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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Collections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Collections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Collections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_collections_and_items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_collections_and_items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Notable collections and items</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_collections_and_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projects_and_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projects_and_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Projects and programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projects_and_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services_and_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services_and_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Services and facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services_and_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National Library of China</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المكتبة الوطنية الصينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المكتبة الوطنية الصينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_China" title="Biblioteca Nacional de China – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Biblioteca Nacional de China" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Milli_Kitabxanas%C4%B1" title="Çin Milli Kitabxanası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin Milli Kitabxanası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-kok_Kok-ka_T%C3%B4%CD%98-su-ko%C3%A1n" title="Tiong-kok Kok-ka Tô͘-su-koán – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-kok Kok-ka Tô͘-su-koán" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Ҡытай милли китапханаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡытай милли китапханаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Китайска национална библиотека – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китайска национална библиотека" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_la_Xina" title="Biblioteca Nacional de la Xina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biblioteca Nacional de la Xina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A1_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_knihovna" title="Čínská národní knihovna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čínská národní knihovna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Nationalbibliothek" title="Chinesische Nationalbibliothek – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinesische Nationalbibliothek" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Εθνική βιβλιοθήκη της Κίνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνική βιβλιοθήκη της Κίνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_China" title="Biblioteca Nacional de China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biblioteca Nacional de China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_biblioteko_de_%C4%88inio" title="Nacia biblioteko de Ĉinio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia biblioteko de Ĉinio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinako_Liburutegi_Nazionala" title="Txinako Liburutegi Nazionala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinako Liburutegi Nazionala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کتابخانه ملی چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتابخانه ملی چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_Chine" title="Bibliothèque nationale de Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bibliothèque nationale de Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C%EA%B4%80" title="중국국가도서관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국국가도서관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Չինաստանի ազգային գրադարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինաստանի ազգային գրադարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_knji%C5%BEnica_Kine" title="Nacionalna knjižnica Kine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nacionalna knjižnica Kine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpustakaan_Nasional_Tiongkok" title="Perpustakaan Nasional Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perpustakaan Nasional Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_della_Cina" title="Biblioteca nazionale della Cina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biblioteca nazionale della Cina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="הספרייה הלאומית של סין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הספרייה הלאומית של סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_Nationalis_Sinarum" title="Bibliotheca Nationalis Sinarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bibliotheca Nationalis Sinarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_Nemzeti_K%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1r" title="Kínai Nemzeti Könyvtár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai Nemzeti Könyvtár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="المكتبه الوطنيه الصينيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المكتبه الوطنيه الصينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpustakaan_Negara_China" title="Perpustakaan Negara China – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perpustakaan Negara China" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хятадын Үндэсний номын сан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятадын Үндэсний номын сан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="中国国家図書館 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国国家図書館" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_kinesiske_nasjonalbibliotek" title="Det kinesiske nasjonalbibliotek – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det kinesiske nasjonalbibliotek" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliot%C3%A8ca_Nacionala_de_China" title="Bibliotèca Nacionala de China – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bibliotèca Nacionala de China" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_Milliy_kutubxonasi" title="Xitoy Milliy kutubxonasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy Milliy kutubxonasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਚੀਨ ਦੀ ਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ ਲਾਇਬ੍ਰੇਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੀਨ ਦੀ ਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ ਲਾਇਬ੍ਰੇਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84ska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Chińska Biblioteka Narodowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chińska Biblioteka Narodowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_China" title="Biblioteca Nacional da China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biblioteca Nacional da China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Национальная библиотека Китая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальная библиотека Китая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_China" title="National Library of China – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="National Library of China" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnska_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%A1_kni%C5%BEnica" title="Čínska národná knižnica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čínska národná knižnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کتێبخانەی نەتەوەییی چین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کتێبخانەی نەتەوەییی چین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_biblioteka_Kine" title="Nacionalna biblioteka Kine – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nacionalna biblioteka Kine" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_biblioteka_Kine" title="Nacionalna biblioteka Kine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nacionalna biblioteka Kine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_kansalliskirjasto" title="Kiinan kansalliskirjasto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan kansalliskirjasto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சீனாவின் தேசிய நூலகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனாவின் தேசிய நூலகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Mill%C3%AE_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi" title="Çin Millî Kütüphanesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin Millî Kütüphanesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E" title="Національна бібліотека Китаю – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національна бібліотека Китаю" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81" title="چین کا قومی کتب خانہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چین کا قومی کتب خانہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0_vi%E1%BB%87n_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Thư viện Quốc gia Trung Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thư viện Quốc gia Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="中國國家圖書館 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="中國國家圖書館" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasodnon_nga_Sulod-Barasahan_han_Tsina" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=National_Library_of_China&params=39.9458711944_N_116.322362417_E_source:dewiki_region:CN-11_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°56′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">116°19′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.9458711944°N 116.322362417°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.9458711944; 116.322362417</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National library in Beijing, China</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">National Library of China</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname" lang="zh-cn">中国国家图书馆</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Library_of_China_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo of the National Library of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/National_Library_of_China_logo.svg/220px-National_Library_of_China_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/National_Library_of_China_logo.svg/330px-National_Library_of_China_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/National_Library_of_China_logo.svg/440px-National_Library_of_China_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="133" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Library_of_China_Phase_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo of the National Library of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/National_Library_of_China_Phase_II.jpg/250px-National_Library_of_China_Phase_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/National_Library_of_China_Phase_II.jpg/375px-National_Library_of_China_Phase_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/National_Library_of_China_Phase_II.jpg/500px-National_Library_of_China_Phase_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">National Library of China North Complex</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="14" data-overlays="["_0599fe40199ff9fa258ef22b680f4a1ec1cec251"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,14,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=National_Library_of_China&revid=1252501087&groups=_0599fe40199ff9fa258ef22b680f4a1ec1cec251" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,14,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=National_Library_of_China&revid=1252501087&groups=_0599fe40199ff9fa258ef22b680f4a1ec1cec251 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">National library</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">September 1909<span class="noprint"> (115 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1909-09</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Collection</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">41 million (December 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-intro_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Access and use</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Access requirements</th><td class="infobox-data">Open to the public</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population served</th><td class="infobox-data">1.4 billion</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Other information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Director</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>vacant since April 2024</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlc.cn">nlc.cn</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">National Library of China</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">中国国家图书馆</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">中國國家圖書館</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngguó Guójiā Túshūguǎn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jūnggwok Gwokgāa Tòuhsyūgún</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Library of China</b> (<b>NLC</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">national library</a> of China, located in <a href="/wiki/Haidian,_Beijing" title="Haidian, Beijing">Haidian, Beijing</a>, and is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_libraries" title="List of largest libraries">largest libraries in the world</a>. It contains over 41 million items as of December 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-intro_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-collectionsize_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collectionsize-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It holds the largest collection of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literature</a> and historical documents in the world<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and covers an area of 280,000 square meters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Library is a public welfare institution funded by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (China)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a>. </p><p>The collections of the National Library have inherited the royal collections since the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song Dynasty</a> and private collections since the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties. The oldest collections can be traced back to the oracle bones of Yin Ruins more than 3,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Library is a major <a href="/wiki/Research_library" title="Research library">research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public library</a>, with items in 123 languages<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in many formats, both print and digital: books, manuscripts, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, videos, play-scripts, patents, databases, maps, stamps, prints, drawings. As of December 2020, the collection contains more than 41 million volumes and is growing at a rate of one million volumes per year.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total amount of digital resources exceeds 1000TB and is growing at a rate of 100TB per year.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Library of China was initially founded as the Imperial Peking Library by the Qing government in 1909. After several name changes and administrative alternation, it was renamed the National Library of China in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-ref6=_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref6=-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Library now consists of the South Complex, the North Complex, the Ancient Books Hall,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Children's Hall, and seventeen dispatched research libraries to the central government's various departments and to the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Military_Science_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Military Science (China)">Academy of Military Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Library_Beijing_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/National_Library_Beijing_China.jpg/220px-National_Library_Beijing_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/National_Library_Beijing_China.jpg/330px-National_Library_Beijing_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/National_Library_Beijing_China.jpg/440px-National_Library_Beijing_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The original main buildings of the library, now (since 1987) the NLC Ancient Books Library that houses historical and ancient books, documents and manuscripts</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Library_of_China_-_South_House_(1987)_-_Night.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/National_Library_of_China_-_South_House_%281987%29_-_Night.JPG/220px-National_Library_of_China_-_South_House_%281987%29_-_Night.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/National_Library_of_China_-_South_House_%281987%29_-_Night.JPG/330px-National_Library_of_China_-_South_House_%281987%29_-_Night.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/National_Library_of_China_-_South_House_%281987%29_-_Night.JPG/440px-National_Library_of_China_-_South_House_%281987%29_-_Night.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Night view of the Library's South Complex</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nlc_phaseii_southeast_001c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nlc_phaseii_southeast_001c.jpg/220px-Nlc_phaseii_southeast_001c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nlc_phaseii_southeast_001c.jpg/330px-Nlc_phaseii_southeast_001c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nlc_phaseii_southeast_001c.jpg/440px-Nlc_phaseii_southeast_001c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A view of the Library's North Complex</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Library_of_China_-_Beijing_-_2013_(16359392581).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/National_Library_of_China_-_Beijing_-_2013_%2816359392581%29.jpg/220px-National_Library_of_China_-_Beijing_-_2013_%2816359392581%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/National_Library_of_China_-_Beijing_-_2013_%2816359392581%29.jpg/330px-National_Library_of_China_-_Beijing_-_2013_%2816359392581%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/National_Library_of_China_-_Beijing_-_2013_%2816359392581%29.jpg/440px-National_Library_of_China_-_Beijing_-_2013_%2816359392581%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An internal view of the North Complex</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest Chinese references to Western-style public libraries were by <a href="/wiki/Lin_Zexu" title="Lin Zexu">Lin Zexu</a> in the <i>Sizhou Zhi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">四洲志</span></span>; 1839) and <a href="/wiki/Wei_Yuan" title="Wei Yuan">Wei Yuan</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Treatise_on_the_Maritime_Kingdoms" title="Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms">Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms</a></i> (first ed., 1843), both of which were translations from Western books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20094_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20094-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late nineteenth century, in response to several military defeats against western powers, the government of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1912) sent several missions abroad to study western culture and institutions. Several members of the first Chinese diplomatic mission, which sailed to the United States, England, France, and other countries from 1111 to 1870 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, recorded their views of western libraries, noting that they attracted a large number of readers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20092–3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20092–3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a> (1873–1929), who became a prominent exiled intellectual after the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a> in 1898, wrote about the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Library" title="Boston Public Library">Boston Public Library</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Library" title="University of Chicago Library">University of Chicago Library</a>, praising their openness to the public and the virtue of readers who did not steal the books that had been lent to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20093_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20093-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Hongci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Hongci (page does not exist)">Dai Hongci</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E9%B8%BF%E6%85%88" class="extiw" title="zh:戴鸿慈">zh</a>]</span> (<span lang="zh-Hans">戴鸿慈</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">戴鴻慈</span>), a member of another Qing mission sent abroad to study modern constitutions, noted the efficacy of book borrowing at the Library of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20093–4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20093–4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1906, the governor of Hunan province <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%9E%E9%B8%BF%E4%B9%A6" class="extiw" title="zh:庞鸿书">Pang Hongshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_throne" title="Memorial to the throne">memorialized to the throne</a> to announce he had completed preparations for the creation of a provincial library in <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20096_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20096-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908 and 1909, high officials from the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Liaoning_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoning Province">Fengtian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> petitioned the Imperial Court asking for permission to establish public libraries in their respective jurisdictions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20096_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20096-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, on 2 May 1909, the Qing Ministry of Education (<span lang="zh-Hans">学部</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">學部</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xuébù</span></i>) announced plans to open libraries in every province of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20096._The_date_in_the_[[Chinese_calendar]]_is_the_13th_day_of_the_3rd_month_of_the_1st_year_of_[[Xuantong_Emperor|Xuantong]]_(<span_lang="zh-Hans">[[Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text]]宣统元年三月十三日</span>;_<span_lang="zh-Hant">[[Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text]]宣統元年三月十三日</span>),_converted_to_a_date_in_the_[[Gregorian_calendar]]_on_[httpsinocalsinicaedutw_this_site]_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20096._The_date_in_the_[[Chinese_calendar]]_is_the_13th_day_of_the_3rd_month_of_the_1st_year_of_[[Xuantong_Emperor|Xuantong]]_(<span_lang="zh-Hans">[[Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text]]宣统元年三月十三日</span>;_<span_lang="zh-Hant">[[Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text]]宣統元年三月十三日</span>),_converted_to_a_date_in_the_[[Gregorian_calendar]]_on_[httpsinocalsinicaedutw_this_site]-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 September 1909, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhidong" title="Zhang Zhidong">Zhang Zhidong</a>, a long-time leader of the <a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-Strengthening movement">Self-Strengthening movement</a> who had been <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Huguang" title="Viceroy of Huguang">viceroy of Huguang</a> and was now serving on the powerful <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a>, memorialized to request the foundation of a library in China's capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20098_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20098-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foundation of the library was approved by imperial edict that same day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20098Lin199857_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20098Lin199857-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institution was originally called the Imperial Library of Peking or <b>Metropolitan Library</b> (<span lang="zh-Hans">京师图书馆</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">京師圖書館</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jīngshī Túshūguǎn</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_7_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_7-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lu Xun and other famous scholars have made great efforts for its construction. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bibliographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliographer">bibliographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Miao_Quansun" title="Miao Quansun">Miao Quansun</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans">缪荃荪</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">繆荃蓀</span>; 1844–1919), who had overseen the founding of <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangnan Library">Jiangnan Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> two years earlier, was called in to administer the new establishment. As in Jiangnan, his assistant Chen Qingnian took charge of most of the management.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenan1994115_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan1994115-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A private proposal made by <a href="/wiki/Luo_Zhenyu" title="Luo Zhenyu">Luo Zhenyu</a> in the early 1900s stated that the library should be located in a place protected from both fire and floods, and at some distance from noisy markets. Following these recommendations, the Ministry of Education first chose the <a href="/wiki/Deshengmen" title="Deshengmen">Deshengmen</a> neighborhood inside the northern <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing_city_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing city wall">city wall</a>, a quiet area with lakes. But this plan would have required purchasing several buildings. For lack of funds, <a href="/wiki/Guanghua_Temple_(Beijing)" title="Guanghua Temple (Beijing)">Guanghua Temple</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans">广化寺</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">廣化寺</span>) was chosen as the library's first site. Guanghua Temple was a complex of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhist</a> halls and shrines located near the northern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Shichahai" title="Shichahai">Shichahai</a>, but inconveniently located for readers, and too damp for long-term book storage. The Imperial Library of Peking would remain there until 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20099_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20099-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916, the Ministry of education ordered the library, every published book should be registered in ministry of interior and all collected by library, The function of national library begins to manifest.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>National Peking Library</b> opened to the public on 27 August 1912, a few months after the abdication of <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a> (r. 1908–12), the last emperor of the Qing dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin199857_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin199857-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From then on, it was managed by the Ministry of Education of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin199857_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin199857-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day before the library's opening, its new chief librarian Jiang Han (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">江瀚</span></span>: 1853–1935) argued that the National Peking Library was a <a href="/wiki/Research_library" title="Research library">research library</a> and recommended the opening of a new library with magazines and new publications that could attract a more popular readership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi200917–18_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi200917–18-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1913, such a Branch Library was opened outside <a href="/wiki/Xuanwumen_(Beijing)" title="Xuanwumen (Beijing)">Xuanwumen Gate</a>, and more than 2,000 books were transferred there from the main library.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi200918_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi200918-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 October 1913, because Guanghua Temple proved too small and inaccessible, the main library itself was closed, pending the choice of a new site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin199857Li200918_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin199857Li200918-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Library charged one copper coin as a reading fee, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> Library charged twice as much and the Shandong public library charged three coins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1990222,_note_155_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1990222,_note_155-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, readers could not borrow books, but sometime before 1918 borrowing became allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1990205_(borrowing_not_permitted_at_first),_207_(some_libraries_newly_allowed_borrowing),_and_222,_note_161_(citing_a_1918_source_saying_that_borrowing_was_allowed_by_then_at_the_Beijing_library)_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1990205_(borrowing_not_permitted_at_first),_207_(some_libraries_newly_allowed_borrowing),_and_222,_note_161_(citing_a_1918_source_saying_that_borrowing_was_allowed_by_then_at_the_Beijing_library)-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1916, the Ministry of Education (MOE) of the Republic of China ordered that a copy of every Chinese publication should be deposited at the Metropolitan Library after being registered with the Copyright Bureau.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin199830_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin199830-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> in 1928, the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Beijing" title="Names of Beijing">name of Beijing</a> was changed to Beiping (Peiping) to emphasize that the capital had moved to Nanjing (<i>jīng</i> lit. translating to capital). The National Peking Library therefore changed its name to the National Peiping Library and became the co-national library with the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Library" title="Nanjing Library">National Central Library</a> in Nanjing. In 1931, the new library house in Wenjin Street near the <a href="/wiki/Beihai_Park" title="Beihai Park">Beihai Park</a> opened. After the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> was officially established in October 1949 and Beijing once again became the capital, the National Peiping Library was renamed <i>National Peking Library</i>. In 1951, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Culture</a> declared that its official English name would now be <b>Peking Library</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2009157_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2009157-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The library established a materials exchange program with the <a href="/wiki/C.V._Starr_East_Asian_Library" title="C.V. Starr East Asian Library">C.V. Starr East Asian Library</a> of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1963, through which it was able to acquire materials from the West; one such transaction during the first months of the program involved the exchange of the complete works of <a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a> for "valuable legal publications" from China.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This relationship lasted until the early 2000s, when the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Libraries" title="Columbia University Libraries">Columbia University Libraries</a> discontinued its exchange department.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978, two years after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, the library started publishing the <i>Bulletin of the Beijing Library</i> (<i>Beitu Tongxun</i> 北图通讯), which quickly became one of China's most important library publications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin198324_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin198324-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, under an Implementing Accord regulating <a href="/wiki/US%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="US–China relations">cultural exchanges between the U.S. and China</a>, it vowed to exchange library material with the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin198324–25_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin198324–25-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To compensate for a lack of professionally trained librarians, starting in 1982 librarians from the NLC and other academic libraries spent periods of six months at the Library of Congress and the <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Library" title="Yale University Library">Yale University Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin198325_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin198325-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To develop <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a>, the NLC established links with the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin198324_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin198324-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1987, the Library moved to a modern building located north of <a href="/wiki/Zizhuyuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zizhuyuan">Purple Bamboo Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haidian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Haidian District">Haidian District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2009316–17_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2009316–17-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, it was officially renamed the National Library of China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2009324_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2009324-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>November 2001, approved by the State Council, the National Library of the two phase of the project and the national digital library project formally approved. As an important part of the national information industry infrastructure, has been included in the national "fifteen" plan, the national total investment of $1 billion 235 million, began to put into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_8_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_8-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 October 2003, the National Library ALEPH500 computer integrated management system has been put into operation, which laid the foundation for the National Library to enter the ranks of the world's advanced libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections">Collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Library of China's collection is the largest in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its holdings of more than 41 million items (as of December 2020) also make it one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_libraries" title="List of largest libraries">world's largest libraries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-intro_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It houses official publications of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and foreign governments and a collection of literature and materials in over 115 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library contains <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle bones">inscribed tortoise shells and bones</a>, ancient manuscripts, and <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">block-printed</a> volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-br2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-br2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the most prized collections of the National Library of China are rare and precious documents and records from past dynasties in <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a>. </p><p>The original collection of the Metropolitan Library was assembled from several sources. In 1909 the imperial court gave the library the only surviving complete copy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Library_of_the_Four_Treasuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Library of the Four Treasuries">Complete Library of the Four Treasuries</a></i> (or <i>Siku Quanshu</i>), an enormous compilation completed in 1782 that had been made in only four copies. That copy had been held at the <a href="/wiki/Wenjin_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenjin Chamber">Wenjin Pavilion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Summer_Resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Summer Resort">Imperial Summer Resort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chengde" title="Chengde">Chengde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20098_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20098-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On orders from the Qing Ministry of Education, the ancient books, archives, and documents of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretariat</a> were also transferred to the new library. So was the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">Guozijian</a> or Imperial University, an institution that had been dismantled in 1905 at the same time as the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial examination system">imperial examination system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi200910_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi200910-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These imperial collections included books and manuscripts dating to the Southern Song (1127–1279).<sup id="cite_ref-br1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-br1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The content of three private libraries from the Jiangnan area were donated under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Duanfang" title="Duanfang">Duanfang</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">viceroy of Liangjiang</a>, and the Ministry arranged for the transfer from <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> of what remained of the <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">Dunhuang manuscripts</a>. Finally, the court made great efforts to obtain <a href="/wiki/Rubbing_(art)" title="Rubbing (art)">rubbings</a> of rare <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscriptions</a> on stone or bronze.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi200910_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi200910-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_collections_and_items">Notable collections and items</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable collections and items"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zizhi_Tongjian_by_Sima_Guang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Zizhi_Tongjian_by_Sima_Guang.jpg/220px-Zizhi_Tongjian_by_Sima_Guang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Zizhi_Tongjian_by_Sima_Guang.jpg/330px-Zizhi_Tongjian_by_Sima_Guang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Zizhi_Tongjian_by_Sima_Guang.jpg/440px-Zizhi_Tongjian_by_Sima_Guang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2796" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>A page from the original draft of <i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i> (published in 1084) written by <a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_fragment_of_Xiping_stone_classics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_fragment_of_Xiping_stone_classics.jpg/220px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_fragment_of_Xiping_stone_classics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_fragment_of_Xiping_stone_classics.jpg/330px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_fragment_of_Xiping_stone_classics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_fragment_of_Xiping_stone_classics.jpg/440px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_fragment_of_Xiping_stone_classics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2219" data-file-height="3329" /></a><figcaption>A fragment of the Han dynasty <a href="/wiki/Xiping_Stone_Classics" title="Xiping Stone Classics">Xiping Stone Classics</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cai_Yong" title="Cai Yong">Cai Yong</a> and associated scholars</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>a collection of over 270,000 ancient and rare Chinese books, and over 1,640,000 traditional thread-bound Chinese books<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>over 35,000 inscriptions on <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">oracle bones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turtle_shell" title="Turtle shell">tortoise shells</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (c. 16th–11th century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-ref1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>surviving tablets of the <a href="/wiki/Xiping_Stone_Classics" title="Xiping Stone Classics">Xiping Stone Classics</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Cai_Yong" title="Cai Yong">Cai Yong</a> (132–192) of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> (25–220 AD)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>more than 16,000 volumes of precious historical Chinese <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">documents and manuscripts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>old maps, diagrams, and rubbings from ancient inscriptions on various materials<sup id="cite_ref-br1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-br1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>copies of Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a> dating to the 6th century<sup id="cite_ref-br1_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-br1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>original draft of <a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhouWeitz2002278_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhouWeitz2002278-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>books and archives from imperial libraries of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> (1127–1279),<sup id="cite_ref-br2_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-br2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the works of <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>oldest extant printed edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Huangdi_Neijing" title="Huangdi Neijing">Huangdi Neijing</a></i> (ca. 100 BC), from the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_Jin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchen Jin">Jin dynasty</a> (1115–1234)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the most complete surviving <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644) copies of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Encyclopedia" title="Yongle Encyclopedia">Yongle Encyclopedia</a></i> ("Great Canon of the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Era</a>")<sup id="cite_ref-br1_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-br1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a copy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Library_of_the_Four_Treasuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Library of the Four Treasuries">Complete Library of the Four Treasuries</a></i>, completed in 1782 under the Qing dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-br1_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-br1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>essential literary and books collection from the Qing imperial colleges and renowned private collectors<sup id="cite_ref-br2_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-br2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projects_and_programs">Projects and programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Projects and programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Digital Library Promotion Project was launched in 2011, with the backing of the State Council. The goal of the Digital Library Promotion Project is to connect libraries at all levels, and to make resources and services accessible to more than 3,000 libraries country-wide. In order to allow for a total sharing of digital resources across the country, this project registered and integrated resources in libraries according to the principle of, 'centralized management of metadata, decentralized storage of object data.' By 2013, hardware to support this project had been installed into 30 provincial libraries and 139 prefectural-level libraries, which helped register over 1.5 million metadata in 123 databases, making over 12 terabytes of digital resources available to share. That same year saw a 67 percent increase from the previous year in users accessing the User Management System, with 221,000 visits.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mobile Reading Platform of the Digital Library Promotion Project was also first put into effect in 2013, and more than 10 provinces began to provide new cell phone and digital television-based media services.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to difficulties in preserving ancient texts, the NLC implemented several projects to work towards not only better preserving original materials, but also making copies available for research through <a href="/wiki/Microphotograph" title="Microphotograph">microphotography</a>, photocopy and <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">digitization</a>. The projects implemented to work on these preservation issues are the Chinese Ancient Books Reproduction Project, the Chinese Ancient Books Protection Plan, and the Minguo Materials (1911–1949) Protection Plan, to name just a few.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese Ancient Books Reproduction Project was started in 2002, and its main goal was to copy and republish selected rare books. In their first phase, nearly 800 works from the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a> were copied, reprinted, and distributed internationally to more than 100 libraries. The Chinese Ancient Books Protection Plan, which began in 2007, and the Minguo Materials (1911–1949) Protection Plan, which began in 2012, both strive to establish an integrated preservation mechanism at the national level.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services_and_facilities">Services and facilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Services and facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NLC_Ancient_Books_Library_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NLC_Ancient_Books_Library_6.jpg/220px-NLC_Ancient_Books_Library_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NLC_Ancient_Books_Library_6.jpg/330px-NLC_Ancient_Books_Library_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NLC_Ancient_Books_Library_6.jpg/440px-NLC_Ancient_Books_Library_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the Ancient Books Hall</figcaption></figure> <p>The North and South complexes of the library are located in <a href="/wiki/Haidian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Haidian District">Haidian District</a> while the Ancient Books Library is in <a href="/wiki/Xicheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xicheng District">Xicheng District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the NLC allocated 11,549 square meters (124,312.4 square feet) to construct the National Museum of Classic Books, which opened in 2014. This museum features rare books and maps, <a href="/wiki/Yangshi_Lei_Archives" title="Yangshi Lei Archives">Yangshi Lei</a> architecture drawings, <a href="/wiki/Stone_rubbing" title="Stone rubbing">stone</a> and bronze rubbings, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">oracle bones</a>, and many other unique items.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2022, during what the National Library of China is calling the 'Normalized Epidemic Prevention and Control Period,' the operating hours for the library have not fully returned to pre-pandemic times. The North Complex, the South Complex, and the Children's Library are all open from 9am to 5pm Tuesdays through Sundays, and are closed on Mondays. The Ancient Books Library is open 9am to 5pm Tuesday through Saturdays, and is closed on Sundays and Mondays. Visitors wishing to enter the library are asked to make reservations in advance.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013, the Library maintains 14 branch offices, the latest of which is at the <a href="/wiki/China_Youth_University_for_Political_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="China Youth University for Political Sciences">China Youth University for Political Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Main Library, located on <a href="/wiki/Zhongguancun" title="Zhongguancun">Zhongguancun</a> South Road in Beijing's <a href="/wiki/Haidian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Haidian District">Haidian District</a>, can be accessed by bus or subway.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Service</th> <th>Station/Stop</th> <th>Lines/Routes served </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Bus" title="Beijing Bus">Beijing Bus</a></td> <td>Guojiatushuguan (National Library)</td> <td>* Regular: 86, 92, 319, 320, 332, 563, 588, 608, 689, 695, 697, 717<br />* Special (<a href="/wiki/Double_decker_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Double decker bus">double-decker</a>): 4, 6 <br />* Yuntong (运通): 105, 106, 205 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Subway" title="Beijing Subway">Beijing Subway</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Library_station" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library station">National Library</a></td> <td><div class="legend" style="page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;border:1px solid black;color:inherit;background-color:#008C95"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Line_4_(Beijing_Subway)" title="Line 4 (Beijing Subway)">Line 4</a></div><br /><div class="legend" style="page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;border:1px solid black;color:inherit;background-color:#97D700"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Line_9_(Beijing_Subway)" title="Line 9 (Beijing Subway)">Line 9</a></div><br /><div class="legend" style="page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;border:1px solid black;color:inherit;background-color:#6BA539"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Line_16_(Beijing_Subway)" title="Line 16 (Beijing Subway)">Line 16</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries in the People's Republic of China">Libraries in the People's Republic of China</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Library" title="Shanghai Library">Shanghai Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Library" title="Nanjing Library">Nanjing Library</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libraries">List of libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national libraries">List of national libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Library_Classification" title="Chinese Library Classification">Chinese Library Classification</a> (CLC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archives_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Archives in the People's Republic of China">Archives in the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_Library" title="Ningbo Library">Ningbo Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_first-class_library" title="National first-class library">National first-class library</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227162534/http://nlc.gov.cn/dsb_zyyfw/wdtsg/dzzn/dsb_gtzy/">"馆藏实体资源"</a>. National Library of China. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc.gov.cn/dsb_zyyfw/wdtsg/dzzn/dsb_gtzy/">the original</a> on 27 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%A6%86%E8%97%8F%E5%AE%9E%E4%BD%93%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90&rft.pub=National+Library+of+China&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlc.gov.cn%2Fdsb_zyyfw%2Fwdtsg%2Fdzzn%2Fdsb_gtzy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collectionsize-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-collectionsize_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121209173801/http://www.nlc.gov.cn/newen/newVisitUs/nlcrs/">"Overview of Library Collections"</a>. National Library of China. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc.gov.cn/newen/newVisitUs/nlcrs/">the original</a> on 9 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+Library+Collections&rft.pub=National+Library+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlc.gov.cn%2Fnewen%2FnewVisitUs%2Fnlcrs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref1_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605120132/http://www.nla.gov.au/lap/98china.html">"The National Library of China (NLC) Advancing Towards the Twenty-first Century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nla.gov.au/lap/98china.html">the original</a> on 5 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Library+of+China+%28NLC%29+Advancing+Towards+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nla.gov.au%2Flap%2F98china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYongjin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Yongjin, Han (October 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0340035214543888">"Innovative services in the National Library of China"</a></span>. <i>IFLA Journal</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 202–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0340035214543888">10.1177/0340035214543888</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0340-0352">0340-0352</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110832318">110832318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IFLA+Journal&rft.atitle=Innovative+services+in+the+National+Library+of+China&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=202-205&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110832318%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0340-0352&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0340035214543888&rft.aulast=Yongjin&rft.aufirst=Han&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0340035214543888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc.cn/dsb_footer/gygt/lsyg/index_2.htm#:~:text=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E9%A6%86%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF%E4%BA%86%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%A5%E6%9D%A5%E5%8E%86%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E8%97%8F%E4%B9%A6%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%8A%E6%98%8E%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A5%E6%9D%A5%E4%BC%97%E5%A4%9A%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6%E7%A7%81%E8%97%8F%EF%BC%8C%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%9A%84%E9%A6%86%E8%97%8F%E5%8F%AF%E8%BF%9C%E6%BA%AF%E5%88%B03000%E5%A4%9A%E5%B9%B4%E5%89%8D%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%B7%E5%A2%9F%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E3%80%82">"中国国家图书馆•中国国家数字图书馆——关于国图"</a>. <i>www.nlc.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410190104/http://www.nlc.cn/dsb_footer/gygt/lsyg/index_2.htm#:~:text=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E9%A6%86%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF%E4%BA%86%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%A5%E6%9D%A5%E5%8E%86%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E8%97%8F%E4%B9%A6%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%8A%E6%98%8E%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A5%E6%9D%A5%E4%BC%97%E5%A4%9A%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6%E7%A7%81%E8%97%8F%EF%BC%8C%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%9A%84%E9%A6%86%E8%97%8F%E5%8F%AF%E8%BF%9C%E6%BA%AF%E5%88%B03000%E5%A4%9A%E5%B9%B4%E5%89%8D%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%B7%E5%A2%9F%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E3%80%82">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nlc.cn&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E2%80%A2%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlc.cn%2Fdsb_footer%2Fgygt%2Flsyg%2Findex_2.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E5%259B%25BE%25E4%25B9%25A6%25E9%25A6%2586%25E9%25A6%2586%25E8%2597%258F%25E7%25BB%25A7%25E6%2589%25BF%25E4%25BA%2586%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%25AE%258B%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E6%259D%25A5%25E5%258E%2586%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E7%259A%2587%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E8%2597%258F%25E4%25B9%25A6%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E5%258F%258A%25E6%2598%258E%25E6%25B8%2585%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E6%259D%25A5%25E4%25BC%2597%25E5%25A4%259A%25E5%2590%258D%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E7%25A7%2581%25E8%2597%258F%25EF%25BC%258C%25E6%259C%2580%25E6%2597%25A9%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%25A6%2586%25E8%2597%258F%25E5%258F%25AF%25E8%25BF%259C%25E6%25BA%25AF%25E5%2588%25B03000%25E5%25A4%259A%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E5%2589%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%25AE%25B7%25E5%25A2%259F%25E7%2594%25B2%25E9%25AA%25A8%25E3%2580%2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc.cn/dsb_footer/gygt/lsyg/index_2.htm#:~:text=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E5%A4%96%E6%96%87%E4%B9%A6%E5%88%8A%E8%B4%AD%E8%97%8F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA20%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%EF%BC%8C123%E7%A7%8D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%E7%BA%A6%E5%8D%A0%E9%A6%86%E8%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%9140%25%EF%BC%8C%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%85%A5%E8%97%8F%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%89%A9%E3%80%82">"中国国家图书馆•中国国家数字图书馆——关于国图"</a>. <i>National Library of China</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410190104/http://www.nlc.cn/dsb_footer/gygt/lsyg/index_2.htm#:~:text=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E5%A4%96%E6%96%87%E4%B9%A6%E5%88%8A%E8%B4%AD%E8%97%8F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA20%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%EF%BC%8C123%E7%A7%8D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%E7%BA%A6%E5%8D%A0%E9%A6%86%E8%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%9140%25%EF%BC%8C%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%85%A5%E8%97%8F%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%89%A9%E3%80%82">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+China&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E2%80%A2%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlc.cn%2Fdsb_footer%2Fgygt%2Flsyg%2Findex_2.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E5%259B%25BE%25E4%25B9%25A6%25E9%25A6%2586%25E5%25A4%2596%25E6%2596%2587%25E4%25B9%25A6%25E5%2588%258A%25E8%25B4%25AD%25E8%2597%258F%25E5%25A7%258B%25E4%25BA%258E%25E4%25B8%258A%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%25BA%25AA20%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E4%25BB%25A3%25EF%25BC%258C123%25E7%25A7%258D%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%25AD%2597%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2596%2587%25E7%258C%25AE%25E8%25B5%2584%25E6%2596%2599%25E7%25BA%25A6%25E5%258D%25A0%25E9%25A6%2586%25E8%2597%258F%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%25BF%259140%2525%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E9%2587%258F%25E5%2585%25A5%25E8%2597%258F%25E5%259B%25BD%25E9%2599%2585%25E7%25BB%2584%25E7%25BB%2587%25E5%2592%258C%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%25BA%259C%25E5%2587%25BA%25E7%2589%2588%25E7%2589%25A9%25E3%2580%2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc.cn/dsb_footer/gygt/lsyg/index_2.htm#:~:text=3500%E4%B8%87%E5%86%8C%E4%BB%B6-,%E5%B9%B6%E4%BB%A5%E6%AF%8F%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BE%E4%B8%87%E5%86%8C%E4%BB%B6%E7%9A%84%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF,-%E3%80%82%E9%A6%86%E8%97%8F%E6%80%BB%E9%87%8F">"中国国家图书馆•中国国家数字图书馆——关于国图"</a>. <i>www.nlc.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410190104/http://www.nlc.cn/dsb_footer/gygt/lsyg/index_2.htm#:~:text=3500%E4%B8%87%E5%86%8C%E4%BB%B6-,%E5%B9%B6%E4%BB%A5%E6%AF%8F%E5%B9%B4%E7%99%BE%E4%B8%87%E5%86%8C%E4%BB%B6%E7%9A%84%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF,-%E3%80%82%E9%A6%86%E8%97%8F%E6%80%BB%E9%87%8F">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nlc.cn&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E2%80%A2%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlc.cn%2Fdsb_footer%2Fgygt%2Flsyg%2Findex_2.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3D3500%25E4%25B8%2587%25E5%2586%258C%25E4%25BB%25B6-%2C%25E5%25B9%25B6%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E6%25AF%258F%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E7%2599%25BE%25E4%25B8%2587%25E5%2586%258C%25E4%25BB%25B6%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%2580%259F%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E5%25A2%259E%25E9%2595%25BF%2C-%25E3%2580%2582%25E9%25A6%2586%25E8%2597%258F%25E6%2580%25BB%25E9%2587%258F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc.cn/dsb_footer/gygt/lsyg/index_2.htm#:~:text=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%80%BB%E9%87%8F%E8%B6%85%E8%BF%871000TB%EF%BC%8C%E5%B9%B6%E4%BB%A5%E6%AF%8F%E5%B9%B4100TB%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E3%80%82">"中国国家图书馆•中国国家数字图书馆——关于国图"</a>. <i>www.nlc.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410190104/http://www.nlc.cn/dsb_footer/gygt/lsyg/index_2.htm#:~:text=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%80%BB%E9%87%8F%E8%B6%85%E8%BF%871000TB%EF%BC%8C%E5%B9%B6%E4%BB%A5%E6%AF%8F%E5%B9%B4100TB%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E3%80%82">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nlc.cn&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E2%80%A2%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlc.cn%2Fdsb_footer%2Fgygt%2Flsyg%2Findex_2.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%25E6%2595%25B0%25E5%25AD%2597%25E8%25B5%2584%25E6%25BA%2590%25E6%2580%25BB%25E9%2587%258F%25E8%25B6%2585%25E8%25BF%25871000TB%25EF%25BC%258C%25E5%25B9%25B6%25E4%25BB%25A5%25E6%25AF%258F%25E5%25B9%25B4100TB%25E9%2580%259F%25E5%25BA%25A6%25E5%25A2%259E%25E9%2595%25BF%25E3%2580%2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref6=-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref6=_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBexin" class="citation web cs1">Bexin, Sun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nii.ac.jp/publications/CJK-WS/cjk3-04a.pdf">"The Development of Authority Database in National Library of China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Institute of Informatics</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831211607/https://www.nii.ac.jp/publications/CJK-WS/cjk3-04a.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnjxol.com/gov/jxwhw/content/2013-10/09/content_2531300.htm">the original</a> on 5 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mct.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%88%86%E9%A6%86%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mct.gov.cn%2Fwhzx%2Fzsdw%2Fzggjtsg%2F202105%2Ft20210517_924534.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20094-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20094_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2009">Li 2009</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20092–3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20092–3_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2009">Li 2009</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20093-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20093_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2009">Li 2009</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20093–4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20093–4_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2009">Li 2009</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20096-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20096_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20096_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2009">Li 2009</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20096._The_date_in_the_[[Chinese_calendar]]_is_the_13th_day_of_the_3rd_month_of_the_1st_year_of_[[Xuantong_Emperor|Xuantong]]_(<span_lang="zh-Hans">[[Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text]]宣统元年三月十三日</span>;_<span_lang="zh-Hant">[[Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text]]宣統元年三月十三日</span>),_converted_to_a_date_in_the_[[Gregorian_calendar]]_on_[httpsinocalsinicaedutw_this_site]-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20096._The_date_in_the_[[Chinese_calendar]]_is_the_13th_day_of_the_3rd_month_of_the_1st_year_of_[[Xuantong_Emperor|Xuantong]]_(<span_lang="zh-Hans">[[Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text]]宣统元年三月十三日</span>;_<span_lang="zh-Hant">[[Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text]]宣統元年三月十三日</span>),_converted_to_a_date_in_the_[[Gregorian_calendar]]_on_[httpsinocalsinicaedutw_this_site]_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2009">Li 2009</a>, p. 6. The date in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a> is the 13th day of the 3rd month of the 1st year of <a href="/wiki/Xuantong_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuantong Emperor">Xuantong</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans">宣统元年三月十三日</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">宣統元年三月十三日</span>), converted to a date in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinocal.sinica.edu.tw">this site</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20098-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20098_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20098_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2009">Li 2009</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20098Lin199857-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20098Lin199857_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2009">Li 2009</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFLin1998">Lin 1998</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref_7-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ref_7_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuo" class="citation journal cs1">Kuo, P.W. "THE EVOLUTION OF THE CHINESE LIBRARY AND ITS RELATION TO CHINESE CULTURE". <i>Bulletin of the American Library Association</i>. <b>20</b> (10): 189–194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Library+Association&rft.atitle=THE+EVOLUTION+OF+THE+CHINESE+LIBRARY+AND+ITS+RELATION+TO+CHINESE+CULTURE&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=189-194&rft.aulast=Kuo&rft.aufirst=P.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenan1994115-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenan1994115_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeenan1994">Keenan 1994</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi20099-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi20099_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2009">Li 2009</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Li, Zhizhong (2009). <i>Zhongguo guo jia tu shu guan guan shi zi liao chang bian</i>. Beijing Shi: Guo jia tu shu guan chu ban she. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787501340729" title="Special:BookSources/9787501340729"><bdi>9787501340729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zhongguo+guo+jia+tu+shu+guan+guan+shi+zi+liao+chang+bian&rft.place=Beijing+Shi&rft.pub=Guo+jia+tu+shu+guan+chu+ban+she&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9787501340729&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Zhizhong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELin199857-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin199857_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin199857_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLin1998">Lin 1998</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi200917–18-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi200917–18_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2009">Li 2009</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi200918-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi200918_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2009">Li 2009</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELin199857Li200918-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin199857Li200918_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLin1998">Lin 1998</a>, p. 57; <a href="#CITEREFLi2009">Li 2009</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1990222,_note_155-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1990222,_note_155_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey1990">Bailey 1990</a>, p. 222, note 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1990205_(borrowing_not_permitted_at_first),_207_(some_libraries_newly_allowed_borrowing),_and_222,_note_161_(citing_a_1918_source_saying_that_borrowing_was_allowed_by_then_at_the_Beijing_library)-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey1990205_(borrowing_not_permitted_at_first),_207_(some_libraries_newly_allowed_borrowing),_and_222,_note_161_(citing_a_1918_source_saying_that_borrowing_was_allowed_by_then_at_the_Beijing_library)_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBailey1990">Bailey 1990</a>, pp. 205 (borrowing not permitted at first), 207 (some libraries newly allowed borrowing), and 222, note 161 (citing a 1918 source saying that borrowing was allowed by then at the Beijing library).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELin199830-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin199830_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLin1998">Lin 1998</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2009157-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2009157_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2009">Li 2009</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilroy1963" class="citation news cs1">Gilroy, Harry (10 August 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/08/10/81822460.html?pageNumber=15">"Columbia Is Exchanging Books With Red China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220806215816/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/08/10/81822460.html?pageNumber=15">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Columbia+Is+Exchanging+Books+With+Red+China&rft.date=1963-08-10&rft.aulast=Gilroy&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1963%2F08%2F10%2F81822460.html%3FpageNumber%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXia2008" class="citation book cs1">Xia, Jingfeng (31 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FZ2jAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22national+peking+library%22+columbia+university&pg=PA8"><i>Scholarly Communication in China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea and Taiwan</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78063-213-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78063-213-1"><bdi>978-1-78063-213-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220806215815/https://books.google.com/books?id=FZ2jAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22national+peking+library%22+columbia+university&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.columbia.edu/content/libraryweb/news/libraries/2008/20081125_nlc.html">the original</a> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbia+University+Libraries+and+the+National+Library+of+China+Sign+Cooperative+Agreement&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Libraries&rft.date=2008-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.columbia.edu%2Fcontent%2Flibraryweb%2Fnews%2Flibraries%2F2008%2F20081125_nlc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-br2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-br2_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-br2_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-br2_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339421/library/62075/Other-national-collections#ref=ref&tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=library%20%3A%3A%20Other%20national%20collections%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia">National Libraries.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217124356/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339421/library/62075/Other-national-collections#ref=ref&tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=library%20%3A%3A%20Other%20national%20collections%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia">Archived</a> 17 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi200910-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi200910_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi200910_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2009">Li 2009</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-br1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-br1_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-br1_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-br1_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-br1_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-br1_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/448956/Beijing/232388/Museums-and-libraries#ref=ref794309&tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Beijing%20%3A%3A%20Museums%20and%20libraries%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia">National Library of China.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080830053234/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/448956/Beijing/232388/Museums-and-libraries#ref=ref794309&tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Beijing%20%3A%3A%20Museums%20and%20libraries%20--%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopedia">Archived</a> 30 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3045/">"The Xiping Stone Classics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114164943/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3045/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Xiping+Stone+Classics&rft.pub=World+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F3045%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhouWeitz2002278-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhouWeitz2002278_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhouWeitz2002">Zhou & Weitz 2002</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3052/#search_page=1&institution=national-library-of-china&view_type=gallery">"The Four Books in Chapter and Verse with Collected Commentaries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170749/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3052/#search_page=1&institution=national-library-of-china&view_type=gallery">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Four+Books+in+Chapter+and+Verse+with+Collected+Commentaries&rft.pub=World+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F3052%2F%23search_page%3D1%26institution%3Dnational-library-of-china%26view_type%3Dgallery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3044/">"The Su Wen of the Huangdi Neijing (Inner Classic of the Yellow Emperor)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501172715/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/3044/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Su+Wen+of+the+Huangdi+Neijing+%28Inner+Classic+of+the+Yellow+Emperor%29&rft.pub=World+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F3044%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/04/18/china.book/">"China mega-book gets new life"</a>. CNN. 18 April 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080224102715/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/04/18/china.book/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+mega-book+gets+new+life&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2002-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2002%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2Feast%2F04%2F18%2Fchina.book%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc.cn/newen/cu/">"Contact Us"</a>. National Library of China. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701164840/http://www.nlc.cn/newen/cu/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>Address: National Library of China, #33 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Hai Dian District, Beijing[...]Address: NLC Library of Ancient Books, #7 Wenjin Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact+Us&rft.pub=National+Library+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlc.cn%2Fnewen%2Fcu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc.cn/dsb_footer/lxwm/">Chinese address of main library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524153521/http://www.nlc.cn/dsb_footer/lxwm/">Archived</a> 24 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "北京市海淀区中关村南大街33号国家图书馆" - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc.cn/dsb_footer/lxwm/dsb_gjg/">Chinese address of Ancient Books Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627062514/http://www.nlc.cn/dsb_footer/lxwm/dsb_gjg/">Archived</a> 27 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "北京市西城区文津街7号国家图书馆古籍馆"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc.cn/newen/newVisitUs/oghs/">"National Library of China - NLC news"</a>. <i>www.nlc.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405181152/http://www.nlc.cn/newen/newVisitUs/oghs/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nlc.cn&rft.atitle=National+Library+of+China+-+NLC+news&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlc.cn%2Fnewen%2FnewVisitUs%2Foghs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF李宏巧2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">李宏巧 (4 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jslib.org.cn/njlib_yjdt/jslib_guonei/201307/t20130704_119883.htm"><bdi lang="zh">国家图书馆团中央分馆在中国青年政治学院揭牌</bdi></a> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105612/http://www.jslib.org.cn/njlib_yjdt/jslib_guonei/201307/t20130704_119883.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E5%9B%A2%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%88%86%E9%A6%86%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%8F%AD%E7%89%8C&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%8F%E5%B7%A7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jslib.org.cn%2Fnjlib_yjdt%2Fjslib_guonei%2F201307%2Ft20130704_119883.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113233429/http://www.nlc.gov.cn/newen/cu/">"NLC Home – Contact Us"</a>. National Library of China. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc.gov.cn/newen/cu/">the original</a> on 13 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NLC+Home+%E2%80%93+Contact+Us&rft.pub=National+Library+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlc.gov.cn%2Fnewen%2Fcu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1990" class="citation cs2">Bailey, Paul J. (1990), <i>Reform the People: Changing Attitudes Towards Popular Education in Early Twentieth-Century China</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0218-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0218-6"><bdi>0-7486-0218-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+the+People%3A+Changing+Attitudes+Towards+Popular+Education+in+Early+Twentieth-Century+China&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7486-0218-6&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeenan1994" class="citation cs2">Keenan, Barry C. (1994), <i>Imperial China's Last Classical Academies: Social Change in the Lower Yangzi, 1864–1911</i>, Berkeley (CA): Institute of East Asian Studies, UC Berkeley, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55729-041-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55729-041-5"><bdi>1-55729-041-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China%27s+Last+Classical+Academies%3A+Social+Change+in+the+Lower+Yangzi%2C+1864%E2%80%931911&rft.place=Berkeley+%28CA%29&rft.pub=Institute+of+East+Asian+Studies%2C+UC+Berkeley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-55729-041-5&rft.aulast=Keenan&rft.aufirst=Barry+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2009" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Li, Zhizhong 李致忠 (2009), <i>Zhongguo guojia tushuguan guanshi </i>中国国家图书馆馆史<i><span></span></i> [<i>History of the National Library of China</i>] (in Chinese), Beijing: NLC Press (国家图书馆出版社), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5013-4070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5013-4070-5"><bdi>978-7-5013-4070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zhongguo+guojia+tushuguan+guanshi+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E9%A6%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=NLC+Press+%28%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-7-5013-4070-5&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Zhizhong+%E6%9D%8E%E8%87%B4%E5%BF%A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin1983" class="citation cs2">Lin, Sharon Chien (1983), "Education for Librarianship in China after the Cultural Revolution", <i>Journal of Education for Librarianship</i>, <b>24</b> (1), <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>: 17–29, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40322775">10.2307/40322775</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40322775">40322775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Education+for+Librarianship&rft.atitle=Education+for+Librarianship+in+China+after+the+Cultural+Revolution&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-29&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40322775&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40322775%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Sharon+Chien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin1998" class="citation cs2">Lin, Sharon Chien (1998), <i>Libraries and Librarianship in China</i>, Westport (CT) and London: Greenwood Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-28937-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-28937-9"><bdi>0-313-28937-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libraries+and+Librarianship+in+China&rft.place=Westport+%28CT%29+and+London&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-313-28937-9&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Sharon+Chien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhouWeitz2002" class="citation cs2">Zhou, Mi; Weitz, Ankeney (2002), <i>Zhou Mi's Record of Clouds and Mist Passing Before One's Eyes: An Annotated Translation</i>, Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004126053" title="Special:BookSources/9789004126053"><bdi>9789004126053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zhou+Mi%27s+Record+of+Clouds+and+Mist+Passing+Before+One%27s+Eyes%3A+An+Annotated+Translation&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789004126053&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Mi&rft.au=Weitz%2C+Ankeney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Cheng, Huan Wen (1991), "The Impact of American Librarianship on Chinese Librarianship in Modern Times (1840–1949)", <i>Libraries & Culture</i>, <b>26</b> (2), <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>: 372–87, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542343">25542343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libraries+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+American+Librarianship+on+Chinese+Librarianship+in+Modern+Times+%281840%E2%80%931949%29&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=372-87&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542343%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Huan+Wen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Fung, Margaret C. (1984), "Safekeeping of the National Peiping Library's Rare Chinese Books at the Library of Congress 1941-1965", <i>The Journal of Library History</i>, <b>19</b> (3), <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>: 359–72, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25541531">25541531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Library+History&rft.atitle=Safekeeping+of+the+National+Peiping+Library%27s+Rare+Chinese+Books+at+the+Library+of+Congress+1941-1965&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=359-72&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25541531%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fung&rft.aufirst=Margaret+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1996" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Hwa-Wei (30 June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~felsing/ala/lee.html">"American Contributions to Modern Library Development in China: A Historic Review"</a>. Paper presented at the 1st China–United States Library Conference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Contributions+to+Modern+Library+Development+in+China%3A+A+Historic+Review&rft.date=1996-06-30&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Hwa-Wei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarkwing.uoregon.edu%2F~felsing%2Fala%2Flee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Li, Guoqing [<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">李国庆</span></span>] (2001), "History of the National Library of China", in Stam, David H. (ed.), <i>International Dictionary of Library Histories</i>, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 499–502, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1579582443" title="Special:BookSources/1579582443"><bdi>1579582443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+the+National+Library+of+China&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Library+Histories&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=499-502&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1579582443&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Guoqing+%5B%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh-Hans%22%3E%E6%9D%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%BA%86%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Chinese-language+text%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Lin, Sharon Chien (1983), "Education for Librarianship in China after the Cultural Revolution", <i>Journal of Education for Librarianship</i>, <b>24</b> (1), <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>: 17–29, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40322775">10.2307/40322775</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40322775">40322775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Education+for+Librarianship&rft.atitle=Education+for+Librarianship+in+China+after+the+Cultural+Revolution&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-29&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40322775&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40322775%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Sharon+Chien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Lin, Sharon Chien (1985), "Historical Development of Library Education in China", <i>The Journal of Library History</i>, <b>20</b> (4), <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>: 368–86, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25541653">25541653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Library+History&rft.atitle=Historical+Development+of+Library+Education+in+China&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=368-86&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25541653%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Sharon+Chien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Prentice, Susan (1986), "The National Library of China – The View from Within", <i>The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs</i>, <b>15</b> (15), <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>: 103–12, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2158874">10.2307/2158874</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2158874">2158874</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:168486441">168486441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+Journal+of+Chinese+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+National+Library+of+China+%E2%80%93+The+View+from+Within&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=103-12&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A168486441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2158874%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2158874&rft.aulast=Prentice&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Yu, Priscilla C. (2001), "Leaning to One Side: The Impact of the Cold War on Chinese Library Collections", <i>Libraries & Culture</i>, <b>36</b> (1), <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>: 253–66, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flac.2001.0019">10.1353/lac.2001.0019</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25548906">25548906</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142658671">142658671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libraries+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Leaning+to+One+Side%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Cold+War+on+Chinese+Library+Collections&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=253-66&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142658671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25548906%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flac.2001.0019&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Priscilla+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Yu, Priscilla C.; Davis, Donald G. Jr. (1998), "Arthur E. Bostwick and Chinese Library Development: A Chapter in International Cooperation", <i>Libraries & Culture</i>, <b>33</b> (4), <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>: 389–406, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25548664">25548664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libraries+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Arthur+E.+Bostwick+and+Chinese+Library+Development%3A+A+Chapter+in+International+Cooperation&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=389-406&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25548664%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Priscilla+C.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Donald+G.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhu2009" class="citation news cs1">Zhu, Peter F. (13 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/10/13/library-collection-chinese-nlc/">"Harvard College Library, China Form Pact - Harvard-Yenching Library collection to be digitized"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson">Harvard Crimson</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=Harvard+College+Library%2C+China+Form+Pact+-+Harvard-Yenching+Library+collection+to+be+digitized&rft.date=2009-10-13&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=Peter+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F2009%2F10%2F13%2Flibrary-collection-chinese-nlc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Library+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlc.cn/newen/">Official Website</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:National_Library_of_China" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:National Library of 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_libraries_of_China" title="Template:Public libraries of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_libraries_of_China" title="Template talk:Public libraries of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_libraries_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public libraries of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_libraries_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Public libraries of China</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Libraries pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan are not included in this template.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Library of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prefecture level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Library" title="Capital Library">Capital Library</a> (Beijing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Library" title="Shanghai Library">Shanghai Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipal level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Library" title="Guangzhou Library">Guangzhou Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_Library" title="Hangzhou Library">Hangzhou Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Library" title="Nanjing Library">Nanjing Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Library" title="Shenzhen Library">Shenzhen Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SARs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Public_Libraries" title="Hong Kong Public Libraries">Hong Kong Public Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Public_Library" title="Macao Public Library">Macao Public Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_China" title="Template:Education in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_China" title="Template talk:Education in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Education system</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China" title="History of education in China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">Mandarin (bureaucrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">Scholar-bureaucrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixue" title="Taixue">Taixue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academies_of_Classical_Learning" title="Academies of Classical Learning">Academies of Classical Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_educators" title="Category:Chinese educators">Chinese educators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burning of books and burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">Guozijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Guozijian" title="Beijing Guozijian">Beijing Guozijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_and_Guiding_in_mainland_China" title="Scouting and Guiding in mainland China">Scouting in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide_in_China" title="Digital divide in China">Digital divide in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenge_Cup_Competition_of_Science_Achievement_in_China" title="Challenge Cup Competition of Science Achievement in China">Challenge Cup Competition of Science Achievement in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_reorganization_of_higher_education_in_China" title="1952 reorganization of higher education in China">1952 reorganization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_inequality_in_China" title="Education inequality in China">Education inequality in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_academy" title="National academy">Academies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Social Sciences">Chinese Academy of Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Chinese Academy of Engineering">Chinese Academy of Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plan_111" title="Plan 111">Plan 111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_211" title="Project 211">Project 211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_First-Class_Construction" title="Double First-Class Construction">Double First-Class Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hope" title="Project Hope">Project Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Talents_Plan" title="Thousand Talents Plan">Thousand Talents Plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(China)" title="Ministry of Education (China)">Ministry of Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Education_Examinations_Authority" title="National Education Examinations Authority">National Education Examinations Authority</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China#Compulsory_education_law" title="Education in China">Basic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China#Primary_education" title="Education in China">Primary education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China#Secondary_education" title="Education in China">Secondary education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_schools_in_China" title="Boarding schools in China">Boarding schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_and_public_schools_in_China" title="Private and public schools in China">Private and public schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongkao" title="Zhongkao">Zhongkao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China#Vocational_and_technical_schools" title="Education in China">Vocational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China#Vocational_and_technical_schools" title="Education in China">Vocation education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_China" title="Higher education in China">Higher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaokao" title="Gaokao">Gaokao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Key_Disciplines" title="National Key Disciplines">National Key Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_English_Test" title="College English Test">College English Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Key_Universities" title="National Key Universities">National Key Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_China" title="Academic grading in China">Academic grading in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Key_Laboratories" title="State Key Laboratories">State Key Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JUPAS" title="JUPAS">JUPAS</a> <ul><li><i>for <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Higher education in Hong Kong">HKSAR students</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_China" title="Academic ranks in China">Academic ranks in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Taught_Higher_Education_Examinations" title="Self-Taught Higher Education Examinations">Self-Taught Higher Education Examinations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_collecting_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Book collecting in China">Book collecting in China</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Library of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Library" title="Nanjing Library">Nanjing Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Library" title="Shanghai Library">Shanghai Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_schools_in_China" title="Category:Medical schools in China">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_business_schools_in_Asia#China" title="List of business schools in Asia">Business schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_China" title="List of law schools in China">Law schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign-language_schools_in_China" title="List of foreign-language schools in China">Foreign-language schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_journalism_and_communication_in_China" title="List of schools of journalism and communication in China">Schools of Journalism and Communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Int'l cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_East_Asian_Research_Universities" title="Association of East Asian Research Universities">Association of East Asian Research Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Pacific_Rim_Universities" title="Association of Pacific Rim Universities">Association of Pacific Rim Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_U8_Consortium" title="Global U8 Consortium">Global U8 Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Research_Universities" title="International Alliance of Research Universities">International Alliance of Research Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universitas_21#East_Asia" title="Universitas 21">Universitas 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Universities_Network" title="Worldwide Universities Network">Worldwide Universities Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subject areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_education_in_China" title="English education in China">English education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Shuiping_Kaoshi" title="Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi">Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putonghua_Proficiency_Test" title="Putonghua Proficiency Test">Putonghua Proficiency Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZHC" title="ZHC">Zhíyè Hànyŭ Nénglì Cèshì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Recruitment_Examination" title="Common Recruitment Examination">Common Recruitment Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Proficiency_Assessment_for_Teachers" title="Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers">Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_English_Test" title="College English Test">College English Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanguo_Waiyu_Shuiping_Kaoshi" title="Quanguo Waiyu Shuiping Kaoshi">Quanguo Waiyu Shuiping Kaoshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_English_Test_System" title="Public English Test System">Public English Test System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_China" title="Rankings of universities in China">Rankings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_China" title="List of universities and colleges in China">List of universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Best_Chinese_Universities_Ranking" title="Best Chinese Universities Ranking">BCUR</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_Shulian_Chinese_university_rankings" title="Wu Shulian Chinese university rankings">Wu Shulian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CUAA_Chinese_university_ranking" title="CUAA Chinese university ranking">CUAA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Netbig_Chinese_university_ranking" title="Netbig Chinese university ranking">Netbig</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_China" title="Rankings of universities in China">Rankings of universities in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology in China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Types_of_universities_and_colleges_in_China" title="Types of universities and colleges in China">Types of universities and colleges in China</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Notable_buildings_and_structures_in_Beijing_from_the_modern_era" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buildings_and_structures_in_Beijing" title="Template:Buildings and structures in Beijing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buildings_and_structures_in_Beijing" title="Template talk:Buildings and structures in Beijing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buildings_and_structures_in_Beijing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buildings and structures in Beijing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Notable_buildings_and_structures_in_Beijing_from_the_modern_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Notable buildings and structures in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> from the modern era</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Buildings" title="Ten Great Buildings">Ten Great Buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_railway_station" title="Beijing railway station">Beijing railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Palace_of_Nationalities" title="Cultural Palace of Nationalities">Cultural Palace of Nationalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaoyutai_State_Guesthouse" title="Diaoyutai State Guesthouse">Diaoyutai State Guesthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Museum_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Revolution" title="Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution">Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_Hotel" title="Minzu Hotel">Minzu Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_China" title="National Museum of China">National Museum of China</a></li> <li>Workers' Stadium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Stadium_(former)" title="Workers' Stadium (former)">1959–2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Stadium" title="Workers' Stadium">2023–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Green" title="Olympic Green">Olympic Green</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_National_Stadium" title="Beijing National Stadium">Beijing National Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_National_Aquatics_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing National Aquatics Center">Beijing National Aquatics Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_National_Indoor_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing National Indoor Stadium">Beijing National Indoor Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Olympic_Tower" title="Beijing Olympic Tower">Beijing Olympic Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Convention_Center" title="China National Convention Center">China National Convention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Beijing_Building" title="Digital Beijing Building">Digital Beijing Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tennis_Center,_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="National Tennis Center, Beijing">National Tennis Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_Mao_Memorial_Hall" title="Chairman Mao Memorial Hall">Chairman Mao Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_People%27s_Heroes" title="Monument to the People's Heroes">Monument to the People's Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_the_Performing_Arts_(China)" title="National Centre for the Performing Arts (China)">National Centre for the Performing Arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Planetarium" title="Beijing Planetarium">Beijing Planetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Museum" title="Capital Museum">Capital Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aviation_Museum" title="China Aviation Museum">China Aviation Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_Museum" title="China Railway Museum">China Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Science_and_Technology_Museum" title="China Science and Technology Museum">China Science and Technology Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Museum of the Chinese Communist Party">Museum of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_War_of_Chinese_People%27s_Resistance_Against_Japanese_Aggression" title="Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression">Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Art_Museum_of_China" title="National Art Museum of China">National Art Museum of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport" title="Beijing Capital International Airport">Beijing Capital International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_South_railway_station" title="Beijing South railway station">Beijing South railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_West_railway_station" title="Beijing West railway station">Beijing West railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Daxing_International_Airport" title="Beijing Daxing International Airport">Beijing Daxing International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_central_business_district" title="Beijing central business district">CBD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_TV_Centre" title="Beijing TV Centre">Beijing TV Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Yintai_Centre" title="Beijing Yintai Centre">Beijing Yintai Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCTV_Headquarters" title="CCTV Headquarters">CCTV Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Radio_%26_TV_Tower" title="Central Radio & TV Tower">CCTV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_China_World_Trade_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The China World Trade Center">The China World Trade Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune_Plaza" title="Fortune Plaza">Fortune Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Guang_Centre" title="Jing Guang Centre">Jing Guang Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Zun" title="China Zun">China Zun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other government buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Library of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Indoor_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers Indoor Arena">Workers Indoor Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IAP_Meteorological_Tower" title="IAP Meteorological Tower">IAP Meteorological Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Beijing_Poly_Plaza" title="New Beijing Poly Plaza">New Beijing Poly Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_SOHO" title="Galaxy SOHO">Galaxy SOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangjing_SOHO" title="Wangjing SOHO">Wangjing SOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeza_SOHO" title="Leeza SOHO">Leeza SOHO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_libraries_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_libraries_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">National libraries</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Armenia" title="National Library of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Azerbaijan" title="National Library of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Bangladesh" title="National Library of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Bhutan" title="National Library of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Cambodia" title="National Library of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_East_Timor" title="National Library of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_India" title="National Library of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Indonesia" title="National Library of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Jordan" title="National Library of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Library of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Kuwait" title="National Library of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Laos" title="National Library of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Malaysia" title="National Library of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Mongolia" title="National Library of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Myanmar" title="National Library of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Pakistan" title="National Library of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Philippines" title="National Library of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Russia" title="National Library of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Sri_Lanka" title="National Library of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Tajikistan" title="National Library of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Thailand" title="National Library of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Turkey" title="National Library of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Uzbekistan" title="National Library of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Vietnam" title="National Library of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Yemen" title="National Library of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="National Library of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Haidian,_Beijing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Haidian_District" title="Template:Haidian District"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Haidian_District" title="Template talk:Haidian District"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Haidian_District" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Haidian District"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Haidian,_Beijing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Haidian,_Beijing" title="Haidian, Beijing">Haidian, Beijing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madian,_Beijing" title="Madian, Beijing">Madian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudaokou" title="Wudaokou">Wudaokou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Higher ed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beihang_University" title="Beihang University">Beihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Bailie_University" title="Beijing Bailie University">Beijing Bailie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Dance_Academy" title="Beijing Dance Academy">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Film_Academy" title="Beijing Film Academy">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Foreign_Studies_University" title="Beijing Foreign Studies University">Foreign Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Jiaotong_University" title="Beijing Jiaotong University">Jiaotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Language_and_Culture_University" title="Beijing Language and Culture University">Language and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University" title="Beijing Normal University">Normal</a> <small>Haidian Campus</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party">Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_University_of_Geosciences_(Beijing)" title="China University of Geosciences (Beijing)">Geosciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_University_of_Political_Science_and_Law" title="China University of Political Science and Law">Political Science and Law</a> <small>Xueyuan Lu Campus</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_University_of_China" title="Minzu University of China">Minzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_University_of_China" title="Open University of China">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renmin_University_of_China" title="Renmin University of China">Renmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_International_Relations" title="University of International Relations">International Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_Beijing" title="University of Science and Technology Beijing">Science and Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affiliated_High_School_of_Peking_University" title="Affiliated High School of Peking University">Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Bayi_School" title="Beijing Bayi School">Bayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Haidian_Foreign_Language_Shi_Yan_School" title="Beijing Haidian Foreign Language Shi Yan School">Foreign Language Shi Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Haidian_International_School" title="Beijing Haidian International School">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_attached_to_Tsinghua_University" class="mw-redirect" title="High School attached to Tsinghua University">Tsinghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Affiliated_to_Renmin_University_of_China" title="High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China">Renmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Affiliated_to_Beijing_Institute_of_Technology" title="High School Affiliated to Beijing Institute of Technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_101_Middle_School" title="Beijing 101 Middle School">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_No._20_High_School" title="Beijing No. 20 High School">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_National_Day_School" title="Beijing National Day School">National Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennon_Foreign_Language_School,_Beijing" title="Pennon Foreign Language School, Beijing">Pennon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_American_School" title="Saint Paul American School">Saint Paul American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/301_Hospital" title="301 Hospital">301 Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Radio_%26_TV_Tower" title="Central Radio & TV Tower">Central Radio & TV Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Media_Group_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="China Media Group Building">China Media Group Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaoyutai_State_Guesthouse" title="Diaoyutai State Guesthouse">Diaoyutai State Guesthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haidian_Christian_Church" title="Haidian Christian Church">Haidian Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Spring_Hill" title="Jade Spring Hill">Jade Spring Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Museum_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Revolution" title="Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution">Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Library of China</a> <small>Main Library</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Xijiao_Airport" title="Beijing Xijiao Airport">Beijing Xijiao Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/China_Railway" title="China Railway">Railway</a> stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qinghe_railway_station" title="Qinghe railway station">Qinghe railway station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This list is incomplete.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xicheng,_Beijing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xicheng_District" title="Template:Xicheng District"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xicheng_District" title="Template talk:Xicheng District"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xicheng_District" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xicheng District"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xicheng,_Beijing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Xicheng,_Beijing" title="Xicheng, Beijing">Xicheng, Beijing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwu,_Beijing" title="Xuanwu, Beijing">Xuanwu District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caishikou" title="Caishikou">Caishikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashilan_Subdistrict" title="Dashilan Subdistrict">Dashilan</a> (Dashilar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liulichang" title="Liulichang">Liulichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niujie" title="Niujie">Niujie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xidan" title="Xidan">Xidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xisi" title="Xisi">Xisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xizhimen" title="Xizhimen">Xizhimen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education<br />institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Higher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Institute_of_Education" title="Beijing Institute of Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University" title="Beijing Normal University">Normal</a> <small>Xicheng Campus</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Conservatory_of_Music" title="Central Conservatory of Music">Central Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Foreign_Affairs_University" title="China Foreign Affairs University">Foreign Affairs</a> <small>Zhanguanlan Rd Campus</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Public_Security_University_of_China" title="People's Public Security University of China">People's Public Security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China-Cuba_Friendship_Primary_School" title="China-Cuba Friendship Primary School">China-Cuba Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_No._4_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing No. 4 High School">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_No._8_High_School" title="Beijing No. 8 High School">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Affiliated_to_Beijing_Normal_University" title="High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University">Normal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_High_School_Attached_to_Beijing_Normal_University" title="Experimental High School Attached to Beijing Normal University">Normal Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_High_School_Attached_to_Beijing_Normal_University" title="Second High School Attached to Beijing Normal University">Normal Second</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Library of China</a> <small>Ancient Books Library</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beihai_Park" title="Beihai Park">Beihai Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Financial_Street" title="Beijing Financial Street">Beijing Financial Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Planetarium" title="Beijing Planetarium">Beijing Planetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Zoo" title="Beijing Zoo">Beijing Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Beijing" title="Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Beijing">Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Palace_of_Nationalities" title="Cultural Palace of Nationalities">Cultural Palace of Nationalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshengmen" title="Deshengmen">Deshengmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayuan_Temple" title="Fayuan Temple">Fayuan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Residence_of_Soong_Ching-ling_(Beijing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Residence of Soong Ching-ling (Beijing)">Former Residence of Soong Ching-ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanghua_Temple_(Beijing)" title="Guanghua Temple (Beijing)">Guanghua Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houhai" title="Houhai">Houhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguang_Guild_Hall" title="Huguang Guild Hall">Huguang Guild Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingshan_Park" title="Jingshan Park">Jingshan Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingjing_hutong" title="Lingjing hutong">Lingjing hutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minzu_Hotel" title="Minzu Hotel">Minzu Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_the_Performing_Arts_(China)" title="National Centre for the Performing Arts (China)">National Centre for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niujie_Mosque" title="Niujie Mosque">Niujie Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Union_Medical_College_Hospital" title="Peking Union Medical College Hospital">Peking Union Medical College Hospital</a> <small>Xidan Campus</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Chun_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Chun Mansion">Prince Chun Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gong%27s_Mansion" title="Prince Gong's Mansion">Prince Gong's Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichahai" title="Shichahai">Shichahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongnanhai" title="Zhongnanhai">Zhongnanhai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/China_Railway" title="China Railway">Railway</a> stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_North_railway_station" title="Beijing North railway station">Beijing North railway station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Subway" title="Beijing Subway">Subway</a> stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhua_Qiao_station" title="Anhua Qiao station">Anhua Qiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beihai_North_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Beihai North station">Beihai North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Zoo_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Zoo station">Beijing Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caishikou_station" title="Caishikou station">Caishikou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changchunjie_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Changchunjie station">Changchunjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chegongzhuang_station" title="Chegongzhuang station">Chegongzhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chegongzhuang_West_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Chegongzhuang West station">Chegongzhuang West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguanying_station" title="Daguanying station">Daguanying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuchengmen_station" title="Fuchengmen station">Fuchengmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuxingmen_station_(Beijing_Subway)" title="Fuxingmen station (Beijing Subway)">Fuxingmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guang%27anmennei_station" title="Guang'anmennei station">Guang'anmennei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guloudajie_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Guloudajie station">Guloudajie</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepingmen_station" title="Hepingmen station">Hepingmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hufangqiao_station" title="Hufangqiao station">Hufangqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jishuitan_station" title="Jishuitan station">Jishuitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingjing_Hutong_station" title="Lingjing Hutong station">Lingjing Hutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxidi_station" title="Muxidi station">Muxidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlishilu_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanlishilu station">Nanlishilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping%27anli_station" title="Ping'anli station">Ping'anli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichahai_station" title="Shichahai station">Shichahai</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoranting_station" title="Taoranting station">Taoranting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianqiao_station" title="Tianqiao station">Tianqiao</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_West_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen West station">Tiananmen West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanzi_station" title="Wanzi station">Wanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xidan_station" title="Xidan station">Xidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiekou_station_(Beijing_Subway)" title="Xinjiekou station (Beijing Subway)">Xinjiekou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xisi_station" title="Xisi station">Xisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xizhimen_station" title="Xizhimen station">Xizhimen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwumen_station_(Beijing_Subway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanwumen station (Beijing Subway)">Xuanwumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhushikou_station" title="Zhushikou station">Zhushikou</a> (part)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caishikou_Execution_Grounds" title="Caishikou Execution Grounds">Caishikou Execution Grounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This list is incomplete.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732353#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732353#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732353#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121524522">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126033716">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145641755">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/10005426-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001051712">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14012773j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14012773j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00792082">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zhongguo guo jia tu shu guan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36591857">Australia</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Beijing tu shu guan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36591856">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Beijing tu shu guan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36607031">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Zhongguo guo jia tu shu guan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2004253102&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Beijing tu shu guan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20041025001&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5426062">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000152599&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810622230305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/19971">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007461676905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13241837?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">ISIL</a>: OCLC-N5L</span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">ISIL</a>: CN-CcBjTSG</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/112791085">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/institutions/51005194">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" 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