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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_expedition_to_Abyssinia_(1867–1868)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 British expedition to Abyssinia (1867–1868) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_expedition_to_Abyssinia_(1867–1868)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finding_David_Livingstone_expedition_(1871–1872)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finding_David_Livingstone_expedition_(1871–1872)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Finding David Livingstone expedition (1871–1872) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finding_David_Livingstone_expedition_(1871–1872)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_trans-Africa_expedition_(1874–1877)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_trans-Africa_expedition_(1874–1877)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 First trans-Africa expedition (1874–1877) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_trans-Africa_expedition_(1874–1877)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Upper_Congo_Expedition_(1879–1884)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Upper_Congo_Expedition_(1879–1884)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 International Upper Congo Expedition (1879–1884) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_Upper_Congo_Expedition_(1879–1884)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International Upper Congo Expedition (1879–1884) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_Upper_Congo_Expedition_(1879–1884)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stanley_as_Leopold's_agent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stanley_as_Leopold's_agent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Stanley as Leopold's agent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stanley_as_Leopold's_agent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_Leopoldville_(Kinshasa)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_Leopoldville_(Kinshasa)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Founding of Leopoldville (Kinshasa) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_Leopoldville_(Kinshasa)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dealings_with_Zanzibari_slave_traders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dealings_with_Zanzibari_slave_traders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Dealings with Zanzibari slave traders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dealings_with_Zanzibari_slave_traders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_(1887–1890)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_(1887–1890)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Emin Pasha Relief Expedition (1887–1890) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_(1887–1890)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Later years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_opinion_about_African_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_opinion_about_African_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 General opinion about African people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_opinion_about_African_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion_about_mixed_African-Arab_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_about_mixed_African-Arab_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Opinion about mixed African-Arab peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinion_about_mixed_African-Arab_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accounts_of_cruel_treatment_toward_African_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accounts_of_cruel_treatment_toward_African_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Accounts of cruel treatment toward African people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accounts_of_cruel_treatment_toward_African_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_inspiration_for_Heart_of_Darkness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_inspiration_for_Heart_of_Darkness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Possible inspiration for Heart of Darkness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_inspiration_for_Heart_of_Darkness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_by_Stanley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_by_Stanley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Works by Stanley </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_by_Stanley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_depicting_Stanley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_depicting_Stanley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Works depicting Stanley </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_depicting_Stanley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Honours and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Stanley's_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Stanley's_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 List of Stanley's expeditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Stanley's_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Henry Morton Stanley</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" > 66 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%8A" title="هنري مورتون ستانلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هنري مورتون ستانلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Генры Мортан Стэнлі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генры Мортан Стэнлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Хенри Мортън Стенли – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хенри Мортън Стенли" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%81%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8A" title="Χένρι Μόρτον Στάνλεϊ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χένρι Μόρτον Στάνλεϊ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هنری مورتون استنلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنری مورتون استنلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC_%EB%AA%A8%ED%84%B4_%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%A0%EB%A6%AC" title="헨리 모턴 스탠리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헨리 모턴 스탠리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Հենրի Մորտոն Ստենլի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հենրի Մորտոն Ստենլի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%99" title="הנרי מורטון סטנלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנרי מורטון סטנלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჰენრი მორტონ სტენლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰენრი მორტონ სტენლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Morton_Stanley" title="Henricus Morton Stanley – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Хенри Мортон Стенли – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хенри Мортон Стенли" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87" title="हेन्री मॉर्टन स्टॅन्ले – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेन्री मॉर्टन स्टॅन्ले" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%89" title="هنرى مورتون ستانلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هنرى مورتون ستانلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1" title="ဟင်နရီ မော်တန် စတန်လေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟင်နရီ မော်တန် စတန်လေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="ヘンリー・モートン・スタンリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンリー・モートン・スタンリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrii_Mortan_Istaanlii" title="Henrii Mortan Istaanlii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Henrii Mortan Istaanlii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Стэнли, Генри Мортон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стэнли, Генри Мортон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Хенри Мортон Стенли – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хенри Мортон Стенли" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Генрі Мортон Стенлі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генрі Мортон Стенлі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Henry Morton Stanley" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%B9%E5%88%A9" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Welsh journalist and explorer (1841–1904)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Sir Henry Morton Stanley</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">GCB</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:No-nb_bldsa_1c051_Henry_Morton_Stanley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/No-nb_bldsa_1c051_Henry_Morton_Stanley.jpg/220px-No-nb_bldsa_1c051_Henry_Morton_Stanley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/No-nb_bldsa_1c051_Henry_Morton_Stanley.jpg/330px-No-nb_bldsa_1c051_Henry_Morton_Stanley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/No-nb_bldsa_1c051_Henry_Morton_Stanley.jpg/440px-No-nb_bldsa_1c051_Henry_Morton_Stanley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2457" data-file-height="3491" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Rowlands</div> (1841-01-28)28 January 1841 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Denbigh" title="Denbigh">Denbigh</a>, Wales</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 May 1904(1904-05-10) (aged 63) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Pirbright" title="Pirbright">Pirbright</a>, Surrey, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>United Kingdom</li><li>United States (from 1885)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Unionist">Liberal Unionist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tennant" title="Dorothy Tennant">Dorothy Tennant</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1890)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vega_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vega Medal">Vega Medal</a> (1883)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lambeth North (UK Parliament constituency)">Lambeth North</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 15 July 1895 – 17 September 1900</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Coldwells" title="Francis Coldwells">Francis Coldwells</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Horner" title="Frederick William Horner">Frederick William Horner</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military service</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States">Confederate States</a> (1861–1862)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">United States</a> (1862–1865)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederate Army</a> (1861–1862)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> (1862)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a> (1864–1865)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1861–1862</li><li>1864–1865</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Private</li><li>Ship's clerk</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/6th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment" title="6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment">6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Minnesota_(1855)" title="USS Minnesota (1855)">USS Minnesota</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li>(With the CS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a> (POW)</li></ul></li> <li>(With the US) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fort_Fisher" title="First Battle of Fort Fisher">First Battle of Fort Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Fisher" title="Second Battle of Fort Fisher">Second Battle of Fort Fisher</a> </li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Appletons%27_Stanley_Henry_Morton_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Appletons%27_Stanley_Henry_Morton_signature.png/150px-Appletons%27_Stanley_Henry_Morton_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Appletons%27_Stanley_Henry_Morton_signature.png/225px-Appletons%27_Stanley_Henry_Morton_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Appletons%27_Stanley_Henry_Morton_signature.png/300px-Appletons%27_Stanley_Henry_Morton_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="200" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sir Henry Morton Stanley <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">GCB</a> (born John Rowlands; 28 January 1841 – 10 May 1904) was a <a href="/wiki/Welsh-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh-American">Welsh-American</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> explorer, journalist, soldier, colonial administrator, author and politician who was famous for his exploration of Central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a>. Besides his discovery of Livingstone, he is mainly known for his search for the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo</a> rivers, the work he undertook as an agent of <a href="/wiki/King_Leopold_II_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="King Leopold II of the Belgians">King Leopold II of the Belgians</a> which enabled the occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a> region, and his command of the <a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Emin Pasha Relief Expedition</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knighted</a> in 1897, and served in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Unionist">Liberal Unionist</a> member for <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lambeth North (UK Parliament constituency)">Lambeth North</a> from 1895 to 1900. More than a century after his death, Stanley's legacy remains the subject of enduring controversy. Although he personally had high regard for many of the native African people who accompanied him on his expeditions,<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 10–11  the exaggerated accounts of corporal punishment and brutality in his books fostered a public reputation as a hard-driving, cruel leader,<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 201–202  in contrast to the supposedly more humanitarian Livingstone.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 472  His contemporary image in Britain also suffered from the inaccurate perception that he was American. In the 20th century, his reputation was also seriously damaged by his role in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> for King Leopold II.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 7  Nevertheless, he is recognised for his important contributions to Western knowledge of the geography of Central Africa and for his resolute opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave trade in East Africa">slave trade in East Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 16, 474  <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Discoverer_of_Livingstone_(4671166).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Portrait_of_Discoverer_of_Livingstone_%284671166%29.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Discoverer_of_Livingstone_%284671166%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Portrait_of_Discoverer_of_Livingstone_%284671166%29.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Discoverer_of_Livingstone_%284671166%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Portrait_of_Discoverer_of_Livingstone_%284671166%29.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Discoverer_of_Livingstone_%284671166%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="1406" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a young Henry Morton Stanley <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1870s</figcaption></figure> Henry Stanley was born as John Rowlands in <a href="/wiki/Denbigh" title="Denbigh">Denbigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denbighshire" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. His mother Elizabeth Parry was 18 years old at the time of his birth. She abandoned him as a very young baby and cut off all communication. Stanley never knew his father, who died within a few weeks of his birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley19094-6">[5]</a> There is some doubt as to his true parentage.<a href="#cite_note-Davies1959-7">[6]</a> As his parents were unmarried, his <a href="/wiki/Birth_certificate" title="Birth certificate">birth certificate</a> describes him as a <a href="/wiki/Bastard_(Law_of_England_and_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastard (Law of England and Wales)">bastard</a>; he was baptised in the parish of Denbigh on 19 February 1841, the register recording that he had been born on 28 January of that year. The entry states that he was the bastard son of John Rowland of Llys Llanrhaidr and Elizabeth Parry of Castle. The <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">stigma</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Illegitimacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimacy">illegitimacy</a> weighed heavily upon him all his life.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 17–19, 356  The boy was given his father's surname of Rowlands and brought up by his grandfather Moses Parry, a once-prosperous butcher who was living in reduced circumstances. He cared for the boy until he died, when John was five. Rowlands stayed with families of cousins and nieces for a short time, but he was eventually sent to the St Asaph Union <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">Workhouse</a> for the Poor. The overcrowding and lack of supervision resulted in his being frequently abused by older boys. Historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich_(historian)" title="Robert Aldrich (historian)">Robert Aldrich</a> has alleged that the headmaster of the workhouse raped or sexually assaulted Rowlands, and that the older Rowlands was "incontrovertibly bisexual".<a href="#cite_note-Aldrich2008-8">[7]</a> When Rowlands was 10 years old, his mother and two half-siblings stayed for a short while in this workhouse, but he did not recognise them until the headmaster told him who they were.<a href="#cite_note-Jeal2011-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_the_United_States">Life in the United States</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life in the United States">edit</a>]</div> Rowlands emigrated to the United States in 1859 at age 18. He disembarked at <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and, according to his own declarations, became friends by accident with Henry Hope Stanley, a wealthy trader. He saw Stanley sitting on a chair outside his store and asked him if he had any job openings. He did so in the British style: "Do you need a boy, sir?" The childless man had indeed been wishing he had a son, and the inquiry led to a job and a close relationship between them.<a href="#cite_note-Severin1974-10">[9]</a> Out of admiration, John took Stanley's name. Later, he wrote that his adoptive parent died two years after their meeting, but in fact the elder Stanley did not die until 1878.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> This and other discrepancies led John Bierman to argue that no adoption took place.<a href="#cite_note-Bierman1993-12">[11]</a>: 27–28  <a href="/wiki/Tim_Jeal" title="Tim Jeal">Tim Jeal</a> goes further, and, in his biography, subjects Stanley's account in his posthumously published Autobiography to detailed analysis. Because Stanley got so many basic facts wrong about his purported adoptive family, Jeal concludes that it is very unlikely that he ever met rich Henry Hope Stanley, and that an ordinary grocer, James Speake, was Rowlands' true benefactor until his (Speake's) sudden death in October 1859.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 31–41, esp. 34–41  Stanley reluctantly joined<a href="#cite_note-Gallop2004-13">[12]</a>: 50  in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, first enrolling in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/6th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment" title="6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment">6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> and fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a> in 1862.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold1998-15">[14]</a> After being taken prisoner at Shiloh, he was recruited at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Douglas_(Chicago)" title="Camp Douglas (Chicago)">Camp Douglas, Illinois</a>, by its commander Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_A._Mulligan" title="James A. Mulligan">James A. Mulligan</a> as a "<a href="/wiki/Galvanized_Yankees" title="Galvanized Yankees">Galvanized Yankee</a>." He joined the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> on 4 June 1862 but was discharged 18 days later because of severe illness.<a href="#cite_note-Gallop2004-13">[12]</a>: 61  After recovering, he served on several merchant ships before joining the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a> in July 1864. He became a record keeper on board the <a href="/wiki/USS_Minnesota_(1855)" title="USS Minnesota (1855)">USS Minnesota</a>, and participated in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fort_Fisher" title="First Battle of Fort Fisher">First Battle of Fort Fisher</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Fisher" title="Second Battle of Fort Fisher">Second Battle of Fort Fisher</a>, which led him into freelance journalism. Stanley and a junior colleague jumped ship on 10 February 1865 in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a>, in search of greater adventures.<a href="#cite_note-Gallop2004-13">[12]</a>: 63–65  Stanley was possibly the only man to serve in the Confederate Army, the Union Army, and the Union Navy.<a href="#cite_note-Brown1986-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_expedition_to_Abyssinia_(1867–1868)">British expedition to Abyssinia (1867–1868)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British expedition to Abyssinia (1867–1868)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Abyssinia" title="British expedition to Abyssinia">British expedition to Abyssinia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_Persepolis_graffiti.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Stanley_Persepolis_graffiti.JPG/220px-Stanley_Persepolis_graffiti.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Stanley_Persepolis_graffiti.JPG/330px-Stanley_Persepolis_graffiti.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Stanley_Persepolis_graffiti.JPG/440px-Stanley_Persepolis_graffiti.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Stanley's graffito at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> Following the American Civil War, Stanley became a journalist in the days of frontier expansion in the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American West</a>. He then organised an expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> that ended catastrophically when he was imprisoned. He eventually talked his way out of jail and received restitution for damaged expedition equipment.<a href="#cite_note-Gallop2004-13">[12]</a>: 71–73  In 1867, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">emperor of Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II" title="Tewodros II">Tewodros II</a>, held a British envoy and others hostage, and a force was sent to effect the release of the hostages. Stanley accompanied that force as a special correspondent of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a>. His report on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magdala" title="Battle of Magdala">Battle of Magdala</a> in 1868 was the first to be published, as he had bribed a telegraph operator to send his story first, even before the official army report. After his message was sent, the cable broke; British government officials were greatly irritated to learn of the battle from an American newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-Severin1974-10">[9]</a> Subsequently, he was assigned to report on Spain's <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">Glorious Revolution</a> in 1868. In 1870, Stanley undertook several assignments for the Herald in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> region,<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 90  visiting Egypt, Jerusalem, Constantinople, the Crimea, the Caucasus, Persia and <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> during which time he apparently carved his name into a stone of the ancient palace at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finding_David_Livingstone_expedition_(1871–1872)">Finding David Livingstone expedition (1871–1872)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Finding David Livingstone expedition (1871–1872)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rencontre_de_Livingstone_-_How_I_found_Livingstone_(fr).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rencontre_de_Livingstone_-_How_I_found_Livingstone_%28fr%29.png/220px-Rencontre_de_Livingstone_-_How_I_found_Livingstone_%28fr%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rencontre_de_Livingstone_-_How_I_found_Livingstone_%28fr%29.png/330px-Rencontre_de_Livingstone_-_How_I_found_Livingstone_%28fr%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Rencontre_de_Livingstone_-_How_I_found_Livingstone_%28fr%29.png/440px-Rencontre_de_Livingstone_-_How_I_found_Livingstone_%28fr%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>"Dr. Livingstone, I presume?", an illustration from Stanley's 1872 book How I Found Livingstone</figcaption></figure> Stanley travelled to <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> in March 1871, later claiming that he outfitted an expedition with 192 <a href="/wiki/Porter_(carrier)" title="Porter (carrier)">porters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley187268-19">[18]</a> In his first dispatch to the New York Herald, however, he stated that his expedition numbered only 111. This was in line with figures in his diaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley197013-20">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Gordon_Bennett_Jr." title="James Gordon Bennett Jr.">James Gordon Bennett Jr.</a>, publisher of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a> and funder of the expedition, had delayed sending to Stanley the money he had promised, so Stanley borrowed money from the United States <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">Consul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 93–94  During the 700-mile (1,100 km) expedition through the tropical forest, his thoroughbred stallion died within a few days after a bite from a <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">tsetse fly</a>, many of his porters deserted, and the rest were decimated by tropical diseases. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Morton_Stanley,_1872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Henry_Morton_Stanley%2C_1872.jpg/170px-Henry_Morton_Stanley%2C_1872.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Henry_Morton_Stanley%2C_1872.jpg/255px-Henry_Morton_Stanley%2C_1872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Henry_Morton_Stanley%2C_1872.jpg/340px-Henry_Morton_Stanley%2C_1872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="2289" /></a><figcaption>1872 <a href="/wiki/Carte_de_visite" title="Carte de visite">Carte de visite</a> – Stanley and <a href="/wiki/Kalulu" title="Kalulu">Kalulu</a></figcaption></figure> Stanley found <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> on 10 November 1871 in <a href="/wiki/Ujiji" title="Ujiji">Ujiji</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. He later claimed to have greeted him with the now-famous line, "<a href="/wiki/Dr._Livingstone,_I_presume%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Livingstone, I presume?">Dr. Livingstone, I presume?</a>" However, this line does not appear in his journal from the time—the two pages directly following the recording of his initial spotting of Livingstone were torn out of the journal at some point—and it is likely that Stanley simply embellished the pithy line sometime afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[20]</a> Neither man mentioned it in any of the letters they wrote at this time,<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a> and Livingstone tended to instead recount the reaction of his servant, Susi, who cried out: "An Englishman coming! I see him!"<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[20]</a> The phrase is first quoted in a summary of Stanley's letters published by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> on 2 July 1872.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1872-22">[21]</a> Stanley biographer <a href="/wiki/Tim_Jeal" title="Tim Jeal">Tim Jeal</a> argued that the explorer invented it afterwards to help raise his standing because of "insecurity about his background",<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 117  though ironically the phrase was mocked in the press for being absurdly formal for the situation.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 140  The Herald's own first account of the meeting, published 1 July 1872, reports:<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Preserving a calmness of exterior before the Arabs which was hard to simulate as he reached the group, Mr. Stanley said: – "Doctor Livingstone, I presume?" A smile lit up the features of the pale white man as he answered: "Yes, and I feel thankful that I am here to welcome you."<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></blockquote> Stanley joined Livingstone in exploring the region, finding that there was no waterway from Lake Tanganyika to the Nile. On his return, he wrote a book about his experiences: How I Found Livingstone; travels, adventures, and discoveries in Central Africa (1872).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley1872-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_trans-Africa_expedition_(1874–1877)">First trans-Africa expedition (1874–1877)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First trans-Africa expedition (1874–1877)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley%27s_first_trans-Africa_expedition" title="Henry Morton Stanley's first trans-Africa expedition">Henry Morton Stanley's first trans-Africa expedition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advance_Column_of_the_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Advance_Column_of_the_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_1890.jpg/220px-Advance_Column_of_the_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Advance_Column_of_the_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_1890.jpg/330px-Advance_Column_of_the_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Advance_Column_of_the_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_1890.jpg/440px-Advance_Column_of_the_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption>Henry M Stanley with the officers of the Advance Column, Cairo, 1890. From the left: Dr. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heazle_Parke" title="Thomas Heazle Parke">Thomas Heazle Parke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Nelson_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert H. Nelson (explorer)">Robert H. Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry M. Stanley">Henry M. Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_G._Stairs" class="mw-redirect" title="William G. Stairs">William G. Stairs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._M._Jephson" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur J. M. Jephson">Arthur J. M. Jephson</a></figcaption></figure> In 1874, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a> financed Stanley on another expedition to Africa. His ambitious objective was to complete the exploration and mapping of the Central <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> and rivers, in the process circumnavigating Lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a> and locating the source of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>. Between 1875 and 1876 Stanley succeeded in the first part of his objective, establishing that Lake Victoria had only a single outlet, the one discovered by <a href="/wiki/John_Hanning_Speke" title="John Hanning Speke">John Hanning Speke</a> on 21 July 1862 and named <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Falls" title="Ripon Falls">Ripon Falls</a>. If this was not the Nile's source, then the separate massive northward flowing river called by <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">Livingstone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lualaba_River" title="Lualaba River">Lualaba</a>, and mapped by him in its upper reaches, might flow on north to connect with the Nile via <a href="/wiki/Lake_Albert_(Africa)" title="Lake Albert (Africa)">Lake Albert</a> and thus be the river's primary source.<a href="#cite_note-Jeal2011-9">[8]</a>: 301  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanleyroutes.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stanleyroutes.PNG/220px-Stanleyroutes.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stanleyroutes.PNG/330px-Stanleyroutes.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Stanleyroutes.PNG/440px-Stanleyroutes.PNG 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Routes of Stanley's expeditions in Central Africa</figcaption></figure> It was therefore essential that Stanley should trace the course of the Lualaba downstream (northward) from <a href="/wiki/Nyangwe" title="Nyangwe">Nyangwe</a>, the point where Livingstone had left it in July 1871.<a href="#cite_note-Livingstone1874-26">[25]</a> Between November 1876 and August 1877, Stanley and his men navigated the Lualaba up to and beyond the point where it turned sharply westward, away from the Nile, identifying itself as the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jeal2011-9">[8]</a>: 315  Having succeeded with this second objective, they then traced the river to the sea. During this expedition, Stanley used sectional boats and dug-out canoes to pass the large cataracts that separated the Congo into distinct tracts. These boats were transported around the rapids before being reassembled to travel on the next section of river. In passing the rapids many of his men were drowned, including his last white colleague, Frank Pocock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley1961187–-27">[26]</a> The expedition was repeatedly attacked by natives in canoes.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Stanley and his men reached the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> outpost of <a href="/wiki/Boma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Boma</a>, around 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the mouth of the Congo River on the Atlantic Ocean, after 999 days on 9 August 1877. Muster lists and Stanley's diary (12 November 1874) show that he started with 228 people<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 163, 511 note 21  and reached Boma with 114 survivors, with him the only European left alive out of four. In Stanley's Through the Dark Continent (1878) (in which he coined the term "Dark Continent" for Africa), Stanley said that his expedition had numbered 356,<a href="#cite_note-Hall-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley187865-30">[29]</a> the exaggeration detracting from his achievement. Stanley attributed his success to his leading African porters, saying that his success was "all due to the pluck and intrinsic goodness of 20 men ... take the 20 out and I could not have proceeded beyond a few days' journey".<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Professor James Newman has written that "establishing the connection between the Lualaba and Congo Rivers and locating the source of the Victoria Nile" justified him (Newman) in stating that: "In terms of exploration and discovery as defined in nineteenth-century Europe, he (Stanley) clearly stands at the top."<a href="#cite_note-Newman2004-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_Upper_Congo_Expedition_(1879–1884)">International Upper Congo Expedition (1879–1884)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: International Upper Congo Expedition (1879–1884)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Morton_Stanley_Reutlinger_BNF_Gallica_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Henry_Morton_Stanley_Reutlinger_BNF_Gallica_cropped.jpg/220px-Henry_Morton_Stanley_Reutlinger_BNF_Gallica_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Henry_Morton_Stanley_Reutlinger_BNF_Gallica_cropped.jpg/330px-Henry_Morton_Stanley_Reutlinger_BNF_Gallica_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Henry_Morton_Stanley_Reutlinger_BNF_Gallica_cropped.jpg/440px-Henry_Morton_Stanley_Reutlinger_BNF_Gallica_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1861" data-file-height="2290" /></a><figcaption>Henry M. Stanley in 1884</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_the_Congo" title="International Association of the Congo">International Association of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a></div> On 15 April 1877, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold II of the Belgians">King Leopold II of the Belgians</a> sent his first expedition to Central Africa, then still under the flag of the <a href="/wiki/International_African_Association" title="International African Association">International African Association</a>. The members of the expedition, four Belgians, departing from <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, had the goal of establishing a scientific post in <a href="/wiki/Karema,_Tanzania" title="Karema, Tanzania">Karema</a>, in today's <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, but even before the group entered <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, two of them had already died, one from a sun stroke, the other from a severe fever, upon which the other members of the expedition resigned. Because of these difficulties, Leopold realised how important it was to find experienced men to lead his expeditions. He first tried to persuade <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Savorgnan_de_Brazza" title="Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza">Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza</a>, but he had already entered French service; his eye now fell on Stanley.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley188520-34">[33]</a> Stanley had first hoped to continue his pioneering work in Africa under the British flag. But neither the Foreign Office nor Edward, the Prince of Wales, felt called to receive Stanley after the many rumours of his looting and killing in the interior of the African continent.<a href="#cite_note-Hannes_Vanhauwaert-35">[34]</a> Leopold eagerly received a disenchanted Stanley at his palace in June 1878, and signed a five-year contract with him in November.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 236  Stanley persuaded Leopold that the first step should be the construction of a wagon trail around the Congo rapids and a chain of trading stations on the river. To avoid discovery, materials and workers were shipped in by various roundabout routes, and communications between Stanley and Leopold were entrusted to Colonel <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Strauch" title="Maximilien Strauch">Maximilien Strauch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hochschild2005-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stanley_as_Leopold's_agent">Stanley as Leopold's agent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stanley as Leopold's agent">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_M_Stanley_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Henry_M_Stanley_1890.jpg/220px-Henry_M_Stanley_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Henry_M_Stanley_1890.jpg/330px-Henry_M_Stanley_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Henry_M_Stanley_1890.jpg/440px-Henry_M_Stanley_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>Henry Morton Stanley, 1890</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wr_Studio_Portrait_of_Henry_Morton_Stanley,_ca._1890,_published_by_L_Herbst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wr_Studio_Portrait_of_Henry_Morton_Stanley%2C_ca._1890%2C_published_by_L_Herbst.jpg/220px-Wr_Studio_Portrait_of_Henry_Morton_Stanley%2C_ca._1890%2C_published_by_L_Herbst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wr_Studio_Portrait_of_Henry_Morton_Stanley%2C_ca._1890%2C_published_by_L_Herbst.jpg/330px-Wr_Studio_Portrait_of_Henry_Morton_Stanley%2C_ca._1890%2C_published_by_L_Herbst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wr_Studio_Portrait_of_Henry_Morton_Stanley%2C_ca._1890%2C_published_by_L_Herbst.jpg/440px-Wr_Studio_Portrait_of_Henry_Morton_Stanley%2C_ca._1890%2C_published_by_L_Herbst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Studio Portrait of Henry Morton Stanley, ca. 1890, published by L Herbst, Sydney</figcaption></figure> In 1879, Stanley left for Africa for his first mission, ostensibly working for the <a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_d%27%C3%A9tudes_du_Haut-Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Comité d'études du Haut-Congo">Comité d'études du Haut-Congo</a>, under Leopold's orders. King Leopold gave Stanley clear instructions: "It is not about Belgian colonies. It is about establishing a new state that is as large as possible and about its governance. It should be clear that in this project there can be no question of granting the Negroes the slightest form of political power. That would be ridiculous. The whites, who lead the posts, have all the power."<a href="#cite_note-Leopold_II,_The_whole_story,_Episode_6-37">[36]</a> Stanley described in writings his dismay with the terrible scenes taking place in Congo. At the same time, his "findings" conveyed an idea that the Dark Continent must submit, willingly or otherwise. Stanley's writings show that he, too, held this view. "Only by proving that we are superior to the savages, not only through our power to kill them but through our entire way of life, can we control them as they are now, in their present stage; it is necessary for their own well-being, even more than ours."<a href="#cite_note-Leopold_II,_The_whole_story,_Episode_6-37">[36]</a> Unexpectedly, France had sent its own expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Savorgnan_de_Brazza" title="Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza">Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza</a> had undermined Stanley's mission by concluding contracts himself with native heads of state. The creation of a station that would later be called <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a> could not be prevented. Leopold was furious, writing angrily to Strauch: "The terms of the treaties Stanley has made with native chiefs do not satisfy me. There must at least be an added article to the effect that they delegate to us their sovereign rights ... the treaties must be as brief as possible and in a couple of articles must grant us everything."<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Since everything in Central Africa was about the balance of power between the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a>, Leopold considered his next moves and sent an envoy to Berlin to press for a <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">conference</a>. Leopold wanted the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_the_Congo" title="International Association of the Congo">International Association of the Congo</a> boundaries drawn by Stanley to be officially confirmed, thus giving the Association an official status.<a href="#cite_note-Leopold_II,_The_whole_story,_Episode_6-37">[36]</a> On 26 February 1885, the Berlin Act was signed. The Act regulated an immense free trade zone in the Congo Basin and made it a neutral territory. Furthermore, the Act declared war on slavery. The act contained only one article that Leopold disliked: Article 17 gave the superpowers the right to establish an international commission to supervise the freedom of trade and navigation in Congo. As a result, Leopold would not be able to collect customs duties on the Congo River <a href="#cite_note-Leopold_II,_The_whole_story,_Episode_6-37">[36]</a> In 1890, on the 25th anniversary of Leopold's reign as Belgian monarch, Stanley was taken from one banquet hall to another, proclaimed a hero. Leopold honoured him with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a>. Together they examined the entire Congolese situation. The key question was how the Free State could become profitable. Stanley pointed out to the monarch, among other things, the potential of rubber production. Stanley wrote: "You can find it on almost any tree. As we made our way through the forest, it was literally raining rubber juice. Our clothes were full of it. The Congo has so many tributaries that a well-organized company can easily extract a few tons of rubber per year here. You only have to sail up such a river and the branches with rubber hang almost up to your ship."<a href="#cite_note-Leopold_II,_The_whole_story,_Episode_8-39">[38]</a> In 1891, rubber extraction was divided among concessionaires. This soon led to abuses, when the switch was made to "forced labour".<a href="#cite_note-Leopold_II,_The_whole_story,_Episode_8-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_Leopoldville_(Kinshasa)">Founding of Leopoldville (Kinshasa)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Founding of Leopoldville (Kinshasa)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kinshasa" title="History of Kinshasa">History of Kinshasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kinshasa" title="Timeline of Kinshasa">Timeline of Kinshasa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa_(commune)#History" title="Kinshasa (commune)">Kinshasa (commune) § History</a></div> Stanley, who had left from a post at <a href="/wiki/Vivi,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Vivi, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Vivi</a> near <a href="/wiki/Matadi" title="Matadi">Matadi</a> on 21 February 1880, arrived at <a href="/wiki/Pool_Malebo" title="Pool Malebo">Stanley pool</a> on 3 December 1882. Building a road from Vivi to <a href="/wiki/Isangila" title="Isangila">Isangila</a>, Stanley took almost 2 years to traverse the <a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">rapids</a> towing with him 50 tonnes of equipment, including 2 dismantled steamboats and a barge. After he arrived at Stanley pool, a local king, Makoko of the <a href="/wiki/Anziku_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anziku Kingdom">Anziku Kingdom</a>, gave him a site near <a href="/wiki/Kintambo" title="Kintambo">Kintambo</a> to build a city. Despite hostilities from another nearby king, <a href="/wiki/Ngaliema" title="Ngaliema">Ngaliema</a>, he decided to start the construction of <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Léopoldville</a> on the hillside of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khonzo_Izulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khonzo Izulu (page does not exist)">Khonzo Izulu</a>. Today <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>'s population is 17,000,000, and it is one of the world's fastest growing <a href="/wiki/Megacities" class="mw-redirect" title="Megacities">megacities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dealings_with_Zanzibari_slave_traders">Dealings with Zanzibari slave traders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dealings with Zanzibari slave traders">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_contract_signed_by_Henry_Morton_Stanley_with_slave_trader_Tippu_Tip_on_behalf_of_King_Leopold_II_at_the_British_consulate_in_Zanzibar_in_1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_contract_signed_by_Henry_Morton_Stanley_with_slave_trader_Tippu_Tip_on_behalf_of_King_Leopold_II_at_the_British_consulate_in_Zanzibar_in_1887.jpg/220px-The_contract_signed_by_Henry_Morton_Stanley_with_slave_trader_Tippu_Tip_on_behalf_of_King_Leopold_II_at_the_British_consulate_in_Zanzibar_in_1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_contract_signed_by_Henry_Morton_Stanley_with_slave_trader_Tippu_Tip_on_behalf_of_King_Leopold_II_at_the_British_consulate_in_Zanzibar_in_1887.jpg/330px-The_contract_signed_by_Henry_Morton_Stanley_with_slave_trader_Tippu_Tip_on_behalf_of_King_Leopold_II_at_the_British_consulate_in_Zanzibar_in_1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_contract_signed_by_Henry_Morton_Stanley_with_slave_trader_Tippu_Tip_on_behalf_of_King_Leopold_II_at_the_British_consulate_in_Zanzibar_in_1887.jpg/440px-The_contract_signed_by_Henry_Morton_Stanley_with_slave_trader_Tippu_Tip_on_behalf_of_King_Leopold_II_at_the_British_consulate_in_Zanzibar_in_1887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>The contract signed between Henry Morton Stanley and Tippu Tip on behalf of <a href="/wiki/King_Leopold_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King Leopold II">King Leopold II</a> at the British consulate in <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> in 1887, in which Leopold appoints <a href="/wiki/Tippu_Tip" title="Tippu Tip">Tippu Tip</a> as governor of the <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Falls_District" title="Stanley Falls District">Stanley Falls District</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tippu_Tip" title="Tippu Tip">Tippu Tip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Congo_Arab_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo Arab war">Congo Arab war</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tippu_Tip" title="Tippu Tip">Tippu Tip</a>, the most powerful of <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave</a> traders of the 19th century, was well known to Stanley, as was the social chaos and devastation brought by <a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">slave-hunting</a>. It had only been through Tippu Tip's help that Stanley had found Livingstone, who had survived years on the <a href="/wiki/Lualaba_River" title="Lualaba River">Lualaba</a> under Tippu Tip's friendship. Now, Stanley discovered that Tippu Tip's men had reached still further west in search of fresh populations to enslave.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Four years earlier, the Zanzibaris had thought the Congo deadly and impassable and warned Stanley not to attempt to go there, but when Tippu Tip learned that Stanley had survived, he was quick to act. Villages throughout the region were burned and depopulated. Tippu Tip had raided 118 villages, killed 4,000 Africans, and, when Stanley reached his camp, had 2,300 slaves, mostly young women and children, in chains ready to transport halfway across the continent to the markets of Zanzibar. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Having found the new ruler of the Upper Congo, Stanley had no choice but to negotiate an agreement with him, to stop Tip coming further downstream and attacking <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Leopoldville</a> and other stations. To achieve this, he had to allow Tip to build his final river station just below <a href="/wiki/Boyoma_Falls" title="Boyoma Falls">Stanley Falls</a>, which prevented vessels from sailing further upstream.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett1986-41">[40]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At the end of his physical resources, Stanley returned home, to be replaced by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Winton" title="Francis de Winton">Francis de Winton</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> officer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_(1887–1890)">Emin Pasha Relief Expedition (1887–1890)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Emin Pasha Relief Expedition (1887–1890)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Emin Pasha Relief Expedition</a></div> In 1886, Stanley led the <a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Emin Pasha Relief Expedition</a> to "rescue" <a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha" title="Emin Pasha">Emin Pasha</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Equatoria" title="Equatoria">Equatoria</a> in the southern <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, who was threatened by <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdist</a> forces. King Leopold II demanded that Stanley take the longer route via the Congo River, hoping to acquire more territory and perhaps even Equatoria<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley1890-42">[41]</a> After immense hardships and great loss of life, Stanley met Emin in 1888, mapped the <a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruwenzori Range">Ruwenzori Range</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Edward" title="Lake Edward">Lake Edward</a>, and emerged from the interior with Emin and his surviving followers at the end of 1890.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Despite its success, this expedition tarnished Stanley's name because of the conduct of the other Europeans on the expedition. Army Major <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Musgrave_Barttelot" title="Edmund Musgrave Barttelot">Edmund Musgrave Barttelot</a> was killed by an African porter after behaving with extreme cruelty. <a href="/wiki/James_Sligo_Jameson" title="James Sligo Jameson">James Sligo Jameson</a>, heir to <a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a> manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Jameson_Irish_Whiskey" title="Jameson Irish Whiskey">Jameson's</a>, allegedly bought a 10-year-old girl and offered her to cannibals to document and sketch how she was cooked and eaten. Stanley found out only when Jameson had died of fever.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_emerging_out_of_the_dense_Wellcome_L0034830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_emerging_out_of_the_dense_Wellcome_L0034830.jpg/260px-The_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_emerging_out_of_the_dense_Wellcome_L0034830.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_emerging_out_of_the_dense_Wellcome_L0034830.jpg/390px-The_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_emerging_out_of_the_dense_Wellcome_L0034830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_emerging_out_of_the_dense_Wellcome_L0034830.jpg/520px-The_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_emerging_out_of_the_dense_Wellcome_L0034830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha" title="Emin Pasha">Emin Pasha</a> Relief Expedition emerging out of the <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Rainforest" title="Ituri Rainforest">Ituri Rainforest</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Morton_Stanley%27s_meeting_with_Emin_Pasha_in_1888_durin_Wellcome_V0018825.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Henry_Morton_Stanley%27s_meeting_with_Emin_Pasha_in_1888_durin_Wellcome_V0018825.jpg/260px-Henry_Morton_Stanley%27s_meeting_with_Emin_Pasha_in_1888_durin_Wellcome_V0018825.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Henry_Morton_Stanley%27s_meeting_with_Emin_Pasha_in_1888_durin_Wellcome_V0018825.jpg/390px-Henry_Morton_Stanley%27s_meeting_with_Emin_Pasha_in_1888_durin_Wellcome_V0018825.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Henry_Morton_Stanley%27s_meeting_with_Emin_Pasha_in_1888_durin_Wellcome_V0018825.jpg/520px-Henry_Morton_Stanley%27s_meeting_with_Emin_Pasha_in_1888_durin_Wellcome_V0018825.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2493" /></a><figcaption>Stanley's meeting with Emin Pasha in 1888</figcaption></figure> The spread of <a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">sleeping sickness</a> across areas of central and eastern Africa that were previously free of the disease has been attributed to this expedition,<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sleeping_disorder-45">[44]</a> but this hypothesis has been disputed. Sleeping sickness had been endemic in these regions for generations and then flared into epidemics as colonial trade increased trade throughout Africa during the ensuing decades.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> In a number of publications made after the expedition, Stanley asserts that the purpose of the effort was singular; to offer relief to Emin Pasha. For example, he writes the following while explaining the final route decision. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The advantages of the Congo route were about five hundred miles shorter land journey, and less opportunities for deserting. It also quieted the fears of the French and Germans that, behind this professedly humanitarian quest, we might have annexation projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley1909355-48">[47]</a></blockquote> However, Stanley's other writings point to a secondary goal which was precisely territorial annexation. He writes in his book on the expedition about his meeting with the Sultan of Zanzibar, when he arrived there at the start of the expedition, and a certain matter that was discussed at that meeting. At first, he is not explicit on the agenda but it is clear enough: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We then entered heartily into our business; how absolutely necessary it was that he should promptly enter into an agreement with the English within the limits assigned by Anglo-German treaty. It would take too long to describe the details of the conversation, but I obtained from him the answer needed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley189062-49">[48]</a></blockquote> A few pages further in the same book, Stanley explains what the matter was about and this time, he makes it clear that indeed, it had to do with annexation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I have settled several little commissions at Zanzibar satisfactorily. One was to get the Sultan to sign the concessions which Mackinnon tried to obtain a long time ago. As the Germans have magnificent territory east of Zanzibar, it was but fair that England should have some portion for the protection she has accorded to Zanzibar since 1841 ... The concession that we wished to obtain embraced a portion of East African coast, of which <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a> were the principal towns. For eight years, to my knowledge, the matter had been placed before His Highness, but the Sultan's signature was difficult to obtain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley189069-50">[49]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913.png/330px-Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913.png/495px-Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913.png/660px-Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913.png 2x" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="1142" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913, showing the ‘<a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>’ by the European powers.</figcaption></figure> The records at the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives,_Kew" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archives, Kew">National Archives</a> at Kew, London, offer an even deeper insight and show that annexation was a purpose he had been aware of for the expedition. This is because there are a number of treaties curated there (and gathered by Stanley himself from what is present-day <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> during the Emin Pasha Expedition), ostensibly gaining British protection for a number of African chiefs. Amongst these were a number that have long been identified as possible frauds.<a href="#cite_note-Gray1948-51">[50]</a> A good example is treaty number 56, supposedly agreed upon between Stanley and the people of "Mazamboni, Katto, and Kalenge". These people had signed over to Stanley, "the Sovereign Right and Right of Government over our country for ever in consideration of value received and for the protection he has accorded us and our Neighbours against KabbaRega and his Warasura."<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="50" data-mwtitle="Stanley_receives_the_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London_in_1890.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Stanley_receives_the_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London_in_1890.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/Stanley_receives_the_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London_in_1890.ogg/Stanley_receives_the_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London_in_1890.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Stanley_receives_the_Freedom_of_the_City_of_London_in_1890.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Stanley receives the Freedom of the City of London in 1890.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_M._Stanley_1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Henry_M._Stanley_1891.jpg/220px-Henry_M._Stanley_1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Henry_M._Stanley_1891.jpg/330px-Henry_M._Stanley_1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Henry_M._Stanley_1891.jpg/440px-Henry_M._Stanley_1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3687" data-file-height="2686" /></a><figcaption>Henry Stanley and party standing on the back of an <a href="/wiki/Observation_car" title="Observation car">observation car</a> at <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a>, 19 March 1891</figcaption></figure> On his return to Europe, Stanley married English artist <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tennant" title="Dorothy Tennant">Dorothy Tennant</a>. They adopted a child named Denzil, who was the son of one of Stanley's first cousins, though Stanley concealed this fact from the public and possibly even from Dorothy.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 438  Denzil later donated around 300 items to the Stanley archives at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Museum of Central Africa">Royal Museum of Central Africa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tervuren" title="Tervuren">Tervuren</a>, Belgium in 1954. He died in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-DaerdenWynants2005-53">[52]</a> Mainly at his wife's behest,<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 425  Stanley took up British citizenship and entered <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Unionist">Liberal Unionist</a> member for <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lambeth North (UK Parliament constituency)">Lambeth North</a>, serving from 1895 to 1900. He disliked politics and made little impression on Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 437  He became Sir Henry Morton Stanley when he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1899_Birthday_Honours" title="1899 Birthday Honours">1899 Birthday Honours</a>, in recognition of his service to the British Empire in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> In 1890, he was given the Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a> by King Leopold II.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Stanley died at his home at 2 Richmond Terrace, <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>, London on 10 May 1904.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> At his funeral, he was eulogised by Daniel P. Virmar. His grave is in the churchyard of St Michael and All Angels' Church in <a href="/wiki/Pirbright" title="Pirbright">Pirbright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, marked by a large piece of granite inscribed with the words "Henry Morton Stanley, Bula Matari, 1841–1904, Africa". Bula Matari translates as "Breaker of Rocks" or "Breakstones" in <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a> and was Stanley's name among locals in Congo. It can be translated as a term of endearment for, as the leader of Leopold's expedition, he commonly worked with the labourers breaking rocks with which they built the first modern road along the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 241–242  Author <a href="/wiki/Adam_Hochschild" title="Adam Hochschild">Adam Hochschild</a> suggested that Stanley understood it as a heroic epithet,<a href="#cite_note-Hochschild1998-57">[56]</a>: 68  but there is evidence that Nsakala, the man who coined it, had meant it humorously.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 242  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> Having survived for ten years of his childhood in the <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a>, it is postulated that he needed as a young man to be thought of as harder and more formidable than other explorers. This made him exaggerate punishments and hostile encounters. It was a serious error of judgement for which his reputation continues to pay a heavy price.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a> In the conclusion to his account of a fight with a fellow boy while in the workhouse, Stanley remarked, "Often since have I learned how necessary is the application of force for the establishment of order. There comes a time when pleading is of no avail."<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> He was accused of indiscriminate cruelty against Africans by contemporaries, which included men who served under him or otherwise had first-hand information.<a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[59]</a> Stanley himself acknowledged, "Many people have called me hard, but they are always those whose presence a field of work could best dispense with, and whose nobility is too nice to be stained with toil."<a href="#cite_note-Glave1892-61">[60]</a> About society women, Stanley wrote that they were "toys to while slow time" and "trifling human beings."<a href="#cite_note-Zabus2013-62">[61]</a> When he met the American journalist and traveller <a href="/wiki/May_French_Sheldon" title="May French Sheldon">May Sheldon</a>, he was attracted because she was a modern woman who insisted on serious conversation and not social chit-chat. "She soon lets you know that chaff won't do," he wrote.<a href="#cite_note-Reddall1890-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Middleton1965-64">[63]</a> The authors of the book The Congo: Plunder and Resistance tried to argue that Stanley had "a pathological fear of women, an inability to work with talented co-workers, and an obsequious love of the aristocratic rich,"<a href="#cite_note-Plunder-65">[64]</a> This is not only at odds with his opinions about society women, but Stanley's intimate correspondence in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa" title="Royal Museum for Central Africa">Royal Museum of Central Africa</a>, between him and his two fiancées, Katie Gough Roberts and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Pike_Barney" title="Alice Pike Barney">Alice Pike</a>, as well as between him and the American journalist <a href="/wiki/May_Sheldon" class="mw-redirect" title="May Sheldon">May Sheldon</a>, and between him and his wife <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tennant" title="Dorothy Tennant">Dorothy Tennant</a>, shows that he enjoyed close relationships with those women,<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Imperial-66">[65]</a> but both Roberts and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Pike_Barney" title="Alice Pike Barney">Pike</a> ultimately rejected him when he refused to abandon his protracted travels.<a href="#cite_note-Zabus2013-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> When Stanley married <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tennant" title="Dorothy Tennant">Dorothy</a>, he invited his friend, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jephson" title="Arthur Jephson">Arthur Mounteney Jephson</a>, to visit while they were on their honeymoon. Dr. Thomas Parke also came because Stanley was seriously ill at the time. Stanley's good relations with these two colleagues from the <a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Emin Pasha Expedition</a> could possibly be seen as demonstrating that he could get along with colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-Zabus2013-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_opinion_about_African_people">General opinion about African people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: General opinion about African people">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_under_attack_Wellcome_L0034831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_under_attack_Wellcome_L0034831.jpg/220px-The_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_under_attack_Wellcome_L0034831.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_under_attack_Wellcome_L0034831.jpg/330px-The_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_under_attack_Wellcome_L0034831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_under_attack_Wellcome_L0034831.jpg/440px-The_Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition_under_attack_Wellcome_L0034831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Stanley's expedition under attack</figcaption></figure> In Through the Dark Continent, Stanley observed the peoples of the region, and wrote that "the savage only respects force, power, boldness, and decision".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley1878216-68">[67]</a> Stanley further wrote: "If Europeans will only ... study human nature in the vicinity of Stanley Pool (Kinshasa), they will go home thoughtful men, and may return again to this land to put to good use the wisdom they should have gained ... during their peaceful sojourn."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley1885394-69">[68]</a> In How I Found Livingstone (1872), he wrote that he was "prepared to admit any black man possessing the attributes of true manhood, or any good qualities ... to a brotherhood with myself."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley187210-70">[69]</a> Stanley insulted and shouted at <a href="/wiki/William_Grant_Stairs" title="William Grant Stairs">William Grant Stairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jephson" title="Arthur Jephson">Arthur Jephson</a> for mistreating the Wangwana.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a> He described the history of <a href="/wiki/Boma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Boma</a> as "two centuries of pitiless persecution of black men by sordid whites".<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a> He also wrote about what he thought was the superior beauty of black people in comparison with whites.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley188580,_96-71">[70]</a> According to Jeal, Stanley was not a racist, unlike his contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Burton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Richard Burton">Sir Richard Burton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Samuel Baker">Sir Samuel Baker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 10–11  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_about_mixed_African-Arab_peoples">Opinion about mixed African-Arab peoples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Opinion about mixed African-Arab peoples">edit</a>]</div> The Wangwana of Zanzibar were of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Arab">mixed Arabian and African ancestry</a>: "Africanized Arabs", in Stanley's words. They became the backbone of all his major expeditions and were referred to as "his dear pets" by sceptical young officers on the Emin Pasha Expedition, who resented their leader for favouring the Wangwana above themselves. "All are dear to me", Stanley told William Grant Stairs and Arthur Jephson, "who do their duty and the Zanzibaris have quite satisfied me on this and on previous expeditions."<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 331  Stanley came to think of an individual Wangwana as "superior in proportion to his wages to ten Europeans".<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> When Stanley first met a group of his Wangwana assistants, he was surprised: "They were an exceedingly fine looking body of men, far more intelligent in appearance than I could ever have believed African barbarians could be".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley187230-73">[72]</a> On the other hand, in one of his books, Stanley said about mixed Afro-Arab people: "For the half-castes I have great contempt. They are neither black nor white, neither good nor bad, neither to be admired nor hated. They are all things, at all times ... If I saw a miserable, half-starved negro, I was always sure to be told, he belonged to a half-caste. Cringing and hypocritical, cowardly and debased, treacherous and mean ... this syphilitic, blear-eyed, pallid-skinned, abortion of an Africanized Arab."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley18726-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accounts_of_cruel_treatment_toward_African_people">Accounts of cruel treatment toward African people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Accounts of cruel treatment toward African people">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">British House of Commons</a> appointed a committee to investigate missionary reports of Stanley's mistreatment of native populations in 1871, which was likely secured by <a href="/wiki/Horace_Waller_(activist)" title="Horace Waller (activist)">Horace Waller</a>, a member on the committee of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-slavery Society</a> and fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a>. The British vice consul in Zanzibar, <a href="/wiki/John_Kirk_(explorer)" title="John Kirk (explorer)">John Kirk</a> (Waller's brother-in-law) conducted the investigation. Stanley was charged with excessive violence, wanton destruction, the selling of labourers into slavery, the sexual exploitation of native women and the plundering of villages for ivory and canoes. Kirk's report to the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">British Foreign Office</a> was never published, but in it, he claimed: "If the story of this expedition were known it would stand in the annals of African discovery unequalled for the reckless use of power that modern weapons placed in his hands over natives who never before heard a gun fired."<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[59]</a> When Kirk was appointed to investigate reports of brutality against Stanley, he was delighted because he had hated Stanley for almost a decade. Firstly, for having publicly exposed him (Kirk) for having failed to send provisions to Livingstone from Zanzibar during the late 1860s; secondly, because Stanley had revealed in the press that Kirk had sent slaves to David Livingstone as porters, rather than the free men Livingstone had made very plain he wanted.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Kirk was related to Horace Waller by marriage; and so Waller also hated Stanley on Kirk's behalf.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> He used his membership of the executive committee of the Universities Mission to Central Africa to persuade <a href="/wiki/John_Farler" title="John Farler">J. P. Farler</a> (a missionary in East Africa) to name Stanley's assistants who might provide evidence against the explorer and be prepared to be interviewed by Kirk in Zanzibar.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> An American merchant in Zanzibar, Augustus Sparhawk, wrote that several of Stanley's African assistants, including Manwa Sera, "a big rascal and too fond of money", had been bribed to tell Kirk what he wanted to hear.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Stanley was accused, in Kirk's report, of cruelty to his Wangwana carriers and guards whom he idolised and who re-enlisted with him again and again. He wrote to the owner of the Daily Telegraph, insisting that he (Lawson) force the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> to send a warship to take the Wangwana home to Zanzibar and to pay all their back wages. If a ship was not sent, they would die on their overland journey home. The ship was sent.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Stanley's hatred of the promiscuity that had caused his illegitimacy and his legendary shyness with women, made the Kirk report's claim that he had accepted an African mistress offered to him by <a href="/wiki/Muteesa_I_of_Buganda" title="Muteesa I of Buganda">Kabaka Mutesa</a> exceedingly implausible.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Both Stanley and his colleague, Frank Pocock, loathed slavery and the slave trade and wrote about this loathing in letters and diaries at this time, which speaks against the likelihood that they sold their own men.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> The report was never shown to Stanley, so he had been unable to defend himself.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> In a letter to the Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> in the 1870s, Conservative <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a> and treasurer of the <a href="/wiki/Aborigines%27_Protection_Society" title="Aborigines' Protection Society">Aborigines' Protection Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Fowler,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Fowler, 1st Baronet">Sir Robert Fowler</a>, who believed Kirk's report and refused to "whitewash Stanley", insisted that his "heartless butchery of unfortunate natives has brought dishonour on the British flag and must have rendered the course of future travellers more perilous and difficult."<a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[59]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Charles George Gordon</a> remarked in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a> that Stanley shared <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baker" title="Samuel Baker">Samuel Baker</a>'s tendency to write openly about deploying firearms against Africans in self-defense: "These things may be done, but not advertised",<a href="#cite_note-Burton1897-85">[84]</a> Burton himself wrote that Stanley "shoots negros as if they were monkeys"<a href="#cite_note-Hochschild1998-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bierman1993-12">[11]</a> in an October 1876 letter to Kirk. He also loathed Stanley for disproving his long-held theory that Lake Tanganyika, which he was the first European to discover, was the true source of the Nile, which may have influenced Burton to misrepresent Stanley's activities in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In 1877, not long after one of Stanley's expeditions, Farler met with African porters who had been part of the expedition and wrote, "Stanley's followers give dreadful accounts to their friends of the killing of inoffensive natives, stealing their ivory and goods, selling their captives, and so on. I do think a commission ought to inquire into these charges, because if they are true, it will do untold harm to the great cause of emancipating Africa ... I cannot understand all the killing that Stanley has found necessary".<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Stanley, when reporting the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a> as a young reporter, had been encouraged by his editors to exaggerate the number of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indians</a> killed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">US Army</a>. The legacy for Stanley, of being a helpless illegitimate boy, deserted by both parents, was a deep sense of inferiority that could only be kept at bay by claims of being much more powerful and feared than he was.<a href="#cite_note-Jeal_2007_195–202-89">[88]</a> Tim Jeal, in his biography of Stanley, has shown by a study of Stanley's diary and his colleague Frank Pocock's diary that on almost every occasion when there was conflict with Africans on the Congo in 1875–76, Stanley exaggerated the scale of the conflict and the deaths on both sides. On 14 February 1877, according to his colleague, Frank Pocock's diary, Stanley's nine canoes, and his sectional boat the Lady Alice, were attacked and followed by eight canoes, crewed by Africans with firearms. In Stanley's book, Through the Dark Continent, Stanley inflated this incident into a major battle, by increasing the number of hostile canoes to 60 and adjusting the casualties accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-Jeal_2007_195–202-89">[88]</a> Stanley wrote with some measure of satisfaction when describing how Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Hanning_Speke" title="John Hanning Speke">John Hanning Speke</a>, the first European to visit Uganda, had been punched in the teeth for disobedience to <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mubarak_Bombay" title="Sidi Mubarak Bombay">Sidi Mubarak Bombay</a>, a caravan leader also employed by Stanley, which made Stanley claim that he would never allow Bombay to have the audacity to stand up for a boxing match with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley187228-90">[89]</a> In the same paragraph, Stanley described how he several months later administered punishment to the African.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley187228-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jeal_2007_195–202-89">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Grant_Stairs" title="William Grant Stairs">William Grant Stairs</a> found Stanley during the <a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Emin Pasha expedition</a> to be cruel, secretive and selfish.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> John Rose Troup, in his book about the Emin Pasha expedition, said that he saw Stanley's self-serving and vindictive side: "In the forgoing letter he brings forward disgraceful charges, that really do not refer to me at all, although he blames me for what happened. The injustice of his accusations, made as they are without documentary or, as far as I can learn, any evidence, can hardly be made clear to the public, but they must be aware, when they read what has preceded this correspondence, that he has acted as no one in his position should have acted".<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jeal_2007_195–202-89">[88]</a> By way of counterpoint, it may be noted that, in later in life, Stanley rebuked subordinates for inflicting needless corporal punishment. For beating one of his most trusted African servants, he told Lieutenant Carlos Branconnier "that cruelty was not permissible" and that he would dismiss him for a future offence, and he did.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a> Stanley was admired by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jephson" title="Arthur Jephson">Arthur Jephson</a>, whom William Bonny, the acerbic medical assistant, described as the "most honourable" officer on the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jephson" title="Arthur Jephson">Jephson</a> wrote, "Stanley never fights where there is the smallest chance of making friends with the natives and he is wonderfully patient & long suffering with them".<a href="#cite_note-Middleton2017-95">[94]</a> Writer <a href="/wiki/Tim_Jeal" title="Tim Jeal">Tim Jeal</a> has argued that during Stanley's 1871 expedition, he treated his indigenous porters well under "contemporary standards."<a href="#cite_note-Tim_Jeal-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_inspiration_for_Heart_of_Darkness">Possible inspiration for Heart of Darkness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Possible inspiration for Heart of Darkness">edit</a>]</div> The legacy of death and destruction in the Congo region during the Free State period and the fact that Stanley had worked for <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold</a> are considered by author <a href="/wiki/Norman_Sherry" title="Norman Sherry">Norman Sherry</a> to have made him an inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness" title="Heart of Darkness">Heart of Darkness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Conrad, however, had spent six months of 1890 as a steamship captain on the Congo, years after Stanley had been there (1879–1884) and five years after Stanley had been recalled to Europe and ceased to be Leopold's chief agent in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_by_Stanley">Works by Stanley</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Works by Stanley">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStanley1872" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4u0MAAAAIAAJ">How I Found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures and Discoveries in Central Africa: Including an Account of Four Months' Residence with Dr. Livingstone</a>. Scribner, Armstrong. 1872. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780524087862" title="Special:BookSources/9780524087862"><bdi>9780524087862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+I+Found+Livingstone%3A+Travels%2C+Adventures+and+Discoveries+in+Central+Africa%3A+Including+an+Account+of+Four+Months%27+Residence+with+Dr.+Livingstone&rft.pub=Scribner%2C+Armstrong&rft.date=1872&rft.isbn=9780524087862&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Henry+Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4u0MAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1874" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coomassiemagdala00stan">Coomassie and Magdala: The Story of Two British Campaigns in Africa</a>. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. 1874.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coomassie+and+Magdala%3A+The+Story+of+Two+British+Campaigns+in+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Marston+%26+Co.&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Henry+Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoomassiemagdala00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1878" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqQ4AQAAMAAJ">Through the Dark Continent; Or, The Sources of the Nile: Around the Great Lakes of Equatorial Africa and Down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic Ocean</a>. Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, Rivington. 1878.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Dark+Continent%3B+Or%2C+The+Sources+of+the+Nile%3A+Around+the+Great+Lakes+of+Equatorial+Africa+and+Down+the+Livingstone+River+to+the+Atlantic+Ocean&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Marston%2C+Searle%2C+Rivington&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Henry+Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqQ4AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1885" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGzBns6tMvwC">The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State: A Story of Work and Exploration</a>. Harper & Brothers. 1885. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780403002887" title="Special:BookSources/9780403002887"><bdi>9780403002887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo+and+the+Founding+of+Its+Free+State%3A+A+Story+of+Work+and+Exploration&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1885&rft.isbn=9780403002887&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Henry+Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxGzBns6tMvwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1890" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DFYMAAAAYAAJ">In Darkest Africa; Or, The Quest, Rescue, and Retreat of Emin, Governor of Equatoria</a>. Scribner. 1890.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Darkest+Africa%3B+Or%2C+The+Quest%2C+Rescue%2C+and+Retreat+of+Emin%2C+Governor+of+Equatoria&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Henry+Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDFYMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1893" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mydarkcompanions00stan">My Dark Companions and Their Strange Stories</a>. New York: Scribner. 1893.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Dark+Companions+and+Their+Strange+Stories&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmydarkcompanions00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1893" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slaveryslavetrad00stan">Slavery and the Slave Trade in Africa</a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1893.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+the+Slave+Trade+in+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fslaveryslavetrad00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1909" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrdpAAAAMAAJ">The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley</a>. Houghton Mifflin. 1909. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837119632" title="Special:BookSources/9780837119632"><bdi>9780837119632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Sir+Henry+Morton+Stanley&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=9780837119632&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Henry+Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrdpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1961" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, Richard; Neame, Alan, eds. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k2UMAQAAIAAJ">The Exploration Diaries: Of H. M. Stanley. Now First Published from the Original Manuscripts</a>. Kimber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exploration+Diaries%3A+Of+H.+M.+Stanley.+Now+First+Published+from+the+Original+Manuscripts&rft.pub=Kimber&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Henry+Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk2UMAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1970" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Norman Robert, ed. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stanleysdespatch0000stan">Stanley's Despatches to the New York Herald: 1871–1872, 1874–1877</a>. Boston: Boston University Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2144%2F23144">2144/23144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-8706-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-8706-7"><bdi>978-0-8419-8706-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanley%27s+Despatches+to+the+New+York+Herald%3A+1871%E2%80%931872%2C+1874%E2%80%931877&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Boston+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2144%2F23144&rft.isbn=978-0-8419-8706-7&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Henry+Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstanleysdespatch0000stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_depicting_Stanley">Works depicting Stanley</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Works depicting Stanley">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Morton_Stanley_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Henry_Morton_Stanley_grave.jpg/170px-Henry_Morton_Stanley_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Henry_Morton_Stanley_grave.jpg/255px-Henry_Morton_Stanley_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Henry_Morton_Stanley_grave.jpg/340px-Henry_Morton_Stanley_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Henry Morton Stanley's grave in <a href="/wiki/Pirbright" title="Pirbright">Pirbright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_and_Livingstone" title="Stanley and Livingstone">Stanley and Livingstone</a>, a 1939 film, stars <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Tracy" title="Spencer Tracy">Spencer Tracy</a> as Stanley and <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Hardwicke" title="Cedric Hardwicke">Cedric Hardwicke</a> as Livingstone.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></li> <li>The 1949 comedy film <a href="/wiki/Africa_Screams" title="Africa Screams">Africa Screams</a> is the story of a dimwitted clerk named Stanley Livington, played by <a href="/wiki/Lou_Costello" title="Lou Costello">Lou Costello</a>. He is mistaken for a famous African explorer and recruited to lead a treasure hunt.<a href="#cite_note-Furmanek-99">[98]</a></li> <li>Stanley was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Ed_Kemmer" title="Ed Kemmer">Ed Kemmer</a> in a 1962 episode, "The Truth Teller", on the <a href="/wiki/Television_syndication" class="mw-redirect" title="Television syndication">syndicated television</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthology_series" title="Anthology series">anthology series</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley_Days" title="Death Valley Days">Death Valley Days</a>, hosted by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Andrews" title="Stanley Andrews">Stanley Andrews</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barney_Phillips" title="Barney Phillips">Barney Phillips</a> was cast as <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a>. In the story line, investigative reporter Stanley arrives at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Larned" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Larned">Fort Larned</a>, Kansas to assess Hancock's success in avoiding war on the frontier. Charles Carlson filled the role of <a href="/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="Wild Bill Hickok">Wild Bill Hickok</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></li> <li>Stanley Livingston, played by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mort_Marshall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mort Marshall (page does not exist)">Mort Marshall</a>, whose name invokes both Stanley and David Livingtone, was the zoo director on <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Tuxedo_and_His_Tales" title="Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales">Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales</a>, a 1963-66 animated series.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>In 1971, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> produced a six-part dramatised documentary series entitled Search for the Nile. Much of the series was shot on location, with Stanley played by <a href="/wiki/Keith_Buckley_(actor)" title="Keith Buckley (actor)">Keith Buckley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a></li> <li>Stanley appears as a character in <a href="/wiki/Simon_Gray" title="Simon Gray">Simon Gray</a>'s 1978 play <a href="/wiki/The_Rear_Column" title="The Rear Column">The Rear Column</a>. The play tells the story of the men left behind to wait for <a href="/wiki/Tippu_Tib" class="mw-redirect" title="Tippu Tib">Tippu Tib</a> while Stanley went on to relieve <a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha" title="Emin Pasha">Emin Pasha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a></li> <li>Stanley was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Aidan_Quinn" title="Aidan Quinn">Aidan Quinn</a> in the TV movie Forbidden Territory: Stanley's Search for Livingstone (1997).<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo</a> video game based on his life was released in 1992 called <a href="/wiki/Stanley:_The_Search_for_Dr._Livingston" title="Stanley: The Search for Dr. Livingston">Stanley: The Search for Dr. Livingston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a></li> <li>In 2004, Welsh journalist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Butcher" title="Tim Butcher">Tim Butcher</a> wrote his book <a href="/wiki/Blood_River:_A_Journey_to_Africa%27s_Broken_Heart" title="Blood River: A Journey to Africa's Broken Heart">Blood River: A Journey to Africa's Broken Heart</a>. The book followed Stanley's journey through the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a></li> <li>The 2009 <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History Channel</a> series <a href="/wiki/Expedition_Africa" title="Expedition Africa">Expedition Africa</a> documented a group of explorers attempting to traverse the route of Stanley's expedition in search of Livingstone.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a></li> <li>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hijuelos" title="Oscar Hijuelos">Oscar Hijuelos</a>'s novel Twain & Stanley Enter Paradise retold the story of Stanley's life through a focus on his friendship with <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_legacy">Honours and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Honours and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H_M_Stanley_sculpture,_St_Asaph.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/H_M_Stanley_sculpture%2C_St_Asaph.JPG/170px-H_M_Stanley_sculpture%2C_St_Asaph.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/H_M_Stanley_sculpture%2C_St_Asaph.JPG/255px-H_M_Stanley_sculpture%2C_St_Asaph.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/H_M_Stanley_sculpture%2C_St_Asaph.JPG/340px-H_M_Stanley_sculpture%2C_St_Asaph.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to H. M. Stanley in <a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a></figcaption></figure> A former hospital in <a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a>, north <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, was named after Stanley in honour of his birth in the area.<a href="#cite_note-BBCNews2012-108">[107]</a> It was formerly the workhouse in which he spent much of his early life. Memorials to Stanley were erected in St Asaph and in <a href="/wiki/Denbigh" title="Denbigh">Denbigh</a> (a statue of Stanley with an outstretched hand) in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> A working party was set up in 2020 to consider new wording for a plaque on the St Asaph obelisk,<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> and a public consultation and vote was held in 2021 over a proposal to remove the Denbigh statue, which resulted in an 80 per cent majority for retaining the statue.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">Taxa</a> named in honour of Stanley include: <ul><li>freshwater snail <a href="/wiki/Gabbiella_stanleyi" title="Gabbiella stanleyi">Gabbiella stanleyi</a> (E. A. Smith, 1877)<a href="#cite_note-Smith1877-112">[111]</a></li> <li>freshwater snail genus <a href="/wiki/Stanleya_(gastropod)" title="Stanleya (gastropod)">Stanleya</a> Bourguignat, 1885<a href="#cite_note-Bourguignat1885-113">[112]</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanleyite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanleyite (page does not exist)">stanleyite</a> is named in his honour, as the describer of the mineral was surnamed Livingstone but a mineral named <a href="/wiki/Livingstonite" title="Livingstonite">livingstonite</a> (named for David Livingstone) already existed.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Electric" title="Stanley Electric">Stanley Electric</a>, a major Japanese supplier of automotive lighting, was named by founder Takaharu Kitano after Stanley in admiration of his "perseverance and pioneering spirit".<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Stanley's_expeditions">List of Stanley's expeditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: List of Stanley's expeditions">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Expedition</th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">British Expedition to Abyssinia</a></td> <td>1867–1868 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone#Stanley_meeting" title="David Livingstone">Search for Livingstone</a></td> <td>1871–1872 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Golden_Stool" title="War of the Golden Stool">Third Ashanti war Expedition</a></td> <td>1873–1873 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley%27s_first_trans-Africa_expedition" title="Henry Morton Stanley's first trans-Africa expedition">First trans-Africa expedition</a></td> <td>1874–1877 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_the_Congo" title="International Association of the Congo">International Upper Congo Expedition</a></td> <td>1879–1884 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Emin Pasha Relief Expedition</a></td> <td>1887–1890 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th scope="row" colspan="2">Source:<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/56px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Musgrave_Barttelot" title="Edmund Musgrave Barttelot">Edmund Musgrave Barttelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.M._Stanley_Hospital" title="H.M. Stanley Hospital">H.M. Stanley Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_manliness" title="Christian manliness">Christian manliness</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Stanley was Welsh by birth and upbringing, but assumed an American identity as a young man and consistently represented himself as an American throughout his life. He was naturalised as an American citizen in 1885,<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 294–295  though he later resumed his British subjecthood in 1892 in order to run for Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-jeal2007-3">[3]</a>: 424  </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/stanley_sir_henry_morton.shtml">"Henry Stanley (1841–1904)"</a>. bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 21 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henry+Stanley+%281841%E2%80%931904%29&rft.pub=bbc.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fstanley_sir_henry_morton.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Morton-Stanley">"Sir Henry Morton Stanley"</a>. britannica.com. Retrieved 21 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Henry+Morton+Stanley&rft.pub=britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHenry-Morton-Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeal2007-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jeal2007_3-31">af</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeal2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Jeal" title="Tim Jeal">Jeal, Tim</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mCSQCjEuU94C">Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300126259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300126259"><bdi>978-0300126259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanley%3A+The+Impossible+Life+of+Africa%27s+Greatest+Explorer&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0300126259&rft.aulast=Jeal&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmCSQCjEuU94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushby2007" class="citation web cs1">Rushby, Kevin (24 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/mar/24/history">"A plinth for the fallen idol"</a>. The Guardian. <q>And in recent times, Stanley's reputation has only fallen further. Both Adam Hochschild's King Leopold's Ghost (1998) and Frank McLynn's two-volume biography (1989 and 1991) exposed the hard-hearted monster to pitiless scrutiny. Treaties made between Brussels and illiterate chiefs show Stanley as the architect of a shoddy robbery: vast swaths of Congo exchanged for bolts of cheap cloth and bottles of gin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+plinth+for+the+fallen+idol&rft.date=2007-03-24&rft.aulast=Rushby&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2007%2Fmar%2F24%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley19094-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley19094_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley1909">Stanley 1909</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies1959-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies1959_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1959" class="citation web cs1">Davies, William Llewelyn (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wbo.llgc.org.uk/en/s-STAN-MOR-1841.html">"Stanley, (Sir) Henry Morton (alias Rowlands, John) (1841–1904), explorer, administrator, and author"</a>. Dictionary of Welsh Biography. The National Library of Wales. Retrieved 9 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Welsh+Biography&rft.atitle=Stanley%2C+%28Sir%29+Henry+Morton+%28alias+Rowlands%2C+John%29+%281841%E2%80%931904%29%2C+explorer%2C+administrator%2C+and+author&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=William+Llewelyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwbo.llgc.org.uk%2Fen%2Fs-STAN-MOR-1841.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldrich2008-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich2008_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrich2008" class="citation book cs1">Aldrich, Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tq9UTX5O2CIC&pg=PA136">Colonialism and Homosexuality</a>. Routledge. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-64459-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-64459-9"><bdi>978-1-134-64459-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism+and+Homosexuality&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-64459-9&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtq9UTX5O2CIC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeal2011-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jeal2011_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeal2011_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeal2011_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeal2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Jeal" title="Tim Jeal">Jeal, Tim</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BrYXdH_WXXgC">Explorers of the Nile: The Triumph and Tragedy of a Great Victorian Adventure</a>. Yale University Press. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300149357" title="Special:BookSources/9780300149357"><bdi>9780300149357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explorers+of+the+Nile%3A+The+Triumph+and+Tragedy+of+a+Great+Victorian+Adventure&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780300149357&rft.aulast=Jeal&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBrYXdH_WXXgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Severin1974-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Severin1974_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Severin1974_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeverin1974" class="citation journal cs1">Severin, Timothy (February 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/making-american-lion?page=5">"The Making of an American Lion"</a>. American Heritage. 25 (2). Retrieved 9 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+an+American+Lion&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1974-02&rft.aulast=Severin&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Fmaking-american-lion%3Fpage%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgerton2002" class="citation book cs1">Edgerton, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wI8FGYHGs-QC">The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo</a>. Macmillan. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-30486-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-30486-2"><bdi>0-312-30486-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Troubled+Heart+of+Africa%3A+A+History+of+the+Congo&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-312-30486-2&rft.aulast=Edgerton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwI8FGYHGs-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bierman1993-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bierman1993_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bierman1993_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierman1993" class="citation book cs1">Bierman, John (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DM1AAAAACAAJ">Dark Safari: The Life Behind the Legend of Henry Morton Stanley</a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70802-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70802-0"><bdi>978-0-292-70802-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Safari%3A+The+Life+Behind+the+Legend+of+Henry+Morton+Stanley&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70802-0&rft.aulast=Bierman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDM1AAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallop2004-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallop2004_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallop2004_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallop2004_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallop2004_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallop2004" class="citation book cs1">Gallop, Alan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFyPAwAAQBAJ">Mr. Stanley, I Presume?: The Life and Explorations of Henry Morton Stanley</a>. History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-9494-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-9494-4"><bdi>978-0-7524-9494-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Stanley%2C+I+Presume%3F%3A+The+Life+and+Explorations+of+Henry+Morton+Stanley&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-9494-4&rft.aulast=Gallop&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkFyPAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202190124/http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/grant/filmmore/ps_02.html">"Primary Sources: Henry Morton Stanley: A Confederate Soldier at Shiloh, (for the 2002 PBS film The American Experience: Ulysses S. Grant)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shoppbs.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/grant/filmmore/ps_02.html">the original</a> on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Primary+Sources%3A+Henry+Morton+Stanley%3A+A+Confederate+Soldier+at+Shiloh%2C+%28for+the+2002+PBS+film+The+American+Experience%3A+Ulysses+S.+Grant%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shoppbs.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fgrant%2Ffilmmore%2Fps_02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold1998-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold1998_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1998" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, James (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w3ZJvgAACAAJ">Shiloh 1862: The death of innocence</a>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-606-4"><bdi>978-1-85532-606-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shiloh+1862%3A+The+death+of+innocence&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-606-4&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw3ZJvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown1986-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown1986_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1986" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Dee Alexander (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HsrhBfiB0RsC&pg=PA58">The Galvanized Yankees</a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-6075-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-6075-X"><bdi>0-8032-6075-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Galvanized+Yankees&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-8032-6075-X&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Dee+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHsrhBfiB0RsC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5157/5157-h/5157-h.htm#link2HCH0001">"How I Found Livingstone, by Henry M. Stanley"</a>. The Project Gutenberg EBook.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+I+Found+Livingstone%2C+by+Henry+M.+Stanley&rft.pub=The+Project+Gutenberg+EBook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F5157%2F5157-h%2F5157-h.htm%23link2HCH0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushby2007" class="citation web cs1">Rushby, Kevin (24 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/mar/24/history">"A plinth for the fallen idol"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+plinth+for+the+fallen+idol&rft.date=2007-03-24&rft.aulast=Rushby&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2007%2Fmar%2F24%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley187268-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley187268_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley1872">Stanley 1872</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley197013-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley197013_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley1970">Stanley 1970</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpeartscorrespondent2007" class="citation news cs1">Thorpe, Vanessa; arts; correspondent, media (4 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/feb/04/books.booksnews">"The fibbing Mr Stanley, we presume"</a>. The Observer. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a>. Retrieved 21 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=The+fibbing+Mr+Stanley%2C+we+presume&rft.date=2007-02-04&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft.au=arts&rft.au=correspondent%2C+media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2007%2Ffeb%2F04%2Fbooks.booksnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last3=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes1872-22"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1872_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1872a" class="citation news cs1">Stanley, Henry Morton (2 July 1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1872/07/02/79181684.pdf">"The Search for Livingston"</a> (PDF). The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Search+for+Livingston&rft.date=1872-07-02&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Henry+Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1872%2F07%2F02%2F79181684.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> NY Herald, 1 July 1872. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/38064893">"David Livingstone letter deciphered at last. Four-page missive composed at the lowest point in his professional life"</a>. Associated Press. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=David+Livingstone+letter+deciphered+at+last.+Four-page+missive+composed+at+the+lowest+point+in+his+professional+life&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F38064893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley1872-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley1872_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley1872">Stanley 1872</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Livingstone1874-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Livingstone1874_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone1874" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">Livingstone, David</a> (1874). Horace Waller (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_dgAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA141">The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained from His Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi ; in Two Volumes</a>. Vol. 2. J. Murray. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Journals+of+David+Livingstone%2C+in+Central+Africa%2C+from+1865+to+His+Death%3A+Continued+by+a+Narrative+of+His+Last+Moments+and+Sufferings%2C+Obtained+from+His+Faithful+Servants+Chuma+and+Susi+%3B+in+Two+Volumes&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_dgAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley1961187–-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley1961187–_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley1961">Stanley 1961</a>, pp. 187–. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1889" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, James Penny (1889). Stanley in Africa. Stanley Publishing Company. p. 397.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanley+in+Africa&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=Stanley+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=James+Penny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1975" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Richard (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3bkqAAAAYAAJ">Stanley: An Adventurer Explored</a>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395194263" title="Special:BookSources/9780395194263"><bdi>9780395194263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanley%3A+An+Adventurer+Explored&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780395194263&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3bkqAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley187865-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley187865_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley1878">Stanley 1878</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Stanley to Edward King, 2 October 1877, RMCA. </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman2004-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Newman2004_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2004" class="citation book cs1">Newman, James L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gRVD5uW9dIwC&pg=PA335">Imperial Footprints: Henry Morton Stanley's African Journeys</a>. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. pp. 335–336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-597-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-597-2"><bdi>978-1-57488-597-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Footprints%3A+Henry+Morton+Stanley%27s+African+Journeys&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=335-336&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-597-2&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgRVD5uW9dIwC%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStruyeDe_GueldreBernaertsAdriaenssens1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Struye, Lieven; De Gueldre, Alain; Bernaerts, Bruno; Adriaenssens, Ivo (1987). "Belgische Expiditie zwaar getroffen in Afrika". Kroniek van België (in Dutch). Antwerpen: Standaard. p. 707. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-02-16042-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-02-16042-9"><bdi>90-02-16042-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/781941957">781941957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Belgische+Expiditie+zwaar+getroffen+in+Afrika&rft.btitle=Kroniek+van+Belgi%C3%AB&rft.place=Antwerpen&rft.pages=707&rft.pub=Standaard&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F781941957&rft.isbn=90-02-16042-9&rft.aulast=Struye&rft.aufirst=Lieven&rft.au=De+Gueldre%2C+Alain&rft.au=Bernaerts%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Adriaenssens%2C+Ivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley188520-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley188520_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley1885">Stanley 1885</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannes_Vanhauwaert-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Hannes_Vanhauwaert_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannes2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hannes, Vanhauwaert (2005). "8. The short colonial careers of Jules Greindl, Eugène père Beyens, Eugène Napoléon Beyens and Maximilien Strauch; section: A skeptical Jules Greindl (1835–1917)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethesis.net/leopold_II/leopold_II.htm">All the King's Men: A search for the colonial ideas of some advisers and "accomplices" of Leopold II (1853-1892)</a> (in Dutch). 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Horizon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789463962094" title="Special:BookSources/9789463962094"><bdi>9789463962094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Congo&rft.pub=Horizon&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789463962094&rft.aulast=Op+de+Beeck&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fklara.be%2Fleopold-ii-aflevering-8-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStruyeDe_GueldreBernaertsAdriaenssens1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Struye, Lieven; De Gueldre, Alain; Bernaerts, Bruno; Adriaenssens, Ivo (1987). "Stanley sticht Leopoldstad na heroïsche tocht". Kroniek van België (in Dutch). Antwerpen: Standaard. p. 713. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-02-16042-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-02-16042-9"><bdi>90-02-16042-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/781941957">781941957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stanley+sticht+Leopoldstad+na+hero%C3%AFsche+tocht&rft.btitle=Kroniek+van+Belgi%C3%AB&rft.place=Antwerpen&rft.pages=713&rft.pub=Standaard&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F781941957&rft.isbn=90-02-16042-9&rft.aulast=Struye&rft.aufirst=Lieven&rft.au=De+Gueldre%2C+Alain&rft.au=Bernaerts%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Adriaenssens%2C+Ivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett1986-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Bennett1986_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1986" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Norman R. 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PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 8 (4): e2772. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0002772">10.1371/journal.pntd.0002772</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3998934">3998934</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24763309">24763309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Neglected+Tropical+Diseases&rft.atitle=Sleeping+Sickness+Epidemics+and+Colonial+Responses+in+East+and+Central+Africa+1900%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e2772&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3998934%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24763309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0002772&rft.aulast=Headrick&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3998934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley1909355-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley1909355_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley1909">Stanley 1909</a>, p. 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley189062-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley189062_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley1890">Stanley 1890</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley189069-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley189069_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley1890">Stanley 1890</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray1948-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Gray1948_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1948" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, J. 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Stanley Archives</a> (PDF) (Revised ed.), Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventory+of+the+Henry+M.+Stanley+Archives&rft.place=Tervuren&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Royal+Museum+for+Central+Africa&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Daerden&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Wynants%2C+Maurits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africamuseum.be%2Fdocs%2Fresearch%2Fcollections%2Farchives%2Fhenry-morton-stanley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette11101" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/11101/page/589">"No. 11101"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Edinburgh_Gazette" title="The Edinburgh Gazette">The Edinburgh Gazette</a>. 13 June 1899. p. 589.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Edinburgh+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+11101&rft.pages=589&rft.date=1899-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FEdinburgh%2Fissue%2F11101%2Fpage%2F589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Handelsblad (Het), 9 March 1890. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/henry-morton-stanley/">"STANLEY, Sir Henry Morton (1841-1904)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>. 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New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0547525737" title="Special:BookSources/0547525737"><bdi>0547525737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Leopold%27s+Ghost%3A+A+Story+of+Greed%2C+Terror%2C+and+Heroism+in+Colonial+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0547525737&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvYo-DO4tr-gC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Stanley's Congo Diaries, 1–3 December 1879, RMCA. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanleyStanley1911" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, Henry M. (Henry Morton); Stanley, Dorothy (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/autobiographyofs00stanrich">The autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley</a>. University of California Libraries. Boston : Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+autobiography+of+Sir+Henry+Morton+Stanley&rft.pub=Boston+%3A+Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Henry+M.+%28Henry+Morton%29&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Dorothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiographyofs00stanrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_60-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriver1991" class="citation journal cs1">Driver, Felix (1 November 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/past/article/133/1/134/1545461">"Henry Morton Stanley and His Critics: Geography, Exploration and Empire"</a>. Past & Present (133): 134–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F133.1.134">10.1093/past/133.1.134</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2746">0031-2746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Henry+Morton+Stanley+and+His+Critics%3A+Geography%2C+Exploration+and+Empire&rft.issue=133&rft.pages=134-166&rft.date=1991-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F133.1.134&rft.issn=0031-2746&rft.aulast=Driver&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpast%2Farticle%2F133%2F1%2F134%2F1545461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glave1892-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Glave1892_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlave1892" class="citation book cs1">Glave, E. J. (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hoELAAAAIAAJ">In Savage Africa; or, Six Years of Adventure in Congo-Land</a>. New York: R. H. Russell & Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Savage+Africa%3B+or%2C+Six+Years+of+Adventure+in+Congo-Land&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=R.+H.+Russell+%26+Son&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Glave&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhoELAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zabus2013-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zabus2013_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zabus2013_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zabus2013_62-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabus2013" class="citation book cs1">Zabus, Chantal (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_GPlAgAAQBAJ">Out in Africa: Same-Sex Desire in Sub-Saharan Literatures & Cultures</a>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847010827" title="Special:BookSources/9781847010827"><bdi>9781847010827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+in+Africa%3A+Same-Sex+Desire+in+Sub-Saharan+Literatures+%26+Cultures&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781847010827&rft.aulast=Zabus&rft.aufirst=Chantal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_GPlAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reddall1890-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Reddall1890_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddall1890" class="citation book cs1">Reddall, Henry Frederic (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPmmGAAACAAJ">Henry M. Stanley: A Record of His Early Life and Struggles</a>. R. Bonner's Sons. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+M.+Stanley%3A+A+Record+of+His+Early+Life+and+Struggles&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=R.+Bonner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Reddall&rft.aufirst=Henry+Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPmmGAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Middleton1965-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Middleton1965_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Middleton" title="Dorothy Middleton">Middleton, Dorothy</a> (1965). "Ch IV". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ8SAQAAIAAJ">Victorian Lady Travellers</a>. Chicago: Academy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780897330633" title="Special:BookSources/9780897330633"><bdi>9780897330633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch+IV&rft.btitle=Victorian+Lady+Travellers&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Academy&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=9780897330633&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJ8SAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plunder-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Plunder_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRentonSeddonZeilig2007" class="citation book cs1">Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IuPjmBB-gmsC">The Congo: Plunder and Resistance</a>. London: Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842774854" title="Special:BookSources/978-1842774854"><bdi>978-1842774854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo%3A+Plunder+and+Resistance&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1842774854&rft.aulast=Renton&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Seddon%2C+David&rft.au=Zeilig%2C+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIuPjmBB-gmsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Imperial-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Imperial_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2004" class="citation book cs1">Newman, James L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0qKyxaJMVF0C">Imperial Footprints: Henry Morton Stanley's African Journeys</a>. Washington, D. C.: Potomac Books, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574885972" title="Special:BookSources/9781574885972"><bdi>9781574885972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Footprints%3A+Henry+Morton+Stanley%27s+African+Journeys&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.+C.&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781574885972&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0qKyxaJMVF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Alice Pike to Stanley 17 November 1877; also 28, 13 Oct Nov and 4 December 1874; for Katie Gough Roberts see Jeal, 87–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley1878216-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley1878216_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley1878">Stanley 1878</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley1885394-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley1885394_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley1885">Stanley 1885</a>, p. 394. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley187210-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley187210_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley1872">Stanley 1872</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley188580,_96-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley188580,_96_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley1885">Stanley 1885</a>, pp. 80, 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Stanley to Strauch, 20 September 1880, RMCA. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley187230-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley187230_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley1872">Stanley 1872</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley18726-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley18726_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley1872">Stanley 1872</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaweru2010" class="citation news cs1">Waweru, Daniel (31 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/aug/31/stanley-doesnt-merit-statue">"Stanley doesn't merit a statue | Daniel Waweru"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 21 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Stanley+doesn%27t+merit+a+statue+%7C+Daniel+Waweru&rft.date=2010-08-31&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Waweru&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2010%2Faug%2F31%2Fstanley-doesnt-merit-statue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeal2007" class="citation book cs1">Jeal, Tim (2007). Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer. London: Faber & Faber. pp. 98–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanley%3A+The+Impossible+Life+of+Africa%27s+Greatest+Explorer&rft.place=London&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Jeal&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Waller to Livingstone, 12 August 1872, Rhodes House, Oxford. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeal2007" class="citation book cs1">Jeal, Tim (2007). Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer. London: Faber & Faber. p. 227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanley%3A+The+Impossible+Life+of+Africa%27s+Greatest+Explorer&rft.place=London&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Jeal&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1974" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Richard (1974). Stanley:An Adventurer Explored. London: Collins. pp. 245–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanley%3AAn+Adventurer+Explored&rft.place=London&rft.pages=245-6&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierman1990" class="citation book cs1">Bierman, John (1990). Dark Safari: The Life Behind the Legend of Henry Morton Stanley. New York: Knopf. p. 223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Safari%3A+The+Life+Behind+the+Legend+of+Henry+Morton+Stanley&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Bierman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Stanley to Edward Levy-Lawson 17 August 1877 Russell Train Collection. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeal2007" class="citation book cs1">Jeal, Tim (2007). Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer. London: Faber & Faber. p. 228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanley%3A+The+Impossible+Life+of+Africa%27s+Greatest+Explorer&rft.place=London&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Jeal&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1970" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Norman R. (1970). Stanley's Despatches to the New York Herald 1871-77. Boston: Boston University Press. pp. 317ff, 477ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanley%27s+Despatches+to+the+New+York+Herald+1871-77&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=317ff%2C+477ff&rft.pub=Boston+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Norman+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> J. Kirk to Lord Derby, 1 May 1878, F.O. 84/1514. </li> <li id="cite_note-Burton1897-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Burton1897_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Burton" title="Isabel Burton">Burton, Lady Isabel</a> (1897). Wilkins, W. H. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/7908247/Row-over-statue-of-cruel-explorer-Henry-Morton-Stanley.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Row+over+statue+of+%27cruel%27+explorer+Henry+Morton+Stanley&rft.date=2010-07-25&rft.aulast=Lefort&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fcongo%2F7908247%2FRow-over-statue-of-cruel-explorer-Henry-Morton-Stanley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2005" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Dane (2005). 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FO 84/1527. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeal_2007_195–202-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jeal_2007_195–202_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeal_2007_195–202_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeal_2007_195–202_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeal_2007_195–202_89-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeal2007" class="citation book cs1">Jeal, Tim (2007). Stanley: The impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer. 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McGill-Queen's Press. p. i. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773516403" title="Special:BookSources/9780773516403"><bdi>9780773516403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Exploits%3A+The+Diaries+of+William+Stairs%2C+1887%E2%80%931892&rft.pages=i&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780773516403&rft.aulast=MacLaren&rft.aufirst=Roy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D925cbmVY-QUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroup1890" class="citation book cs1">Troup, John Rose (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVUMAAAAYAAJ">With Stanley's Rear Column</a>. 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Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=%27Twain+%26+Stanley+Enter+Paradise%27+Educates+But+Doesn%27t+Entertain+Its+Readers&rft.date=2015-11-03&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2015%2F11%2F03%2F454236770%2Ftwain-stanley-enter-paradise-educates-but-doesnt-entertain-its-readers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCNews2012-108"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCNews2012_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-north-east-wales-17797380">"HM Stanley Hospital closed and put on market for sale"</a>. BBC News. 21 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=HM+Stanley+Hospital+closed+and+put+on+market+for+sale&rft.date=2012-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-north-east-wales-17797380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-north-east-wales-12775441">"HM Stanley statue unveiled in his home town of Denbigh"</a>. BBC News. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=HM+Stanley+statue+unveiled+in+his+home+town+of+Denbigh&rft.date=2011-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-north-east-wales-12775441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemming2020" class="citation web cs1">Hemming, Jez (24 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhyljournal.co.uk/news/18538822.st-asaphs-hm-stanley-obelisk-will-stay-historical-context-will-added-say-councillors/">"St Asaph's HM Stanley obelisk will stay where it is, but 'historical context' will be added to it say councillors"</a>. Rhyl Journal. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rhyl+Journal&rft.atitle=St+Asaph%27s+HM+Stanley+obelisk+will+stay+where+it+is%2C+but+%27historical+context%27+will+be+added+to+it+say+councillors&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft.aulast=Hemming&rft.aufirst=Jez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhyljournal.co.uk%2Fnews%2F18538822.st-asaphs-hm-stanley-obelisk-will-stay-historical-context-will-added-say-councillors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2020" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Arron (15 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.denbighshirefreepress.co.uk/news/18722223.denbigh-town-council-provide-update-towns-hm-stanley-statue-consultation-process/">"Denbigh Town Council provide update on town's HM Stanley statue consultation process"</a>. Denbighshire Free Press. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Denbighshire+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Denbigh+Town+Council+provide+update+on+town%27s+HM+Stanley+statue+consultation+process&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Arron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denbighshirefreepress.co.uk%2Fnews%2F18722223.denbigh-town-council-provide-update-towns-hm-stanley-statue-consultation-process%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1877-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith1877_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1877" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, E. A. (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen772zool#page/712/mode/2up">"On the shells of Lake Nyasa, and on a few marine species from Mozambique"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Zoological_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</a>: 712–722. <q>Figures 21–22</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+shells+of+Lake+Nyasa%2C+and+on+a+few+marine+species+from+Mozambique&rft.pages=712-722&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fproceedingsofgen772zool%23page%2F712%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourguignat1885-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Bourguignat1885_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourguignat1885" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ren%C3%A9_Bourguignat" title="Jules René Bourguignat">Bourguignat, J. R.</a> (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/noticeprodromiqu00bour#page/10/mode/2up">Notice prodromique sur les mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis par M. Victor Giraud dans la region méridionale du lac Tanganika</a> [Prodromic note on terrestrial and fluvial molluscs collected by Mr. Victor Giraud in the southern region of Lake Tanganyika] (in French). Paris: Tremblay. pp. 11, 86–87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notice+prodromique+sur+les+mollusques+terrestres+et+fluviatiles+recueillis+par+M.+Victor+Giraud+dans+la+region+m%C3%A9ridionale+du+lac+Tanganika&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=11%2C+86-87&rft.pub=Tremblay&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Bourguignat&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnoticeprodromiqu00bour%23page%2F10%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone1982" class="citation journal cs1">Livingstone, A. (1982). "Stanleyite, a new vanadium sulfate mineral from Peru". Mineralogical Magazine. 45 (337): 163–166. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982MinM...45..163L">1982MinM...45..163L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fminmag.1982.045.337.19">10.1180/minmag.1982.045.337.19</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53679659">53679659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Stanleyite%2C+a+new+vanadium+sulfate+mineral+from+Peru&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=337&rft.pages=163-166&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53679659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fminmag.1982.045.337.19&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982MinM...45..163L&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dispatch.com/article/20121111/NEWS/311119847">"Auto lightning supplier in London back on beam"</a>. The Columbus dispatch. 11 November 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Auto+lightning+supplier+in+London+back+on+beam&rft.pub=The+Columbus+dispatch&rft.date=2012-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dispatch.com%2Farticle%2F20121111%2FNEWS%2F311119847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-expeditions-of-sir-henry-morton-stanley/mode/2up">The Expeditions of Sir Henry Morton Stanley</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Stanley,_Sir_Henry_Morton">"Stanley, Sir Henry Morton" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 779–781.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stanley%2C+Sir+Henry+Morton&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=779-781&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dugard, Martin: Into Africa: The Epic Adventures of Stanley and Livingstone, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50451-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50451-9">0-385-50451-9</a></li> <li>Hall, Richard (1974). Stanley. An Adventurer Explored, London.</li> <li>Hughes, Nathaniel Jr. Sir Henry Morton Stanley, Confederate <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2587-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2587-3">0-8071-2587-3</a>, reprint with introduction, copyright 2000, from original, The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1909)</li> <li>Liebowitz, Daniel; Pearson, Charles: The Last Expedition: Stanley's Mad Journey Through the Congo, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05903-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05903-0">0-393-05903-0</a></li> <li>Pakenham, Thomas: The Scramble for Africa. Abacus History, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-10449-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-10449-2">0-349-10449-2</a></li> <li>Petringa, Maria: Brazza, A Life for Africa, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-1198-0">978-1-4259-1198-0</a></li> <li>The British Medical Journal 1870–1871 editions have numerous reports of Stanley's progress in trying to track David Livingstone.</li> <li>Simpson, J. 2007. Not Quite World's End A Traveller's Tales. pp. 291–293; 294–296. Pan Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-43560-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-43560-4">978-0-330-43560-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1873" class="citation book cs1">Anonymous (1873). "H. M. Stanley". <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_men_of_the_day/H._M._Stanley">Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day</a>. Illustrated by <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Frederick_Waddy" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Frederick Waddy">Frederick Waddy</a>. London: Tinsley Brothers. pp. 124–125. Retrieved 13 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=H.+M.+Stanley&rft.btitle=Cartoon+portraits+and+biographical+sketches+of+men+of+the+day&rft.place=London&rft.pages=124-125&rft.pub=Tinsley+Brothers&rft.date=1873&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FCartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_men_of_the_day%2FH._M._Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morton+Stanley" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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/></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a 1900 <a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a> article about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Stanley,_Henry_Morton" class="extiw" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Stanley, Henry Morton">Henry Morton Stanley</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1714">Works by Henry Morton Stanley</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/5157">How I Found Livingstone</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Stanley%2C%20Henry%20Morton%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Stanley%2C%20Henry%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Stanley%2C%20H%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Henry%20Morton%20Stanley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Henry%20M%2E%20Stanley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22H%2E%20M%2E%20Stanley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Henry%20Morton%20Stanley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Henry%20M%2E%20Stanley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20M%2E%20Stanley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20Morton%20Stanley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stanley%2C%20Henry%20Morton%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stanley%2C%20Henry%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stanley%2C%20H%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stanley%2C%20H%2E%20Morton%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Henry%20Morton%20Stanley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Henry%20M%2E%20Stanley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22H%2E%20M%2E%20Stanley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Henry%20Morton%20Stanley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Henry%20M%2E%20Stanley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22H%2E%20M%2E%20Stanley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Stanley%2C%20Henry%20Morton%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Stanley%2C%20Henry%20M%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221841-1904%22%20AND%20Stanley%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Henry Morton Stanley</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4438">Works by Henry Morton Stanley</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/707803">H M Stanley Hospital</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howifoundlivings00stanuoft">How I Found Livingstone</a>, illustrated. From <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indarkestafricao01stanuoft">In darkest Africa; or, The quest, rescue, and retreat of Emin, governor of Equatoria. Volume 1</a> (1890), illustrated. From <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darkestafrica02stanuoft">In darkest Africa; or, The quest, rescue, and retreat of Emin, governor of Equatoria. Volume 2</a> (1890), illustrated. From <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04254">Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904), Explorer and journalist</a> Sitter associated with 27 portraits</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070505042231/http://www.gtj.org.uk/en/item10/31861">Letters and maps associated with HM Stanley from Gathering the Jewels</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7758250.stm">HM Stanley and Knife Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/sir-henry-stanley">contributions in Parliament by Sir Henry Stanley</a></li> <li>Collected journalism of Henry Stanley at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicjournalism.com/henry-stanley.html">The Archive of American Journalism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/016976">Newspaper clippings about Henry Morton Stanley</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.africamuseum.be/agents/people/100">Archive Henry Morton Stanley</a>, Royal Museum for Central Africa</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Coldwells" title="Francis Coldwells">Francis Moses Coldwells</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lambeth North (UK Parliament constituency)">Lambeth North</a> <a href="/wiki/1895_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1895 United Kingdom general election">1895</a> – <a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">1900</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Horner" title="Frederick William Horner">Frederick William Horner</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div 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href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/66810">Musée d'Orsay</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/982658">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118616781.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118616781">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027147312">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62w384n">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/40006">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&oldid=1256355609">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morton_Stanley&oldid=1256355609</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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