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itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumb-nav__item item-current item-tag-293 item-tag-entanglement"> <a itemprop="item" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/entanglement/" class="breadcrumb-nav__link bread-current bread-tag-293 bread-tag-entanglement" title="Tag: entanglement" aria-current="page"> <span itemprop="name">Tag: entanglement</span> <meta itemprop="position" content="2"> </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <div id="page" class="content"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <header class="page-header"> <h1 class="page-title uw-mini-bar">entanglement</h1> </header> <article id="post-11551" class="post-11551 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-astrophysics category-nuclear-physics category-particle-physics category-quantum-science tag-entanglement tag-i-process tag-neutrinos tag-neutron-capture tag-nucleosynthesis tag-standard-model"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="page-title uw-mini-bar">Entangled neutrinos may lead to heavier element formation</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on">Posted on <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/2024/06/06/entangled-neutrinos-may-lead-to-heavier-element-formation/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2024-06-06T16:05:27-05:00">June 6, 2024</time></a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Elements are the building blocks of every chemical in the universe, but how and where the different elements formed is not entirely understood. A new paper in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad393d">The Astrophysical Journal</a> by University of Wisconsin–Madison physics professor <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/directory/balantekin-a-b/">Baha Balantekin</a> and colleagues with the <a href="https://n3as.berkeley.edu/">Network for Neutrinos, Nuclear Astrophysics, and Symmetries</a> (N3AS) Physics Frontier Center, shows how entangled neutrinos could be required for the formation of elements above approximately atomic number 140 via neutron capture in an intermediate-rate process, or i-process.</p> <figure id="attachment_6863" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="max-width: 300px;" aria-label="Baha Balantekin"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/20220506_Banquet_009-scaled-e1652203155678.jpg"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="wp-image-6863 size-medium" src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/20220506_Banquet_009-scaled-e1652203155678-300x300.jpg" alt="Profile photo of Baha Balantekin" width="300" height="300" srcset="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/20220506_Banquet_009-scaled-e1652203155678-300x300.jpg 300w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/20220506_Banquet_009-scaled-e1652203155678-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/20220506_Banquet_009-scaled-e1652203155678-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/20220506_Banquet_009-scaled-e1652203155678-768x768.jpg 768w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/20220506_Banquet_009-scaled-e1652203155678-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/20220506_Banquet_009-scaled-e1652203155678-400x400.jpg 400w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/20220506_Banquet_009-scaled-e1652203155678.jpg 1401w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Baha Balantekin</figcaption></figure> <p><em>Why it’s important</em></p> <p>“Where the chemical elements are made is not clear, and we do not know all the possible ways they can be made,” Balantekin says. “We believe that some are made in supernovae explosions or neutron star mergers, and many of these objects are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics, so then you can use the stars to explore aspects of quantum mechanics.”</p> <p><em>What is already known? </em></p> <ul> <li>Immediately after the Big Bang, lighter elements like hydrogen and helium were abundant. Heavier elements, up to iron (atomic number 26) continued to form through nuclear fusion in the centers of hot stars.</li> <li>Above iron, fusion is no longer energetically favorable, and nuclear synthesis occurs via neutron capture, where neutrons glom onto atomic nuclei. At high enough concentrations, neutrons can convert into protons, increasing the atomic number of the element by one.</li> <li>This conversion is dependent on neutrinos and antineutrinos. Neutron capture has been found to occur slowly (s-process, over years) and rapidly (r-process, within minutes); an intermediate timescale, or i-process has been proposed but little evidence exists to support it. Rapid or intermediate neutron capture can only take place in catastrophic events where a huge amount of energy is released, such as supernova collapse.</li> <li>“When a supernova collapse occurs, you start with a big star, which is gravitationally bound, and that binding has energy,” Balantekin says. “When it collapses, that energy has to be released, and it turns out that energy is released in neutrinos.”</li> <li>The laws of quantum mechanics state that those neutrinos can become entangled because they interact in the collapsing supernova. Entanglement is when any two or more particles interacted and then “remember” the others, no matter how far apart they might be.</li> </ul> <p><em>A quick summary of the research</em></p> <ul> <li>“One question we can ask is if these neutrinos are entangled with each other or not,” Balantekin says. “This paper shows that if the neutrinos are entangled, then there is an enhanced new process of element production, the i-process.”</li> </ul> <figure id="attachment_11552" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="max-width: 640px;" aria-label="The abundance pattern based on calculations in this paper (ν i-process pattern; purple line), compared with the solar system s-process (gray line) and r-process (black line) abundance data (Sneden et al. 2008). The ν i abundance for A = 143 is scaled to the solar r-process data for pattern comparison. | Source: The Astrophysical Journal"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/i-process-APJ-figure-13-entangled-neutrinos.jpeg"><img decoding="async" class="size-large wp-image-11552" src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/i-process-APJ-figure-13-entangled-neutrinos-1024x746.jpeg" alt="a plot of mass number A (atomic number) on the x-axis and abundance as a log scale on the y-axis. a purple line shows the i-process abundance, black line shows r-process, and grey line shows s-process. Above atomic number 140 or so, there is a visible enhancement of the purple line over the other two lines (below 140 the black and grey lines are much higher abundance values than the purple line)" width="640" height="466" srcset="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/i-process-APJ-figure-13-entangled-neutrinos-1024x746.jpeg 1024w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/i-process-APJ-figure-13-entangled-neutrinos-300x219.jpeg 300w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/i-process-APJ-figure-13-entangled-neutrinos-768x560.jpeg 768w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/i-process-APJ-figure-13-entangled-neutrinos-1200x874.jpeg 1200w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/i-process-APJ-figure-13-entangled-neutrinos.jpeg 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">The abundance pattern based on calculations in this paper (ν i-process pattern; purple line), compared with the solar system s-process (gray line) and r-process (black line) abundance data (Sneden et al. 2008). The ν i abundance for A = 143 is scaled to the solar r-process data for pattern comparison. | Source: The Astrophysical Journal</figcaption></figure> <p><em>The experimental and simulated evidence</em></p> <ul> <li>The researchers used two known facts to set up their calculations: well-established rates of neutron capture, and catalogs of the atomic spectra of stars, which astronomers have collected over decades to identify the abundance of different elements. They also knew that a supernova collapse produces on the order of 10^58 neutrinos, a number that is far too large to use in any standard calculations.</li> <li>Instead, they made simulations of up to eight neutrinos and calculated the abundance of elements that would be created via neutron capture if the neutrinos were entangled, or were not entangled.</li> <li>“We have a system of, say, three neutrinos and three antineutrinos together in a region where there are protons and neutrons and see if that changes anything about element formation,” Balantekin says. “We calculate the abundances of elements that are produced in the star, and you see that the entangled or not entangled cases give you different abundances.”</li> <li>The simulations showed that elements with atomic number greater than 140 are likely to be enhanced by i-process neutron capture — but only if the neutrinos are entangled.</li> </ul> <p><em>Caveats and future work</em></p> <ul> <li>Balantekin points out that these simulations are just “hints” based on astronomical observations. Astrophysics research requires using the cosmos as a lab, and it is difficult to conduct true experimental tests on earth.</li> <li>“There’s something called the standard model of particle physics, which determines the interaction of particles. The neutrino-neutrino interaction is one aspect of the standard model which has not been tested in the lab, it can only be tested in astrophysical extremes,” Balantekin says. “But other aspects of the standard model have been tested in the lab, so one believes that it should all work.”</li> <li>The researchers are currently using more astrophysical data of element abundance in extreme environments to see if those abundances continue to be explained by entangled neutrinos.</li> </ul> <p><em>This research is supported in part by the National Science Foundation grants Nos. PHY-1630782 and PHY-2020275 (Network for Neutrinos, Nuclear Astrophysics and Symmetries). Balantekin is supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics, under Award No. DE-SC0019465 and in part by the National Science Foundation Grant PHY-2108339 at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. </em></p> <p><em>The paper’s co-authors include Michael Cervia, Amol Patwardhan, Rebecca Surman, and Xilu Wang, all current or former members of N3AS.</em></p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/astrophysics/" rel="category tag">Astrophysics</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/nuclear-physics/" rel="category tag">nuclear physics</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/particle-physics/" rel="category tag">particle physics</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/quantum-science/" rel="category tag">Quantum Science</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/entanglement/" rel="tag">entanglement</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/i-process/" rel="tag">i process</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/neutrinos/" rel="tag">neutrinos</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/neutron-capture/" rel="tag">neutron capture</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/nucleosynthesis/" rel="tag">nucleosynthesis</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/standard-model/" rel="tag">standard model</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-11489" class="post-11489 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-awards-and-honors category-graduate-students category-mspqc category-quantum-computing tag-computer-sciences tag-entanglement tag-mspqc tag-qed-c tag-quantum-computing tag-quantum-science tag-qubits tag-student-research tag-wqi"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="page-title uw-mini-bar">MSPQC’s Preetham Tikkireddi wins second place at QED-C student poster presentation</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on">Posted on <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/2024/05/23/preetham-tikkireddi-qed-c/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2024-05-23T16:30:03-05:00">May 23, 2024</time></a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/graduate/mspqc-program/">MSPQC</a> student Preetham Tikkireddi won second place for his poster, “Understanding security side channel attacks on multi-tenancy quantum computers,” at the <a href="https://quantumconsortium.org/blog/highlights-from-the-qed-c-plenary-meeting-in-evanston/">plenary meeting</a> of the Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C), held March 20-21 in Evanston, IL.</p> <p>Students who attended the plenary first learned best practices for presenting their research to a non-science audience, a useful skill for a cutting-edge field where investors, hiring managers, and policy makers do not necessarily have a quantum background. Then, the students implemented those skills at the judged poster session.</p> <p>“[The poster session attendees] are really smart people, but they’re not quantum people, so you set them up for asking questions, and based on the questions that they’re asking, you determine how deep you want to go into your research.” Tikkireddi says. “It was a very different kind of experience, rather than just a plain research presentation to a professor or people who already know the field.”</p> <figure id="attachment_11490" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="max-width: 640px;" aria-label="A total of 17 students presented posters at the first-ever QED-C student program and poster competition. UW–Madison MSPQC student Preetham Tikkireddi (right) was one of three graduate students to win the top honor at the competition. | Photo credit: QED-C"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Preetham-QED-C-winners.jpeg"><img decoding="async" class="size-large wp-image-11490" src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Preetham-QED-C-winners-1024x555.jpeg" alt="a group of people in business attire stand and pose in a line, they all have nametag lanyards around their necks" width="640" height="347" srcset="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Preetham-QED-C-winners-1024x555.jpeg 1024w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Preetham-QED-C-winners-300x163.jpeg 300w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Preetham-QED-C-winners-768x416.jpeg 768w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Preetham-QED-C-winners.jpeg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">A total of 17 students presented posters at the first-ever QED-C student program and poster competition. UW–Madison MSPQC student Preetham Tikkireddi (right) was one of three graduate students to win the top honor at the competition. | Photo credit: QED-C</figcaption></figure> <p>Tikkireddi’s research, conducted with computer sciences professor <a href="https://quest-lab.cs.wisc.edu/">Swamit Tannu</a>, looked at the potential for exploiting crosstalk when two users access the same quantum computer at the same time.</p> <p>“Right now, quantum computers are really expensive, and the way we access them is by sending jobs to these quantum providers like IBM or IonQ,” Tikkireddi explains. “But the queues are really long. If you’re lucky, you can get the results back the next day.”</p> <p>Quantum computing capacity is growing rapidly in the form of more and more qubits, and most jobs submitted to these long queues do not need to use all the qubits. Tikkireddi and Tannu thought that one way to increase throughput would be to allow users to share the same quantum computer, each using a subset of the qubits. But quantum computations rely on qubit entanglement, where physically separate qubits interact and share information. It was unclear if sharing a quantum computer opens users to security risks.</p> <p>In his work, Tikkireddi asked if he could count C-NOTs — the gate that is used to create this entanglement — of another user. He entangled two qubits, then asked if two other qubits could “hear” what the first two were doing.</p> <p>“We were able to use that to figure out how many C-NOTs the other guy is doing. That’s step one of an attack,” Tikkireddi says. “Your algorithm is your intellectual property, so you don’t want people to steal it. It’s a security problem.”</p> <p>With this initial analysis identifying potential security risks amongst shared quantum computer use, Tikkireddi says providers should currently not let users share computing time, and that future research should focus on ways to mitigate these crosstalk attacks in an effort to balance efficiency with safeguarding intellectual property.</p> <p>Tikkireddi credits Tannu for helping to guide his poster away from a traditional research poster and toward one more accessible to a non-science audience. He also appreciates the support from MSQPC associate director Katerina Moloni for encouraging and preparing students to take advantage of these training opportunities.</p> <p>“It was a really good networking opportunity, especially for me, who is looking for a job right now,” Tikkireddi says. “I would highly recommend students to go to these kinds of events because we get a chance to interact with people in the industry.”</p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/awards-and-honors/" rel="category tag">Awards and Honors</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/graduate-students/" rel="category tag">Graduate Students</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/mspqc/" rel="category tag">MSPQC</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/quantum-computing/" rel="category tag">Quantum Computing</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/computer-sciences/" rel="tag">computer sciences</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/entanglement/" rel="tag">entanglement</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/mspqc/" rel="tag">MSPQC</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/qed-c/" rel="tag">QED-C</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum-computing/" rel="tag">quantum computing</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum-science/" rel="tag">quantum science</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/qubits/" rel="tag">qubits</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/student-research/" rel="tag">student research</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/" rel="tag">WQI</a></span> </footer> </article> </main> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="uw-footer"> <h2 class="show-for-sr uw-footer-header">Site footer content</h2> <div class="uw-footer-content"> <div class="uw-logo"> <div class="uw-logo-link-wrapper"><a 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