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id='searchsubmit' aria-label='Search'><i class='fa fa-magnifying-glass'></i></button></form> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="site-content"> <div class="global-breadcrumb"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumbs" id="breadcrumbs"><span><span><a href="https://www.wcrf.org/">Home</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/">Preventing cancer</a></span> <span><a href="https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/">Cancer types</a></span> <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Skin cancer</span></span></nav> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div><section class="hero header-secondary color-sky-blue-bg"> <div class="item"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell small-order-2 large-order-1 large-6 vertical-align"> <div class="content color-transparent-bg"> <h1>Skin cancer</h1> <div class="subtitle bold-600 collapse-margin-bottom"><p>What is skin cancer? Find out how common it is, the causes, and expert advice on how to reduce your risk. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cell small-order-1 large-order-2 large-6"> <!-- div class="media media-relative ratio-7-6" --> <div class="media"> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="675" height="450" src="https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cancer-types-SKIN.png" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="Skin" srcset="https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cancer-types-SKIN.png 675w, https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cancer-types-SKIN-300x200.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell"> <div class="quick-links rounded-s overflow-hidden spacing-m spacing-m-left spacing-m-right"> <h2 class="quick-links-heading">On this page</h2> <ul class="quick-links-list"></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-text"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <h2>What is skin cancer?</h2> <p>Skin is the largest organ in the body. It is made up of 3 layers of tissue:</p> <ol> <li>Epidermis (top layer)</li> <li>Dermis (middle layer)</li> <li>Hypodermis (bottom, fatty layer)</li> </ol> <p>Skin cancers can be divided into 2 main groups: melanoma and non-melanoma. Melanoma is a more serious type of skin cancer.</p> <p>The most common non-melanoma cancers are:</p> <ul> <li>basal cell carcinoma. This is the most common form of skin cancer and develops in basal cells in the epidermis layer of the skin.</li> <li>squamous cell carcinoma. This is the second-most common form of skin cancer and develops in squamous cells in the epidermis layer of the skin.</li> </ul> <p><a href="/preventing-cancer/topics/sun-uv-rays-and-cancer/">&gt; Sun, UV and cancer</a></p> <h2>How common is skin cancer?</h2> <p>It is difficult for scientists to be exact about the number of skin cancer cases. There are many sub-types of skin cancer, which can make it difficult to collate data. Not all countries record all cases of non-melanoma skin cancer because most cases are successfully treated. The statistics below are only for melanoma skin cancers.</p> <p>Melanoma skin cancer is the 5th most common cancer in the UK (2021 data), and the 17th most common in the world (2022 data).</p> <h3>Men</h3> <p>Skin cancer is the 4th most common cancer in men in the UK, and the 14th most common in men globally.</p> <h3>Women</h3> <p>Skin cancer is the 5th most common cancer in women in the UK, and the 14th most common in women globally.</p> <div class="spacing-xs-top"> <a class="button primary" href="/preventing-cancer/cancer-statistics/skin-cancer-statistics/" aria-label="Find the latest skin cancer statistics" target="" > Find the latest skin cancer statistics </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-table spacing-collapse"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell large-8"> <table class="stack"> <thead> <tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Melanoma cases</th> <th>Year</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>UK</td> <td>18,582</td> <td>2021</td> </tr> <tr> <td>World</td> <td>331,722</td> <td>2022</td> </tr> </tbody> <caption>Sources: UK cancer statistics based on combined data from England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. World Cancer Research Fund, 2024. International cancer statistics from Globocan.</caption> </table> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-text spacing-collapse-top"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <h2>What are the signs and symptoms of skin cancer?</h2> <p>The main symptom of non-melanoma skin cancer is a growth or unusual patch on the skin.</p> <p>The main symptom of melanoma skin cancer is a new mole or a change in an existing mole.</p> <p>Find more information on <a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/melanoma-skin-cancer/">melanoma</a> and <a href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-melanoma-skin-cancer/">non-melanoma</a> skin cancer symptoms on the NHS website.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-50-50 has-header color-apple-75-bg"> <div class="header color-apple-75-bg"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x relative "> <div class="cell "> <h2>What causes skin cancer? </h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container paragraphs"> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3>UV rays</h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p><span>The main cause of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers is </span><a href="https://www.wcrf-uk.org/preventing-cancer/what-can-increase-your-risk-of-cancer/sun-uv-rays-and-cancer-risk/"><span>exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays</span></a><span> from the sun or from sunbeds.</span><span> </span></p> <p><span>The evidence that overexposure to the sun causes skin cancer has been consistent for decades. However, many people still don’t protect themselves from the sun, putting themselves at increased risk of skin cancer.</span><span> </span></p> <p><span>Skin cancer is more common in people who have pale skin that burns without tanning, blue eyes and fair hair.  </span><span> </span></p> <p><span>The risk of skin cancer increases every time you are sunburnt, during childhood, adolescence or adulthood.</span><span> </span></p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3><span class="TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW162549629 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW162549629 BCX8">Arsenic in drinking water</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW162549629 BCX8"> </span></h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p><span>Drinking water containing arsenic increases the risk of skin cancer. Agricultural, mining and industrial practices can contaminate water with arsenic. Arsenic can also occur naturally due to geological deposits or volcanic activity.</span><span> </span></p> <p><span>Arsenic in drinking water has been identified in large areas of Bangladesh, China and West Bengal (India).</span><span> </span></p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3><span class="TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW46655543 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW46655543 BCX8">HPV i</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW46655543 BCX8">nfection</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW46655543 BCX8"> </span></h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p><span class="TextRun SCXW117175590 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW117175590 BCX8"><a href="/preventing-cancer/topics/hpv-infections-and-cancer/">Human papilloma virus (HPV)</a> infection can cause squamous cell carcinomas, especially in people whose immune systems are compromised.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW117175590 BCX8"> </span></p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3><span class="TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW187951503 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW187951503 BCX8">Medication</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW187951503 BCX8"> </span></h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p><span class="TextRun SCXW243583899 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW243583899 BCX8">Medicines used to suppress the immune system after an organ transplant are associated with a higher risk of skin cancers, particularly squamous cell carcinoma.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW243583899 BCX8"> </span></p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3>Work</h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p><span class="TextRun SCXW236129659 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW236129659 BCX8">Exposure to </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW236129659 BCX8">polychlorinated </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW236129659 BCX8">biphenyls</span> <span class="NormalTextRun SCXW236129659 BCX8">chemicals </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW236129659 BCX8">– </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW236129659 BCX8">used in the plastic and chemical </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW236129659 BCX8">industries </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW236129659 BCX8">– </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW236129659 BCX8">is strongly associated with an increased risk of skin cancer.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW236129659 BCX8"> </span></p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3><span class="TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW30762496 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW30762496 BCX8">Genetics and family history</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW30762496 BCX8"> </span></h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p><span class="TextRun SCXW153643158 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW153643158 BCX8">Some rare mutation</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW153643158 BCX8">s</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW153643158 BCX8"> in specific genes can lead to skin cancer. Having a <a href="/preventing-cancer/topics/family-history-genes-and-cancer/">family history</a> of skin cancer also increases </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW153643158 BCX8">the </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW153643158 BCX8">risk.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW153643158 BCX8"> </span></p> </div> </div> <div class="grid-x color-white-bg has-bg"> <div class="cell medium-5"> <h3><span class="TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW225951309 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW225951309 BCX8">Height</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW225951309 BCX8"> </span></h3> </div> <div class="cell medium-7"> <p><span class="TextRun SCXW263269149 BCX8"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW263269149 BCX8">Being tall increases the risk of </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW263269149 BCX8">malignant </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW263269149 BCX8">melanoma skin cancer.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW263269149 BCX8"> </span></p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-text spacing-collapse-bottom"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <h3>Other risk factors</h3> <p>Our Expert Panel of scientists has also looked at other things that may be linked with the risk of skin cancer. The evidence for the risk factors listed below is limited, and we do not recommend that you change your behaviour only on the basis of these risk factors. There is some evidence that:</p> <ul> <li>coffee may decrease the risk of malignant melanoma in women and may decrease the risk of basal cell carcinoma in men and women.</li> <li>alcohol may increase the risk of malignant melanoma and basal cell carcinoma.</li> <li>being tall may increase the risk of basal cell carcinoma.</li> <li>greater birthweight may increase the risk of malignant melanoma.</li> </ul> <p>For scientists: full references, pathogenesis and a summary of the mechanisms underpinning our findings on how to prevent skin cancer can be found in our <a href="/resources/skin-cancer-report/">2018 skin cancer report</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="copy copy-list"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <div class="content color-corn-75-bg has-bg"> <h2>Reduce your risk of skin cancer</h2> <p>There are simple but important steps you can take to prevent yourself and others from developing skin cancer. Be safe in the sun, whether at home or abroad, by:</p> <ol> <li>Stay in the shade between 11am and 3pm</li> <li>Use sunscreen of at least factor 30</li> <li>Cover your skin with clothing including a hat and sunglasses</li> <li>Don’t use sunbeds</li> </ol> <p>Following our <a href="/preventing-cancer/cancer-prevention/our-cancer-prevention-recommendations/">Cancer Prevention Recommendations</a> reduces your risk of skin cancer and other cancers. If you have been diagnosed with cancer, following our Recommendations can reduce the risk of cancer returning.</p> <h3>What about vitamin D?</h3> <p>Some people can get enough vitamin D by enjoying the sun safely and by eating a healthy diet. Vitamin D is found in oily fish, red meat, liver, eggs, and fortified cereals and spreads.</p> <p>In the UK, adults and children over the age of 1 year old should consider taking a daily supplement containing 10mcg of vitamin D, particularly during autumn and winter.</p> <p>People with darker skin are at an increased risk of being vitamin D deficient, particularly if they live in places such as the UK with limited sunlight during the winter months. People who have a higher risk of vitamin D deficiency are advised to take a supplement all year round.</p> <p>For other countries, please check your national guidelines.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="links links-50-50 spacing-collapse color-apple-bg"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-wrap"> <div class="grid-x align-center align-middle last_item"> <div class="cell medium large-6 large-order-1"> <div class="media-spacer"> <div class="media media-relative ratio-7-5"> <img decoding="async" width="675" height="450" src="https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/CP-Recs1311818938r-675.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="A young woman outside carrying a paper bag filled with fruit and veg" srcset="https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/CP-Recs1311818938r-675.jpg 675w, https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/CP-Recs1311818938r-675-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cell medium large-6 large-order-2"> <div class="content"> <h3>Cancer Prevention Recommendations</h3><div class="subtitle "><p>Proven ways to reduce your risk of cancer</p> </div><a href="/preventing-cancer/cancer-prevention/our-cancer-prevention-recommendations/" class="button primary">Our Recommendations</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="cards-text cards spacing-collapse-bottom has-header"> <div class="header spacing-collapse-bottom"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x relative "> <div class="cell "> <h2>Skin cancer survival</h2><p>Our <a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/">Living with cancer</a> section can help if you are living with skin cancer.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x grid-margin-y align-center"> <div class="cell medium-6 large-4 repeater-item"> <a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/cancer-and-nutrition-helpline/" class="pseudo-link">Here to help</a> <div class="card color-sky-blue-75-bg"> <div class="content fixed-button"> <h3 class="h3">Cancer and Nutrition Helpline</h3> <div class="button-group"><a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/cancer-and-nutrition-helpline/" class="button secondary">Here to help</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cell medium-6 large-4 repeater-item"> <a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/your-questions-answered/" class="pseudo-link">Your questions answered</a> <div class="card color-sky-blue-75-bg"> <div class="content fixed-button"> <h3 class="h3">FAQs about cancer</h3> <div class="button-group"><a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/your-questions-answered/" class="button secondary">Your questions answered</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cell medium-6 large-4 repeater-item"> <a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/cook-through-cancer/" class="pseudo-link">Sign up for a class</a> <div class="card color-sky-blue-75-bg"> <div class="content fixed-button"> <h3 class="h3">Cook Through Cancer</h3> <div class="button-group"><a href="/living-well/living-with-cancer/cook-through-cancer/" class="button secondary">Sign up for a class</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="related-posts has-header"> <div class="header"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x relative "> <div class="cell "> <h2>Our latest research on skin cancer</h2><p>We fund research on skin cancer through our grant programmes. Read about the latest findings and ongoing projects in our <a href="/research-policy/our-research/grants-database/">database of projects</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-panel" id="search-results-10" data-anchor> <div class="search-form-container"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" id="search-form-10" action="/skin-cancer#search-form-10"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <div class="search-bar"> <input type="hidden" name="order_by" id="order_by10" value="publish_date"> <input type="hidden" name="order" id="order10" value="asc"> <input type="hidden" name="posts_per_page" id="posts_per_page10" value="3"> <input type="hidden" name="filter" id="filter10" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="cats" id="cats10" value="533"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="cards cards-full has-header search-results search-results-main" id="search-results-main-10" data-start-page="1" data-total-posts="2"> 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types</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-panel" id="search-results-11" data-anchor> <div class="search-form-container"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" id="search-form-11" action="/skin-cancer#search-form-11"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x"> <div class="cell"> <div class="search-bar"> <input type="hidden" name="order_by" id="order_by11" value="rand"> <input type="hidden" name="order" id="order11" value="desc"> <input type="hidden" name="posts_per_page" id="posts_per_page11" value="3"> <input type="hidden" name="filter" id="filter11" value=""> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="cards cards-full has-header search-results search-results-main" id="search-results-main-11" data-start-page="1" data-total-posts="16"> <div class="grid-container"> <div id="post-results-11" class="grid-x grid-margin-x grid-margin-y medium-up-2 large-up-3 posts post-results align-center"> <div class="cell repeater-item related"> <a href="https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/bowel-cancer/" class="pseudo-link">Bowel cancer</a> <div class="card color-sky-blue-25-bg"> <div class="media media-relative"> <img decoding="async" width="675" height="450" src="https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cancer-types-BOWEL.png" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="Bowel" srcset="https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cancer-types-BOWEL.png 675w, https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Cancer-types-BOWEL-300x200.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px" /> </div> <div class="content fixed-button"> <h4 class="h4">Bowel cancer</h4> <p class="">Eating well and being a healthy weight can prevent bowel, or colorectal, cancer</p> <div class="button-group sr-only"><a href="https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/bowel-cancer/" class="button sr-only">More on bowel cancer</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cell repeater-item related"> <a 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