CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns/fb#" class="no-js"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/fonts/uw-rh/redhat-display-latin.v14.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/fonts/uw-rh/redhat-text-latin.v13.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HDEG1JB5JH"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-HDEG1JB5JH', { 'cookie_domain': 'none' }); </script> <script>(function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'')})(document.documentElement)</script> <title>WQI – Department of Physics – UW–Madison</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.wisc.cloud' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Department of Physics » Feed" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Department of Physics » Comments Feed" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Department of Physics » WQI Tag Feed" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/feed/" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='sbi_styles-css' href='https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/instagram-feed/css/sbi-styles.min.css?ver=6.8.0' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bg-shce-genericons-css' href='https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/show-hidecollapse-expand/assets/css/genericons/genericons.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bg-show-hide-css' href='https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/show-hidecollapse-expand/assets/css/bg-show-hide.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='parent-style-css' href='https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/style.css?ver=6.7.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='child-style-css' href='https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-physics/style.css?ver=1.0.4' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='uwmadison-style-css' href='https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/main.min.css?ver=1.35.1' media='all' />  <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-json/wp/v2/tags/70" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />  <meta name="description" content="Research, teaching and outreach in Physics at UW–Madison" />  <meta property="og:title" content="WQI" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/2024/10/04/britton-plourde-elected-fellow-of-the-american-physical-society/" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Research, teaching and outreach in Physics at UW–Madison" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Department of Physics" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/plourde-britton-pic2-2024-credit-Syracuse-University.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content ="profile photo of Britton Plourde" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="500"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="500"/>  <meta itemprop="name" content="WQI"> <meta itemprop="description" content="Research, teaching and outreach in Physics at UW–Madison"> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/plourde-britton-pic2-2024-credit-Syracuse-University.jpg">  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="WQI" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Research, teaching and outreach in Physics at UW–Madison" /> <meta property="twitter:image" content="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/plourde-britton-pic2-2024-credit-Syracuse-University.jpg" /> <meta property="twitter:image:src" content="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/plourde-britton-pic2-2024-credit-Syracuse-University.jpg" /> <meta property="twitter:image:alt" content ="profile photo of Britton Plourde" /> <style id="wp-custom-css"> /*reduce space after search people box on department staff page*/ #post-280 .uw-pe-text_block { margin-bottom: 0; } </style>   <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Department of Physics"/> <meta property="og:title" content="WQI"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Research, teaching and outreach in Physics at UW–Madison"/>  <meta itemprop="name" content="WQI"/> <meta itemprop="headline" content="WQI"/> <meta itemprop="description" content="Research, teaching and outreach in Physics at UW–Madison"/>    <meta name="twitter:title" content="WQI"/> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Research, teaching and outreach in Physics at UW–Madison"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/>     <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/images/favicons/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/images/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#c5050c"> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#c5050c"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/images/favicons/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> </head> <body class="archive tag tag-wqi tag-70 uw-white-bg"> <a class="show-on-focus" href="#main" id="skip-link">Skip to main content</a> <div class="uw-global-bar " role="navigation"> <a class="uw-global-name-link" href="https://www.wisc.edu" aria-label="University of Wisconsin Madison home page">U<span>niversity <span class="uw-of">of</span> </span>W<span>isconsin</span>–Madison</a> </div> <header class="uw-header uw-has-search"> <div class="uw-header-container"> <div class="uw-header-crest-title"> <div class="uw-header-crest"> <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 55.5 87.28" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45eea29f43.21358583"> <title id="dynid67ec45eea29f43.21358583">UW Crest</title> <style> .cls-1{fill:url(#Web_Shield_blend);} .cls-2{fill:#282728;} .cls-3{fill:#c5050c;} .cls-4{fill:#fff;} </style> <g> <radialGradient id="Web_Shield_blend" cx="46.25" cy="16.57" r="33.44" gradientTransform="translate(-22.22 26.01) scale(1.09 1.09)" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse"><stop offset="0.17" stop-color="#fff"/><stop offset="0.3" stop-color="#f6ede4"/><stop offset="0.69" stop-color="#debe9b"/><stop offset="0.87" stop-color="#d4ac7f"/></radialGradient> </g> <path id="Gold_gradient" data-name="Gold gradient" class="cls-1" d="M28,87.36a3.78,3.78,0,0,1-1.05-1.16l-0.06-.09-0.11,0C8.65,81.86-1.45,54,.83,31.71a47.71,47.71,0,0,1,1.29-7.25,35.39,35.39,0,0,1,2.33-6.39,23.55,23.55,0,0,1,3.75-5.65A14.7,14.7,0,0,1,19,7.28,0.33,0.33,0,0,0,19.33,7,5.49,5.49,0,0,1,23.21,4.4l0.19,0,0-.19A4.69,4.69,0,0,1,28,.64a4.76,4.76,0,0,1,4.56,3.54l0,0.19,0.19,0A5.51,5.51,0,0,1,36.67,7a0.32,0.32,0,0,0,.37.26,14.7,14.7,0,0,1,10.77,5.13,24,24,0,0,1,4.24,6.71l0.23,0.55a42.56,42.56,0,0,1,2.89,12C57.45,54,47.35,81.86,29.23,86.08l-0.11,0-0.06.09A3.78,3.78,0,0,1,28,87.36Z" transform="translate(-0.25 -0.36)"/><path id="Black" class="cls-2" d="M55.43,31.68a49.49,49.49,0,0,0-.86-5.5,39.81,39.81,0,0,0-1.39-4.93,31.29,31.29,0,0,0-2.23-4.93,22.63,22.63,0,0,0-3-4.1A14.94,14.94,0,0,0,37,7H36.94a5.77,5.77,0,0,0-4.16-2.91,4.93,4.93,0,0,0-9.56,0A5.77,5.77,0,0,0,19.06,7H19A14.94,14.94,0,0,0,8,12.23a22.63,22.63,0,0,0-3,4.1,31.29,31.29,0,0,0-2.23,4.93,39.81,39.81,0,0,0-1.39,4.93,49.49,49.49,0,0,0-.86,5.5C-1.73,54.3,8.44,82.1,26.73,86.36A3.17,3.17,0,0,0,28,87.64a3.17,3.17,0,0,0,1.27-1.28C47.56,82.1,57.73,54.3,55.43,31.68ZM28,1.23A3.9,3.9,0,0,1,31.93,4a4.86,4.86,0,0,0-3.86,2.47,0.17,0.17,0,0,1-.07.09,0.15,0.15,0,0,1-.07-0.09A4.86,4.86,0,0,0,24.07,4,3.9,3.9,0,0,1,28,1.23ZM26.14,5.52a3.51,3.51,0,0,1,1.59,2.11A0.46,0.46,0,0,0,28,8a0.46,0.46,0,0,0,.27-0.42,3.51,3.51,0,0,1,1.59-2.11,4.19,4.19,0,0,1,6,1.58,13.38,13.38,0,0,0-1.67.42,6.6,6.6,0,0,0-2.38,1.32,9.4,9.4,0,0,0-3,6.1c-0.67,7.31,7.72,6.16,8.14,6.13,1.08,0,1.9-1.71,1.9-4s-0.84-4-1.9-4c-0.65,0-1.77.52-1.88,2.55C35,17.1,35.7,19,36.6,19.11c0.47,0.06.89-.76,1-1.6s0.06-1.87-.59-2a0.38,0.38,0,0,0-.46.28A3.83,3.83,0,0,1,37,17.1c0,1.25-1.28.63-1.12-1.36C36,14,36.89,14.09,36.93,14.09c0.5,0,1.26,1,1.26,3,0,1.75-.84,3.63-2.46,2.65-1.36-1-1.89-3.28-1.52-5,0.17-.81.87-3,3.13-3,3.26,0,6.3,1.71,8.72,4.9-0.27.85-1.95,4.1-7.28,7.21l-0.29.15a11,11,0,0,0-4.93-1,27.07,27.07,0,0,0-4.64.74,4.09,4.09,0,0,1-.92.15h0a4.09,4.09,0,0,1-.92-0.15A27.07,27.07,0,0,0,22.44,23a11,11,0,0,0-4.93,1l-0.29-.15c-5.34-3.11-7-6.36-7.28-7.21,2.42-3.19,5.46-4.9,8.72-4.9,2.26,0,3,2.21,3.13,3,0.38,1.77-.16,4.05-1.52,5-1.61,1-2.46-.9-2.46-2.65,0-2,.76-3,1.26-3,0,0,.94-0.11,1.09,1.65,0.17,2-1.09,2.61-1.12,1.36a3.83,3.83,0,0,1,.39-1.34A0.38,0.38,0,0,0,19,15.48c-0.65.16-.71,1.3-0.59,2s0.56,1.66,1,1.6c0.9-.12,1.6-2,1.52-3.44-0.1-2-1.23-2.55-1.88-2.55-1.06,0-1.9,1.71-1.9,4s0.82,4,1.9,4c0.42,0,8.81,1.18,8.14-6.13a9.4,9.4,0,0,0-3-6.1,6.6,6.6,0,0,0-2.38-1.32A13.38,13.38,0,0,0,20.1,7.1,4.19,4.19,0,0,1,26.14,5.52ZM10.28,36.18A32.49,32.49,0,0,0,10,39.49a44.42,44.42,0,0,0,2,15.25,49.48,49.48,0,0,0,4.13,9.32A11.48,11.48,0,0,1,11,66.39,66.66,66.66,0,0,1,4.53,34.57,16.13,16.13,0,0,0,10.28,36.18ZM4.56,34c0.44-7.31,2.29-13.05,5-16.87,0.48,1.24,2.57,4.35,7.39,7.18-4.1,2.47-6,7.56-6.58,11.36A15.81,15.81,0,0,1,4.56,34ZM16.41,64.53c3.08,5.3,6.12,8.46,8.45,10.13A11.54,11.54,0,0,1,21.32,79c-4-2.7-7.4-7-10.07-12.13A11.81,11.81,0,0,0,16.41,64.53ZM25.33,75A12.2,12.2,0,0,0,28,76.46,12.2,12.2,0,0,0,30.67,75a12,12,0,0,0,3.53,4.34,18.69,18.69,0,0,1-3.58,1.78s0-.09,0-0.13c-0.26-1.32-2-1.59-2.61-1.59s-2.35.27-2.61,1.59c0,0,0,.09,0,0.13a18.69,18.69,0,0,1-3.58-1.78A12,12,0,0,0,25.33,75Zm5.81-.32c2.33-1.67,5.37-4.83,8.45-10.13a11.81,11.81,0,0,0,5.16,2.36C42.08,72,38.69,76.32,34.68,79A11.54,11.54,0,0,1,31.14,74.66Zm8.72-10.61A49.48,49.48,0,0,0,44,54.73a44.1,44.1,0,0,0,1.66-7.32A44.34,44.34,0,0,0,46,39.49a32.49,32.49,0,0,0-.32-3.31,16.13,16.13,0,0,0,5.75-1.61A66.66,66.66,0,0,1,45,66.39,11.48,11.48,0,0,1,39.86,64.05Zm5.78-28.4c-0.62-3.8-2.5-8.8-6.58-11.36,4.82-2.83,6.92-5.94,7.39-7.18,2.69,3.82,4.55,9.56,5,16.87A15.81,15.81,0,0,1,45.64,35.65ZM25,84.76a23.29,23.29,0,0,1-5.87-2.93,27.5,27.5,0,0,1-3.25-2.62,31.1,31.1,0,0,1-2.35-2.47q-0.76-.88-1.46-1.81a47.49,47.49,0,0,1-5.58-9.69A63.9,63.9,0,0,1,3.09,55,70.46,70.46,0,0,1,1.3,44.19a64.57,64.57,0,0,1-.07-10.84C1.4,31.43,1.63,29.5,2,27.59A39.32,39.32,0,0,1,3.4,22a31,31,0,0,1,2.1-4.86,20.93,20.93,0,0,1,3.15-4.44,16.19,16.19,0,0,1,4-3.1,13.93,13.93,0,0,1,1.93-.87q0.51-.18,1-0.32a8.82,8.82,0,0,1,1-.26,14,14,0,0,1,2.56-.21,7.58,7.58,0,0,1,3.88,1,8,8,0,0,1,3.34,6c0.39,4.52-4.21,5.23-5.11,5.22-0.14,0-.21-0.13.24-0.59a6.53,6.53,0,0,0,1-5.1c-0.44-2.07-1.9-3.69-4-3.69a11.16,11.16,0,0,0-8.12,3.89A22.78,22.78,0,0,0,6,22.61,42.69,42.69,0,0,0,3.76,34,62.43,62.43,0,0,0,4,44.63,68.71,68.71,0,0,0,5.94,55.22a60.82,60.82,0,0,0,3.53,9.85,43.36,43.36,0,0,0,5.48,9A25.89,25.89,0,0,0,23.08,81a18.15,18.15,0,0,0,2.21,1A6.71,6.71,0,0,0,26,85,6.63,6.63,0,0,1,25,84.76Zm3.29,1.55a0.6,0.6,0,0,1-.31.21,0.6,0.6,0,0,1-.31-0.21,6.49,6.49,0,0,1-1.51-5.17c0.12-.64,1.2-0.93,1.82-0.94s1.7,0.3,1.82.94A6.49,6.49,0,0,1,28.31,86.3ZM54.7,44.19A70.46,70.46,0,0,1,52.91,55a63.9,63.9,0,0,1-3.42,10.2,47.49,47.49,0,0,1-5.58,9.69q-0.7.93-1.46,1.81a31.1,31.1,0,0,1-2.35,2.47,27.5,27.5,0,0,1-3.25,2.62A23.29,23.29,0,0,1,31,84.76,6.63,6.63,0,0,1,30,85a6.71,6.71,0,0,0,.67-3.1,18.15,18.15,0,0,0,2.21-1,25.89,25.89,0,0,0,8.13-6.87,43.36,43.36,0,0,0,5.48-9,60.82,60.82,0,0,0,3.53-9.85A68.71,68.71,0,0,0,52,44.63,62.43,62.43,0,0,0,52.24,34,42.69,42.69,0,0,0,50,22.61a22.78,22.78,0,0,0-4.47-7.87,11.16,11.16,0,0,0-8.12-3.89c-2.12,0-3.58,1.62-4,3.69a6.53,6.53,0,0,0,1,5.1c0.45,0.46.38,0.59,0.24,0.59-0.9,0-5.51-.71-5.11-5.22a8,8,0,0,1,3.34-6,7.58,7.58,0,0,1,3.88-1,14,14,0,0,1,2.56.21,8.77,8.77,0,0,1,1,.26q0.52,0.14,1,.32a13.93,13.93,0,0,1,1.93.87,16.19,16.19,0,0,1,4,3.1,20.93,20.93,0,0,1,3.15,4.44A31,31,0,0,1,52.6,22,39.32,39.32,0,0,1,54,27.59c0.35,1.91.58,3.84,0.74,5.77A64.57,64.57,0,0,1,54.7,44.19Z" transform="translate(-0.25 -0.36)"/><path id="Red" class="cls-3" d="M45,39.63c-0.11-2.69-.9-10.9-6.48-14.46A9.41,9.41,0,0,0,34.18,24c-2.74-.18-4.77.87-6.14,0.91H28c-1.37,0-3.42-1.09-6.16-.91a9.35,9.35,0,0,0-4.37,1.21C11.85,28.73,11.07,36.94,11,39.63a43.52,43.52,0,0,0,3.54,19C18.36,67.12,23,73.14,27.63,75.19L28,75.35l0.37-.16c4.61-2,9.27-8.06,13.14-16.57A43.53,43.53,0,0,0,45,39.63Z" transform="translate(-0.25 -0.36)"/><path id="W" class="cls-4" d="M36.3,33.18V35L36.67,35h0.18a1.17,1.17,0,0,1,.82.28,1.27,1.27,0,0,1,.21,1.11s-3.74,16.19-4.45,19.27c-0.82-3.9-5.26-25.18-5.26-25.18l0-.09H27.27v0.1L23.4,55.32,19,36.37a2.7,2.7,0,0,1,0-.28,1.27,1.27,0,0,1,.31-1A1,1,0,0,1,20,34.92l0.37,0v-1.8H14.13v1.76l0.28,0a1.16,1.16,0,0,1,.95.83L23,68.48l0,0.09h1.1v-0.1l3.56-23.3,4.53,23.31,0,0.09h1l7.25-32.78a1,1,0,0,1,1-.75h0.07l0.36,0V33.18H36.3Z" transform="translate(-0.25 -0.36)"/> </svg></a> </div> <div class="uw-title-tagline"> <div id="site-title" class="uw-site-title uw-red-title "> <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/" rel="home">Department of Physics</a> </div> <div id="site-description" class="uw-site-tagline">Research, teaching and outreach in Physics at UW–Madison</div> </div> </div> <div class="uw-header-search"> <form role="search" class="uw-search-form" method="get" id="searchform" action="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/"> <label for="s" class="show-for-sr">Search</label> <input type="text" class="field uw-search-input" name="s" id="s" placeholder="Search" /> <input type="submit" class="submit uw-search-submit uw-button" name="submit" id="searchsubmit" value="Search" /> </form> </div> </div> </header> <button class="uw-mobile-menu-button-bar uw-mobile-menu-button-bar-reversed" aria-label="Open menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="uw-top-menus"><span>Menu</span><svg viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45eea2bd09.52108611"> <title id="dynid67ec45eea2bd09.52108611">open menu</title> <path class="path1" d="M128 256h768v86h-768v-86zM128 554v-84h768v84h-768zM128 768v-86h768v86h-768z"/> </svg><svg viewBox="0 0 805 1024" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45eea2c412.31254147"> <title id="dynid67ec45eea2c412.31254147">close</title> <path class="path1" d="M741.714 755.429q0 22.857-16 38.857l-77.714 77.714q-16 16-38.857 16t-38.857-16l-168-168-168 168q-16 16-38.857 16t-38.857-16l-77.714-77.714q-16-16-16-38.857t16-38.857l168-168-168-168q-16-16-16-38.857t16-38.857l77.714-77.714q16-16 38.857-16t38.857 16l168 168 168-168q16-16 38.857-16t38.857 16l77.714 77.714q16 16 16 38.857t-16 38.857l-168 168 168 168q16 16 16 38.857z"/> </svg></button> <div id="uw-top-menus" class="uw-is-visible uw-horizontal uw-hidden" aria-hidden="false"> <div class="uw-main-nav"> <nav class="uw-nav-menu uw-nav-menu-reverse" aria-label="Main Menu"> <ul id="uw-main-nav" class=""><li id="menu-item-3698" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children uw-dropdown menu-item-3698"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/graduate/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Graduate<svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45eeb90fc8.60543696"> <title id="dynid67ec45eeb90fc8.60543696">Expand</title> <path d="M1395 736q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-466-466q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l393 393 393-393q10-10 23-10t23 10l50 50q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg><svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45eeb91de8.11863882"> <title id="dynid67ec45eeb91de8.11863882">Collapse</title> <path d="M1395 1184q0 13-10 23l-50 50q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-393-393-393 393q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l466-466q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Graduate submenu" class="sub-menu uw-child-menu"> <li id="menu-item-3701" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3701"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/graduate/">Prospective Students</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12558" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12558"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/graduate/phd-program/">PhD Program</a></li> <li id="menu-item-8556" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-8556"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/graduate/mspqc-program/">MSPQC Program</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7973" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7973"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/courses/">Courses</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7974" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7974"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/uw-student-resources/">Student Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7975" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7975"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/graduate/phd-program/contacts/">PhD Program Contacts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7976" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7976"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/graduate/mspqc-current-students/mspqc-faculty/">MSPQC Program Contacts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-3188" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children uw-dropdown menu-item-3188"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Undergraduate<svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45eeb95486.07350996"> <title id="dynid67ec45eeb95486.07350996">Expand</title> <path d="M1395 736q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-466-466q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l393 393 393-393q10-10 23-10t23 10l50 50q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg><svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45eeb95ef8.67652964"> <title id="dynid67ec45eeb95ef8.67652964">Collapse</title> <path d="M1395 1184q0 13-10 23l-50 50q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-393-393-393 393q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l466-466q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Undergraduate submenu" class="sub-menu uw-child-menu"> <li id="menu-item-9666" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9666"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/">Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7981" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7981"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/prospective-students/">Prospective Majors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7982" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7982"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/the-physics-major/">Current students</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7985" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7985"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/courses/">Courses</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9664" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9664"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/certificate-in-physics/">Certificate in Physics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7983" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7983"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/contact-us/">Advising and Course Enrollment Assistance</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7986" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7986"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/files/Physics-Declaration-Form.pdf">Major declaration form</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7987" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7987"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/undergraduate/files/Independent-Study-Course-Approval-Form-online.pdf">Independent study approval form</a></li> <li id="menu-item-9862" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-9862"><a href="https://visp.wisc.edu/thematic-physics/">Visiting Scholars (VISP)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-6319" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6319"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/research/">Research</a></li> <li id="menu-item-2923" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children uw-dropdown menu-item-2923"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">People<svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45eeb9a230.93404308"> <title id="dynid67ec45eeb9a230.93404308">Expand</title> <path d="M1395 736q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-466-466q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l393 393 393-393q10-10 23-10t23 10l50 50q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg><svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45eeb9acd1.24999956"> <title id="dynid67ec45eeb9acd1.24999956">Collapse</title> <path d="M1395 1184q0 13-10 23l-50 50q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-393-393-393 393q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l466-466q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="People submenu" class="sub-menu uw-child-menu"> <li id="menu-item-3052" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3052"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/faculty/">Faculty</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3056" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3056"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/visitors/">Visiting Faculty and Researchers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3057" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3057"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/department/">Department Staff</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3058" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3058"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/research-staff/">Research Staff</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3059" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3059"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/phd-students/">PhD Students</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13059" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13059"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/teaching-assistants/">Teaching Assistants</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3627" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3627"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/mspqc-students/">MSPQC Students</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3053" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3053"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/emeritus-faculty/">Emeritus Faculty</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3061" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3061"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/board-of-visitors/">Board of Visitors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-12265" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12265"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/people/search/">Search for People</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-7957" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children uw-dropdown menu-item-7957"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/news/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">News & Events<svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45eeb9f386.45850829"> <title id="dynid67ec45eeb9f386.45850829">Expand</title> <path d="M1395 736q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-466-466q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l393 393 393-393q10-10 23-10t23 10l50 50q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg><svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45eeb9fe00.89517991"> <title id="dynid67ec45eeb9fe00.89517991">Collapse</title> <path d="M1395 1184q0 13-10 23l-50 50q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-393-393-393 393q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l466-466q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="News & Events submenu" class="sub-menu uw-child-menu"> <li id="menu-item-7959" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7959"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/events/">Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7958" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7958"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/news/">Department News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7960" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7960"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/department/alumni-friends/">The Wisconsin Physicist</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7961" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7961"><a href="https://explore.wisc.edu/physics-subscriptions">Subscribe to e-newsletter</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-5126" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5126"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/department/climate-diversity/">Climate & Diversity</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6209" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6209"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/outreach/">Outreach</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7964" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-has-children uw-dropdown menu-item-7964"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">Resources<svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45eeba2f00.66955212"> <title id="dynid67ec45eeba2f00.66955212">Expand</title> <path d="M1395 736q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-466-466q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l393 393 393-393q10-10 23-10t23 10l50 50q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg><svg class="uw-caret" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45eeba3973.55913648"> <title id="dynid67ec45eeba3973.55913648">Collapse</title> <path d="M1395 1184q0 13-10 23l-50 50q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-393-393-393 393q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l466-466q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/> </svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Resources submenu" class="sub-menu uw-child-menu"> <li id="menu-item-7965" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7965"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/department/">Department Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7990" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-7990"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/uw-student-resources/">Student Resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-7968" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7968"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/giving/">Giving</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="uw-secondary-nav"> <nav class="uw-nav-menu uw-nav-menu-secondary" aria-label="Secondary Menu"> <ul id="uw-secondary-nav" class="utility-menu"><li id="menu-item-1411" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1411"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/department/contact/">Contact</a></li> <li id="menu-item-4302" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4302"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/courses/">Courses</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3726" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3726"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/department/employment/">Jobs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7971" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7971"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/department/visit/">Visit</a></li> <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-login.php?redirect_to=%2Ftag%2Fwqi%2F&action=shibboleth">Log in</a></ul> </nav> </div> </div> <nav class="breadcrumb-nav" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <ol itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList" id="breadcrumbs" class="breadcrumb-nav__list breadcrumbs"> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumb-nav__item item-home"> <a itemprop="item" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/" class="breadcrumb-nav__link bread-link bread-home" title="Home" > <span itemprop="name">Home</span> <meta itemprop="position" content="1"> </a> </li> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumb-nav__item item-current item-tag-70 item-tag-wqi"> <a itemprop="item" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/" class="breadcrumb-nav__link bread-current bread-tag-70 bread-tag-wqi" title="Tag: WQI" aria-current="page"> <span itemprop="name">Tag: WQI</span> <meta itemprop="position" content="2"> </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <div id="page" class="content"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <header class="page-header"> <h1 class="page-title uw-mini-bar">WQI</h1> </header> <article id="post-12262" class="post-12262 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-awards-and-honors category-quantum-science tag-aps tag-aps-fellow tag-quantum-information-science tag-wqi"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="page-title uw-mini-bar">Britton Plourde elected Fellow of the American Physical Society</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on">Posted on <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/2024/10/04/britton-plourde-elected-fellow-of-the-american-physical-society/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2024-10-04T16:03:42-05:00">October 4, 2024</time></a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="entry-content"> <figure id="attachment_11820" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="max-width: 300px;" aria-label="Britton Plourde (credit: Syracuse University)"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/plourde-britton-pic2-2024-credit-Syracuse-University.jpg"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-11820" src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/plourde-britton-pic2-2024-credit-Syracuse-University-300x300.jpg" alt="profile photo of Britton Plourde" width="300" height="300" srcset="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/plourde-britton-pic2-2024-credit-Syracuse-University-300x300.jpg 300w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/plourde-britton-pic2-2024-credit-Syracuse-University-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/plourde-britton-pic2-2024-credit-Syracuse-University-400x400.jpg 400w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/plourde-britton-pic2-2024-credit-Syracuse-University.jpg 500w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Britton Plourde (credit: Syracuse University)</figcaption></figure> <p>Congratulations to <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/directory/plourde-britton-l/">Prof. Britton Plourde</a> for being elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society!</p> <div class="[&_p]:text-[16px] leading-[1.2] mt-2 italic tracking-[0.64]"> <p class="font-default text-base max-w-[80ch] mb-[1em] last:mb-0">Plourde was elected “For important contributions to the physics and operation of superconducting qubits, including the development of techniques for scalable qubit control and readout, and investigations of decoherence from vortices and nonequilibrium quasiparticles.” He was nominated by the Division of Quantum Information Fellowship.</p> </div> <p>APS Fellowship is a distinct honor signifying recognition by one’s professional peers for outstanding contributions to physics. Each year, no more than one half of one percent of the Society’s membership is recognized by this honor.</p> <div class="entry-content"> <p>See the full list of 2024 honorees at the <a href="https://www.aps.org/funding-recognition/aps-fellowship">APS Fellows archive</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/awards-and-honors/" rel="category tag">Awards and Honors</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/quantum-science/" rel="category tag">Quantum Science</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/aps/" rel="tag">APS</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/aps-fellow/" rel="tag">APS Fellow</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum-information-science/" rel="tag">Quantum Information Science</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/" rel="tag">WQI</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-11489" class="post-11489 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-awards-and-honors category-graduate-students category-mspqc category-quantum-computing tag-computer-sciences tag-entanglement tag-mspqc tag-qed-c tag-quantum-computing tag-quantum-science tag-qubits tag-student-research tag-wqi"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="page-title uw-mini-bar">MSPQC’s Preetham Tikkireddi wins second place at QED-C student poster presentation</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on">Posted on <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/2024/05/23/preetham-tikkireddi-qed-c/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2024-05-23T16:30:03-05:00">May 23, 2024</time></a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/graduate/mspqc-program/">MSPQC</a> student Preetham Tikkireddi won second place for his poster, “Understanding security side channel attacks on multi-tenancy quantum computers,” at the <a href="https://quantumconsortium.org/blog/highlights-from-the-qed-c-plenary-meeting-in-evanston/">plenary meeting</a> of the Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C), held March 20-21 in Evanston, IL.</p> <p>Students who attended the plenary first learned best practices for presenting their research to a non-science audience, a useful skill for a cutting-edge field where investors, hiring managers, and policy makers do not necessarily have a quantum background. Then, the students implemented those skills at the judged poster session.</p> <p>“[The poster session attendees] are really smart people, but they’re not quantum people, so you set them up for asking questions, and based on the questions that they’re asking, you determine how deep you want to go into your research.” Tikkireddi says. “It was a very different kind of experience, rather than just a plain research presentation to a professor or people who already know the field.”</p> <figure id="attachment_11490" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="max-width: 640px;" aria-label="A total of 17 students presented posters at the first-ever QED-C student program and poster competition. UW–Madison MSPQC student Preetham Tikkireddi (right) was one of three graduate students to win the top honor at the competition. | Photo credit: QED-C"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Preetham-QED-C-winners.jpeg"><img decoding="async" class="size-large wp-image-11490" src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Preetham-QED-C-winners-1024x555.jpeg" alt="a group of people in business attire stand and pose in a line, they all have nametag lanyards around their necks" width="640" height="347" srcset="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Preetham-QED-C-winners-1024x555.jpeg 1024w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Preetham-QED-C-winners-300x163.jpeg 300w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Preetham-QED-C-winners-768x416.jpeg 768w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Preetham-QED-C-winners.jpeg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">A total of 17 students presented posters at the first-ever QED-C student program and poster competition. UW–Madison MSPQC student Preetham Tikkireddi (right) was one of three graduate students to win the top honor at the competition. | Photo credit: QED-C</figcaption></figure> <p>Tikkireddi’s research, conducted with computer sciences professor <a href="https://quest-lab.cs.wisc.edu/">Swamit Tannu</a>, looked at the potential for exploiting crosstalk when two users access the same quantum computer at the same time.</p> <p>“Right now, quantum computers are really expensive, and the way we access them is by sending jobs to these quantum providers like IBM or IonQ,” Tikkireddi explains. “But the queues are really long. If you’re lucky, you can get the results back the next day.”</p> <p>Quantum computing capacity is growing rapidly in the form of more and more qubits, and most jobs submitted to these long queues do not need to use all the qubits. Tikkireddi and Tannu thought that one way to increase throughput would be to allow users to share the same quantum computer, each using a subset of the qubits. But quantum computations rely on qubit entanglement, where physically separate qubits interact and share information. It was unclear if sharing a quantum computer opens users to security risks.</p> <p>In his work, Tikkireddi asked if he could count C-NOTs — the gate that is used to create this entanglement — of another user. He entangled two qubits, then asked if two other qubits could “hear” what the first two were doing.</p> <p>“We were able to use that to figure out how many C-NOTs the other guy is doing. That’s step one of an attack,” Tikkireddi says. “Your algorithm is your intellectual property, so you don’t want people to steal it. It’s a security problem.”</p> <p>With this initial analysis identifying potential security risks amongst shared quantum computer use, Tikkireddi says providers should currently not let users share computing time, and that future research should focus on ways to mitigate these crosstalk attacks in an effort to balance efficiency with safeguarding intellectual property.</p> <p>Tikkireddi credits Tannu for helping to guide his poster away from a traditional research poster and toward one more accessible to a non-science audience. He also appreciates the support from MSQPC associate director Katerina Moloni for encouraging and preparing students to take advantage of these training opportunities.</p> <p>“It was a really good networking opportunity, especially for me, who is looking for a job right now,” Tikkireddi says. “I would highly recommend students to go to these kinds of events because we get a chance to interact with people in the industry.”</p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/awards-and-honors/" rel="category tag">Awards and Honors</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/graduate-students/" rel="category tag">Graduate Students</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/mspqc/" rel="category tag">MSPQC</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/quantum-computing/" rel="category tag">Quantum Computing</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/computer-sciences/" rel="tag">computer sciences</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/entanglement/" rel="tag">entanglement</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/mspqc/" rel="tag">MSPQC</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/qed-c/" rel="tag">QED-C</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum-computing/" rel="tag">quantum computing</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum-science/" rel="tag">quantum science</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/qubits/" rel="tag">qubits</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/student-research/" rel="tag">student research</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/" rel="tag">WQI</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-10534" class="post-10534 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-awards-and-honors category-condensed-matter category-quantum-science tag-oxford-instruments tag-quantum tag-science-prize tag-wqi"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="page-title uw-mini-bar">Tiancheng Song awarded Lee Osheroff Richardson Science Prize</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on">Posted on <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/2024/02/21/tiancheng-song-awarded-lee-osheroff-richardson-science-prize/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2024-02-21T08:56:20-06:00">February 21, 2024</time></a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p dir="ltr"><em>This post is slightly adapted from <a href="https://www.oxinst.com/news/oxford-instruments-announces-winner-of-the-2024-lee-osheroff-richardson-science-prize/">one originally published by Oxford Instruments</a></em></p> <figure id="attachment_9633" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="max-width: 240px;" aria-label="Tiancheng Song"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tiancheng_profile_picture_v1.png"><img decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-9633" src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tiancheng_profile_picture_v1-240x300.png" alt="profile picture of Tiancheng Song" width="240" height="300" srcset="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tiancheng_profile_picture_v1-240x300.png 240w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tiancheng_profile_picture_v1-819x1024.png 819w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tiancheng_profile_picture_v1-768x960.png 768w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tiancheng_profile_picture_v1-1229x1536.png 1229w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tiancheng_profile_picture_v1-1200x1500.png 1200w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tiancheng_profile_picture_v1.png 1265w" sizes="(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Tiancheng Song</figcaption></figure> <p dir="ltr">Oxford Instruments announced Feb 15 that <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/directory/song-tiancheng/">Tiancheng Song</a>, who will join the UW–Madison physics department as an assistant professor in May, has been awarded the 2024 Lee Osheroff Richardson Science Prize. He is currently an experimental physicist and Dicke Fellow at Princeton University.</p> <p dir="ltr">Dr. Song is recognized for his efforts in developing and employing various measurement techniques at low temperatures and in magnetic fields to study 2D superconductivity and magnetism in van der Waals heterostructures. His works have uncovered a series of emergent quantum phenomena in 2D superconducting and magnetic systems.</p> <p dir="ltr">The Lee Osheroff Richardson Science Prize promotes and recognises the novel work of young scientists working in the fields of low temperatures and/or high magnetic fields or surface science in North and South America.</p> <p dir="ltr">“I am thrilled to be the recipient of the prestigious Lee Osheroff Richardson Science Prize this year! I feel this is a special honour because I am joining the ranks of remarkable scientists who have been awarded this prize for their famous experiments and achievements,” commented Dr. Song.</p> <p dir="ltr">Tiancheng Song is currently a Dicke Fellow in the Department of Physics at Princeton University. Working with Prof. Sanfeng Wu, Dr. Song recently developed a new technique to investigate 2D superconductivity, strongly correlated phases and the associated unconventional quantum phase transition.</p> <p dir="ltr">In his work at Princeton, Dr. Song successfully measured superconducting quantum fluctuations of monolayer WTe2 based on the vortex Nernst effect. The result led to the discovery of a new type of quantum critical point beyond the conventional Ginzburg-Landau theory and demonstrated a new sensitive probe to 2D superconductivity and superconducting phase transitions.</p> <p dir="ltr">Dr. Song’s results have been well recognized by the community with his work being cited over 4,000 times. Dr. Song’s original contributions are demonstrated by the faculty offers he has subsequently received; he will join the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor in May 2024.</p> <p dir="ltr">As part of the prize, Dr. Song will receive $8000 as well as support to attend the APS March Meeting in Minneapolis where he will be presented his award.</p> <p dir="ltr">The 2024 LOR Science Prize selection committee is chaired by Professor Laura Greene, NHMFL and FSU and includes: Professor Hae-Young Kee, Toronto University; Professor Collin Broholm, Johns Hopkins University; Professor Paula Giraldo-Gallo, University of the Andes; and Dr Xiaomeng Liu, Princeton (2023 winner).</p> <p><em><strong>About the LOR Science Prize</strong></em></p> <p dir="ltr"><em>Oxford Instruments is aware that there is a critical and often difficult stage for many scientists between completing a PhD and gaining a permanent research position. The company is pleased to help individuals producing innovative work by offering financial assistance and suitably promoting their research work, through sponsoring the LOR Science Prize for North and South America for the past 19 years. The Prize is named in honour of Professors David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson, joint recipients of The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 for their discovery of ‘superfluidity in helium-3’.</em></p> <p><em>The previous winners of the LOR Science Prize are Dr Xiaomeng Liu, Dr James Nakamura, Dr Matthew Yankowitz, Dr Sheng Ran, Dr Paula Giraldo-Gallo, Dr Kate Ross, Dr Brad Ramshaw, Dr Mohamad Hamidian, Dr Cory Dean, Dr Chiara Tarantini, Dr Lu Li, Dr Kenneth Burch, Dr Jing Xia, Dr Vivien Zapf, Dr Eunseong Kim, Dr Suchitra Sebastian, Dr Jason Petta, and Dr Christian Lupien.</em></p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/awards-and-honors/" rel="category tag">Awards and Honors</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/condensed-matter/" rel="category tag">Condensed matter</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/quantum-science/" rel="category tag">Quantum Science</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/oxford-instruments/" rel="tag">Oxford Instruments</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum/" rel="tag">quantum</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/science-prize/" rel="tag">Science Prize</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/" rel="tag">WQI</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-10271" class="post-10271 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-awards-and-honors category-condensed-matter category-quantum-computing category-quantum-science tag-awards tag-condensed-matter tag-innovation-awards tag-quantum-computing tag-warf tag-wqi"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="page-title uw-mini-bar">Ben Woods and team named finalists in 2023 WARF Innovation Awards</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on">Posted on <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/2023/11/27/mark-friesen-and-team-named-finalists-in-2023-warf-innovation-awards/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2023-11-27T16:49:41-06:00">November 27, 2023</time></a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Each fall the <a href="https://www.warf.org/invent/warf-innovation-awards/">WARF Innovation Awards</a> recognize some of the best inventions at UW–Madison. WARF receives hundreds of new invention disclosures each year. Of these disclosures, the WARF Innovation Award finalists are considered exceptional in the following criteria:</p> <ul> <li>Has potential for high long-term impact</li> <li>Presents an exciting solution to a known important problem</li> <li>Could produce broad benefits for humankind</li> </ul> <p>One of the six finalists comes from Physics. Research Associate Benjamin Woods and a team including Distinguished Scientist Mark Friesen, John Bardeen Prof. of Physics Mark Eriksson, Honorary Associate Robert Joynt, and Graduate Student Emily Joseph developed a quantum device that shows a significant increase in valley splitting, a key property needed for error-free quantum computing. The device features a novel structural composition that turns conventional wisdom on its head.</p> <p>Two winners, selected from the six finalists, will be announced in WARF’s annual holiday greeting; <a href="https://warf.org/warf-programming-updates/">sign up to receive the greeting here</a>. Each of the two Innovation Award winners receive $10,000, split among UW inventors.</p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/awards-and-honors/" rel="category tag">Awards and Honors</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/condensed-matter/" rel="category tag">Condensed matter</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/quantum-computing/" rel="category tag">Quantum Computing</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/quantum-science/" rel="category tag">Quantum Science</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/awards/" rel="tag">awards</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/condensed-matter/" rel="tag">condensed matter</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/innovation-awards/" rel="tag">Innovation Awards</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum-computing/" rel="tag">quantum computing</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/warf/" rel="tag">WARF</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/" rel="tag">WQI</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-10144" class="post-10144 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-graduate-students category-quantum-computing tag-new-publications tag-quantum tag-quantum-computing tag-quantum-science tag-superconducting-qubits tag-wqi"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="page-title uw-mini-bar">“Sandwich” structure found to reduce errors caused by quasiparticles in superconducting qubits</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on">Posted on <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/2023/09/27/sandwich-structure-found-to-reduce-errors-caused-by-quasiparticles-in-superconducting-qubits/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2023-09-27T08:34:26-05:00">September 27, 2023</time></a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Qubits are notoriously more prone to error than their classical counterparts. While superconducting quantum computers currently use on the order of 100 to 1000 qubits, an estimated one million qubits will be needed to track and correct errors in a quantum computer designed for real-world applications. At present, it is not known how to scale superconducting qubit circuits to this size.</p> <p>In a new <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prxquantum/abstract/10.1103/PRXQuantum.4.030310">study published in PRX Quantum</a>, UW–Madison physicists from <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/directory/mcdermott-robert-f/">Robert McDermott</a>’s group developed and tested a new superconducting qubit architecture that is potentially more scalable than the current state of the art. Control of the qubits is achieved via “Single Flux Quantum” (SFQ) pulses that can be generated close to the qubit chip. They found that SFQ-based control fidelity improved ten-fold over their previous versions, providing a promising platform for scaling up the number of qubits in a quantum array.</p> <figure id="attachment_3111" class="wp-caption alignright" style="max-width: 150px;" aria-label="Robert McDermott"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/McDermott_5887-e1589568989289.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-thumbnail wp-image-3111" src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/McDermott_5887-e1589568989289-150x150.jpg" alt="profile photo of Robert McDermott" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/McDermott_5887-e1589568989289-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/McDermott_5887-e1589568989289-300x300.jpg 300w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/McDermott_5887-e1589568989289-768x768.jpg 768w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/McDermott_5887-e1589568989289-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/McDermott_5887-e1589568989289-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/McDermott_5887-e1589568989289-400x400.jpg 400w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/McDermott_5887-e1589568989289.jpg 1598w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Robert McDermott</figcaption></figure> <figure id="attachment_2618" class="wp-caption alignright" style="max-width: 150px;" aria-label="Vincent Liu"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Liu_headshot.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-thumbnail wp-image-2618" src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Liu_headshot-150x150.jpg" alt="profile photo of Vincent Liu" width="150" height="150" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Vincent Liu</figcaption></figure> <p>The architecture involves a sandwich of two chips: one chip houses the qubits, while the other contains the SFQ control unit. The new approach suppresses the generation of quasiparticles, which are disruptions in the superconducting ground state that degrade qubit performance.</p> <p>“This structure physically separates the two units, and quasiparticles on the SFQ chip cannot diffuse to the quantum chip and generate errors,” explains Chuan-Hong Liu, PhD ’23, a former UW–Madison physics graduate student and lead author of the study. “This design is totally new, and it greatly improves our gate fidelities.”</p> <p>Liu and his colleagues assessed the fidelity of SFQ-based gates through randomized benchmarking. In this approach, the team established operating parameters to maximize the overall fidelity of complex control sequences. For instance, for a qubit that begins in the ground state, they performed long sequences incorporating many gates that should be equivalent to an identity operation; in the end, they measured the fraction of the population remaining in the ground state. A higher measured ground state population indicated higher gate fidelity.</p> <p>Inevitably, there are residual errors, but the reduced quasiparticle poisoning was expected to lower the error rate and improve gate fidelities — and it did.</p> <figure id="attachment_10145" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="max-width: 500px;" aria-label="The quantum-classical multichip module (MCM). (a) A micrograph of the qubit chip. (b) A micrograph of the SFQ driver chip. (c) A photograph showing the assembled MCM stack; the qubit chip is outlined in red and the SFQ chip is outlined in blue. (d) The circuit diagram for one qubit-SFQ pair. | From Liu et al, PRX Quantum."><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/medium.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-10145" src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/medium.png" alt="four panels showing the new chip architecture. The two on the left just show the two computer chips, and then the top right panel shows them "sandwiched" on top of each other. The bottom right panel is a circuit diagram of the whole setup." width="500" height="370" srcset="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/medium.png 500w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/medium-300x222.png 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">The quantum-classical multichip module (MCM). (a) A micrograph of the qubit chip. (b) A micrograph of the SFQ driver chip. (c) A photograph showing the assembled MCM stack; the qubit chip is outlined in red and the SFQ chip is outlined in blue. (d) The circuit diagram for one qubit-SFQ pair. | From Liu et al, PRX Quantum.</figcaption></figure> <p>“Most of the gates had 99% fidelity,” Liu says. “That’s a one order of magnitude reduction in infidelity compared to the last generation.”</p> <p>Importantly, they showed the stability of the SFQ-based gates over the course of a six-hour experimental run.</p> <p>Later in the study, the researchers investigated the source of the remaining errors. They found that the SFQ unit was emitting photons with sufficient energy to create quasiparticles on the qubit chip. With the unique source of the error identified, Liu and his colleagues can develop ways to improve the design.</p> <p>“We realized this quasiparticle generation is due to spurious antenna coupling between the SFQ units and the qubit units,” Liu says. “This is really interesting because we usually talk about qubits in the range of one to ten gigahertz, but this error is in the 100 to 1000 gigahertz range. This is an area people have never explored, and we provide a straightforward way to make improvements.”</p> <p><em>This study is a collaboration between the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Syracuse University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and UW–Madison. </em></p> <p><em>This work was funded in part by the National Science Foundation (DMR-1747426); the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF) Accelerator; Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA-20001-D2022-2203120004); and the NIST Program on Scalable Superconducting Computing and the National Nuclear Security Administration Advanced Simulation and Computing Beyond Moore’s Law program (LLNL-ABS-795437).</em></p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/graduate-students/" rel="category tag">Graduate Students</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/quantum-computing/" rel="category tag">Quantum Computing</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/new-publications/" rel="tag">new publications</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum/" rel="tag">quantum</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum-computing/" rel="tag">quantum computing</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum-science/" rel="tag">quantum science</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/superconducting-qubits/" rel="tag">superconducting qubits</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/" rel="tag">WQI</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-9897" class="post-9897 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-awards-and-honors category-quantum-science tag-nsf tag-quantum tag-quantum-science tag-quantum-sensing tag-wqi"> <header> <h1 class="page-title uw-mini-bar">Choy leads team awarded National Science Foundation Quantum Sensing Challenge Grant</h1> <div></div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>The National Science Foundation has selected a proposal “Compact and robust quantum atomic sensors for timekeeping and inertial sensing” by an interdisciplinary team led by University of Wisconsin-Madison researchers for...</p> Read the full article at: <a href="https://engineering.wisc.edu/blog/choy-leads-team-awarded-national-science-foundation-quantum-sensing-challenge-grant/" target="_blank"> https://engineering.wisc.edu/blog/choy-leads-team-awarded-national-science-foundation-quantum-sensing-challenge-grant/ </a> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/awards-and-honors/" rel="category tag">Awards and Honors</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/quantum-science/" rel="category tag">Quantum Science</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/nsf/" rel="tag">NSF</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum/" rel="tag">quantum</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum-science/" rel="tag">quantum science</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum-sensing/" rel="tag">quantum sensing</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/" rel="tag">WQI</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-9801" class="post-9801 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-condensed-matter tag-condensed-matter tag-ingersoll-physics-museum tag-mspqc tag-quantum tag-retirement tag-wqi"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="page-title uw-mini-bar">Congrats to Prof. Joynt on his retirement!</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on">Posted on <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/2023/07/31/congrats-to-prof-joynt-on-his-retirement/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2023-07-31T11:58:43-05:00">July 31, 2023</time></a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>37 years after joining the faculty of the department of physics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/directory/joynt-robert-j/">Prof. Bob Joynt</a> has announced his retirement at the end of July.</p> <p>Joynt is a condensed matter theorist who began as an assistant professor in 1986. His early work focused largely on superconductivity, including high temperature superconductors. He also played an important role in better understanding the Quantum Hall effect, dating back to his graduate work and continuing here. After a decade and a half, his career took a fortuitous turn when he wrote a quantum computing grant proposal with physics professor Mark Eriksson and other researchers in engineering.</p> <figure id="attachment_3105" class="wp-caption alignleft" style="max-width: 300px;" aria-label="Prof. Bob Joynt"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/IMG_3788-2-e1589562176993.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-3105 size-medium" src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/IMG_3788-2-e1589562176993-300x300.jpg" alt="profile photo of Bob Joynt" width="300" height="300" srcset="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/IMG_3788-2-e1589562176993-300x300.jpg 300w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/IMG_3788-2-e1589562176993-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/IMG_3788-2-e1589562176993-768x768.jpg 768w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/IMG_3788-2-e1589562176993-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/IMG_3788-2-e1589562176993-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/IMG_3788-2-e1589562176993-400x400.jpg 400w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Prof. Bob Joynt</figcaption></figure> <p>“That was really a pivotal point in my career, and I’ve been doing quantum computing mostly ever since,” Joynt recalls. “Change is good, I found. I enjoyed that change and I’m glad I did it.”</p> <p>His work for the past 20 years has mainly focused on understanding the origins of noise and decoherence in quantum systems and in the design of semiconductor structures for quantum computing. Joynt is a fellow of the American Physical Society and a UW–Madison Romnes Faculty Fellow. He has co-authored over 175 peer-reviewed publications and trained 26 doctoral students, in addition to numerous postdocs and MS Physics–Quantum Computing students.</p> <p>Joynt’s academic and research achievements alone comprise an illustrious career that any retiring professor would likely be happy with. Still, his contributions to the department span so much more.</p> <p>Joynt served as department chair from 2011-2014, for which he focused his efforts on department fundraising. He was responsible for starting the Board of Visitors, a group of people, mostly in industry, with strong ties to the department. The BoV advises and assists on department priorities, plays a leading role in fundraising, and provides a professional network for current students and alumni. From 2017-2022, Joynt additionally served as the department’s Associate Chair for Alumni Relations and the Board of Visitors.</p> <figure id="attachment_1156" class="wp-caption alignright" style="max-width: 155px;" aria-label="Prof. Joynt lectures in this undated photo from earlier in his career"><a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Robert-Joynt_pic.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-1156" src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Robert-Joynt_pic.jpg" alt="a man stands near a white board looking at an unpictured audience. He is holding a wood pointer in his right hand and gesturing with his left hand." width="155" height="230" /></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Prof. Joynt lectures in this undated photo from earlier in his career</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 2016, Joynt noted that doctoral students with quantum computing research experience were in such high demand that employers were often entering bidding wars for them. Was there a way to meet the demands of the quantum computing workforce by training students in a year or two? And so, thanks to Joynt’s vision and persistence, the MS in Physics–Quantum Computing program — the first MS in quantum computing in the U.S. — enrolled its first cohort in Fall 2019.</p> <p>“We take about 25-30 PhD students each year, and now we take about the same number of MSQPC students,” Joynt says. “It’s become a big part of the department’s educational program.”</p> <p>Adds Mark Eriksson, Department Chair and John Bardeen Professor of Physics: “Our department’s MSPQC program was the first in the nation and remains a model for others, thanks to Professor Joynt’s vision and energy.”</p> <p>The department boasts the oldest hands-on science museum in the country — a claim we now feel confident making thanks to Joynt’s extensive research on the history of the Ingersoll Physics Museum for its 100<sup>th</sup> anniversary in 2018. The museum and physics outreach in general have always been important to Joynt. He has served in an informal capacity as faculty lead for the museum for several years now, helping to raise funds and ensure the museum fulfills its mission of providing free, hands-on, inquiry-based exhibits.</p> <p>When asked what he wanted to be remembered for in the department, Joynt reflected on lessons from his career and then looked forward: “My advice to the department is: do new things. Don’t be afraid of change. Science changes, education changes, all these things are changing, and you need to change with them.”</p> <p>Joynt’s retirement is official as of July 31, but he emphasizes that he is only retiring from administrative and teaching duties. He plans to continue his research efforts, sometimes in Madison and often abroad.</p> <p>Mark Friesen, a senior scientist and long-time collaborator of Joynt’s, says he looks forward to continuing to work with Joynt in this new stage of his career, adding:</p> <p style="padding-left: 40px">“When I joined the department, I knew Bob through reputation as one of the bright condensed matter physicists of his generation. I feel very fortunate to have worked with him, first as a mentor, and later as a colleague. Bob has a tremendous intuition for condensed matter that spans far beyond his immediate research efforts. He also has an easy-going and gracious style that draws in collaborators, and he is just fun to interact with, both inside and outside the department.”</p> <p> </p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/condensed-matter/" rel="category tag">Condensed matter</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/condensed-matter/" rel="tag">condensed matter</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/ingersoll-physics-museum/" rel="tag">Ingersoll Physics Museum</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/mspqc/" rel="tag">MSPQC</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum/" rel="tag">quantum</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/retirement/" rel="tag">retirement</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/" rel="tag">WQI</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-9582" class="post-9582 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-quantum-computing tag-condensed-matter tag-industry tag-industry-partners tag-quantum tag-quantum-computing tag-wqi"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="page-title uw-mini-bar">Partnerships bring together UW–Madison quantum computing research, industry leaders</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on">Posted on <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/2023/06/15/partnerships-bring-together-uw-madison-quantum-computing-research-industry-leaders/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2023-06-15T11:32:31-05:00">June 15, 2023</time></a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Two leading companies in semiconductor quantum computing are partnering with researchers at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, itself a long-time academic leader in quantum computing.</p> <p>UW–Madison’s separate partnerships with Intel and HRL Laboratories are part of a first round of collaborations <a href="https://www.qubitcollaboratory.org/qubits-for-computing-foundry-qcf-announcement/?et_fb=1&PageSpeed=off">announced</a> June 14 by the <a href="https://www.qubitcollaboratory.org/">LPS Qubit Collaboratory (LQC)</a>, a national Quantum Information Science Research Center hosted at the Laboratory for Physical Sciences (LPS). Established in support of the National Quantum Initiative Act, LQC is facilitating partnerships between industry and academic and national labs to advance research in quantum information science.</p> <p>“These collaborations are great examples of UW–Madison partnering with industry on the development of important technologies, in this case semiconductor quantum computers,” says physics professor <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/directory/eriksson-mark-a/">Mark Eriksson</a>, the UW–Madison lead on the partnerships.</p> <p style="text-align: center"><a class="uw-button uw-button-red" href="https://news.wisc.edu/partnerships-bring-together-uw-madison-quantum-computing-research-industry-leaders/">Read the full story</a></p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/quantum-computing/" rel="category tag">Quantum Computing</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/condensed-matter/" rel="tag">condensed matter</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/industry/" rel="tag">industry</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/industry-partners/" rel="tag">industry partners</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum/" rel="tag">quantum</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum-computing/" rel="tag">quantum computing</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/" rel="tag">WQI</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-8995" class="post-8995 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-amo category-grants tag-atomic-clock tag-optical-atomic-clock tag-quantum-science tag-wqi"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="page-title uw-mini-bar">NASA funds Fundamental Physics proposal from Shimon Kolkowitz</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on">Posted on <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/2023/03/17/nasa-funds-fundamental-physics-proposal-from-shimon-kolkowitz/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2023-03-17T15:44:51-05:00">March 17, 2023</time></a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em>This post is adapted from a NASA news release; <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/biological-physical/nasa-selects-7-fundamental-physics-proposals">read the original here</a></em></p> <p>NASA’s Fundamental Physics Program has selected seven proposals, including one from UW–Madison physics professor Shimon Kolkowitz, submitted in response to the Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences – 2022 Fundamental Physics call for proposal.</p> <p>The selected proposals are from seven institutions in seven states, with the total combined award amount of approximately $9.6 million over a five-year period. Kolkowitz’s proposal is ““<em>Developing new techniques for ultra-high-precision space-based optical lattice clock comparisons.” </em></p> <p>Three of the selected projects will involve performing experiments using the Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL) aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Four of the selected proposals call for ground-based research to help NASA identify and develop the foundation for future space-based experiments.</p> <p>The Fundamental Physics Program is managed by the <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/biological-physical">Biological and Physical Sciences Division</a> in NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. This program performs carefully designed research in space that advances our understanding of physical laws, nature’s organizing principles, and how these laws and principles can be manipulated by scientists and technologies to benefit humanity on Earth and in space.</p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/amo/" rel="category tag">AMO</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/grants/" rel="category tag">Grants</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/atomic-clock/" rel="tag">atomic clock</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/optical-atomic-clock/" rel="tag">optical atomic clock</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/quantum-science/" rel="tag">quantum science</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/" rel="tag">WQI</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-8694" class="post-8694 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-condensed-matter category-quantum-computing tag-qubits tag-semiconductor-qubits tag-wqi"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="page-title uw-mini-bar">Finding some wiggle room in semiconductor quantum computers</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on">Posted on <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/2023/01/25/finding-some-wiggle-room-in-semiconductor-quantum-computers/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2023-01-25T16:06:55-06:00">January 25, 2023</time></a></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <img width="1200" height="928" src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/colorized-device-image-scaled-e1680805493201-1200x928.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="a geometric pattern of lines in green, light gold, and black/dark purple, representing the qubit" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/colorized-device-image-scaled-e1680805493201-1200x928.jpg 1200w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/colorized-device-image-scaled-e1680805493201-300x232.jpg 300w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/colorized-device-image-scaled-e1680805493201-1024x792.jpg 1024w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/colorized-device-image-scaled-e1680805493201-768x594.jpg 768w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/colorized-device-image-scaled-e1680805493201-1536x1188.jpg 1536w, https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/colorized-device-image-scaled-e1680805493201.jpg 1600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /><p>Classical computers rarely make mistakes, thanks largely to the digital behavior of semiconductor transistors. They are either on or they’re off, corresponding to the ones and zeros of classical bits.</p> <p>On the other hand, quantum bits, or qubits, can equal zero, one or an arbitrary mixture of the two, allowing quantum computers to solve certain calculations that exceed the capacity of any classical computer. One complication with qubits, however, is that they can occupy energy levels outside the computational one and zero. If those additional levels are too close to one or zero, errors are more likely to occur.</p> <p>“In a classical computer, all the aspects of a transistor are super uniform,” says UW–Madison Distinguished Scientist <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/directory/friesen-mark/">Mark Friesen</a>, an author on both papers. “Silicon qubits are in many ways like transistors, and we’ve gotten to the stage where we can control the qubit properties very well, except for one.”</p> <p>That one property, known as the valley splitting, is the buffer between the computational one-zero energy levels and the additional energy levels, helping to reduce quantum computing errors.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-35510-z#Ack1">In two papers published in Nature Communications</a> in December, researchers from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, the University of New South Wales and TU-Delft showed that tweaking a qubit’s physical structure, known as a silicon quantum dot, creates sufficient valley splitting to reduce computing errors. The findings turn conventional wisdom on its head by showing that a less perfect silicon quantum dot can be beneficial.</p> <p style="text-align: center"><a class="uw-button uw-button-red" href="https://news.wisc.edu/finding-some-wiggle-room-in-semiconductor-quantum-computers/">Read the full story</a></p> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/condensed-matter/" rel="category tag">Condensed matter</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/category/quantum-computing/" rel="category tag">Quantum Computing</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/qubits/" rel="tag">qubits</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/semiconductor-qubits/" rel="tag">semiconductor qubits</a>, <a href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/" rel="tag">WQI</a></span> </footer> </article> <nav class="pagination-container" aria-label="Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="current"><span class="show-for-sr">You're on page</span> 1</li><li><a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/page/2/">2</a></li><li><a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/page/3/">3</a></li><li class="pagination-next"><a class="next page-numbers" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/tag/wqi/page/2/">Next <span class="show-for-sr">page</span></a></li></ul></nav> </main> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="uw-footer"> <h2 class="show-for-sr uw-footer-header">Site footer content</h2> <div class="uw-footer-content"> <div class="uw-logo"> <div class="uw-logo-link-wrapper"><a href="https://www.wisc.edu" aria-label="Link to main university website"> <svg viewBox="0 0 326 216" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45ef4983c9.65852350"> <title id="dynid67ec45ef4983c9.65852350">University logo that links to main university website</title> <g> <path d="M21.3,195.1c-5.7-4.1-6.2-3.7-8.3-10.1l-7.3-23c-1.1-3.4-2.1-7.5-5.2-9.6v-0.2h9.1c-0.2,1.4,0.4,3.3,0.7,4.5l9.3,28.9 l7.3-23.7c1.2-3.8,2.4-7.8-1-9.6v-0.2h8.8c-0.4,1.6,0.1,3.5,0.9,6.3l8.7,27l7-22.8c1.1-3.5,3.2-8.6-1.7-10.3v-0.2h9.6l-13.1,42.8 c-5.7-3.9-6.2-3.6-8.2-10L31,163.7L21.3,195.1z"/> <path d="M64.5,161.1c0-2.9,0.4-7.4-2.7-8.6v-0.2h11.8v0.2c-3.1,1.2-2.7,5.8-2.7,8.6v23.5c0,2.8-0.4,7.3,2.7,8.5v0.2H61.7v-0.2 c3.1-1.1,2.7-5.7,2.7-8.5V161.1z"/> <path d="M102.2,159.7c-2.4-2.5-6.3-3.9-9.8-3.9c-3.5,0-8,1.4-8,5.7c0,8.5,21.4,8.4,21.4,19.9c0,6.7-7,12.9-16.7,12.9 c-3.8,0-7.6-0.6-11.1-1.9l-1.8-7.8c3.7,3.2,8.8,5.2,13.6,5.2c3.5,0,8.9-2.1,8.9-6.5c0-9.7-21.4-8-21.4-21.2c0-7.8,8-10.8,15.6-10.8 c3.1,0,6.3,0.4,9.3,1.4V159.7z"/> <path d="M141.5,160c-3.4-2.2-7.4-3.5-11.5-3.5c-8.6,0-14.6,6.3-14.6,15.3c0,9.2,6.2,17.3,15.8,17.3c4.7,0,9.3-1.7,13.3-3.9h0.2 l-3.2,7.2c-2.9,1.4-6.2,1.9-9.4,1.9c-14.7,0-23.8-8.2-23.8-21.5c0-12.9,9.1-21.4,21.8-21.4c3.8,0,7.7,0.7,11.3,1.6V160z"/> <path d="M189.9,172.3c0,12.7-10.5,21.9-22.9,21.9c-12.3,0-22.7-8.8-22.7-21.6c0-11.8,10.3-21.7,23.3-21.4 C180.7,151.2,189.9,161.1,189.9,172.3z M151.3,172.1c0,8.7,6.2,17.7,15.9,17.7c9.5,0,15.5-6.9,15.5-16.2c0-9.1-5.8-17.9-15.6-17.9 C157.5,155.7,151.3,162.7,151.3,172.1z"/> <path d="M199.3,185.2c0,3.5-0.1,6,3.2,7.9v0.2h-11v-0.2c3.3-1.9,3.3-4.4,3.3-7.9v-24.8c0-3.5,0-6-3.2-7.8v-0.2h9.1v0.1 c0.2,0.7,0.5,1.1,0.9,1.6l0.9,1.2l22.8,28.8v-23.6c0-3.5,0.1-6-3.2-7.8v-0.2h11v0.2c-3.2,1.9-3.2,4.4-3.2,7.8v34.9 c-4.4-1.5-6.4-3.5-9.1-7.1l-21.4-27.1V185.2z"/> <path d="M261.2,159.7c-2.4-2.5-6.3-3.9-9.8-3.9c-3.5,0-8,1.4-8,5.7c0,8.5,21.4,8.4,21.4,19.9c0,6.7-7,12.9-16.7,12.9 c-3.8,0-7.6-0.6-11.1-1.9l-1.8-7.8c3.7,3.2,8.8,5.2,13.6,5.2c3.5,0,8.9-2.1,8.9-6.5c0-9.7-21.4-8-21.4-21.2c0-7.8,8-10.8,15.6-10.8 c3.1,0,6.3,0.4,9.3,1.4V159.7z"/> <path d="M270.7,161.1c0-2.9,0.4-7.4-2.7-8.6v-0.2h11.8v0.2c-3.1,1.2-2.7,5.8-2.7,8.6v23.5c0,2.8-0.4,7.3,2.7,8.5v0.2H268v-0.2 c3.1-1.1,2.7-5.7,2.7-8.5V161.1z"/> <path d="M291.8,185.2c0,3.5-0.1,6,3.2,7.9v0.2h-11v-0.2c3.3-1.9,3.3-4.4,3.3-7.9v-24.8c0-3.5,0-6-3.2-7.8v-0.2h9.1v0.1 c0.2,0.7,0.5,1.1,0.9,1.6l0.9,1.2l22.8,28.8v-23.6c0-3.5,0.1-6-3.2-7.8v-0.2h11v0.2c-3.2,1.9-3.2,4.4-3.2,7.8v34.9 c-4.4-1.5-6.4-3.5-9.1-7.1l-21.4-27.1V185.2z"/> </g> <g> <path d="M11.7,203.2v7c0,2.7,1.5,3.5,3,3.5c1.7,0,3-0.8,3-3.5v-7h1.5v6.9c0,3.8-2.1,4.8-4.5,4.8c-2.4,0-4.5-1.2-4.5-4.7v-7H11.7z"/> <path d="M22.3,214.8v-11.6h2c1.7,2.7,5.3,8.5,5.9,9.7h0c-0.1-1.5-0.1-3.3-0.1-5.2v-4.5h1.4v11.6h-1.9c-1.5-2.5-5.3-8.7-6-10h0 c0.1,1.3,0.1,3.3,0.1,5.4v4.6H22.3z"/> <path d="M36.6,203.2v11.6h-1.5v-11.6H36.6z"/> <path d="M42.9,214.8l-4.2-11.6h1.6l2,5.8c0.6,1.7,1.2,3.4,1.4,4.5h0c0.2-0.9,0.9-2.7,1.5-4.4l2.1-5.8H49l-4.4,11.6H42.9z"/> <path d="M58.4,209.3h-5.7v4.1H59l-0.2,1.3h-7.6v-11.6h7.5v1.3h-6v3.5h5.7V209.3z"/> <path d="M63,209.7v5.1h-1.5v-11.6H66c2.4,0,3.6,1.3,3.6,3.1c0,1.5-0.9,2.4-2,2.7c0.9,0.2,1.8,1,1.8,3v0.5c0,0.8,0,1.8,0.2,2.3h-1.5 c-0.2-0.5-0.2-1.4-0.2-2.5V212c0-1.6-0.5-2.4-2.5-2.4H63z M63,208.4h2.5c1.8,0,2.5-0.7,2.5-2c0-1.2-0.8-1.9-2.4-1.9H63V208.4z"/> <path d="M73.3,211.5c0.3,1.4,1.3,2.1,2.9,2.1c1.8,0,2.5-0.8,2.5-1.9c0-1.2-0.6-1.8-2.9-2.4c-2.7-0.7-3.7-1.6-3.7-3.2 c0-1.7,1.3-3.1,3.8-3.1c2.8,0,3.9,1.6,4.1,3.1h-1.6c-0.2-1-0.8-1.9-2.5-1.9c-1.4,0-2.2,0.6-2.2,1.7c0,1.1,0.6,1.5,2.7,2 c3.3,0.8,3.9,2.1,3.9,3.6c0,1.9-1.4,3.3-4.2,3.3c-2.9,0-4.2-1.6-4.4-3.4H73.3z"/> <path d="M84.5,203.2v11.6H83v-11.6H84.5z"/> <path d="M90.4,204.5h-3.7v-1.3h9v1.3h-3.7v10.3h-1.5V204.5z"/> <path d="M101.2,214.8v-4.2c0-0.1,0-0.2-0.1-0.3l-4.1-7h1.8c1,1.9,2.7,4.9,3.3,5.9c0.5-1,2.2-4,3.3-5.9h1.6l-4.2,7 c0,0.1-0.1,0.1-0.1,0.3v4.2H101.2z"/> <path d="M123.5,208.9c0,3.2-1.8,6-5.4,6c-3.4,0-5.3-2.6-5.3-5.9c0-3.3,1.9-5.9,5.4-5.9C121.5,203,123.5,205.5,123.5,208.9z M114.4,208.9c0,2.5,1.3,4.7,3.8,4.7c2.7,0,3.8-2.2,3.8-4.7c0-2.5-1.2-4.6-3.8-4.6C115.5,204.3,114.4,206.5,114.4,208.9z"/> <path d="M126.3,203.2h7.4v1.3h-5.9v3.8h5.5v1.3h-5.5v5.2h-1.5V203.2z"/> <path d="M142.5,214.8l-3.1-11.6h1.6c0.9,3.8,2.1,8.6,2.4,9.9h0c0.3-1.5,1.9-6.9,2.6-9.9h1.5c0.7,2.6,2.3,8.5,2.5,9.8h0 c0.4-2,2-7.5,2.6-9.8h1.5l-3.4,11.6h-1.6c-0.7-2.7-2.2-8.2-2.5-9.6h0c-0.3,1.7-1.8,6.9-2.6,9.6H142.5z"/> <path d="M158,203.2v11.6h-1.5v-11.6H158z"/> <path d="M162.2,211.5c0.3,1.4,1.3,2.1,2.9,2.1c1.8,0,2.5-0.8,2.5-1.9c0-1.2-0.6-1.8-2.9-2.4c-2.7-0.7-3.7-1.6-3.7-3.2 c0-1.7,1.3-3.1,3.8-3.1c2.8,0,3.9,1.6,4.1,3.1h-1.6c-0.2-1-0.8-1.9-2.5-1.9c-1.4,0-2.2,0.6-2.2,1.7c0,1.1,0.6,1.5,2.7,2 c3.3,0.8,3.9,2.1,3.9,3.6c0,1.9-1.4,3.3-4.2,3.3c-2.9,0-4.2-1.6-4.4-3.4H162.2z"/> <path d="M181.1,211.5c-0.5,2-2,3.4-4.6,3.4c-3.5,0-5.2-2.6-5.2-5.9c0-3.1,1.7-6,5.3-6c2.7,0,4.2,1.6,4.6,3.5h-1.5 c-0.4-1.3-1.2-2.2-3.1-2.2c-2.6,0-3.6,2.3-3.6,4.7c0,2.3,1,4.7,3.7,4.7c1.8,0,2.6-1,3-2.1H181.1z"/> <path d="M193.9,208.9c0,3.2-1.8,6-5.4,6c-3.4,0-5.3-2.6-5.3-5.9c0-3.3,1.9-5.9,5.4-5.9C191.8,203,193.9,205.5,193.9,208.9z M184.7,208.9c0,2.5,1.3,4.7,3.8,4.7c2.7,0,3.8-2.2,3.8-4.7c0-2.5-1.2-4.6-3.8-4.6C185.9,204.3,184.7,206.5,184.7,208.9z"/> <path d="M196.6,214.8v-11.6h2c1.7,2.7,5.3,8.5,5.9,9.7h0c-0.1-1.5-0.1-3.3-0.1-5.2v-4.5h1.4v11.6H204c-1.5-2.5-5.3-8.7-6-10h0 c0.1,1.3,0.1,3.3,0.1,5.4v4.6H196.6z"/> <path d="M210.1,211.5c0.3,1.4,1.3,2.1,2.9,2.1c1.8,0,2.5-0.8,2.5-1.9c0-1.2-0.6-1.8-2.9-2.4c-2.7-0.7-3.7-1.6-3.7-3.2 c0-1.7,1.3-3.1,3.8-3.1c2.8,0,3.9,1.6,4.1,3.1h-1.6c-0.2-1-0.8-1.9-2.5-1.9c-1.4,0-2.2,0.6-2.2,1.7c0,1.1,0.6,1.5,2.7,2 c3.3,0.8,3.9,2.1,3.9,3.6c0,1.9-1.4,3.3-4.2,3.3c-2.9,0-4.2-1.6-4.4-3.4H210.1z"/> <path d="M221.3,203.2v11.6h-1.5v-11.6H221.3z"/> <path d="M224.8,214.8v-11.6h2c1.7,2.7,5.3,8.5,5.9,9.7h0c-0.1-1.5-0.1-3.3-0.1-5.2v-4.5h1.4v11.6h-1.9c-1.5-2.5-5.3-8.7-6-10h0 c0.1,1.3,0.1,3.3,0.1,5.4v4.6H224.8z"/> <path d="M243.4,209.8v1.3h-6.6v-1.3H243.4z"/> <path d="M256.1,209.8c0-2.2,0-4.3,0.1-5.6h-0.1c-0.5,1.9-2.4,6.8-3.7,10.5H251c-1-3-2.9-8.5-3.5-10.5h0c0.1,1.3,0.1,3.9,0.1,5.9 v4.6h-1.4v-11.6h2.3c1.3,3.6,2.9,8.2,3.3,9.7h0c0.3-1.1,2.2-6.2,3.5-9.7h2.2v11.6h-1.5V209.8z"/> <path d="M262.6,211.3l-1.2,3.5h-1.5l4.1-11.6h1.9l4.3,11.6h-1.6l-1.3-3.5H262.6z M266.8,210c-1.1-3-1.7-4.7-2-5.5h0 c-0.3,1-1,2.9-1.8,5.5H266.8z"/> <path d="M272.3,203.2h4.1c3.3,0,5.5,2.2,5.5,5.7c0,3.4-2.1,5.9-5.5,5.9h-4.1V203.2z M273.8,213.5h2.4c2.7,0,4-2,4-4.6 c0-2.3-1.2-4.4-4-4.4h-2.4V213.5z"/> <path d="M286.2,203.2v11.6h-1.5v-11.6H286.2z"/> <path d="M290.3,211.5c0.3,1.4,1.3,2.1,2.9,2.1c1.8,0,2.5-0.8,2.5-1.9c0-1.2-0.6-1.8-2.9-2.4c-2.7-0.7-3.7-1.6-3.7-3.2 c0-1.7,1.3-3.1,3.8-3.1c2.8,0,3.9,1.6,4.1,3.1h-1.6c-0.2-1-0.8-1.9-2.5-1.9c-1.4,0-2.2,0.6-2.2,1.7c0,1.1,0.6,1.5,2.7,2 c3.3,0.8,3.9,2.1,3.9,3.6c0,1.9-1.4,3.3-4.2,3.3c-2.9,0-4.2-1.6-4.4-3.4H290.3z"/> <path d="M310.1,208.9c0,3.2-1.8,6-5.4,6c-3.4,0-5.3-2.6-5.3-5.9c0-3.3,1.9-5.9,5.4-5.9C308.1,203,310.1,205.5,310.1,208.9z M301,208.9c0,2.5,1.3,4.7,3.8,4.7c2.7,0,3.8-2.2,3.8-4.7c0-2.5-1.2-4.6-3.8-4.6C302.2,204.3,301,206.5,301,208.9z"/> <path d="M312.9,214.8v-11.6h2c1.7,2.7,5.3,8.5,5.9,9.7h0c-0.1-1.5-0.1-3.3-0.1-5.2v-4.5h1.4v11.6h-1.9c-1.5-2.5-5.3-8.7-6-10h0 c0.1,1.3,0.1,3.3,0.1,5.4v4.6H312.9z"/> </g> <path d="M211.4,52c-0.3-3-0.8-6-1.4-8.9c-0.6-2.7-1.3-5.4-2.3-8c-1-2.8-2.2-5.5-3.6-8c-1.4-2.4-3-4.6-4.8-6.7 c-4.9-5.4-11.1-8.4-17.8-8.5l-0.1,0c-1.1-2.4-4.1-4.4-6.8-4.7c0,0-1.4-6-7.8-6.1c-6.4,0-7.8,6.1-7.8,6.1c-2.6,0.4-5.7,2.3-6.8,4.7 l-0.1,0c-6.8,0.1-12.9,3.1-17.8,8.5c-1.9,2-3.4,4.3-4.8,6.7c-1.4,2.5-2.6,5.3-3.6,8c-0.9,2.6-1.7,5.3-2.3,8 c-0.6,2.9-1.1,5.9-1.4,8.9c-3.7,36.8,12.8,82,42.5,88.9c0.5,0.7,1.5,2.1,2.1,2.1c0.6,0,1.6-1.4,2.1-2.1 C198.6,134,215.1,88.8,211.4,52z M166.8,2.5c5.2,0,6.4,4.4,6.4,4.5c-2.6,0.2-5,1.7-6.3,4c0,0-0.1,0.2-0.1,0.2 c-0.1,0-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.2c-1.3-2.3-3.7-3.8-6.3-4C160.4,6.9,161.5,2.5,166.8,2.5z M163.7,9.5c1.3,0.8,2.2,2,2.6,3.4 c0.1,0.4,0.3,0.7,0.4,0.7s0.3-0.3,0.4-0.7c0.4-1.4,1.3-2.7,2.6-3.4c3.8-2.3,8.1-0.8,9.8,2.6c-0.9,0.1-1.7,0.4-2.7,0.7 c-1.5,0.5-2.8,1.2-3.9,2.1c-2.4,2.2-4.5,5.6-4.9,9.9c-1.1,11.9,12.6,10,13.2,10c1.8,0,3.1-2.8,3.1-6.5c0-3.7-1.4-6.5-3.1-6.5 c-1.1,0-2.9,0.8-3.1,4.1c-0.1,2.3,1,5.4,2.5,5.6c0.8,0.1,1.5-1.2,1.7-2.6c0.2-1.2,0.1-3-1-3.3c-0.3-0.1-0.7,0.1-0.8,0.5 c-0.1,0.3,0.7,0.8,0.6,2.2c0,2-2.1,1-1.8-2.2c0.2-2.9,1.7-2.7,1.8-2.7c0.8,0,2.1,1.7,2.1,4.9c0,2.8-1.4,5.9-4,4.3 c-2.2-1.6-3.1-5.3-2.5-8.2c0.3-1.3,1.4-4.9,5.1-4.9c5.3,0,10.2,2.8,14.2,8c-0.4,1.4-3.2,6.7-11.8,11.7c-0.2,0.1-0.5,0.3-0.5,0.2 c-2.6-1.1-5.1-1.8-8-1.6c-2.6,0.1-5.1,0.6-7.5,1.2c-0.5,0.1-1,0.2-1.5,0.2c-0.5,0-1-0.1-1.5-0.2c-2.5-0.6-5-1.1-7.5-1.2 c-2.9-0.2-5.4,0.5-8,1.6c0,0-0.3-0.2-0.5-0.2c-8.7-5.1-11.4-10.3-11.8-11.7c3.9-5.2,8.9-8,14.2-8c3.7,0,4.8,3.6,5.1,4.9 c0.6,2.9-0.3,6.6-2.5,8.2c-2.6,1.6-4-1.5-4-4.3c0-3.2,1.2-4.9,2.1-4.9c0.1,0,1.5-0.2,1.8,2.7c0.3,3.2-1.8,4.2-1.8,2.2 c0-1.4,0.7-1.9,0.6-2.2c-0.1-0.3-0.4-0.5-0.8-0.5c-1.1,0.3-1.2,2.1-1,3.3c0.2,1.4,0.9,2.7,1.7,2.6c1.5-0.2,2.6-3.3,2.5-5.6 c-0.2-3.3-2-4.1-3.1-4.1c-1.7,0-3.1,2.8-3.1,6.5c0,3.7,1.3,6.5,3.1,6.5c0.7,0.1,14.3,1.9,13.2-10c-0.4-4.3-2.5-7.7-4.9-9.9 c-1.1-1-2.3-1.6-3.9-2.1c-1.1-0.3-1.8-0.5-2.7-0.7C155.6,8.7,159.9,7.1,163.7,9.5z M138.1,58.5c-4.4-0.4-7.8-1.9-9.4-2.7 c0.7-11.9,3.7-21.2,8.1-27.4c0.8,2,4.2,7.1,12,11.7C142.1,44,139.1,52.3,138.1,58.5z M149.6,41.4c2-1.2,4.5-1.8,7.1-2 c4.5-0.3,7.8,1.4,10,1.5h0.1c2.2-0.1,5.5-1.8,10-1.5c2.6,0.2,5.2,0.7,7.1,2c9.1,5.8,10.4,19.1,10.5,23.5c0.6,15.5-4.2,27.5-5.8,30.9 c-6.3,13.8-13.9,23.6-21.4,26.9l-0.6,0.3l-0.6-0.3c-7.5-3.3-15.1-13.1-21.4-26.9c-1.5-3.3-6.4-15.4-5.8-30.9 C139.2,60.6,140.5,47.2,149.6,41.4z M137.9,59.3c-0.3,2.3-0.5,4.2-0.5,5.4c-0.2,4.3,0,8.6,0.6,12.9c0.6,4,1.5,8,2.7,11.9 c1.7,5.3,4,10.3,6.7,15.2c-2.8,2.5-7,3.5-8.4,3.8c-7.5-15-11.4-34.3-10.5-51.7C130.4,57.6,133.7,59,137.9,59.3z M147.9,105.4 c5,8.6,10,13.8,13.7,16.5c-1.4,3.5-4.6,6.2-5.8,7.1c-6.5-4.4-12-11.3-16.4-19.7C141.2,108.9,145.1,107.9,147.9,105.4z M162.4,122.4 c2,1.5,4.1,2.3,4.3,2.4c0.3-0.1,2.3-0.9,4.3-2.4c1.4,3.4,4.4,6,5.7,7.1c-1.9,1.2-3.8,2.2-5.8,2.9c0-0.1,0-0.1,0-0.2 c-0.4-2.1-3.2-2.6-4.2-2.6c-1,0-3.8,0.4-4.2,2.6c0,0.1,0,0.1,0,0.2c-2-0.7-4-1.7-5.8-2.9C158,128.4,161,125.8,162.4,122.4z M171.9,121.9c3.8-2.7,8.7-7.9,13.7-16.5c2.8,2.5,6.7,3.5,8.4,3.8c-4.3,8.4-9.9,15.3-16.4,19.7C176.5,128.1,173.2,125.4,171.9,121.9 z M186,104.6c2.7-4.8,5-9.9,6.7-15.2c1.2-3.9,2.1-7.9,2.7-11.9c0.6-4.3,0.8-8.6,0.6-12.9c0-1.2-0.2-3.1-0.5-5.4 c4.3-0.4,7.6-1.7,9.3-2.6c0.9,17.4-3,36.8-10.5,51.7C193,108.2,188.8,107.2,186,104.6z M195.4,58.5c-1-6.2-4.1-14.3-10.7-18.5 c7.8-4.6,11.2-9.7,12-11.7c4.4,6.2,7.4,15.5,8.1,27.4C203.3,56.6,199.9,58.1,195.4,58.5z M161.9,138.3c-3.4-1.1-6.6-2.7-9.5-4.8 c-1.9-1.3-3.6-2.7-5.3-4.3c-1.3-1.3-2.6-2.6-3.8-4c-0.8-1-1.6-1.9-2.4-2.9c-3.6-4.8-6.7-10.2-9.1-15.7c-2.3-5.4-4.2-10.9-5.6-16.6 c-1.4-5.8-2.4-11.7-2.9-17.6c-0.5-5.8-0.6-11.8-0.1-17.6c0.3-3.1,0.6-6.3,1.2-9.4c0.6-3.1,1.3-6.1,2.3-9.1c0.9-2.7,2-5.4,3.4-7.9 c1.4-2.6,3.1-5.1,5.1-7.2c1.9-2,4-3.7,6.4-5c1-0.5,2.1-1,3.1-1.4c0.5-0.2,1.1-0.4,1.7-0.5c0.5-0.1,1.1-0.4,1.7-0.4 c1.4-0.3,2.8-0.4,4.2-0.4c1.1,0,3.9,0.2,6.3,1.7c2.7,1.9,5,5,5.4,9.8c0.6,7.3-6.8,8.5-8.3,8.5c-0.2,0-0.3-0.2,0.4-1 c1.7-2.2,2.3-5.6,1.7-8.3c-0.7-3.4-3.1-6-6.5-6c-5.2,0-9.8,2.6-13.2,6.3c-3.3,3.6-5.6,8.2-7.3,12.8c-2.1,5.9-3.2,12.2-3.6,18.5 c-0.4,5.8-0.2,11.6,0.4,17.3c0.6,5.8,1.7,11.6,3.2,17.2c1.5,5.5,3.4,10.9,5.7,16c2.4,5.2,5.3,10.2,8.9,14.7 c3.6,4.5,8.1,8.5,13.2,11.2c1.2,0.6,2.4,1.1,3.6,1.6c-0.1,1.9,0.4,3.6,1.1,5C162.6,138.6,162.6,138.5,161.9,138.3z M167.3,140.8 c0,0-0.3,0.3-0.5,0.3c-0.3,0-0.5-0.3-0.5-0.3c-1.3-1.6-3.2-4.7-2.5-8.4c0.2-1,2-1.5,3-1.5c1,0,2.8,0.5,3,1.5 C170.4,136.1,168.5,139.2,167.3,140.8z M210.2,72.4c-0.5,5.9-1.5,11.8-2.9,17.6c-1.4,5.7-3.2,11.2-5.6,16.6 c-2.4,5.5-5.4,10.9-9.1,15.7c-0.8,1-1.5,2-2.4,2.9c-1.2,1.4-2.5,2.7-3.8,4c-1.6,1.5-3.4,3-5.3,4.3c-2.9,2-6.2,3.7-9.5,4.8 c-0.7,0.2-0.7,0.3-1.5,0.4c0.7-1.4,1.2-3.1,1.1-5c1.2-0.4,2.4-1,3.6-1.6c5.2-2.6,9.6-6.7,13.2-11.2c3.6-4.5,6.5-9.5,8.9-14.7 c2.4-5.2,4.3-10.5,5.7-16c1.5-5.6,2.6-11.4,3.2-17.2c0.6-5.7,0.8-11.5,0.4-17.3c-0.4-6.3-1.5-12.6-3.6-18.5 c-1.6-4.6-3.9-9.2-7.3-12.8c-3.4-3.7-8-6.3-13.2-6.3c-3.4,0-5.8,2.6-6.5,6c-0.6,2.7,0,6.1,1.7,8.3c0.7,0.8,0.6,1,0.4,1 c-1.5,0-9-1.1-8.3-8.5c0.4-4.8,2.8-7.9,5.4-9.8c2.4-1.5,5.2-1.7,6.3-1.7c1.4,0,2.8,0.1,4.2,0.4c0.5,0,1.2,0.2,1.7,0.4 c0.6,0.2,1.1,0.3,1.7,0.5c1.1,0.4,2.1,0.9,3.1,1.4c2.4,1.3,4.6,3.1,6.4,5c2,2.1,3.7,4.6,5.1,7.2c1.4,2.5,2.5,5.2,3.4,7.9 c1,3,1.8,6,2.3,9.1c0.6,3.1,0.9,6.2,1.2,9.4C210.8,60.6,210.7,66.5,210.2,72.4z"/> <path d="M180.3,54.4v3l0.6-0.1c0,0,0.1,0,0.3,0c0.3,0,0.9,0.1,1.3,0.5c0.4,0.4,0.5,1,0.3,1.8c0,0-6.1,26.3-7.2,31.3 C174.3,84.6,167,50,167,50l0-0.1h-1.4l0,0.2c0,0-5.2,33.7-6.3,40.4c-1.4-5.8-7.2-30.8-7.2-30.8c0-0.2,0-0.3,0-0.5 c0-0.7,0.2-1.2,0.5-1.5c0.4-0.4,1.1-0.4,1.2-0.4l0.6,0.1l0-2.9h-10.1v2.9l0.4,0.1c0.2,0,1.4,0.3,1.5,1.4c0,0,11.9,51,12.4,53.1 l0,0.1h1.8l0-0.2c0.1-0.4,4.9-32,5.8-37.9c1.1,5.9,7.3,37.5,7.4,37.9l0,0.1h1.6L187,58.7c0.3-1.1,1.2-1.2,1.6-1.2c0.1,0,0.1,0,0.1,0 l0.6,0v-3.1H180.3z"/> </svg> </a><a href="https://www.wisconsin.edu/" class="uw-footer-stand-out-link">Part of the Universities of Wisconsin</a></div> </div> <div class="uw-footer-contact"> <h3 class="uw-footer-header">Contact Us</h3><ul class="uw-contact-list"><li class="uw-contact-item uw-contact-address">Physics Department<br /> 2320 Chamberlin Hall<br /> 1150 University Avenue<br /> Madison, WI 53706-1390<br /> </li> <li class="uw-contact-item uw-contact-map-link"> <a href="/department/visit/">Map<svg class="uw-map-marker" viewBox="0 0 585 1024" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45ef4a1c47.68442824"> <title id="dynid67ec45ef4a1c47.68442824">map marker</title> <path class="path1" d="M438.857 365.714q0-60.571-42.857-103.429t-103.429-42.857-103.429 42.857-42.857 103.429 42.857 103.429 103.429 42.857 103.429-42.857 42.857-103.429zM585.143 365.714q0 62.286-18.857 102.286l-208 442.286q-9.143 18.857-27.143 29.714t-38.571 10.857-38.571-10.857-26.571-29.714l-208.571-442.286q-18.857-40-18.857-102.286 0-121.143 85.714-206.857t206.857-85.714 206.857 85.714 85.714 206.857z"/> </svg></a></li> <li class="uw-contact-item">Email: <a href="mailto:info@physics.wisc.edu">info@physics.wisc.edu</a></li> <li class="uw-contact-item">Phone: <a href="tel:608-262-4526">608-262-4526</a></li> <li><ul class="uw-social-icons"><li id="uw-icon-twitter" class="uw-social-icon"><a aria-label="twitter" href="https://twitter.com/UWMadPhysics"><svg class="uw-social-symbols" viewBox="0 0 512 512" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45ef4a2a35.27560550"> <title id="dynid67ec45ef4a2a35.27560550">x twitter</title> <path class="path1" d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z"/> </svg></a></li><li id="uw-icon-instagram" class="uw-social-icon"><a aria-label="instagram" href="https://instagram.com/UWMadPhysics"><svg class="uw-social-symbols" viewBox="0 0 448 512" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45ef4a34f2.47924439"> <title id="dynid67ec45ef4a34f2.47924439">instagram</title> <path class="path1" d="M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9 287.7 141 224.1 141zm0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7 74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7zm146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8 26.8 12 26.8 26.8zm76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9 1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0 35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2 26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9 2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8zM398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6 29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6 11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1z"/> </svg></a></li><li id="uw-icon-linkedin" class="uw-social-icon"><a aria-label="linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/uwmadphysics/"><svg class="uw-social-symbols" viewBox="0 0 448 512" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45ef4a4039.11279913"> <title id="dynid67ec45ef4a4039.11279913">linkedin</title> <path class="path1" d="M100.28 448H7.4V148.9h92.88zM53.79 108.1C24.09 108.1 0 83.5 0 53.8a53.79 53.79 0 0 1 107.58 0c0 29.7-24.1 54.3-53.79 54.3zM447.9 448h-92.68V302.4c0-34.7-.7-79.2-48.29-79.2-48.29 0-55.69 37.7-55.69 76.7V448h-92.78V148.9h89.08v40.8h1.3c12.4-23.5 42.69-48.3 87.88-48.3 94 0 111.28 61.9 111.28 142.3V448z"/> </svg></a></li><li id="uw-icon-youtube" class="uw-social-icon"><a aria-label="youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdVkyf-M9Nu39NEEK9sGZ2g/videos"><svg class="uw-social-symbols" viewBox="0 0 576 512" version="1.1" role="img" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" aria-labelledby="dynid67ec45ef4a4ad8.67725422"> <title id="dynid67ec45ef4a4ad8.67725422">youtube</title> <path class="path1" d="M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z"/> </svg></a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </div> <div class="uw-copyright"> <p>Website feedback, questions or accessibility issues: <a id="uw-website-issues-contact" href="mailto:it-staff@physics.wisc.edu">it-staff@physics.wisc.edu</a>.</p> <p>Learn more about <a href="https://accessible.wisc.edu/">accessibility at UW–Madison</a>.</p> <p>This site was built using the <a href="https://uwtheme.wordpress.wisc.edu/">UW Theme</a> | <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/privacy-notice/">Privacy Notice</a> | © 2025 Board of Regents of the <a href="https://www.wisconsin.edu">University of Wisconsin System.</a> </p> </div> </footer>  <script type="text/javascript"> var sbiajaxurl = "https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php"; </script> <script> var e = document.getElementsByClassName("uw-global-bar"); var site_url = "https://www.physics.wisc.edu"; if( e.length ) { var breadcrumbs = '<span class="website-breadcrumbs"> : <a class="uw-global-name-link" href="https://www.physics.wisc.edu">physics</a>'; // add a link to the top site for this domain (e.g. www.hep.wisc.edu) var domain_re = /.*:\/\/([^\/]*)/; var match = domain_re.exec(site_url); if( match.length > 1 ) { var domain = match[1]; var domain_parts = domain.split("."); var site_part = 0; if( domain_parts[site_part] == "www" ) site_part += 1; if( domain_parts[site_part] == "wp" ) site_part += 1; if( domain_parts[site_part] == "home" ) site_part += 1; if( domain_parts[site_part] != "physics" ) { breadcrumbs += ' : <a class="uw-global-name-link" href="https://' + domain + '">' + domain_parts[site_part] + '</a>'; } } // add a link to this sub-site (e.g. www.hep.wisc.edu/cms) var n = site_url.lastIndexOf("/"); var subsite = site_url.substr(n+1); if( subsite.lastIndexOf(".") < 0 ) { breadcrumbs += ' : <a class="uw-global-name-link" href="' + site_url + '">' + subsite + '</a>'; } e[0].innerHTML = "<span>" + e[0].innerHTML + breadcrumbs + "</span></span>"; } </script> <script> var menu; menu = document.getElementById('menu-item-3698'); if( menu ) { var html = menu.innerHTML; if( html.indexOf("Graduate") >= 0 ) { menu.innerHTML = html.replace("Graduate","Grad<span class='show-for-large show-for-stacked'>uate</span>"); } } menu = document.getElementById('menu-item-3188'); if( menu ) { var html = menu.innerHTML; if( html.indexOf("Undergraduate") >= 0 ) { menu.innerHTML = html.replace("Undergraduate","Undergrad<span class='show-for-large show-for-stacked'>uate</span>"); } } </script><script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.6.0" id="jquery-js"></script> <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-effects-core-js"></script> <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect-slide.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-effects-slide-js"></script> <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect-highlight.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-effects-highlight-js"></script> <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect-fold.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-effects-fold-js"></script> <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect-blind.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-effects-blind-js"></script> <script id="bg-show-hide-script-js-extra"> var BG_SHCE_USE_EFFECTS = "0"; var BG_SHCE_TOGGLE_SPEED = "400"; var BG_SHCE_TOGGLE_OPTIONS = "none"; var BG_SHCE_TOGGLE_EFFECT = "blind"; </script> <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/plugins/show-hidecollapse-expand/assets/js/bg-show-hide.js?ver=6.7.2" id="bg-show-hide-script-js"></script>  <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/main.min.js?ver=1.35.1" id="uwmadison-script-js"></script> <script src="https://www.physics.wisc.edu/wp-content/themes/uw-theme/dist/js/jquery-migrate/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.0" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.wisc.cloud/cookie-consent/1.1.0/uwcookieconsent.min.js?ver=1.1.0" id="uw-cookie-consent-js"></script> <script id="uw-cookie-consent-js-after"> window.addEventListener("load", function(){window.cookieconsent.initialize()}); </script> </body> </html>