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<div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumbs" id="breadcrumbs"><span><span><a href="https://www.wcrf.org/">Home</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/">Preventing cancer</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/">Cancer types</a></span> <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Lung cancer</span></span></nav> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div><section class="hero header-secondary color-sky-blue-bg"> <div class="item"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell small-order-2 large-order-1 large-6 vertical-align"> <div class="content color-transparent-bg"> <h1>Lung cancer</h1> <div class="subtitle bold-600 collapse-margin-bottom"><p>What is lung cancer? Find out how common it is, the causes, and expert advice on how to reduce your risk.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cell small-order-1 large-order-2 large-6">  <div class="media"> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="675" height="450" src="https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cancer-types-LUNG.png" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="Lung" srcset="https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cancer-types-LUNG.png 675w, https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cancer-types-LUNG-300x200.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell"> <div class="quick-links rounded-s overflow-hidden spacing-m spacing-m-left spacing-m-right"> <h2 class="quick-links-heading">On this page</h2> <ul class="quick-links-list"></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-text"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <h2>What is lung cancer?</h2> <p>Your lungs are organs in your respiratory system and sit in your chest. The lungs transfer oxygen into the blood when you breathe in and remove carbon dioxide from the blood when you breathe out.</p> <p>Lung cancer can start in the windpipe (also known as the trachea), the bronchus (an airway that takes air from the windpipe into the lungs) or the tissue of the lungs themselves.</p> <p><a href="/preventing-cancer/topics/smoking-and-cancer/">Smoking</a> is the main cause of lung cancer.</p> <h2>How common is lung cancer?</h2> <p>Lung cancer is the 4th most common cancer in the UK (2021 data), and the most common in the world (2022 data).</p> <h3>Men</h3> <p>Lung cancer is the 3rd most common cancer in men in the UK, and the most common in men globally.</p> <h3>Women</h3> <p>Lung cancer is the 2nd most common cancer in women in the UK, and the 2nd most common in women globally.</p> <div class="spacing-xs-top"> <a class="button primary" href="/preventing-cancer/cancer-statistics/lung-cancer-statistics/" aria-label="Find the latest lung cancer statistics" target="" > Find the latest lung cancer statistics </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-table spacing-collapse"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell large-8"> <table class="stack"> <thead> <tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Cases</th> <th>Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>UK</td> <td>48,750</td> <td>2021</td> </tr> <tr> <td>World</td> <td>2,480,675</td> <td>2022</td> </tr> </tbody> <caption>Sources: UK cancer statistics based on combined data from England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. World Cancer Research Fund, 2024. International cancer statistics from <a href="https://gco.iarc.fr/en" target="_blank">Globocan</a>.</caption> </table> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-text spacing-collapse-top"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <h2>What are the symptoms of lung cancer?</h2> <p>Lung cancer does not usually cause noticeable symptoms until it has spread through the lungs or into other parts of the body. This means the outlook for lung cancer is not as good as for many other types of cancer.</p> <p>Find more information on lung cancer symptoms on the <a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lung-cancer/">NHS website</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-50-50 has-header color-apple-75-bg"> <div class="header color-apple-75-bg"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x relative "> <div class="cell "> <h2>What causes lung cancer?</h2><p>As well as smoking, there are other things that affect your risk of lung cancer.</p> <p>Evidence for what can cause lung cancer comes from large population studies (called epidemiology) and biological studies (where scientists look at cells in a laboratory).</p> <p>If the risk factors below affect you, this doesn鈥檛 necessarily mean that you will develop lung cancer.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container paragraphs"> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3>Smoking</h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p>More than 90% of lung cancer cases in men and more than 80% in women worldwide are caused by smoking tobacco. Passive smoking is also a cause of lung cancer.</p> <p>But lung cancer can also develop in people who have never smoked.</p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3>Supplements</h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p>In current and former smokers, taking high-dose beta-carotene supplements increases the risk of lung cancer. <a href="/preventing-cancer/cancer-prevention/our-cancer-prevention-recommendations/">This is why we recommend that you don鈥檛 take supplements for cancer prevention</a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3>Arsenic</h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p>Drinking water containing arsenic increases the risk of lung cancer. Agricultural, mining and industrial practices can contaminate water with arsenic. Arsenic can also occur naturally in water.</p> <p>The primary regions with high concentrations of arsenic in drinking water are large areas of Bangladesh, China and West Bengal (India).</p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3>Lung diseases</h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p>People with a history of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis or pneumonia have a higher risk of developing lung cancer. People with antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae, bacteria that can cause chest infections, also have a higher risk.</p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3>Work</h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p>People who work with asbestos, crystalline silica, radon, mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals or diesel fumes have a higher risk of lung cancer.</p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3>Pollution</h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p>A pollutant called particulate matter, which is in diesel and petrol exhaust fumes (and tobacco smoke), increases the risk of lung and other cancers.</p> <p>Levels of particulate matter and other air pollutants are usually higher in cities, and vary according to traffic density and weather conditions.</p> <p>The risk of cancer from air pollution is low in the UK, but much higher in other countries.</p> <p><a href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution">> Find out more about air pollution on the World Health Organization website</a></p> <p>Indoor air can also be polluted, especially where wood and coal are burned for cooking and heating.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-text spacing-collapse-bottom"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <h3>Other risk factors</h3> <p>Our Expert Panel of scientists has also looked at other things that may be linked with the risk of lung cancer. The evidence for the risk factors listed below is limited, and we do not recommend that you change your behaviour only on the basis of these risk factors:</p> <ul> <li>eating red meat or processed meat may increase the risk of lung cancer.</li> <li>drinking alcohol may increase the risk of lung cancer.</li> <li>being physically active may decrease the risk of lung cancer.</li> <li>eating food containing retinol, beta-carotene or carotenoids may decrease the risk of lung cancer.</li> <li>in people who’ve never smoked, eating food containing isoflavones (a compound found in plants, especially beans) may decrease the risk of lung cancer.</li> <li>in current smokers and former smokers, eating vegetables and fruit may decrease the risk of lung cancer.</li> <li>in current smokers, eating food containing vitamin C may decrease the risk of lung cancer.</li> </ul> <p>For scientists: full references, pathogenesis and a summary of the mechanisms underpinning our findings on how to prevent lung cancer can be found in our <a href="/resources/lung-cancer-report/">2018 lung cancer report</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-list spacing-collapse-top"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <div class="content color-corn-75-bg has-bg"> <h2>Reduce your risk of lung cancer</h2> <p>Following our <a href="/preventing-cancer/cancer-prevention/our-cancer-prevention-recommendations/">Cancer Prevention Recommendations</a> reduces your risk of lung cancer and other cancers. If you have been diagnosed with cancer, following our Recommendations can reduce the risk of cancer returning.</p> <h3>Don鈥檛 smoke</h3> <p>By far the most important thing you can do to prevent lung cancer is to not smoke, or to give up smoking. If you do smoke, stopping smoking will reduce your risk.</p> <p>In the UK, the NHS stop smoking service can help you quit.</p> <h3>Don鈥檛 take high dose beta-carotene supplements</h3> <p>High-dose beta carotene supplements can increase lung cancer risk in smokers and ex-smokers.</p> <p><a href="/preventing-cancer/cancer-prevention/our-cancer-prevention-recommendations/">This is one of the reasons we recommend you do not rely on supplements for cancer prevention</a>. It鈥檚 best to get all the nutrients you need from a healthy balanced diet rather than from supplements.</p> <p>However, dietary supplements, in addition to varied diets, may sometimes be beneficial for specific population groups or for individuals.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="links links-50-50 spacing-collapse color-apple-bg"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-wrap"> <div class="grid-x align-center align-middle last_item"> <div class="cell medium large-6 large-order-1"> <div class="media-spacer"> <div class="media media-relative ratio-7-5"> <img decoding="async" width="675" height="450" src="https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/CP-Recs1311818938r-675.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="A young woman outside carrying a paper bag filled with fruit and veg" srcset="https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/CP-Recs1311818938r-675.jpg 675w, https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/CP-Recs1311818938r-675-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cell medium large-6 large-order-2"> <div class="content"> <h3>Cancer Prevention Recommendations</h3><div class="subtitle "><p>Proven ways to reduce your risk of cancer</p> </div><a href="/preventing-cancer/cancer-prevention/our-cancer-prevention-recommendations/" class="button primary">Our Recommendations</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="cards-text cards spacing-collapse-bottom has-header"> <div class="header spacing-collapse-bottom"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x relative "> <div class="cell "> <h2>Lung cancer survival</h2><p>Our <a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/">Living with cancer</a> section can help if you are living with lung cancer.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x grid-margin-y align-center"> <div class="cell medium-6 large-4 repeater-item"> <a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/cancer-and-nutrition-helpline/" class="pseudo-link">Here to help</a> <div class="card color-sky-blue-75-bg"> <div class="content fixed-button"> <h3 class="h3">Cancer and Nutrition Helpline</h3> <div class="button-group"><a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/cancer-and-nutrition-helpline/" class="button secondary">Here to help</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cell medium-6 large-4 repeater-item"> <a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/your-questions-answered/" class="pseudo-link">Your questions answered</a> <div class="card color-sky-blue-75-bg"> <div class="content fixed-button"> <h3 class="h3">FAQs about cancer</h3> <div class="button-group"><a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/your-questions-answered/" class="button secondary">Your questions answered</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cell medium-6 large-4 repeater-item"> <a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/cook-through-cancer/" class="pseudo-link">Sign up for a class</a> <div class="card color-sky-blue-75-bg"> <div class="content fixed-button"> <h3 class="h3">Cook Through Cancer</h3> <div class="button-group"><a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/cook-through-cancer/" class="button secondary">Sign up for a class</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="related-posts has-header"> <div class="header"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x relative "> <div class="cell "> <h2>Our latest research on lung cancer</h2><p>We fund research on lung cancer through our grant programmes. Read about the latest findings and ongoing projects in our <a href="/research-policy/our-research/grants-database/">database of projects</a>. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-panel" id="search-results-10" data-anchor> <div class="search-form-container"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" id="search-form-10" action="/lung-cancer#search-form-10"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <div class="search-bar"> <input type="hidden" name="order_by" id="order_by10" value="publish_date"> <input type="hidden" name="order" id="order10" value="asc"> <input type="hidden" name="posts_per_page" id="posts_per_page10" value="3"> <input type="hidden" name="filter" id="filter10" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="cats" id="cats10" value="437"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="cards cards-full has-header search-results search-results-main" id="search-results-main-10" data-start-page="1" data-total-posts="3"> <div class="grid-container"> <div id="post-results-10" class="grid-x grid-margin-x grid-margin-y medium-up-2 large-up-3 posts post-results align-center"> <div class="cell repeater-item related no-image"> <a href="https://www.wcrf.org/research-policy/our-research/grants-database/adherence-to-mediterranean-diet-and-risk-of-esophageal-gastric-pancreas-lung-and-breast-cancer-a-prospective-cohort-study/" class="pseudo-link">Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of esophageal, gastric, pancreas, lung and breast cancer: a prospective cohort study</a> <div class="card color-indigo-75-bg"> <div class="content fixed-button"> <h4 class="h4">Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of esophageal, gastric, pancreas, lung and breast cancer: a prospective cohort study</h4> <p class="">Piet van den Brandt’s research concluded that eating a Mediterranean diet may reduce the risk of lung, postmenopausal breast, oesophagus (squamous cell carcinoma in men), and stomach cancers</p> 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class="button-group sr-only"><a href="https://www.wcrf.org/research-policy/our-research/grants-database/comprehensive-assessment-validation-and-causal-identification-of-dietary-exposures-and-cancer-risk/" class="button ">Read more</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cell repeater-item related no-image"> <a href="https://www.wcrf.org/research-policy/our-research/grants-database/evaluating-protective-effect-folate-against-lung-cancer-large-european-prospective-study/" class="pseudo-link">Evaluating the protective effect of folate against lung cancer in a large European prospective study</a> <div class="card color-indigo-75-bg"> <div class="content fixed-button"> <h4 class="h4">Evaluating the protective effect of folate against lung cancer in a large European prospective study</h4> <p class="">Blood concentrations of vitamin B6 and methionine were lower in lung cancer cases than in controls in a study funded by WCRF International</p> <div class="button-group sr-only"><a href="https://www.wcrf.org/research-policy/our-research/grants-database/evaluating-protective-effect-folate-against-lung-cancer-large-european-prospective-study/" class="button ">Read more</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="related-posts color-dark-indigo-25-bg tab-top has-header"> <div class="header color-dark-indigo-25-bg"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x relative "> <div class="cell "> <h2>Browse other cancer types</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-panel" id="search-results-11" data-anchor> <div class="search-form-container"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" id="search-form-11" action="/lung-cancer#search-form-11"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <div class="search-bar"> <input type="hidden" name="order_by" id="order_by11" value="rand"> <input type="hidden" name="order" id="order11" value="desc"> <input type="hidden" name="posts_per_page" 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https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cancer-types-STOMACH-300x200.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px" /> </div> <div class="content fixed-button"> <h4 class="h4">Stomach cancer</h4> <p class="">Alcohol, salt-preserved food and weight affect your risk of stomach cancer</p> <div class="button-group sr-only"><a href="https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/stomach-cancer/" class="button sr-only">More on stomach cancer</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <p></p> </main>  <footer class="global-footer dark-mode"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x align-justify">  <div class="cell small-9 medium-6 large-4"> <span class="footer-logo"> <a href="https://www.wcrf.org" class="icon"> <img src="https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/themes/leggo-theme/assets/dist/svgs/preventing-cancer-saving-lives.svg" alt="World Cancer Research Fund"> </a> </span> <p>World Cancer Research Fund is a registered charity in 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