The Genesis of Ontario politics in the Province of Canada (1838-1871)," in <i>Profiles of a Province: studies in Ontario History,</i> (Toronto: Ontario Historical Society, 1967), 59-72.</li> <li>Dent, John Charles, <i>1841–1888. The last forty years : the Union of 1841 to Confederation</i>; abridged and with an introduction by Donald Swainson. (Toronto : McClelland and Stewart, 1972.)</li> <li>Faucher, Albert. "Some Aspects of the Financial Difficulties of the Province of Canada." <i>Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science/Revue canadienne de economiques et science politique</i> 26.4 (1960): 617–624.</li> <li>Gates, Paul W. "Official encouragement to immigration by the province of Canada." <i>Canadian Historical Review</i> 15.1 (1934): 24–38.</li> <li>Knight, David B. <i>Choosing Canada's capital : conflict resolution in a parliamentary system</i>. 2nd ed. (Ottawa : Carleton University Press, 1991). xix, 398 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88629-148-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88629-148-8">0-88629-148-8</a>.</li> <li>Messamore, Barbara Jane. <i>Canada's governors general, 1847–1878 : biography and constitutional evolution</i>. (Toronto : University of Toronto Press, 2006.)</li> <li>Morton, W. L. (William Lewis). <i>The critical years : the union of British North America, 1857–1873</i>. (Toronto : McClelland and Stewart, 1964.)</li> <li>Ormsby, William G. "The Civil List Question in the Province of Canada." Canadian Historical Review 35.2 (1954): 93–118.</li> <li>Piva, Michael J. <i>The borrowing process : public finance in the Province of Canada, 1840-1867</i> (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borrowingprocess1992piva">online</a></li> <li>Rasporich, Anthony W. "The development of political and social ideas in the province of Canada, 1848-58." (PhD dissertation, U of Manitoba 1970) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/bitstream/handle/1993/15666/Rasporich_The_development.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Ryerson, Stanley B. <i>Unequal union : roots of crisis in the Canadas, 1815–1873</i>. (Toronto : Progress Books, 1975, 1973.) A Marxist assessment.</li> <li>Saul, John Ralston. <i>Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin</i> (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/louishippolytela0000saul">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Waite, Peter B. ed. <i>Confederation Debates in the Province of Canada, 1865</i> (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confederationdeb0000unse/page/n8/mode/1up">online</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_colonies" title="Template:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_colonies" title="Template talk:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Named territories</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></dd> <dd><span class="nobold">Sites:</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island#French_Colony" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Isle St-Jean</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island#History" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre Neuve</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in New France">List of towns</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of forts</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Miguel" title="Fort San Miguel">Fort San Miguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Sound" title="Nootka Sound">Nootka Sound</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Expeditions</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Basque_whaling#Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Basque whaling">Newfoundland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas#Nova_Scotia_(1621)" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Nova Scotia (1621)</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal#Port_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Port Royal Colony</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian America</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">Nova Dania</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas#English_colonies_in_North_America" title="British colonization of the Americas">English</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland (1583)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> (?)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">New Britain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">New Yorkshire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia (1710)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia_(Canada)" title="New Caledonia (Canada)">New Caledonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia (1858–1866)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">British Columbia (1866–1871)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Districts of the Northwest Territories">districts</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuper%27s_Cove" title="Cuper's Cove">Cuper's Cove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ferryland" title="Ferryland">Avalon (1620)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/York_Factory" title="York Factory">York Factory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Langley_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Langley National Historic Site">Fort Langley</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_possessions_of_Norway" title="List of possessions of Norway">Norwegian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_Islands" title="Sverdrup Islands">Sverdrup Islands</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution after 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_disputed_by_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States">Areas disputed by Canada and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada">Proposed provinces and territories of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Canada" title="Category:History of Canada">Category</a> </b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Canada_navbox" title="Template:History of Canada navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Canada_navbox" title="Template talk:History of Canada navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Canada_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Canada navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">18000 BCE–1500 CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">1534–1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_under_British_rule_(1763%E2%80%931867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada under British rule (1763–1867)">1763–1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">1867–1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">1914–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">1982–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> - (<a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_National_Historic_Significance_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)">Events of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Minutes" title="Heritage Minutes">Heritage Minutes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of Chinese immigration to Canada">Chinese immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_military_operations" title="List of Canadian military operations"> Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_peacekeeping_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian peacekeeping missions">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_sports" title="History of Canadian sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_women" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Canadian women">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alberta" title="History of Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_Columbia" title="History of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manitoba" title="History of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ontario" title="History of Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="History of the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nunavut" title="History of Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saskatchewan" title="History of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yukon" title="History of Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_name_etymologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies">Name etymologies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_cities_in_Canada" title="History of cities in Canada">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brampton" title="History of Brampton">Brampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Charlottetown" title="History of Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Edmonton" title="History of Edmonton">Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fredericton" title="History of Fredericton">Fredericton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="History of Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lethbridge" title="History of Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Markham,_Ontario" title="History of Markham, Ontario">Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moncton" title="History of Moncton">Moncton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northwest_Territories_capital_cities" title="History of Northwest Territories capital cities">Northwest Territories capital cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottawa" title="History of Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="History of Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="History of Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Richmond_Hill,_Ontario" title="History of Richmond Hill, Ontario">Richmond Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saskatoon" title="History of Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Toronto" title="History of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vancouver" title="History of Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Winnipeg" title="History of Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Origins_of_names_of_cities_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of names of cities in Canada">Name etymologies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_history" title="Bibliography of Canadian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Canada" title="Category:History of Canada">Category</a></b></li> <li><b> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1121436#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1121436#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1121436#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148840530">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/10149087-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Canada (Province)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118826474">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Canada (Province)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118826474">BnF data</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026612356">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Province_of_Canada&params=45.5_N_75.5_W_type:country"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">75°30′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.5°N 75.5°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.5; -75.5</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&oldid=1252801194">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Canada&oldid=1252801194</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Province_of_Canada" 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