CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Rhinoplasty - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"edf88a65-8815-4e32-a98c-588ad36102ca","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Rhinoplasty","wgTitle":"Rhinoplasty","wgCurRevisionId":1266121847,"wgRevisionId":1266121847,"wgArticleId":280990,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2015","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from January 2014","All articles needing additional references","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020","Articles needing additional references from April 2015","Nose surgery","Plastic surgery"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Rhinoplasty","wgRelevantArticleId":280990,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q840929","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges": "ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Exposing_lower_lateral_cartilage_during_rhinoplasty.jpg/1200px-Exposing_lower_lateral_cartilage_during_rhinoplasty.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="675"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Exposing_lower_lateral_cartilage_during_rhinoplasty.jpg/800px-Exposing_lower_lateral_cartilage_during_rhinoplasty.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="450"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Exposing_lower_lateral_cartilage_during_rhinoplasty.jpg/640px-Exposing_lower_lateral_cartilage_during_rhinoplasty.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="360"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Rhinoplasty - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoplasty"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoplasty"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Rhinoplasty rootpage-Rhinoplasty skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rhinoplasty" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rhinoplasty" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rhinoplasty" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rhinoplasty" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy_of_the_human_nose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy_of_the_human_nose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anatomy of the human nose</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy_of_the_human_nose-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy of the human nose subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy_of_the_human_nose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_structures_of_the_nose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_structures_of_the_nose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The structures of the nose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_structures_of_the_nose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A._The_nasal_soft_tissues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A._The_nasal_soft_tissues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>A. The nasal soft tissues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A._The_nasal_soft_tissues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_movements_of_the_nose_are_affected_by" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_movements_of_the_nose_are_affected_by"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.1</span> <span>The movements of the nose are affected by</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_movements_of_the_nose_are_affected_by-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-B._Aesthetics_of_the_nose_–_nasal_subunits_and_nasal_segments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#B._Aesthetics_of_the_nose_–_nasal_subunits_and_nasal_segments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>B. Aesthetics of the nose – nasal subunits and nasal segments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-B._Aesthetics_of_the_nose_–_nasal_subunits_and_nasal_segments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_surgical_nose_as_nine_aesthetic_nasal_subunits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_surgical_nose_as_nine_aesthetic_nasal_subunits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.1</span> <span>The surgical nose as nine <i>aesthetic nasal subunits</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_surgical_nose_as_nine_aesthetic_nasal_subunits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_surgical_nose_as_six_aesthetic_nasal_segments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_surgical_nose_as_six_aesthetic_nasal_segments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.2</span> <span>The surgical nose as six <i>aesthetic nasal segments</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_surgical_nose_as_six_aesthetic_nasal_segments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C._Nasal_blood_supply_–_arteries_and_veins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C._Nasal_blood_supply_–_arteries_and_veins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>C. Nasal blood supply – arteries and veins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C._Nasal_blood_supply_–_arteries_and_veins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-D._Lymphatic_system_of_the_nose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#D._Lymphatic_system_of_the_nose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>D. Lymphatic system of the nose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-D._Lymphatic_system_of_the_nose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E._Nerves_of_the_nose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E._Nerves_of_the_nose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>E. Nerves of the nose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E._Nerves_of_the_nose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ophthalmic_division_innervation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ophthalmic_division_innervation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5.1</span> <span>Ophthalmic division innervation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ophthalmic_division_innervation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_maxillary_division_innervation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_maxillary_division_innervation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5.2</span> <span>The maxillary division innervation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_maxillary_division_innervation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-F._Bony_anatomy_of_the_nose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#F._Bony_anatomy_of_the_nose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>F. Bony anatomy of the nose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-F._Bony_anatomy_of_the_nose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-G._The_cartilaginous_pyramid_of_the_nose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#G._The_cartilaginous_pyramid_of_the_nose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>G. The cartilaginous pyramid of the nose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-G._The_cartilaginous_pyramid_of_the_nose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_nasal_anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_nasal_anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>External nasal anatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_nasal_anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_nasal_anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_nasal_anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Internal nasal anatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_nasal_anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasal_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasal_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nasal analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasal_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patient_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patient_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Patient characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patient_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgical_rhinoplasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgical_rhinoplasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Surgical rhinoplasty</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surgical_rhinoplasty-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surgical rhinoplasty subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surgical_rhinoplasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Open_rhinoplasty_versus_closed_rhinoplasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_rhinoplasty_versus_closed_rhinoplasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Open rhinoplasty versus closed rhinoplasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_rhinoplasty_versus_closed_rhinoplasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Procedural_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedural_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Procedural differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedural_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"ethnic_nose"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"ethnic_nose""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>The "ethnic nose"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"ethnic_nose"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Cause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congenital_abnormalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congenital_abnormalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Congenital abnormalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congenital_abnormalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquired_abnormalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquired_abnormalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Acquired abnormalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquired_abnormalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultrasonic_rhinoplasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultrasonic_rhinoplasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ultrasonic rhinoplasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultrasonic_rhinoplasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgical_procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgical_procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Surgical procedure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surgical_procedure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surgical procedure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surgical_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Photographic_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photographic_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Photographic records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photographic_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_rhinoplasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_rhinoplasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Types of rhinoplasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_rhinoplasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasal_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasal_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Nasal reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasal_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgical_anatomy_for_nasal_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgical_anatomy_for_nasal_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Surgical anatomy for nasal reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgical_anatomy_for_nasal_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles_of_rhinoplastic_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles_of_rhinoplastic_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Principles of rhinoplastic reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles_of_rhinoplastic_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasons_for_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Reasons for reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgical_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgical_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Surgical techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgical_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgical_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgical_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Surgical management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgical_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corrections_of_defect_and_deformity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corrections_of_defect_and_deformity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Corrections of defect and deformity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corrections_of_defect_and_deformity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–surgical_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–surgical_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Post–surgical recovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–surgical_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-surgical_rhinoplasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-surgical_rhinoplasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Non-surgical rhinoplasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-surgical_rhinoplasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhinoplasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%81" title="عملية تجميل الأنف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عملية تجميل الأنف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinoplastika" title="Rinoplastika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rinoplastika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ринопластика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ринопластика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinopl%C3%A0stia" title="Rinoplàstia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rinoplàstia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoplastika" title="Rhinoplastika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rhinoplastika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoplastik" title="Rhinoplastik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rhinoplastik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoplastik" title="Rhinoplastik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rhinoplastik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ρινοπλαστική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρινοπλαστική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinoplastia" title="Rinoplastia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rinoplastia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinoplastio" title="Rinoplastio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rinoplastio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جراحی ترمیمی بینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جراحی ترمیمی بینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoplastie" title="Rhinoplastie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rhinoplastie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinoplastia" title="Rinoplastia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rinoplastia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinoplastiko" title="Rinoplastiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rinoplastiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoplasti" title="Rhinoplasti – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rhinoplasti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinoplastica" title="Rinoplastica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rinoplastica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%90%D7%A3" title="ניתוח אף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניתוח אף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinoplastika" title="Rinoplastika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rinoplastika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinoplastika" title="Rinoplastika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rinoplastika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korekcja_nosa" title="Korekcja nosa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Korekcja nosa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinoplastia" title="Rinoplastia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rinoplastia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ринопластика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ринопластика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoplastika" title="Rhinoplastika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rhinoplastika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoplasty" title="Rhinoplasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rhinoplasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinoplastika" title="Rinoplastika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rinoplastika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinoplastia" title="Rinoplastia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rinoplastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4splastik" title="Näsplastik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Näsplastik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinoplasti" title="Rinoplasti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rinoplasti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinoplastika" title="Rinoplastika – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Rinoplastika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ринопластика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ринопластика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="ناک کی جراحی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ناک کی جراحی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%A4%96%E8%A7%80%E6%95%B4%E5%9E%8B%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" title="鼻外觀整型手術 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鼻外觀整型手術" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q840929#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rhinoplasty" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Rhinoplasty" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rhinoplasty"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rhinoplasty"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Rhinoplasty" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Rhinoplasty" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&oldid=1266121847" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Rhinoplasty&id=1266121847&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRhinoplasty"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRhinoplasty"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Rhinoplasty&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rhinoplasty" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rhinoplasty" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q840929" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Surgical procedure to enhance or reconstruct a human nose</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rhinoplasty_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rhinoplasty (disambiguation)">Rhinoplasty (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rhinoplasty" title="Special:EditPage/Rhinoplasty">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rhinoplasty%22">"Rhinoplasty"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rhinoplasty%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rhinoplasty%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rhinoplasty%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rhinoplasty%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rhinoplasty%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Rhinoplasty</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Exposing_lower_lateral_cartilage_during_rhinoplasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Exposing_lower_lateral_cartilage_during_rhinoplasty.jpg/280px-Exposing_lower_lateral_cartilage_during_rhinoplasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Exposing_lower_lateral_cartilage_during_rhinoplasty.jpg/420px-Exposing_lower_lateral_cartilage_during_rhinoplasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Exposing_lower_lateral_cartilage_during_rhinoplasty.jpg/560px-Exposing_lower_lateral_cartilage_during_rhinoplasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><b>Rhinoplasty:</b> The lower lateral cartilage (<a href="/wiki/Greater_alar_cartilage" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater alar cartilage">greater alar cartilage</a>) exposed for plastic modification via the left nostril.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-9-CM_Volume_3" title="ICD-9-CM Volume 3">ICD-9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=21.87&Submit=Search&action=search">21.87</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012225">D012225</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002983.htm">002983</a></span></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840929" class="extiw" title="d:Q840929">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rhinoplasty</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ῥίς</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">rhī́s</i></span>, <b>nose</b> + <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">πλάσσειν</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">plássein</i></span>, <b>to shape</b>), commonly called <b>nose job</b>, medically called <b>nasal reconstruction</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgery</a> procedure for altering and reconstructing the <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two types of plastic surgery used – <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery#reconstructive_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">reconstructive surgery</a> that restores the form and functions of the nose and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery#Cosmetic_surgery_procedures" title="Plastic surgery">cosmetic surgery</a> that changes the appearance of the nose. Reconstructive surgery seeks to resolve nasal <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injuries</a> caused by various <a href="/wiki/Trauma_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trauma (medicine)">traumas</a> including <a href="/wiki/Blunt_trauma" title="Blunt trauma">blunt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Penetrating_trauma" title="Penetrating trauma">penetrating trauma</a> and trauma caused by <a href="/wiki/Blast_injury" title="Blast injury">blast injury</a>. Reconstructive surgery can also treat <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">breathing problems</a>, and failed primary rhinoplasties. Rhinoplasty may remove a bump, narrow nostril width, change the angle between the nose and the mouth, or address injuries, birth defects, or other problems that affect breathing, such as a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum_deviation" title="Nasal septum deviation">deviated nasal septum</a> or a sinus condition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Surgery only on the septum is called a <a href="/wiki/Septoplasty" title="Septoplasty">septoplasty</a>. </p><p>In <b>closed rhinoplasty</b> and <b>open rhinoplasty</b> surgeries – a plastic surgeon, an <a href="/wiki/Otolaryngology" class="mw-redirect" title="Otolaryngology">otolaryngologist</a> (ear, nose, and throat specialist), or an <a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">oral and maxillofacial surgeon</a> (jaw, face, and neck specialist), creates a functional, aesthetic, and facially proportionate nose by separating the nasal skin and the <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissues" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft tissues">soft tissues</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nasal framework</a>, altering them as required for form and function, <a href="/wiki/Surgical_suture" title="Surgical suture">suturing</a> the incisions, using <a href="/wiki/Dermal_adhesive" title="Dermal adhesive">tissue glue</a> and applying either a package or a <a href="/wiki/Stent" title="Stent">stent</a>, or both, to immobilize the altered nose to ensure the proper healing of the surgical incision. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwin_Smith_Papyrus_v2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Edwin_Smith_Papyrus_v2.jpg/220px-Edwin_Smith_Papyrus_v2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Edwin_Smith_Papyrus_v2.jpg/330px-Edwin_Smith_Papyrus_v2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Edwin_Smith_Papyrus_v2.jpg/440px-Edwin_Smith_Papyrus_v2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="1954" /></a><figcaption>Plates vi & vii of the <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Smith_Papyrus" title="Edwin Smith Papyrus">Edwin Smith Papyrus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Rare_Book_Room" title="Rare Book Room">Rare Book Room</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Academy_of_Medicine" title="New York Academy of Medicine">New York Academy of Medicine</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Treatments for the plastic repair of a broken nose are first mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Smith_Papyrus" title="Edwin Smith Papyrus">Edwin Smith Papyrus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cossurg_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cossurg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a transcription of text dated to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> from 3000 to 2500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Christian_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christian Era">BCE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-plsurgery_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plsurgery-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus" title="Ebers Papyrus">Ebers Papyrus</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1550 BC), an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">Ancient Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_medical_papyri" title="Egyptian medical papyri">medical papyrus</a>, describes rhinoplasty as the <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgical</a> operation for reconstructing a nose destroyed by rhinectomy. Such a mutilation was inflicted as a criminal, religious, political, and military punishment in that time and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Arneja_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arneja-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rhinoplasty techniques are described in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">ancient Indian</a> text <i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta samhita</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sushruta" title="Sushruta">Sushruta</a>, where a nose is reconstructed by using a flap of skin from the cheek.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC – 476 AD) the encyclopaedist <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus" title="Aulus Cornelius Celsus">Aulus Cornelius Celsus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 25 BC – 50 AD) published the 8-tome <i><a href="/wiki/De_Medicina" title="De Medicina">De Medicina</a></i> (On Medicine, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 14 AD), which described plastic surgery techniques and procedures for the correction and the reconstruction of the nose and other body parts.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantine</a> Roman court of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a> (331–363 AD), the royal physician <a href="/wiki/Oribasius" title="Oribasius">Oribasius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 320–400 AD) published the 70-volume <i>Synagogue Medicae</i> (Medical Compilations, 4th century AD), which described facial-defect reconstructions that featured loose <a href="/wiki/Surgical_suture" title="Surgical suture">sutures</a> that permitted a <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgical</a> wound to heal without distorting the facial flesh; how to clean the bone exposed in a wound; <a href="/wiki/Debridement" title="Debridement">debridement</a>, how to remove damaged tissue to forestall <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> and so accelerate healing of the <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">wound</a>; and how to use <a href="/wiki/Free_flap" title="Free flap">autologous skin flaps</a> to repair damaged cheeks, eyebrows, lips, and nose, to restore the patient's normal <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">visage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy, <a href="/wiki/Gasparo_Tagliacozzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasparo Tagliacozzi">Gasparo Tagliacozzi</a> (1546–1599), professor of <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" title="Human anatomy">anatomy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>, published <i>Curtorum Chirurgia Per Insitionem</i> (The Surgery of Defects by Implantations, 1597), a technico–procedural manual for the <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgical</a> repair and reconstruction of facial wounds in soldiers. The illustrations featured a <a href="/wiki/Reattachment" class="mw-redirect" title="Reattachment">re-attachment</a> rhinoplasty using a <a href="/wiki/Biceps_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Biceps muscle">biceps muscle</a> pedicle flap; the graft attached at 3-weeks post-procedure; which, at 2-weeks post-attachment, the surgeon then shaped into a nose. </p><p>In Great Britain, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Constantine_Carpue" title="Joseph Constantine Carpue">Joseph Constantine Carpue</a> (1764–1846) published the descriptions of two rhinoplasties: the reconstruction of a battle-wounded nose, and the repair of an <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>-damaged nose. (cf. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Constantine_Carpue" title="Joseph Constantine Carpue">Carpue's operation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Rinzler09_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rinzler09-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vigyanprasar_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigyanprasar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artificial_nose,_17th-18th_century._(9663809400).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="complete metal nose with nostrils" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Artificial_nose%2C_17th-18th_century._%289663809400%29.jpg/107px-Artificial_nose%2C_17th-18th_century._%289663809400%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Artificial_nose%2C_17th-18th_century._%289663809400%29.jpg/160px-Artificial_nose%2C_17th-18th_century._%289663809400%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Artificial_nose%2C_17th-18th_century._%289663809400%29.jpg/213px-Artificial_nose%2C_17th-18th_century._%289663809400%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>Artificial nose, made of plated metal, 17th–18th century Europe. This would have been worn as an alternative to rhinoplasty.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Germany, rhinoplastic technique was refined by surgeons such as the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin University">Berlin University</a> professor of surgery <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_von_Graefe" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Ferdinand von Graefe">Karl Ferdinand von Gräfe</a> (1787–1840), who published <i>Rhinoplastik</i> (Rebuilding the Nose, 1818) wherein he described 55 historical plastic surgery procedures, and his technically innovative free-graft nasal reconstruction (with a tissue-flap harvested from the patient's arm), and surgical approaches to eyelid, <a href="/wiki/Cleft_lip" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft lip">cleft lip</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cleft_palate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft palate">cleft palate</a> corrections. Dr. von Gräfe's <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Protégé">protégé</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgical</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Dieffenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach">Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach</a> (1794–1847), who was among the first surgeons to anaesthetize the patient before performing the nose surgery, published <i>Die Operative Chirurgie</i> (Operative Surgery, 1845), which became a foundational medical and plastic surgical text (see <a href="/wiki/Strabismus" title="Strabismus">strabismus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torticollis" title="Torticollis">torticollis</a>). Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Joseph" title="Jacques Joseph">Jacques Joseph</a> (1865–1934) published <i>Nasenplastik und sonstige Gesichtsplastik</i> (Rhinoplasty and other Facial Plastic Surgeries, 1928), which described refined surgical techniques for performing nose-reduction rhinoplasty via internal incisions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, in 1887, the otolaryngologist John Orlando Roe (1848–1915) performed the first modern endonasal rhinoplasty (closed rhinoplasty) in order to treat <a href="/wiki/Saddle_nose" title="Saddle nose">saddle nose</a> deformities.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, Freer, in 1902, and Killian, in 1904, pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Submucous_Resection" class="mw-redirect" title="Submucous Resection">submucous resection</a> septoplasty (SMR) procedure for correcting a deviated <a href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septum</a>; they raised mucoperichondrial tissue flaps, and resected the <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilaginous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bony</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">septum</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Vomer_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Vomer bone">vomer bone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_plate_of_ethmoid_bone" title="Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone">perpendicular plate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ethmoid_bone" title="Ethmoid bone">ethmoid bone</a>), maintaining septal support with a 1.0-cm margin at the dorsum and a 1.0-cm margin at the caudad, for which innovations the technique became the foundational, standard <a href="/wiki/Septoplasty" title="Septoplasty">septoplastic</a> procedure. In 1929, Peer and Metzenbaum performed the first manipulation of the caudal septum, where it originates and projects from the forehead. In 1934, Aurel Rethi introduced the open rhinoplasty approach featuring an incision to the nasal septum to facilitate modifying the tip of the nose.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, Maurice H. Cottle (1898–1981) endonasally resolved a septal deviation with a minimalist hemitransfixion incision, which conserved the septum; thus, he advocated for the practical primacy of the closed rhinoplasty approach.<sup id="cite_ref-Arneja_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arneja-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, A. Sercer advocated the "decortication of the nose" (<i>Dekortication des Nase</i>) technique which featured a columellar-incision open rhinoplasty that allowed greater access to the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal cavity</a> and to the nasal septum. </p><p>The endonasal rhinoplasty was the usual approach to nose surgery until the 1970s, when Padovan presented his technical refinements, advocating the open rhinoplasty approach; he was seconded by Wilfred S. Goodman in the later 1970s, and by Jack P. Gunter in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goodman impelled technical and procedural progress and popularized the open rhinoplasty approach.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SECONDARY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SECONDARY"><span title="WP:SECONDARY">secondary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1987, Gunter reported the technical effectiveness of the open rhinoplasty approach for performing a secondary rhinoplasty; his improved techniques advanced the management of a failed nose surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SECONDARY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SECONDARY"><span title="WP:SECONDARY">secondary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In early 2021, it was reported that a trend that involved getting a rhinoplasty had emerged on the social media platform <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>. The trend became known as the #NoseJobCheck trend and involved users of the platform posting videos that showed how their noses looked before and after their rhinoplasty surgeries, with a specific audio soundtracking the video. From October 2020 to January 2021, the #NoseJobCheck audio had been used in over 120,000 videos and videos with the #NoseJobCheck hashtag had accumulated over one billion views.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_of_the_human_nose">Anatomy of the human nose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anatomy of the human nose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Human nose</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_structures_of_the_nose">The structures of the nose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The structures of the nose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_epithelium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Illu_epithelium.jpg/200px-Illu_epithelium.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Illu_epithelium.jpg/300px-Illu_epithelium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Illu_epithelium.jpg/400px-Illu_epithelium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption>Nasal anatomy: Squamous epithelium is one of several types of epithelia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Procerus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Procerus.png/220px-Procerus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Procerus.png/330px-Procerus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Procerus.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Nasal anatomy: The procerus muscle (musculus procerus, pyramidalis nasi, depressor glabellae).</figcaption></figure> <p>For plastic surgical correction, the structural anatomy of the nose comprises: <b>A.</b> the nasal soft tissues; <b>B.</b> the aesthetic subunits and segments; <b>C.</b> the blood supply arteries and veins; <b>D.</b> the nasal lymphatic system; <b>E.</b> the facial and nasal nerves; <b>F.</b> the nasal bone; and <b>G.</b> the nasal cartilages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A._The_nasal_soft_tissues">A. The nasal soft tissues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: A. The nasal soft tissues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Nasal skin</b> – Like the underlying <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>-and-<a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> (osseo-cartilaginous) support framework of the nose, the external skin is divided into vertical thirds (anatomic sections); from the <a href="/wiki/Glabella" title="Glabella">glabella</a> (the space between the eyebrows), to the bridge, to the tip, for corrective plastic surgery, the nasal skin is anatomically considered, as the:</li></ul> <ol><li><b>Upper third section</b> – the skin of the upper nose is thin, subcutaneous fat layer is thicker and relatively distensible (flexible and mobile), but then tapers, adhering tightly to the osseo-cartilaginous framework, and becomes the thinner skin of the dorsal section, the bridge of the nose.</li> <li><b>Middle third section</b> – the skin overlying the bridge of the nose (mid-dorsal section) is the thinnest, least distensible, nasal skin, because it most adheres to the support framework.</li> <li><b>Lower third section</b> – the skin of the lower nose is as thicker and less mobile, because it has more sebaceous glands, especially at the nasal tip. Subcutaneous fat layer is very thin.</li></ol> <ul><li><b>Nasal lining</b> – At the vestibule, the human nose is lined with a <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membrane</a> of <a href="/wiki/Squamous_epithelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous epithelium">squamous epithelium</a>, which tissue then transitions to become columnar <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_epithelium" title="Respiratory epithelium">respiratory epithelium</a>, a pseudo-stratified, <a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">ciliated</a> (lash-like) tissue with abundant seromucous glands, which maintains the nasal moisture and protects the respiratory tract from bacteriologic infection and foreign objects.</li> <li><b>Nasal muscles</b> – The movements of the human nose are controlled by groups of facial and neck muscles that are set deep to the skin; they are in four functional groups that are interconnected by the nasal superficial <a href="/wiki/Aponeurosis" title="Aponeurosis">aponeurosis</a>—the <b>superficial musculoaponeurotic system</b> (SMAS)—which is a sheet of dense, fibrous, <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> that covers, invests, and forms the terminations of the muscles.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_movements_of_the_nose_are_affected_by">The movements of the nose are affected by</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The movements of the nose are affected by"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><b>the elevator muscle group</b> – which includes the <a href="/wiki/Procerus_muscle" title="Procerus muscle">procerus muscle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle" title="Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle">levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle</a>.</li> <li><b>the depressor muscle group</b> – which includes the <a href="/wiki/Nasalis_muscle" title="Nasalis muscle">alar nasalis muscle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle" title="Depressor septi nasi muscle">depressor septi nasi muscle</a>.</li> <li><b>the compressor muscle group</b> – which includes the transverse <a href="/wiki/Nasalis_muscle" title="Nasalis muscle">nasalis muscle</a>.</li> <li><b>the dilator muscle group</b> – which includes the <a href="/wiki/Dilator_naris_muscle" title="Dilator naris muscle">dilator naris muscle</a> that expands the nostrils; it is in two parts: (i) the dilator nasi anterior muscle, and (ii) the dilator nasi posterior muscle.</li></ol> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinoplasty-nose_diagram-nasal_subunits-labelled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rhinoplasty-nose_diagram-nasal_subunits-labelled.jpg/250px-Rhinoplasty-nose_diagram-nasal_subunits-labelled.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rhinoplasty-nose_diagram-nasal_subunits-labelled.jpg/375px-Rhinoplasty-nose_diagram-nasal_subunits-labelled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Rhinoplasty-nose_diagram-nasal_subunits-labelled.jpg/500px-Rhinoplasty-nose_diagram-nasal_subunits-labelled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Rhinoplasty: the surgical nose as aesthetic nasal segments.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="B._Aesthetics_of_the_nose_–_nasal_subunits_and_nasal_segments"><span id="B._Aesthetics_of_the_nose_.E2.80.93_nasal_subunits_and_nasal_segments"></span>B. Aesthetics of the nose – nasal subunits and nasal segments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: B. Aesthetics of the nose – nasal subunits and nasal segments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To plan, map, and execute the surgical correction of a nasal defect or deformity, the structure of the external nose is divided into nine <b>aesthetic nasal subunits</b>, and six <b>aesthetic nasal segments</b>, which provide the plastic surgeon with the measures for determining the size, extent, and topographic locale of the nasal defect or deformity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_surgical_nose_as_nine_aesthetic_nasal_subunits">The surgical nose as nine <i>aesthetic nasal subunits</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The surgical nose as nine aesthetic nasal subunits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>tip subunit</li> <li>columellar subunit</li> <li>right alar base subunit</li> <li>right alar wall subunit</li> <li>left alar wall subunit</li> <li>left alar base subunit</li> <li>dorsal subunit</li> <li>right dorsal wall subunit</li> <li>left dorsal wall subunit</li></ol> <p>In turn, the nine aesthetic nasal subunits are configured as six aesthetic nasal segments; each segment comprehends a nasal area greater than that comprehended by a nasal subunit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_surgical_nose_as_six_aesthetic_nasal_segments">The surgical nose as six <i>aesthetic nasal segments</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The surgical nose as six aesthetic nasal segments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>the dorsal nasal segment</li> <li>the lateral nasal-wall segments</li> <li>the hemi-lobule segment</li> <li>the soft-tissue triangle segments</li> <li>the alar segments</li> <li>the columellar segment</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray513.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray513.png/220px-Gray513.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray513.png/330px-Gray513.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray513.png/440px-Gray513.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Rhinoplasty: The common carotid artery.</figcaption></figure> <p>Using the co-ordinates of the subunits and segments to determine the topographic location of the defect on the nose, the plastic surgeon plans, maps, and executes a rhinoplasty procedure. The unitary division of the nasal topography permits minimal, but precise, cutting, and maximal corrective-tissue coverage, to produce a functional nose of proportionate size, contour, and appearance for the patient. Hence, if more than 50 percent of an <b>aesthetic subunit</b> is lost (damaged, defective, destroyed) the surgeon replaces the entire <b>aesthetic segment</b>, usually with a regional <a href="/wiki/Tissue_graft" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue graft">tissue graft</a>, harvested from either the face or the head, or with a tissue graft harvested from elsewhere on the patient's body.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="C._Nasal_blood_supply_–_arteries_and_veins"><span id="C._Nasal_blood_supply_.E2.80.93_arteries_and_veins"></span>C. Nasal blood supply – arteries and veins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: C. Nasal blood supply – arteries and veins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the face, the human nose is well vascularized with arteries and veins, and thus supplied with abundant <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>. The principal arterial blood-vessel supply to the nose is two-fold: <b>(i)</b> branches from the <a href="/wiki/Internal_carotid_artery" title="Internal carotid artery">internal carotid artery</a>, the branch of the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_ethmoidal_artery" title="Anterior ethmoidal artery">anterior ethmoidal artery</a>, the branch of the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_ethmoidal_artery" title="Posterior ethmoidal artery">posterior ethmoidal artery</a>, which derive from the <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_artery" title="Ophthalmic artery">ophthalmic artery</a>; <b>(ii)</b> branches from the <a href="/wiki/External_carotid_artery" title="External carotid artery">external carotid artery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sphenopalatine_artery" title="Sphenopalatine artery">sphenopalatine artery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_palatine_artery" title="Greater palatine artery">greater palatine artery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Superior_labial_artery" title="Superior labial artery">superior labial artery</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Angular_artery" title="Angular artery">angular artery</a>. </p><p>The <b>external nose</b> is supplied with blood by the <a href="/wiki/Facial_artery" title="Facial artery">facial artery</a>, which becomes the angular artery that courses over the superomedial aspect of the nose. The sellar region (<a href="/wiki/Sella_turcica" title="Sella turcica">sella turcica</a>, "Turkish chair") and the dorsal region of the nose are supplied with blood by branches of the internal <a href="/wiki/Maxillary_artery" title="Maxillary artery">maxillary artery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Infraorbital_artery" title="Infraorbital artery">infraorbital artery</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophthalmic arteries">ophthalmic arteries</a> that derive from the internal <a href="/wiki/Common_carotid_artery" title="Common carotid artery">common carotid artery</a> system. </p><p>Internally, the <b>lateral nasal wall</b> is supplied with blood by the sphenopalatine artery (from behind and below) and by the anterior ethmoid artery and the posterior ethmoid artery (from above and behind). The <b>nasal septum</b> also is supplied with blood by the sphenopalatine artery, and by the anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries, with the additional circulatory contributions of the superior labial artery and of the greater palatine artery. These three vascular supplies to the internal nose converge in the <b>Kiesselbach plexus</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kiesselbach%27s_plexus" title="Kiesselbach's plexus">the Little area</a>), which is a region in the anteroinferior-third of the nasal septum, (in front and below). Furthermore, the nasal vein vascularisation of the nose generally follows the arterial pattern of nasal vascularisation. The nasal veins are biologically significant, because they have no vessel-valves, and because of their direct, circulatory communication to the <a href="/wiki/Cavernous_sinus" title="Cavernous sinus">cavernous sinus</a>, which makes possible the potential intracranial spreading of a bacterial infection of the nose. Hence, because of such an abundant nasal blood supply, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">tobacco smoking</a> does therapeutically compromise post-operative healing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="D._Lymphatic_system_of_the_nose">D. Lymphatic system of the nose</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: D. Lymphatic system of the nose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pertinent nasal <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a> arises from the superficial mucosa, and drains posteriorly to the <a href="/wiki/Retropharyngeal_lymph_nodes" title="Retropharyngeal lymph nodes">retropharyngeal nodes</a> (in back), and anteriorly (in front), either to the upper <a href="/wiki/Deep_cervical_lymph_nodes" title="Deep cervical lymph nodes">deep cervical nodes</a> (in the neck), or to the <a href="/wiki/Submandibular_gland" title="Submandibular gland">submandibular glands</a> (in the lower jaw), or into both the nodes and the glands of the neck and the jaw. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray778_Trigeminal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gray778_Trigeminal.png/225px-Gray778_Trigeminal.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gray778_Trigeminal.png/338px-Gray778_Trigeminal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gray778_Trigeminal.png/450px-Gray778_Trigeminal.png 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="1533" /></a><figcaption>Nasal innervation: Cranial nerve V, the trigeminal nerve (nervus trigeminis) gives sensation to the nose, the face, and the upper jaw (maxilla).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="E._Nerves_of_the_nose">E. Nerves of the nose</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: E. Nerves of the nose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sensations registered by the human nose derive from the first two branches of <b>cranial nerve V</b>, the <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve</a> listings indicate the respective innervation (sensory distribution) of the trigeminal nerve branches within the nose, the face, and the upper jaw (maxilla). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cranial_nerve_VII.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cranial_nerve_VII.svg/285px-Cranial_nerve_VII.svg.png" decoding="async" width="285" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cranial_nerve_VII.svg/428px-Cranial_nerve_VII.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cranial_nerve_VII.svg/570px-Cranial_nerve_VII.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Nasal innervation: Cranial nerve VII (nervus facialis) is the facial nerve that gives sensation to the nose and the upper jaw (maxilla).</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>The indicated nerve serves the named anatomic facial and nasal regions</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ophthalmic_division_innervation">Ophthalmic division innervation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ophthalmic division innervation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_nerve" title="Lacrimal nerve">Lacrimal nerve</a> – conveys sensation to the skin areas of the lateral <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbital</a> (eye socket) region, except for the <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_gland" title="Lacrimal gland">lacrimal gland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_nerve" title="Frontal nerve">Frontal nerve</a> – conveys sensation to the skin areas of the forehead and the scalp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraorbital_nerve" title="Supraorbital nerve">Supraorbital nerve</a> – conveys sensation to the skin areas of the eyelids, the forehead, and the scalp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supratrochlear_nerve" title="Supratrochlear nerve">Supratrochlear nerve</a> – conveys sensation to the medial region of the eyelid skin area, and the medial region of the forehead skin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasociliary_nerve" title="Nasociliary nerve">Nasociliary nerve</a> – conveys sensation to the skin area of the nose, and the mucous membrane of the anterior (front) nasal cavity.</li> <li>Anterior ethmoid nerve – conveys sensation in the anterior (front) half of the nasal cavity: (a) the internal areas of the <a href="/wiki/Ethmoid_sinus" title="Ethmoid sinus">ethmoid sinus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_sinus" title="Frontal sinus">frontal sinus</a>; and (b) the external areas, from the nasal tip to the rhinion: the anterior tip of the terminal end of the nasal-bone suture.</li> <li>Posterior ethmoid nerve – serves the superior (upper) half of the nasal cavity, the <a href="/wiki/Sphenoidal_sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenoidal sinus">sphenoids</a>, and the ethmoids.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infratrochlear_nerve" title="Infratrochlear nerve">Infratrochlear nerve</a> – conveys sensation to the medial region of the eyelids, the palpebral <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">conjunctiva</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nasion" title="Nasion">nasion</a> (nasolabial junction), and the bony dorsum.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_maxillary_division_innervation">The maxillary division innervation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The maxillary division innervation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_nerve" title="Maxillary nerve">Maxillary nerve</a> – conveys sensation to the upper jaw and the face.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infraorbital_nerve" title="Infraorbital nerve">Infraorbital nerve</a> – conveys sensation to the area from below the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">eye socket</a> to the external nares (nostrils).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_nerve" title="Zygomatic nerve">Zygomatic nerve</a> – through the <a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_bone" title="Zygomatic bone">zygomatic bone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_arch" title="Zygomatic arch">zygomatic arch</a>, conveys sensation to the cheekbone areas.</li> <li>Superior posterior dental nerve – sensation in the teeth and the gums.</li> <li>Superior anterior dental nerve – mediates the sneeze reflex.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenopalatine_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenopalatine nerve">Sphenopalatine nerve</a> – divides into the lateral branch and the septal branch, and conveys sensation from the rear and the central regions of the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal cavity</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_nose_nasal_cavities.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Illu_nose_nasal_cavities.jpg/250px-Illu_nose_nasal_cavities.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Illu_nose_nasal_cavities.jpg/375px-Illu_nose_nasal_cavities.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Illu_nose_nasal_cavities.jpg/500px-Illu_nose_nasal_cavities.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Nasal anatomy: The shell-form turbinates (conchae nasales).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray854.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray854.png/220px-Gray854.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray854.png/330px-Gray854.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Gray854.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>Nasal anatomy: The <i>septum nasi</i> bones and cartilages.</figcaption></figure> <p>The supply of <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasympathetic">parasympathetic</a> nerves to the face and the upper jaw (maxilla) derives from the <a href="/wiki/Greater_petrosal_nerve" title="Greater petrosal nerve">greater superficial petrosal</a> (GSP) branch of <b>cranial nerve VII</b>, the <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial nerve VII">facial nerve</a>. The GSP nerve joins the <a href="/wiki/Deep_petrosal_nerve" title="Deep petrosal nerve">deep petrosal nerve</a> (of the sympathetic nervous system), derived from the carotid plexus, to form the <a href="/wiki/Vidian_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidian nerve">vidian nerve</a> (in the vidian canal) that traverses the <a href="/wiki/Pterygopalatine_ganglion" title="Pterygopalatine ganglion">pterygopalatine ganglion</a> (an autonomic ganglion of the maxillary nerve), wherein only the parasympathetic nerves form synapses, which serve the <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_gland" title="Lacrimal gland">lacrimal gland</a> and the glands of the nose and of the palate, via the (upper jaw) maxillary division of <b>cranial nerve V</b>, the <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="F._Bony_anatomy_of_the_nose">F. Bony anatomy of the nose</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: F. Bony anatomy of the nose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the upper portion of the nose, the paired <a href="/wiki/Nasal_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal bones">nasal bones</a> attach to the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">frontal bone</a>. Above and to the side (superolaterally), the paired nasal bones connect to the <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_bone" title="Lacrimal bone">lacrimal bones</a>, and below and to the side (inferolaterally), they attach to the ascending processes of the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a> (upper jaw). Above and to the back (posterosuperiorly), the bony nasal septum is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_plate_of_the_ethmoid_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone">perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vomer" title="Vomer">vomer</a> bone lies below and to the back (posteroinferiorly), and partially forms the choanal opening into the nasopharynx, (the upper portion of the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> that is continuous with the nasal passages). The floor of the nose comprises the <a href="/wiki/Premaxilla_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Premaxilla bone">premaxilla bone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_bone" title="Palatine bone">palatine bone</a>, the roof of the mouth. </p><p>The nasal septum is composed of the quadrangular cartilage, the vomer bone (the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone), aspects of the premaxilla, and the palatine bones. Each lateral nasal wall contains three pairs of <a href="/wiki/Turbinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbinate">turbinates</a> (nasal conchae), which are small, thin, shell-form bones: (i) the <a href="/wiki/Superior_concha" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior concha">superior concha</a>, (ii) the <a href="/wiki/Middle_nasal_concha" title="Middle nasal concha">middle concha</a>, and (iii) the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_nasal_concha" title="Inferior nasal concha">inferior concha</a>, which are the bony framework of the turbinates. Lateral to the turbinates is the medial wall of the <a href="/wiki/Maxillary_sinus" title="Maxillary sinus">maxillary sinus</a>. Inferior to the nasal conchae (turbinates) is the meatus space, with names that correspond to the turbinates, e.g. superior turbinate, superior meatus, et alii. The internal roof of the nose is composed by the horizontal, perforated <a href="/wiki/Cribriform_plate" title="Cribriform plate">cribriform plate</a> (of the ethmoid bone) through which pass sensory filaments of the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">olfactory nerve</a> (<b>cranial nerve I</b>); finally, below and behind (posteroinferior) the cribriform plate, sloping down at an angle, is the bony face of the <a href="/wiki/Sphenoid_sinus" title="Sphenoid sinus">sphenoid sinus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="G._The_cartilaginous_pyramid_of_the_nose">G. The cartilaginous pyramid of the nose</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: G. The cartilaginous pyramid of the nose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cartilaginous <a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">septum</a> (<i>septum nasi</i>) extends from the nasal bones in the midline (above) to the bony septum in the midline (posteriorly), then down along the bony floor. The septum is quadrangular; the upper half is flanked by two triangular-to-trapezoidal cartilages: the upper lateral-cartilages, which are fused to the dorsal septum in the midline, and laterally attached, with loose ligaments, to the bony margin of the <a href="/wiki/Pyriform_aperture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyriform aperture">pyriform (pear-shaped) aperture</a>, while the inferior ends of the upper lateral-cartilages are free (unattached). The internal area (angle), formed by the septum and upper lateral-cartilage, constitutes the internal valve of the nose; the <a href="/wiki/Sesamoid_cartilages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesamoid cartilages">sesamoid cartilages</a> are adjacent to the upper <a href="/wiki/Lateral_cartilage" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral cartilage">lateral-cartilages</a> in the fibroareolar connective tissue. </p><p>Beneath the upper lateral-cartilages lay the lower lateral-cartilages; the paired lower lateral-cartilages swing outwards, from medial attachments, to the caudal septum in the midline (the medial crura) to an intermediate crus (shank) area. Finally, the lower lateral-cartilages flare outwards, above and to the side (superolaterally), as the lateral crura; these cartilages are mobile, unlike the upper lateral cartilages. Furthermore, some persons present anatomical evidence of nasal scrolling—i.e., an outward curving of the lower borders of the upper lateral-cartilages, and an inward curving of the cephalic borders of the alar cartilages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_nasal_anatomy">External nasal anatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External nasal anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The form of the nasal subunits—the dorsum, the sidewalls, the lobule, the soft triangles, the alae, and the columella—are configured differently, according to the race and the ethnic group of the patient, thus the nasal physiognomies denominated as: African, platyrrhine (flat, wide nose); Asiatic, subplatyrrhine (low, wide nose); Caucasian, leptorrhine (narrow nose); and Hispanic, paraleptorrhine (narrow-sided nose). The respective <a href="/wiki/External_nasal_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="External nasal valve">external nasal valve</a> of each nose is variably dependent upon the size, shape, and strength of the lower lateral cartilage.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_nasal_anatomy">Internal nasal anatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Internal nasal anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the midline of the nose, the <b>septum</b> is a composite (osseo-cartilaginous) structure that divides the nose into two similar halves. The lateral nasal wall and the <a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">paranasal sinuses</a>, the superior concha, the middle concha, and the inferior concha, form the corresponding passages, the superior meatus, the middle meatus, and the inferior meatus, on the lateral nasal wall. The <a href="/wiki/Superior_meatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior meatus">superior meatus</a> is the drainage area for the posterior <a href="/wiki/Ethmoid_bone" title="Ethmoid bone">ethmoid bone</a> cells and the sphenoid sinus; the middle meatus provides drainage for the anterior ethmoid sinuses and for the maxillary and frontal sinuses; and the inferior meatus provides drainage for the <a href="/wiki/Nasolacrimal_duct" title="Nasolacrimal duct">nasolacrimal duct</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Internal_nasal_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal nasal valve">internal nasal valve</a> comprises the area bounded by the upper lateral-cartilage, the septum, the nasal floor, and the anterior head of the inferior turbinate. In the narrow (leptorrhine) nose, this is the narrowest portion of the nasal airway. Generally, this area requires an angle greater than 15 degrees for unobstructed breathing; for the correction of such narrowness, the width of the nasal valve can be increased with spreader grafts and flaring sutures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nasal_analysis">Nasal analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nasal analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philtrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Philtrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="117" /></a><figcaption>Rhinoplasty. Nasal anatomy: The philtrum.</figcaption></figure> <p>The surgical management of nasal defects and deformities divides the nose into six <b>anatomic subunits</b>: (i) the dorsum, (ii) the sidewalls (paired), (iii) the hemilobules (paired), (iv) the soft triangles (paired), (v) the alae (paired), and (vi) the columella. Surgical correction and reconstruction comprehend the entire anatomic subunit affected by the defect (wound) or deformity, thus, the entire subunit is corrected, especially when the resection (cutting) of the defect encompasses more than 50 percent of the subunit. Aesthetically, the nose—from the nasion (the midpoint of the nasofrontal junction) to the columella-labial junction—ideally occupies one-third of the vertical dimension of the person's face; and, from ala to ala, it ideally should occupy one-fifth of the horizontal dimension of the person's face.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>nasofrontal angle</b>, intersection of the line from the <a href="/wiki/Nasion" title="Nasion">nasion</a> to the nasal tip with the line from the <a href="/wiki/Nasion" title="Nasion">nasion</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Glabella" title="Glabella">glabella</a>, usually is 115-130 degrees; the nasofrontal angle is more acute in the male face than in the female face. The <b>nasofacial angle</b>, intersection of the line from the <a href="/wiki/Nasion" title="Nasion">nasion</a> to the nasal tip with the line from the <a href="/wiki/Nasion" title="Nasion">nasion</a> to the pogonion, is approximately 30–40 degrees. The <b>nasolabial angle</b>, the slope between the columella and the <a href="/wiki/Philtrum" title="Philtrum">philtrum</a>, is approximately 90–95 degrees in the male face, and approximately 100–105 degrees in the female face. Therefore, when observing the nose in profile, the normal show of the columella (the height of the visible nasal aperture) is 2 mm; and the dorsum should be rectilinear (straight). When observed from below (worm's-eye view), the alar base configures an isosceles triangle, with its apex at the infra-tip lobule, immediately beneath the tip of the nose. The facially proportionate projection of the nasal tip (the distance of the nose's tip from the face) is determined with the Goode Method, wherein the projection of the nasal tip should be 55–60 percent of the distance between the nasion (nasofrontal junction) and the tip-defining point. A columellar double break might be present, marking the transition between the intermediate crus of the lower-lateral cartilage and the medial crus. </p><p>The <b>Goode Method</b> determines the extension of the nose from the facial surface by comprehending the distance from the alar groove to the tip of the nose, and then relating that measurement (of nasal-tip projection) to the length of the nasal dorsum. The nasal projection measurement is obtained by delineating a right triangle with lines parting from the nasion (nasofrontal juncture) to the alar–facial–groove. Then, a second, perpendicular delineation, that traverses the tip-defining point, establishes the ratio of projection of the nasal tip; hence, the range of 0.55:1 to 0.60:1, is the ideal nasal-tip-to-nasal-length projection.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Systematic approaches to nasal analysis have been described. For example, the 10-7-5 method allows for methodical analysis of the nose. It describes 10 features from the frontal view, 7 features from the lateral view, and 5 features from the basal view.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>3D simulations and planning</b> can be used to communicate the patients existing deformities, and plan or propose the desired approach.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3-dimensional cameras allow photographic capture, inspection, analysis, and modification to understand the existing nasal anatomy, and communicate a potential result to the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patient_characteristics">Patient characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Patient characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To determine the patient's suitability for undergoing a rhinoplasty procedure, the surgeon clinically evaluates them with a complete <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">medical history</a> (<b>anamnesis</b>) to determine their physical and <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">psychological health</a>. The prospective patient must explain to the physician–surgeon the functional and aesthetic nasal problems that they have. The surgeon asks about the ailments' symptoms and their duration, past surgical interventions, allergies, drugs use and drugs abuse (prescription and commercial medications), and a general medical history. Furthermore, additional to physical suitability is psychological suitability—the patient's psychological motive for undergoing nose surgery is critical to the surgeon's pre-operative evaluation of the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-Arneja_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arneja-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The complete physical examination of the rhinoplasty patient determines if he or she is physically fit to undergo and tolerate the physiologic stresses of nose surgery. The examination comprehends every existing physical problem, and a consultation with an anaesthesiologist, if warranted by the patient's medical data. Specific facial and nasal evaluations record the patient's skin-type, existing surgical scars, and the symmetry and asymmetry of the <b>aesthetic nasal subunits</b>. The external and internal nasal examination concentrates upon the <b>anatomic thirds</b> of the nose—upper section, middle section, lower section—specifically noting their structures; the measures of the nasal angles (at which the external nose projects from the face); and the physical characteristics of the naso-facial bony and soft tissues. The internal examination evaluates the condition of the nasal septum, the internal and external nasal valves, the <a href="/wiki/Turbinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbinates">turbinates</a>, and the nasal lining, paying special attention to the structure and the form of the nasal dorsum and the tip of the nose.<sup id="cite_ref-Arneja_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arneja-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, when warranted, specific tests—the mirror test, vasoconstriction examinations, and the Cottle maneuver—are included to the pre-operative evaluation of the prospective rhinoplasty patient. Established by Maurice H. Cottle (1898–1981), the <b>Cottle maneuver</b> is a principal diagnostic technique for detecting an internal nasal-valve disorder; whilst the patient gently inspires, the surgeon laterally pulls the patient's cheek, thereby simulating the widening of the cross-sectional area of the corresponding internal nasal valve. If the maneuver notably facilitates the patient's inspiration, that result is a positive <b>Cottle sign</b>—which generally indicates an airflow-correction to be surgically effected with an installed spreader-graft. Said correction will improve the internal angle of the nasal valve and thus allow unobstructed breathing. Nonetheless, the Cottle maneuver occasionally yields a <b>false-positive Cottle sign</b>, usually observed in the patient affected by alar collapse, and in the patient with a scarred nasal-valve region.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surgical_rhinoplasty">Surgical rhinoplasty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Surgical rhinoplasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is limited evidence that a single dose of corticosteriods decreases oedema and bleeding first two days post operation but the difference is not maintained after this.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swelling and edema can take at least 1-year to diminish.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain adjuncts, including fat grafting may help quicken the time to edema and bruising resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_rhinoplasty_versus_closed_rhinoplasty">Open rhinoplasty versus closed rhinoplasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Open rhinoplasty versus closed rhinoplasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plastic surgical correction of <a href="/wiki/Congenital_defect" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital defect">congenital</a> and acquired abnormalities of the <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a> restores functional and aesthetic properties by the surgeon's manipulations of the nasal skin, the subcutaneous (underlying) cartilage-and-bone support framework, and the <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membrane</a> lining. Technically, the plastic surgeon's incisional approach classifies the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_surgery" title="Nasal surgery">nasal surgery</a> either as an <b>open rhinoplasty</b> or as a <b>closed rhinoplasty</b> procedure. In open rhinoplasty, the surgeon makes a small, irregular incision to the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">columella</a>, the fleshy, exterior-end of the nasal septum; this columellar incision is additional to the usual set of incisions for a nasal correction. In closed rhinoplasty, the surgeon performs every procedural incision endonasally (exclusively within the nose), and does not cut the columella.<sup id="cite_ref-Arneja_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arneja-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleftlipandpalate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Cleftlipandpalate.JPG/250px-Cleftlipandpalate.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Cleftlipandpalate.JPG/375px-Cleftlipandpalate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Cleftlipandpalate.JPG/500px-Cleftlipandpalate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1839" data-file-height="2509" /></a><figcaption>Rhinoplastic correction: A child affected by a cleft lip and a cleft palate.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orbital_bones.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Orbital_bones.png/220px-Orbital_bones.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Orbital_bones.png/330px-Orbital_bones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Orbital_bones.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Rhinoplasty:<br />In relation to the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_bone" title="Nasal bone">nasal bone</a> (teal green), seven bones compose the orbit:<br />(1) the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">frontal bone</a> (yellow) <br />(2) the <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_bone" title="Lacrimal bone">lacrimal bone</a> (green) <br /> (3) the <a href="/wiki/Ethmoid_bone" title="Ethmoid bone">ethmoid bone</a> (brown) <br /> (4) the <a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_bone" title="Zygomatic bone">zygomatic bone</a> (blue) <br /> (5) the upper jaw <a href="/wiki/Maxillary_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxillary bone">maxillary bone</a> (purple) <br /> (6) the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_bone" title="Palatine bone">palatine bone</a> (aqua) <br /> (7) the <a href="/wiki/Sphenoid_bone" title="Sphenoid bone">sphenoid bone</a> (red)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Procedural_differences">Procedural differences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Procedural differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Except for the columellar incision, the technical and procedural approaches of open rhinoplasty and of closed rhinoplasty are similar; yet closed rhinoplasty procedure features: </p> <ul><li>Reduced dissection (cutting) of the nasal tissues—no columellar incision</li> <li>Decreased potential for the excessive reduction (cutting) of the nasal-tip support</li> <li>Reduced post-operative <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a></li> <li>Decreased visible <a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">scarring</a></li> <li>Decreased <a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="Iatrogenesis">iatrogenic</a> (inadvertent) damage to the <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a>, by the surgeon</li> <li>Increased availability for effecting <i>in situ</i> procedural and technical changes</li> <li>Palpation that allows the surgeon to <i>feel</i> the interior changes effected to the nose</li> <li>Shorter operating room time</li> <li>Quicker post-surgical recovery and convalescence for the patient<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_"ethnic_nose""><span id="The_.22ethnic_nose.22"></span>The "ethnic nose"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The "ethnic nose""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The open rhinoplasty approach affords the plastic surgeon advantages of ease in securing grafts (<a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>) and, most importantly, in securing the nasal cartilage properly, and so better to make the appropriate assessment and remedy. This procedural aspect can be especially difficult in revision surgery, and in rhinoplastic alteration of the thick-skinned "ethnic nose" of the person of color. The study, <i>Ethnic Rhinoplasty: a Universal Preoperative Classification System for the Nasal Tip</i> (2009), reports that a nasal-tip classification system, based upon skin thickness, has been proposed to aid the surgeon in determining if an open rhinoplasty or a closed rhinoplasty can best correct the defect or deformity affecting the patient's nose.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cause">Cause</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cause, the open and closed approaches to rhinoplastic correction resolve: (i) nasal pathologies (diseases intrinsic and diseases extrinsic to the nose); (ii) an unsatisfactory aesthetic appearance (disproportion); (iii) a failed primary rhinoplasty; (iv) an obstructed airway; and (v) congenital nose defects and deformities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Congenital_abnormalities">Congenital abnormalities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Congenital abnormalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_palate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft lip and palate">Cleft lip and palate</a> in combination; cleft lip (<i>cheiloschisis</i>) and cleft palate (<i>palatoschisis</i>), individually.</li> <li>Congenital nasal abnormalities</li> <li>Genetically derived ethnic-nose abnormalities</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acquired_abnormalities">Acquired abnormalities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Acquired abnormalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">Allergic</a> and vasomotor rhinitis – inflammations of the <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membrane</a> of the nose caused by an allergen, and caused by circulatory and nervous system disorders.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">Autoimmune system diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bite" class="mw-redirect" title="Bite">Bites</a> – animal and human</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">Burns</a> – caused by <a href="/wiki/Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_disease" title="Connective tissue disease">Connective-tissue diseases</a></li> <li>Inflammatory conditions</li> <li>Nasal fractures</li> <li>Naso-orbito-ethmoidal fractures – damages to the nose and the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">eye-sockets</a>; and damage to the bones and the walls of the nasal cavity; it is the <a href="/wiki/Ethmoid_bone" title="Ethmoid bone">ethmoid bone</a> that separates the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Neoplasms</a> – malignant and benign <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumors</a></li> <li>Septal <a href="/wiki/Hematoma" title="Hematoma">hematoma</a> – a mass of (usually) clotted blood in the septum</li> <li>Toxins – chemical damages caused by inspired substances – e.g. powdered <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, aerosol <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamine</a> medications, et cetera.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trauma (medicine)">Traumatic</a> deformities caused by <a href="/wiki/Blunt_trauma" title="Blunt trauma">blunt trauma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penetrating_trauma" title="Penetrating trauma">penetrating trauma</a>, and blast trauma.</li> <li>Venereal infection – e.g., <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultrasonic_rhinoplasty">Ultrasonic rhinoplasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ultrasonic rhinoplasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recently, ultrasonic rhinoplasty<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was introduced by Massimo Robiony in 2004 has become an alternative to traditional rhinoplasty.<sup id="cite_ref-ultrasonic_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ultrasonic-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultrasonic rhinoplasty uses <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelectric">piezoelectric</a> instruments<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to reshape atraumatically nasal bones, also known as rhinosculpture. Ultrasonic rhinoplasty uses piezoelectric instruments (scrapers rasps, saws) that affect only the bones and the stiff cartilages through ultrasonic vibrations, as the instruments used in <a href="/wiki/Dental_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental surgery">dental surgery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of piezoelectric instruments requires a more extended approach than the isial one, allowing to visualize the whole bony vault, to reshape it with rhinosculpture or to mobilize and stabilize bones after controlled osteotomies.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surgical_procedure">Surgical procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Surgical procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A rhinoplastic correction can be performed on a person who is under <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a>, under <a href="/wiki/General_anaesthesia" title="General anaesthesia">general anaesthesia</a>, or under <a href="/wiki/Local_anaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local anaesthesia">local anaesthesia</a>; initially, a <a href="/wiki/Local_anaesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Local anaesthetic">local anaesthetic</a> mixture of <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> is injected to numb the area, and temporarily reduce vascularity, thereby limiting any bleeding. Generally, the <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgeon</a> first separates the nasal skin and the <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissues" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft tissues">soft tissues</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">osseo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilagenous</a> nasal framework, and then reshapes them, sutures the incisions, and applies either an external or an internal stent, and tape, to immobilize the newly reconstructed nose, and so facilitate the healing of the surgical cuts. Occasionally, the surgeon uses either an <a href="/wiki/Autotransplantation" title="Autotransplantation">autologous</a> cartilage graft or a bone graft, or both, in order to strengthen or to alter the nasal contour(s). The autologous grafts usually are harvested from the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">nasal septum</a>, but, if it has insufficient cartilage (as can occur in a revision rhinoplasty), then either a costal cartilage graft (from the <a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">rib cage</a>) or an auricular cartilage graft (<a href="/wiki/Pinna_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinna (anatomy)">concha</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a>) is harvested from the patient's body. Homologous (donor) rib cartilage is also sometimes used if the patient's own cartilage is unsuitable.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid35354546_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid35354546-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the rhinoplasty requires a bone graft, it is harvested from either the <a href="/wiki/Human_cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Human cranium">cranium</a>, the hips, or the rib cage; moreover, when neither type of autologous graft is available, a synthetic graft (<a href="/wiki/Sinus_implant" title="Sinus implant">nasal implant</a>) is used to augment the nasal bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main types of grafts to support and reposition the nasal tip (or the central/medial limb of the tripod) are either columellar strut, or the septal extension graft. Both are useful and effective, but the septal extension graft (SEG) is shown to impart greater control, and less changes over time.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photographic_records">Photographic records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Photographic records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the benefit of the patient and the physician–surgeon, a photographic history of the entire rhinoplastic procedure is established; beginning at the pre-operative consultation, continuing during the surgical operation procedures, and concluding with the post-operative outcome. To record the "before-and-after" physiognomies of the nose and the face of the patient, the specific visual perspectives required are photographs of the nose viewed from the anteroposterior (front-to-back) perspective; the lateral view (profiles), the worm's-eye view (from below), the bird's-eye view (overhead), and three-quarter-profile views.<sup id="cite_ref-Arneja_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arneja-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Photograph A. – Open rhinoplasty:</b> At rhinoplasty's end, after the plastic surgeon has sutured (closed) the incisions, the corrected (new) nose will be dressed, taped, and splinted immobile to permit the uninterrupted healing of the surgical incisions. The purple-ink guidelines ensured the surgeon's accurate cutting of the defect correction plan.</li> <li><b>Photograph B. – Open rhinoplasty:</b> The new nose is prepared with paper tape in order to receive the metal nasal-splint that will immobilize it to maintain its correct shape as a new nose.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RhinoplastySplint1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photograph A. Open rhinoplasty: Pre-operative, the guidelines (purple) ensured the surgeon's accurate incisions in cutting the nasal defect correction plan."><img alt="Photograph A. Open rhinoplasty: Pre-operative, the guidelines (purple) ensured the surgeon's accurate incisions in cutting the nasal defect correction plan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RhinoplastySplint1.jpg/120px-RhinoplastySplint1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RhinoplastySplint1.jpg/180px-RhinoplastySplint1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RhinoplastySplint1.jpg/240px-RhinoplastySplint1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photograph A. Open rhinoplasty: <br />Pre-operative, the guidelines (purple) ensured the surgeon's accurate incisions in cutting the nasal defect correction plan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RhinoplastySplint2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photograph B. Open rhinoplasty: Post-operative, the taped nose, prepared to receive the metal nasal splint that immobilizes and protects the newly corrected nose."><img alt="Photograph B. Open rhinoplasty: Post-operative, the taped nose, prepared to receive the metal nasal splint that immobilizes and protects the newly corrected nose." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/RhinoplastySplint2.jpg/120px-RhinoplastySplint2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/RhinoplastySplint2.jpg/180px-RhinoplastySplint2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/RhinoplastySplint2.jpg/240px-RhinoplastySplint2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photograph B. Open rhinoplasty: <br />Post-operative, the taped nose, prepared to receive the metal nasal splint that immobilizes and protects the newly corrected nose.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RhinoplastySplint3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photograph C. Open rhinoplasty: The metal nasal splint aids wound healing by protecting the tender tissues of the new nose."><img alt="Photograph C. Open rhinoplasty: The metal nasal splint aids wound healing by protecting the tender tissues of the new nose." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/RhinoplastySplint3.jpg/120px-RhinoplastySplint3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/RhinoplastySplint3.jpg/180px-RhinoplastySplint3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/RhinoplastySplint3.jpg/240px-RhinoplastySplint3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photograph C. Open rhinoplasty: <br />The metal nasal splint aids wound healing by protecting the tender tissues of the new nose.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RhinoplastySplint4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photograph D. Open rhinoplasty: The taped, splinted, and dressed nose completes the rhinoplasty."><img alt="Photograph D. Open rhinoplasty: The taped, splinted, and dressed nose completes the rhinoplasty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/RhinoplastySplint4.jpg/120px-RhinoplastySplint4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/RhinoplastySplint4.jpg/180px-RhinoplastySplint4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/RhinoplastySplint4.jpg/240px-RhinoplastySplint4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photograph D. Open rhinoplasty: <br />The taped, splinted, and dressed nose completes the rhinoplasty.</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b>Photograph C. – Open rhinoplasty:</b> After the preliminary taping of the nose, a custom-made, metal nasal-splint, designed, cut, and formed by the surgeon, is emplaced to immobilize and protect the tender tissues of the new nose during convalescence.</li> <li><b>Photograph D. – Open rhinoplasty:</b> The taping, emplacement of the metal splint, and dressing of the new nose complete the rhinoplasty procedure. The patient then convalesces, and the wound dressing will be removed at 1-week post-procedure.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RhinoplastyIncisions2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/RhinoplastyIncisions2.jpg/195px-RhinoplastyIncisions2.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/RhinoplastyIncisions2.jpg/293px-RhinoplastyIncisions2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/RhinoplastyIncisions2.jpg/390px-RhinoplastyIncisions2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Photograph 2. Open rhinoplasty: The right lower lateral cartilage (blue) is exposed for correction.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinoplasty_Incisions_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rhinoplasty_Incisions_1.jpg/200px-Rhinoplasty_Incisions_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rhinoplasty_Incisions_1.jpg/300px-Rhinoplasty_Incisions_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rhinoplasty_Incisions_1.jpg/400px-Rhinoplasty_Incisions_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Photograph 1. Open rhinoplasty: The columellar incision delineated as a red-dot guideline, will assist the surgeon in the precise suturing of the nose.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RhinoplastyProfileHump.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/RhinoplastyProfileHump.jpg/175px-RhinoplastyProfileHump.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/RhinoplastyProfileHump.jpg/263px-RhinoplastyProfileHump.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/RhinoplastyProfileHump.jpg/350px-RhinoplastyProfileHump.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Photograph 4. Rhinoplastic correction: A nasal-hump excision plan; the black line delineates the dorsal plane of the new nose.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RhinoplastyNarrowTip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/RhinoplastyNarrowTip.jpg/200px-RhinoplastyNarrowTip.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/RhinoplastyNarrowTip.jpg/300px-RhinoplastyNarrowTip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/RhinoplastyNarrowTip.jpg/400px-RhinoplastyNarrowTip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Photograph 3. Open rhinoplasty: the nasal tip is sutured to narrow the nose.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Photograph 1.</b> – <b>Open rhinoplasty:</b> The incisions are endonasal (in the nose), and thus are hidden. The skin-incision to the <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">columella</a> aids the plastic surgeon in precisely suturing to hide the <a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">scar</a>—except for the columellar incision (red-dot guideline) across the <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nasal</a> base. The columellar incision allows the surgeon to view the size, shape, and condition of the nasal cartilages and bones to be corrected.</li> <li><b>Photograph 2.</b> – <b>Open rhinoplasty:</b> The nasal interior. The scissors indicate the <a href="/wiki/Greater_alar_cartilage" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater alar cartilage">lower lateral cartilage</a> (blue), which is one of the wing-shaped cartilages that conform the tip of the nose. The jagged red delineation indicates the locale of the columellar incision. Once the skin has been lifted from the bone-and-cartilage framework, the surgeon performs the nasal correction tasks.</li> <li><b>Photograph 3.</b> – <b>Open rhinoplasty:</b> To narrow the tip of a too-wide nose, the surgeon first determines the cause of the excess nasal width. The suture being emplaced will narrow the tip of the nose. The red delineation indicates the edge of the nose-tip cartilage, which is narrowed when the surgeon tightens the folded cartilage apex. The suture (light blue) ends in the needle (white); tweezers (green) hold the nasal cartilage in place for the suturing.</li> <li><b>Photograph 4.</b> – <b>Nasal hump excision:</b> The black delineation indicates the desired nose-reduction outcome: a straight nose. The nasal hump is bone (red) above the scalloped grey line, and cartilage (blue) below the scalloped grey line. The surgeon cuts the cartilage portion of the hump with a <a href="/wiki/Scalpel" title="Scalpel">scalpel</a>, and chisels the bone portion with an <a href="/wiki/Osteotome" title="Osteotome">osteotome</a> (bone chisel). After chiselling away the main mass of the nasal hump with an osteotome, the surgeon then sculpts, refines, and smoothens the cut nasal bones with rasps (files).</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RhinoplastyRasps.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhinoplastic instruments: Bone-scraping rasps, of various grades and types, that the plastic surgeon uses to refine the corrections required to produce a new nose."><img alt="Rhinoplastic instruments: Bone-scraping rasps, of various grades and types, that the plastic surgeon uses to refine the corrections required to produce a new nose." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/RhinoplastyRasps.jpg/120px-RhinoplastyRasps.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/RhinoplastyRasps.jpg/180px-RhinoplastyRasps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/RhinoplastyRasps.jpg/240px-RhinoplastyRasps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rhinoplastic instruments: <br />Bone-scraping rasps, of various grades and types, that the plastic surgeon uses to refine the corrections required to produce a new nose.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_rhinoplasty">Types of rhinoplasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Types of rhinoplasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgical</a> praxis, the term <b>primary rhinoplasty</b> denotes an initial (first-time) reconstructive, functional, or aesthetic corrective procedure. The term <b>secondary rhinoplasty</b> denotes the revision of a failed rhinoplasty, an occurrence in 5–20 per cent of rhinoplasty operations, hence a <b>revision rhinoplasty</b>. The corrections usual to secondary rhinoplasty include the cosmetic reshaping of the nose because of a functional breathing deficit from an over aggressive rhinoplasty, asymmetry, deviated or crooked nose, areas of collapses, hanging columella, pinched tip, scooped nose and more. Although most revision rhinoplasty procedures are "open approach", such a correction is more technically complicated, usually because the nasal support structures either were deformed or destroyed in the primary rhinoplasty; thus the surgeon must re-create the nasal support with cartilage grafts harvested either from the <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a> (auricular cartilage graft) or from the <a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">rib cage</a> (costal cartilage graft). </p><p>A <b>functional rhinoplasty</b> refers to a rhinoplasty performed to alleviate nasal obstruction, whereas a <b>cosmetic rhinoplasty</b> refers to a rhinoplasty performed for aesthetic reasons. Procedures performed as part of a functional rhinoplasty typically include septoplasty, inferior turbinate reduction, and spreader graft placement. </p><p><b>Results</b> </p><p>Can be good if performed by an experienced practitioner. As in all plastic surgery procedures, there can be some unpredictability, and biologic systems can heal in different ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasal_reconstruction">Nasal reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Nasal reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray852.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gray852.png/220px-Gray852.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="423" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Gray852.png 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Rhinoplasty: Right lateral view of the <a href="/wiki/Cartilages_of_the_nose" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilages of the nose">nasal cartilages</a> and the nasal bone.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray855.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gray855.png/200px-Gray855.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gray855.png/300px-Gray855.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gray855.png/400px-Gray855.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Rhinoplasty: Lateral wall of the nasal cavity.</figcaption></figure> <p>In reconstructive rhinoplasty, the defects and deformities that the <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic surgeon">plastic surgeon</a> encounters, and must restore to normal function, form, and appearance include broken and displaced nasal bones; disrupted and displaced nasal cartilages; a collapsed bridge of the nose; <a href="/wiki/Cleft_palate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft palate">congenital defect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trauma_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trauma (medicine)">trauma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blunt_trauma" title="Blunt trauma">blunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penetrating_trauma" title="Penetrating trauma">penetrating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blast_injury" title="Blast injury">blast</a>), <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune disorder">autoimmune disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, intranasal drug-abuse damages, and failed primary rhinoplasty outcomes. Rhinoplasty reduces bony humps, and re-aligns the nasal bones after they are cut (dissected, resected). When <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> is disrupted, <a href="/wiki/Surgical_suture" title="Surgical suture">suturing</a> for re-suspension (structural support), or the use of cartilage grafts to camouflage a depression allow the re-establishment of the normal nasal contour of the nose for the patient. When the bridge of the nose is collapsed, rib-cartilage, ear-cartilage, or cranial-bone grafts can be used to restore its anatomic integrity, and thus the aesthetic continuity of the nose. For augmenting the nasal dorsum, autologous cartilage and bone grafts are preferred to (artificial) <a href="/wiki/Nose_prosthesis" title="Nose prosthesis">nose prostheses</a>, because of the reduced incidence of <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histologic</a> rejection and medical complications.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgical_anatomy_for_nasal_reconstruction">Surgical anatomy for nasal reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Surgical anatomy for nasal reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">human nose</a> is a sensory organ that is structurally composed of three types of tissue: (i) an <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">osseo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilaginous</a> support framework (nasal skeleton), (ii) a mucous membrane lining, and (iii) an external skin. The anatomic <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> of the human nose is a graceful blend of convexities, curves, and depressions, the contours of which show the underlying shape of the nasal skeleton. Hence, these anatomic characteristics permit dividing the nose into <b>nasal subunits</b>: (i) the midline (ii) the nose-tip, (iii) the dorsum, (iv) the soft triangles, (v) the alar lobules, and (vi) the lateral walls. Surgically, the borders of the nasal subunits are ideal locations for the scars, whereby is produced a superior aesthetic outcome, a corrected nose with corresponding skin colors and skin textures.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burget85_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burget85-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Nasal skeleton</dt></dl> <p>Therefore, the successful rhinoplastic outcome depends entirely upon the respective maintenance or restoration of the anatomic integrity of the nasal skeleton, which comprises (a) the nasal bones and the ascending processes of the maxilla in the upper third; (b) the paired upper-lateral cartilages in the middle third; and (c) the lower-lateral, alar cartilages in the lower third. Hence, managing the surgical reconstruction of a damaged, defective, or deformed nose, requires that the plastic surgeon manipulate three anatomic layers: </p> <ol><li><b>the osseo-cartilagenous framework</b> – The upper lateral cartilages that are tightly attached to the (rear) caudal edge of the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal bones">nasal bones</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">nasal septum</a>; said attachment suspends them above the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal cavity</a>. The paired alar cartilages configure a tripod-shaped union that supports the lower third of the nose. The paired medial crura conform the central-leg of the tripod, which is attached to the anterior nasal spine and septum, in the midline. The lateral crura compose the second-leg and the third-leg of the tripod, and are attached to the (pear-shaped) pyriform aperture, the nasal-cavity opening at the front of the skull. The dome of the nostrils defines the apex of the alar cartilage, which supports the nasal tip, and is responsible for the light reflex of the tip.</li> <li><b>the nasal lining</b> – A thin layer of vascular <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucosa</a> that adheres tightly to the deep surface of the bones and the cartilages of the nose. Said dense adherence to the nasal interior limits the mobility of the mucosa, consequently, only the smallest of mucosal defects (< 5 mm) can be sutured primarily.</li> <li><b>the nasal skin</b> – A tight envelope that proceeds inferiorly from the glabella (the smooth prominence between the eyebrows), which then becomes thinner and progressively inelastic (less distensible). The skin of the mid-third of the nose covers the cartilaginous dorsum and the upper lateral cartilages and is relatively elastic, but, at the (far) distal-third of the nose, the skin adheres tightly to the alar cartilages, and is little distensible. The skin and the underlying soft tissues of the alar lobule form a semi-rigid anatomic unit that maintains the graceful curve of the alar rim, and the patency (openness) of the nostrils (anterior nares). To preserve this nasal shape and patency, the replacement of the alar lobule must include a supporting cartilage graft—despite the alar lobule not originally containing cartilage; because of its many sebaceous glands, the nasal skin usually is of a smooth (oiled) texture. Moreover, regarding <a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">scarrification</a>, when compared to the skin of other facial areas, the skin of the nose generates fine-line scars that usually are inconspicuous, which allows the surgeon to strategically hide the surgical scars.<sup id="cite_ref-Fata_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fata-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principles_of_rhinoplastic_reconstruction">Principles of rhinoplastic reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Principles of rhinoplastic reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Principles</dt></dl> <p>The technical principles for the <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgical</a> reconstruction of a <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a> derive from the essential operative principles of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgery</a>: that the applied procedure and technique(s) yield the most satisfactory functional and aesthetic outcome. Hence, the rhinoplastic reconstruction of a new nasal subunit, of virtually normal appearance, can be done in a few procedural stages, using intranasal tissues to correct defects of the <a href="/wiki/Mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosa">mucosa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> battens to brace against <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">tissue</a> contraction and depression (topographic collapse); axial <a href="/wiki/Free_flap" title="Free flap">skin flaps</a> designed from three-dimensional (3-D) templates derived from the topographic subunits of the nose; and the refinement of the resultant correction with the subcutaneous sculpting of <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>, cartilage, and flesh. Nonetheless, the physician-surgeon and the rhinoplasty patient must abide the fact that the reconstructed nasal subunit is not a nose proper, but a <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>-glued collage—of forehead skin, cheek skin, mucosa, vestibular lining, nasal septum, and fragments of <a href="/wiki/Human_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Human ear">ear</a> cartilage—which is perceived as a nose only because its contour, skin color, and skin texture are true to the original nose.<sup id="cite_ref-Burget85_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burget85-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Restoration</dt></dl> <p>In nasal reconstruction, the plastic surgeon's ultimate goal is recreating the shadows, the contours, the skin color, and the skin texture that define the patient's "normal nose", as perceived at conversational distance (c. 1.0 metre). Yet, such an aesthetic outcome suggests the application of a more complex surgical approach, which requires that the surgeon balance the patient's required rhinoplasty, with the patient's <a href="/wiki/Body_image" title="Body image">aesthetic ideal</a> (body image). In the context of surgically reconstructing the patient's physiognomy, the "normal nose" is the three-dimensional (3-D) template for replacing the missing part(s) of a nose (aesthetic nasal subunit, aesthetic nasal segment), which the plastic surgeon re-creates using firm, malleable, modelling materials—such as <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_flap" title="Free flap">flaps of skin and of tissue</a>. In repairing a partial nasal defect (wound), such as that of the alar lobule (the dome above the nostrils), the surgeon uses the undamaged, opposite (contralateral) side of the nose as the 3-D model to fabricate the anatomic template for recreating the deformed nasal subunit, by molding the malleable template material directly upon the normal, undamaged nasal anatomy. To effect a total nasal reconstruction, the template might derive from quotidian observations of the "normal nose" and from photographs of the patient before they sustained the nasal damage. </p><p>The surgeon replaces missing parts with tissue of like quality and quantity; nasal lining with <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucosa</a>, cartilage with cartilage, bone with bone, and skin with skin that best match the native skin color and skin texture of the damaged nasal subunit. For such surgical repairs, skin flaps are preferable to skin grafts, because skin flaps generally are the superior remedy for matching the color and the texture of nasal skin, better resist tissue contracture, and provide better vascularisation of the nasal skeleton; thus, when there is sufficient skin to allow tissue harvesting, nasal skin is the best source of nasal skin. Furthermore, despite its notable <a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">scarring</a> propensity, the nasal skin flap is the prime consideration for nasal reconstruction, because of its greater verisimilitude. </p><p>The most effective nasal reconstruction for repairing a defect (wound) of the nasal skin, is to re-create the entire nasal subunit; thus, the wound is enlarged to comprehend the entire nasal subunit. Technically, this surgical principle permits laying the scars in the <a href="/wiki/Superficial_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial anatomy">topographic</a> transition zone(s) between and among adjacent aesthetic subunits, which avoids juxtaposing two different types of skin in the same aesthetic subunit, where the differences of color and texture might prove too noticeable, even when reconstructing a nose with <a href="/wiki/Free_flap" title="Free flap">skin flaps</a>. Nonetheless, in the final stage of nasal reconstruction—replicating the "normal nose" anatomy by subcutaneous sculpting, the surgeon does have technical allowance to revise the scars, and render them (more) inconspicuous.<sup id="cite_ref-Fata_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fata-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasons_for_reconstruction">Reasons for reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Reasons for reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melanoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Melanoma.jpg/250px-Melanoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Melanoma.jpg/375px-Melanoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Melanoma.jpg/500px-Melanoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption>Rhinoplasty: A <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a> lesion, a type of <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a> that occurs to the nasal skin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Reconstruction rhinoplasty is indicated for the correction of defects and deformities caused by: </p> <ol><li><b>Skin cancer.</b> The most common cause (<a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">etiology</a>) for a nasal reconstruction is <a href="/wiki/Skin_neoplasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin neoplasm">skin cancer</a>, especially the lesions to the nose of <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma" title="Basal-cell carcinoma">basal-cell carcinoma</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncologic</a> <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a> occurs more readily among the aged and people who reside in very sunny geographic areas; although every type of <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> is susceptible to skin cancer, white-skin is most epidemiologically prone to developing skin cancer. Furthermore, regarding <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgical</a> scars, the age of the patient is a notable factor in the timely, post-surgical healing of a skin cancer defect (lesion); in terms of <a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">scarrification</a>, the very elastic skin of young people has a greater regenerative propensity for producing scars that are thicker (stronger) and more noticeable. Therefore, in young patients, the strategic placement (hiding) of the rhinoplastic scars is a greater aesthetic consideration than in elder patients; whose less elastic skin produces scars that are narrower and less noticeable.</li> <li><b>Traumatic nasal defect.</b> Although <a href="/wiki/Trauma_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trauma (medicine)">trauma</a> is a less common rhinoplastic occurrence, a nasal defect or deformity caused by blunt trauma (impact), <a href="/wiki/Penetrating_trauma" title="Penetrating trauma">penetrating trauma</a> (piercing), and <a href="/wiki/Blast_injury" title="Blast injury">blast trauma</a> (blunt and penetrating) requires a surgical reconstruction that abides the conservational principles of plastic surgery, as in the corrections of cancerous lesions.</li> <li><b>Congenital deformities.</b> The unique plastic properties of the <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> of patients' affected by <a href="/wiki/Congenital_defect" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital defect">congenital defects</a>, and associated anomalies, are considered separately.<sup id="cite_ref-Fata_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fata-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgical_techniques">Surgical techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Surgical techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effectiveness of a rhinoplastic reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">external nose</a> derives from the contents of the surgeon's <a href="/wiki/Medical_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical equipment">armamentarium</a> of skin-flap techniques applicable to correcting defects of the nasal skin and of the mucosal lining; some management techniques are the <b>bilobed flap</b>, the <b>nasolabial flap</b>, the <b>paramedian forehead flap</b>, and the <b>septal mucosal flap</b>. </p> <dl><dt>I. Bilobed flap</dt></dl> <p>The design of the bilobed flap derives from the creation of two adjacent random transposition flaps (lobes). In its original design, the leading flap is applied to cover the defect, and the second flap, is emplaced where the skin flexes more, and fills the donor-site wound (from where the first flap was harvested), which then is closed primarily, with <a href="/wiki/Surgical_suture" title="Surgical suture">sutures</a>. The first flap is oriented geometrically, at 90 degrees from the long axis of the wound (defect), and the second flap is oriented 180 degrees from the axis of the wound. Although effective, the bilobed flap technique did create troublesome "dog ears" of excess flesh that required trimming and it also produced a broad skin-donor area that was difficult to confine to the nose. In 1989, J. A. Zitelli modified the bilobed flap technique by: (a) orienting the leading flap at 45 degrees from the long axis of the wound; and (b) orienting the second flap at 90 degrees from the axis of the wound. Said orientations and emplacements eliminated the excess-flesh "dog ears", and thus required a smaller area of donor skin; resultantly, the <b>broad-based, bilobed flap</b> is less prone to the "trap door" and the "pin cushion" deformities common to skin-flap transposition procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasalis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nasalis.png/220px-Nasalis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nasalis.png/330px-Nasalis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Nasalis.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Rhinoplasty: The nasal muscle compresses the nasal bridge, depresses the tip of the nose, and flares (elevates) the corners of the nostrils.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Surgical technique – the bilobed flap</dt></dl> <p>The design of the bilobed flap co-ordinates its lobes with the long axis of the nasal defect (wound); each lobe of the flap is emplaced at a 45-degree angle to the axis. The two lobes of the bilobed flap rotate along an arc, of which all points are equidistant from the apex of the nasal defect. </p> <ul><li>Based upon the available area of nasal skin, the surgeon selects the locale for the bilobed flap, and orients the pedicle. If the defect is in the lateral aspect of the nose, the pedicle is based medially. If the defect is at the nasal tip, or at the nasal dorsum, the pedicle is based laterally. An ideal location for the second flap is along the junction of the nasal dorsum and the lateral nasal wall.</li> <li>The nasal wound is cut and shaped into a teardrop form, by the cutting out of a Burrow's triangle of flesh on the side of pedicle base. Cutting out the Burrow's triangle (skin and subcutaneous fat) permits the moving the pedicle flap, to emplace it without buckling the tissues adjacent to the graft.</li> <li>Using a 20 mm <a href="/wiki/Calliper" class="mw-redirect" title="Calliper">calliper</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Protractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Protractor">protractor</a>—one tip at the apex of the wound—the surgeon delineates two semi-circles, an inner semi-circle, and an outer semi-circle. The outer semi-circle defines the necessary length of the two lobes of the skin flap. The inner semi-circle bisects the center of the original wound, and continues across the donor skin, establishing limit measure of the pedicle common to the two lobes of the flap. The surgeon then draws two lines from the apex of the wound; the first line drawn is at an angle of 45 degrees from the long axis of the wound, and the second line drawn is at a 90-degree angle from the axis of the wound. The two lines delineate the central axes of the two lobes of the bilobed flap.</li> <li>The delineation of each of the two lobes of the flap begins and ends at the inner semi-circle, and extends to the outer semi-circle, to the point where it intersects its central axis. The width of the first lobe is approximately 2 mm narrower than the width of the wound; the width of the second lobe is approximately 2 mm narrower than the width of the first lobe.</li> <li>After the cutting from the tissue donor-site, the bilobed flap is elevated to a plane between the subcutaneous fat and the <a href="/wiki/Nasalis_muscle" title="Nasalis muscle">nasalis muscle</a>. The wound is deepened, down to the nasal skeleton, to accommodate the tissue thickness of the bilobed flap. Technically, cutting the wound, enlarging it, is preferable, and safer, than trimming (thinning) the flap to fit the wound.</li> <li>Undermining the donor site for the second lobe allows closing it primarily; it also eliminates excess-skin "dog-ears" at the donor site. Moreover, if the donor site cannot be closed with sutures, or if the skin blanches (whitens) when sutured, usually because of excessively tight sutures, the tension is decreased by reducing the size (length, width, depth) of the wound with deep sutures that will allow it to heal more readily.</li></ul> <dl><dt>II. Nasolabial flap</dt></dl> <p>In the 19th century, the surgical techniques of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Dieffenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach">J.F. Dieffenbach</a> (1792–1847) popularized the nasolabial flap for nasal reconstruction, for which it remains a foundational nose surgery procedure. The nasolabial flap can be either superiorly based or inferiorly based; of which the superiorly based flap is the more practical rhinoplastic application, because it has a more versatile arc of rotation, and the donor-site scar is inconspicuous. Depending upon how the defect lay upon the nose, the flap pedicle-base can be incorporated either solely to the nasal reconstruction, or it can be divided into a second stage procedure. The blood supply for the flap pedicle are the transverse branches of the contralateral <a href="/wiki/Angular_artery" title="Angular artery">angular artery</a> (the facial artery terminus parallel to the nose), and by a confluence of blood vessels from the angular artery and from the <a href="/wiki/Supraorbital_artery" title="Supraorbital artery">supraorbital artery</a> in the medial canthus, (the angles formed by the meeting of the upper and lower eyelids). Therefore, the incisions for harvesting the nasolabial flap do not continue superiorly beyond the medial canthal tendon. The nasolabial flap is a random flap that is emplaced with the proximal (near) portion resting upon the lateral wall of the nose, and the distal (far) portion resting upon the cheek, which contains the main angular artery, and so is perfused with retrograde arterial flow.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Surgical technique – the nasolabial flap</dt></dl> <p>The pedicle of the nasolabial flap rests upon the lateral nasal wall, and is transposed a maximum of 60 degrees, in order to avoid the "bridge effect" of a flap emplaced across the nasofacial angle. </p> <ul><li>The surgeon designs the nasolabial flap and sets its central axis at a 45-degree angle from the (long) axis of the nasal dorsum. The shape of the skin flap is cut from the wound template fabricated by the surgeon.</li> <li>An incision is made to the flap (without an anaesthetic injection of <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a>), which then is elevated and oriented, in an inferior-to-superior direction, between the subcutaneous fat and the muscle fascia.</li> <li>The cutting continues until the skin flap can be freely transposed upon the nasal defect. A Burrow's triangle is excised from the skin between the medial border of the flap and the nasal dorsum; the triangle can be cut either before or after the elevation of the nasolabial.</li> <li>The flap then is bent back (reflected), and can be thinned (cut) under <a href="/wiki/Loupe" title="Loupe">loupe magnification</a>; however, a nasolabial flap cannot be thinned as easily as an axial skin-flap.</li> <li>After the nasolabial flap has been emplaced, the flap donor-site wound is sutured closed. For a wound of the lateral nasal wall that is less than 15 mm wide, the flap donor-site can be closed primarily, with sutures. For a wound wider than 15 mm—especially a wound that comprehends the alar lobule and the lateral wall of the nose—primary closure is not indicated, because such a wound closure imposes excessive stresses upon the skin flap, thereby risking either blanching (whitening) or distortion, or both. Such risks are avoided by advancing (moving) the skin of the cheek towards the nasofacial junction, where it is sutured to the deep tissues. Furthermore, a narrow wound, less than 1 mm wide can be allowed to heal by secondary intention (autonomous re-epithelialisation).</li></ul> <dl><dt>III. Paramedian forehead flap</dt></dl> <p>The paramedian forehead flap is the premier <a href="/wiki/Autotransplantation" title="Autotransplantation">autologous</a> skin graft for the reconstruction of a nose, by replacing any of the aesthetic nasal subunits, especially regarding the problems of different tissue thickness and skin color. The forehead flap is an axial skin flap based upon the <a href="/wiki/Supraorbital_artery" title="Supraorbital artery">supraorbital artery</a> (an ophthalmic artery branch) and the supratrochlear artery (an ophthalmic artery terminus), which can be thinned to the subdermal plexus in order to enhance the functional and aesthetic outcome of the nose. Restricted length is a practical application limit of the paramedian forehead flap, especially when the patient has a low frontal hairline. In such a patient, a small portion of scalp skin can be included to the flap, but it does have a different skin texture and does continue growing hair; such mismatching is avoided with the transverse emplacement of the flap along the hairline; yet that portion of the skin flap is random, and so risks a greater incidence of <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a>. </p><p>The paramedian forehead flap has two disadvantages, one operational and one aesthetic: Operationally, the reconstruction of a nose with a paramedian forehead flap is a two-stage surgical procedure, which might a problem for the patient whose health (surgical suitability) includes significant, secondary medical risks. Nonetheless, the second stage of the nasal reconstruction can be performed with the patient under local anaesthesia. Aesthetically, although the flap donor-site scar heals well, it is noticeable, and thus difficult to conceal, especially in men.<sup id="cite_ref-Fata_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fata-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flap_design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flap_design.jpg/200px-Flap_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flap_design.jpg/300px-Flap_design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flap_design.jpg/400px-Flap_design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption> Rhinoplasty: A paramedian forehead flap design</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Surgical technique – the paramedian forehead flap</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nasal_reconstruction_using_a_paramedian_forehead_flap" title="Nasal reconstruction using a paramedian forehead flap">Nasal reconstruction using a paramedian forehead flap</a></div> <p>The surgeon designs the paramedian forehead flap from a custom-fabricated three-dimensional metal foil template derived from the measures of the nasal defect to be corrected. Using an <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical ultrasonography">ultrasonic scanner</a>, the flap-pedicle is centre-aligned upon the Doppler signal of the supraorbital artery. Afterwards, the distal one-half of the flap is dissected and thinned to the subdermal plexus. </p> <ul><li>The surgeon fabricates a metal foil template derived from the dimensions of the nasal wound.</li> <li>Applying a <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical ultrasonography">Doppler ultrasonic scanner</a>, the surgeon identifies the axial pedicle of the tissue-flap (composed of the <a href="/wiki/Supraorbital_artery" title="Supraorbital artery">supraorbital artery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supratrochlear_artery" title="Supratrochlear artery">supratrochlear artery</a>), usually at the base, next to the medial brow; the point usually is between the midline and the supraorbital notch.</li> <li>Tracing the Doppler pulse of the blood flow of the supraorbital artery as far as possible, its delineation is continued as a vertical line, until it intersects with the hairline of the patient. The line extended from the pulse of the blood flow is the central axis of the forehead flap.</li> <li>The length of the flap is determined by placing an un-folded, un-stretched 4 × 4-inch gauze upon the wound, and with it measuring from the pedicle base to the distal (farthest) point of the wound. This measure is the length of the central axis of the skin flap.</li> <li>The template is rotated 180 degrees and placed over the distal (far) portion of the axis of the skin flap; the surgeon outlines it with a surgical marker. The outline markings are continued proximally and parallel to the central axis, maintaining a 2-cm width for the proximal flap.</li> <li>Without applying an injection of anaesthetic <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a>, the flap is incised (cut), and the distal one-half is elevated between the <a href="/wiki/Frontalis_muscle" title="Frontalis muscle">frontalis muscle</a> and the subcutaneous fat.</li> <li>At approximately the mid-portion of the forehead, the surgeon deepens the plane of the dissection down to the submuscular plane. The dissection continues toward the brow and the glabella (the smooth prominence between the eyebrows) until the skin flap is sufficiently mobile to allow its relaxed transposition upon the nose.</li> <li>Under loupe magnification, the distal portion of the forehead flap is de-fatted, down to the subdermal plexus. Yet, the fat-removal should be conservative, especially if the patient is either a <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">smoker</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetic</a>, or both, because such health factors negatively affect blood circulation and tissue perfusion, and thus the timely and correct healing of the surgical scars to the nose.</li> <li>The flap is allowed to perfuse, while the donor site is sutured closed by means of the wide undermining deep to the <a href="/wiki/Frontalis_muscle" title="Frontalis muscle">frontalis muscle</a>. At that time, diluted epinephrine can be injected to the forehead skin, but not to the area(s) near the pedicle of the forehead flap. Moreover, if the distal wound is wider than 25 mm, it usually is not closed by primary intention, with sutures, but is allowed to heal by secondary intention, by re-epithelialisation.</li> <li>The forehead flap is attached to the nasal wound with subcutaneous sutures and skin sutures. If the excess tension of a suture compromises the color of the skin flap, the suture can be loosened, with a skin hook, and observed for 10–15 minutes; if the skin color remains compromised (white), the suture is removed.</li> <li>Upon the complete attachment of the paramedian forehead flap to the nose, the surgical wounds are dressed only with antibiotic ointment.</li></ul> <dl><dt>IV. Septal mucosal flap</dt></dl> <p>The septal mucosal tissue flap is the indicated technique for correcting defects of the distal half of the nose, and for correcting almost every type of large defect of the mucosal lining of the nose. The septal mucosal tissue flap, which is an anteriorly based pedicle-graft supplied with blood by the septal branch of the superior labial artery. To perform such a nasal correction, the entire septal mucoperichondrium can be harvested.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Surgical technique – the septal mucosal flap</dt></dl> <p>The surgeon cuts the anteriorly based septal mucosal tissue-flap as widely as possible, and then releases it with a low, posterior back-cut; but only as required to allow the rotation of the tissue-flap into the nasal wound. </p> <ul><li>The surgeon measures the dimensions (length, width, depth) of the nasal wound, and then delineates them upon the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">nasal septum</a>, and, if possible, incorporates an additional margin of 3–5 mm of width to the wound measurements; furthermore, the base of the mucosal tissue flap should be at least 1.5-cm wide.</li> <li>The surgeon then makes two parallel incisions along the floor and the roof of the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">nasal septum</a>; the incisions converge anteriorly, towards the front of the nasal spine.</li> <li>Using an elevator, the flap is dissected in a sub-mucoperichondrial plane. The (far) distal edge of the flap is cut with a right-angle Beaver blade, and then is transposed into the wound. The exposed cartilages will reepithelialise (regenerate the <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a>), provided the opposite (contralateral) side of the septal mucosa is undisturbed.</li></ul> <p>A technical variant of the septal mucosal flap technique is the <b>trap-door flap</b>, which is used to reconstruct one side of the upper half of the nasal lining. It is emplaced in the contralateral <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal cavity</a>, as a superiorly based septal mucosal flap of rectangular shape, like that of a "trap-door". This septomucosal flap variant is a random flap with its pedicle based at the junction of the septum and the lateral nasal skeleton. The surgeon elevates the flap of septal mucosa to the roof of the nasal septum, and then traverses it into the contralateral (opposite) nasal cavity through a slit made by removing a small, narrow portion of the dorsal roof of the septum. Afterwards, the septomucosal flap is stretched across the wound in the mucosal lining of the lateral nose.<sup id="cite_ref-Fata_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fata-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgical_management">Surgical management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Surgical management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following rhinoplastic techniques are applied to the surgical management of: (i) partial-thickness defects; (ii) full-thickness defects; (iii) heminasal reconstruction; and (iv) total nasal reconstruction. </p> <dl><dt>I. Partial-thickness defects</dt></dl> <p>A partial-thickness defect is a wound with adequate soft-tissue coverage of the underlying nasal skeleton, yet is too large for primary intention closure, with sutures. Based upon the locale of the wound, the surgeon has two options for correcting such a wound: (i) healing the wound by secondary intention (re-epithelialisation); and (ii) healing the wound with a full-thickness skin graft. Moreover, because it avoids the patched appearance of a skin-graft surgical correction, healing by secondary intention can successfully repair nasal wounds up to 10 mm in diameter; and, if the resultant scar proves aesthetically unacceptable, it can be revised later, after the wound has healed. </p><p>In the event, larger nasal wounds (defects) do successfully heal by secondary intention, but do present two disadvantages. First, the resultant scar often is a wide patch of tissue that is aesthetically inferior to the scars produced with other nasal-defect correction techniques; however, the skin of the medial canthus is an exception to such scarring. The second disadvantage to healing by secondary intention is that the contracture of the wound might distort the normal nasal anatomy, which can lead to a pronounced deformity of the alar rim area. For this reason, healing by secondary intention generally is not recommended for defects of the distal third of the nose; nonetheless, the exception is a small wound directly upon the nasal tip. </p><p>Full-thickness skin grafts are the effective wound-management technique for defects with a well-vascularized, soft-tissue bed covering the nasal skeleton. The patient's <a href="/wiki/Human_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Human ear">ear</a> is the preferred skin-graft donor site from which to harvests grafts of pre-auricular skin and grafts of post-auricular skin, usually with an additional, small amount of adipose tissue to fill the wound cavity. Yet, nasal correction with a skin graft harvested from the patient's neck is not recommended, because that skin is low-density pilosebaceous tissue with very few follicles and sebaceous glands, thus is unlike the oily skin of the nose. </p><p>The technical advantages of nasal-defect correction with a skin graft are a brief surgery time, a simple rhinoplastic technique, and a low incidence of tissue <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">morbidity</a>. The most effective corrections are with a shallow wound with sufficient, supporting soft-tissue that will prevent the occurrence of a conspicuous depression. Nonetheless, two disadvantages of skin-graft correction are mismatched skin color and skin texture, which might result in a correction with a patch-work appearance; a third disadvantage is the natural <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histologic</a> tendency for such skin grafts to contract, which might distort the shape of the corrected nose. </p> <dl><dt>II. Full-thickness defects</dt></dl> <p>Full-thickness nasal defects are in three types: (i) wounds to the skin and to the soft tissues, featuring either exposed bone or exposed cartilage, or both; (ii) wounds extending through the nasal skeleton; and (iii) wounds traversing all three nasal layers: skin, muscle, and the osseo-cartilaginous framework. Based upon the dimensions (length, width, depth) and topographic locale of the wound and the number of missing nasal-tissue layers, the surgeon determines the rhinoplastic technique for correcting a full-thickness defect; each of the aesthetic nasal subunits is considered separately and in combination. </p> <dl><dt>(a) Medial canthus</dt></dl> <p>The skin between the nasal dorsum and the medial canthal tendon is uniquely suited to healing by secondary intention; the outcomes often are superior to what is achieved with either skin grafts or skin-flaps and tissue-flaps. Because the medial canthal tendon is affixed to the facial bone, it readily resists the forces of <a href="/wiki/Wound_contracture" title="Wound contracture">wound contracture</a>; moreover, the animation (movement) of the medial brow also lends resistance to the forces of wound contracture. Furthermore, the medial canthal region is aesthetically hidden by the shadows of the nasal dorsum and of the supraorbital rim, thereby obscuring any differences in the quality of the color and of the texture of the replacement skin (epithelium). </p><p>Healing by secondary intention (re-epithelialisation) occurs even when the wound extends to the nasal bone. Although the rate of healing depends upon the patient's wound-healing capacity, nasal wounds measuring up to 10 mm in diameter usually heal in at 4-weeks post-operative. Nonetheless, one potential, but rare, complication of this nasal correction approach is the formation of a medial canthal web, which can be corrected with two opposing <a href="/wiki/Z-plasty" title="Z-plasty">Z-plasties</a>, technique which relieves the disfiguring tensions exerted by the scar tissue's contracture, its shape, and location on the nose. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basal_cell_carcinoma2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Basal_cell_carcinoma2.JPG/250px-Basal_cell_carcinoma2.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Basal_cell_carcinoma2.JPG/375px-Basal_cell_carcinoma2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Basal_cell_carcinoma2.JPG/500px-Basal_cell_carcinoma2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2137" data-file-height="2152" /></a><figcaption>Rhinoplasty: A basal-cell carcinoma lesion on the juncture of the left alar base subunit and the left dorsal sidewall subunit, i.e. on the left nostril.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quadrants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Quadrants.jpg/250px-Quadrants.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Quadrants.jpg/375px-Quadrants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Quadrants.jpg/500px-Quadrants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Rhinoplasty: A divided section design used in Mohs surgery for excising cancerous lesions before nasal reconstruction.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>(b) Nasal dorsum and lateral nasal wall defect</dt></dl> <p>The size of the nasal defect (wound) occurred, in either the dorsum or the lateral wall, or both, determines the reconstructive skin-flap technique applicable to the corresponding aesthetic nasal subunits. </p> <ul><li>A wound of less than 10 mm in diameter can be managed either by primary intention healing (suturing) or by secondary intention healing (re-epithelialisation).</li> <li>A wound measuring 10–15 mm in diameter can be reconstructed with a single-stage modified bilobed flap, because it best matches the skin color and the skin texture of the wounded aesthetic subunit. Although not every scar can be hidden at the margins of the aesthetic nasal subunits concerned, the superior scarring ability of those nasal skin areas minimizes such an <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histologic</a> disadvantage. In a patient whose <a href="/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma" title="Basal-cell carcinoma">basal-cell carcinoma</a> was excised with <a href="/wiki/Mohs_surgery" title="Mohs surgery">Mohs surgery</a>, the scar of the nasal reconstruction (an 11 mm full-thickness, laterally based, bilobed-flap applied down to the bone and the cartilage), was hidden by aligning the axis of the second lobe to and emplacing the skin graft at the junction of the nasal dorsum and the lateral wall of the nose.</li> <li>A wound greater than 15 mm in diameter can be corrected with a paramedian forehead flap, which will reconstruct either the entire nasal dorsum or the lateral wall of the nose, as required. The surgical management of such wounds (< 15 mm dia.) usually requires enlarging the wound as necessary, in order for the skin graft to comprehend the entire aesthetic subunit being corrected. Moreover, if the wound comprehends the dorsum and the lateral wall of the nose, then a cheek-advancement skin flap is the applicable correction for replacing the lateral nasal skin up to its junction with the dorsum; afterwards, a paramedian forehead flap is applied to resurface the nasal dorsum.</li> <li>A wound in the lateral nasal wall that is greater than 15 mm in diameter can also be corrected with a superiorly based, nasolabial-flap, which is especially suited for correcting distal defects that lay among the convexities of the nasal tip and the alar lobule. The nasolabial flap can correct defects that comprehend the distal two-thirds of the nose, if there is a supply of skin sufficient for constructing the base of the flap pedicle; and the donor sites cannot be closed primarily. Yet, bulkiness is the principal disadvantage of the nasolabial flap—except in elderly patients with atrophic cheek skin; nonetheless, it is technically effective for patients unsuitable for a two-stage rhinoplasty with a paramedian forehead flap.</li> <li>Nasal defects involving either the bone or the cartilage of the lateral nose are best managed with free grafts of flat septal bone and of cartilage. Small defects of the nasal dorsum can be covered with cartilage grafts harvested from either the septum or the <a href="/wiki/Human_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Human ear">concha of the ear</a>. The correction of large-area defects of the nasal dorsum requires the stable support of a bone graft affixed either with a lag screw or with a low-profile plate. A costal graft (from the rib cage) is ideal for such a repair, because it can be harvested with an attached extension of cartilage that can be sculpted to blend into the nasal tip; other potential donor sites for nasal dorsum reconstruction materials are the outer table of the skull, the iliac crest, and the inner table of the ilium proper.</li> <li>To correct a defect of the nasal lining of the upper two-thirds of the nose, the wound dimensions (length, width, depth) determine the technique. A nasal-lining defect of less than 5 mm in diameter can be closed primarily, with sutures. A nasal-lining defect 5–15 mm in diameter can be closed with a random transposition flap harvested from a nasal area that remains protected, either by the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal bones">nasal bones</a> or by the upper lateral cartilages; and the flap donor-site can be healed by secondary intention, re-epithelialisation. For a mucosa defect greater than 15 mm in diameter, the indicated correction is a superiorly based "trap door" septal mucosal flap, grafted to the roof of the nasal septum.</li></ul> <dl><dt>(c) Nasal tip defect</dt></dl> <p>The width of the human nasal-tip ranges 20–30 mm; the average width of the nasal tip, measured between the two alar lobules, is approximately 25 mm. </p> <ul><li>A nasal skin defect of less than 15 mm in diameter can be managed with a bilobed flap; the surgeon trims the edges of the wound (defect) to match its dimensions (length, width, depth) to the natural curve at the border of the nasal tip. If the wound is eccentric, the skin-flap is positioned so that the lateral base of the graft occupies the largest portion of the wound's surface.</li> <li>If the nasal-tip wound is greater than 15 mm in diameter, the surgeon enlarges it to comprehend the entire aesthetic subunit affected by the defect, and the reconstruction of the nasal subunit done with a forehead flap. If the nasal-tip defect also involves the nasal dorsum, a forehead flap is indicated for reconstructing the entire nasal-tip and dorsum.</li> <li>If an alar cartilage is missing, either partially or entirely, it is reconstructed with cartilage grafts. The defect of an alar dome, which retains adequate anatomic support-tripod configuration, can be corrected with an onlay graft harvested either from the nasal septum or from the conchal cartilage of an ear. The surgeon forms the cartilage graft into the shape of a shield—its widest margins become the replacement alar domes. Typically, the shield cartilage graft is stacked in two layers, in order to transmit the desired light reflex characteristic of the nasal tip.</li> <li>Defects of the lateral crura can be corrected with a flat strut of formed cartilage, but, if the support of the medial crura is absent, then a columella strut must be inserted, and attached at the level of the anterior nasal spine. If a strut of nasal-septum cartilage proves too weak, then a rib cartilage strut can be applied to provide the adequate nasal support; afterwards, the strut is covered with onlay grafts.</li> <li>Absent alar cartilages can be replaced using all of the conchal cartilage from both ears; two strips, each 10 mm wide, are harvested from the <a href="/wiki/Human_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Human ear">antihelical fold</a>, and then are applied as replacement alar wings. The surgeon attaches them to the anterior nasal spine, and to each side of the (pear-shaped) pyriform aperture; the remainder of the harvested conchal cartilage is applied as onlay grafts to augment the nasal tip.</li> <li>A nasal-tip lining defect is unusual, because of its midline location; yet, the reconstruction is with an anteriorly based septal mucosal flap that is rotated into place to provide adequate coverage and correction of the nasal lining defect.</li> <li>Vertical lobule division (VLD) is a common technique for nasal tip refinement, which involves the medial crural angle and the lateral crural angle.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>(d) Alar lobule defect</dt></dl> <p>The appropriate surgical management of an alar lobule defect depends upon the dimensions (length, width, depth) of the wound. Anatomically, the nasal skin and the underlying soft tissues of the alar lobule form a semi-rigid aesthetic subunit that forms the graceful curve of the alar rim, and provides unobstructed airflow through the nostrils, the <i>anterior nares</i>. </p> <ul><li>When most of the alar lobule tissue is missing, the nose collapses; the correction is with an ear concha cartilage-graft harvested from the antihelix, a donor site where the cartilage is most rigidly curved, thus is ideal for replacing an alar lobule.</li> <li>Nasal skin defects can be corrected with a medially based bilobed flap, which is emplaced to provide adequate skin coverage for wounds limited to the alar lobule. If the entire lobule is missing, it might be necessary to leave the second-lobe donor-site wound partially open; it will close at 2–4 weeks post-operative; afterwards, the scar can be revised. Nonetheless, the alternative surgical correction is a two-stage, superiorly based, nasolabial flap.</li> <li>If the alar lobule defect also comprehends the lateral wall of the nose, the defect can be closed either with a superiorly based nasolabial-flap or with a forehead flap. If the cheek skin is thin and atrophic, a nasolabial flap is the recommended reconstruction; otherwise, a forehead flap is recommended, because the thickness of forehead skin is a superior match for nasal skin and tissue. <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucosal lining</a> defects of the alar lobule can be resurfaced with a bipedicled mucosal advancement-flap harvested from inside the lateral wall of the nose. Likewise, larger defects of the mucosa do require correction with an anteriorly based septal mucosal flap.</li></ul> <dl><dt>III. Heminasal and total nasal reconstruction</dt></dl> <p>The reconstruction rhinoplasty of an extensive heminasal defect or of a total nasal defect is an extension of the plastic surgical principles applied to resolving the loss of a regional aesthetic subunit. The skin layers are replaced with a paramedian forehead flap, but, if forehead skin is unavailable, the alternative corrections include the <b>Washio retroauricular-temporal flap</b> and the <b>Tagliacozzi flap</b>. The nasal skeleton is replaced with a rib-graft nasal dorsum and lateral nasal wall; septal cartilage grafts and conchal cartilage grafts are applied to correct defects of the nasal tip and of the alar lobules.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nasal lining of the distal two-thirds of the nose can be covered with anteriorly based septal mucosal flaps; however, if bilateral septal-flaps are used, the septal cartilage does become devascularized, possibly from <a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="Iatrogenesis">iatrogenic</a> septal perforation. Furthermore, if the nasal defect is beyond the wound-correction scope of a septal mucosal flap, the alternative techniques are either an inferiorly based pericranial-flap (harvested from the frontal bone) or a free flap of temporoparietal fascia (harvested from the head), either of which can be lined with free grafts of mucosa to achieve the nasal reconstruction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corrections_of_defect_and_deformity">Corrections of defect and deformity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Corrections of defect and deformity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Cancer</b> – The excision of cancerous nasal skin can cause the loss of skin and internal support cartilage; such resections (surgical removal) usually are via the <a href="/wiki/Mohs_surgery" title="Mohs surgery">Mohs' chemosurgical technique</a>. After removing the cancerous tissues, the reconstructive rhinoplasty will provide skin coverage using either skin grafts or pedicle flaps, (see <a href="/wiki/Nasal_Reconstruction,_Paramedian_Forehead_Flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal Reconstruction, Paramedian Forehead Flap">Nasal Reconstruction, Paramedian Forehead Flap</a>). If the resection of the cancerous skin leads to losing the nose tip, cartilage grafts can be used for support, and to prevent long-term distortion consequent to the force of the contracture of <a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">scar tissue</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W._C._Fields_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/W._C._Fields_1938.jpg/170px-W._C._Fields_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/W._C._Fields_1938.jpg/255px-W._C._Fields_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/W._C._Fields_1938.jpg/340px-W._C._Fields_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>Revision rhinoplasty: The American actor W.C. Fields was affected by rhinophyma.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Congenital deformity</b> – The correction of <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">vascular</a> malformations and <a href="/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_palate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft lip and palate">cleft lip and palate</a> abnormalities. In vascular malformations, the progression of the disease distorts the skin and the underlying structure of the nose. Cleft lip and cleft palate defects usually distort the size, position, and orientation of the nasal-tip cartilages. Reconstruction of vascular malformations can involve <a href="/wiki/Medical_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical laser">laser</a> treatment of the skin, and surgical excision of the deformed tissues. When the underlying cartilage support structure is disturbed, cartilage grafts and suturing of the native nasal cartilages can help improve nasal aesthetics by re-orienting the nasal tip cartilages; and cartilage-graft refinements to the nose tip are performed as required.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Obstructed airways</b> – The restoration of normal breathing by correcting nasal obstruction caused by a cosmetic rhinoplasty wherein nasal cartilages were over-aggressively trimmed, and the nose appears pinched, which compromises nasal potency (airflow), especially when the patient attempts deep inspiration. These grafting techniques restore normal breathing by increasing the size of the nose tip with baton grafts (internal cartilage), and spreader grafts to widen the nasal middle vault. Furthermore, to improve breathing a <a href="/wiki/Septoplasty" title="Septoplasty">septoplasty</a> can be performed concurrent to the reconstructive surgery; likewise, if there is <a href="/wiki/Turbinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbinate">turbinate</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">hypertrophy</a>, an inferior <a href="/wiki/Turbinectomy" title="Turbinectomy">turbinectomy</a> can be performed.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Perforated septum</b> – The reconstruction of a saddle nose caused by a (collapsed) perforated septum, or by autoimmune problems such as <a href="/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Granulomatosis with polyangiitis">granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a> (GPA), <a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoidosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis">eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a> (EGPA), <a href="/wiki/Relapsing_polychondritis" title="Relapsing polychondritis">relapsing polychondritis</a>, by intranasal drug use, and by excessive nasal aerosol use. The saddle nose deformity resulting from lost dorsum support is reconstructed using autologous bone grafts and rib cartilage grafts.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rhinophyma" title="Rhinophyma">Rhinophyma</a></b> – The correction of late-stage <a href="/wiki/Rosacea" title="Rosacea">Rosacea</a>, wherein the nasal skin is infected with <a href="/wiki/Acne_rosacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne rosacea">acne rosacea</a> that reddens, thickens, and enlarges the nose tip; an exemplar case is the American actor <a href="/wiki/W.C._Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="W.C. Fields">W.C. Fields</a>. Although antibiotic acne treatments (e.g. Acutane) can halt the progression of Rosacea, the thickened skin and the fleshy obscuring of the nasal tip can only be corrected with rhinoplasty. <a href="/wiki/Medical_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical laser">Laser</a> excision of abnormally thickened skin is the best rhinoplastic treatment for Rhinophyma; the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide laser">CO<sub>2</sub> laser</a> and the infrared <a href="/wiki/Er:YAG_laser" title="Er:YAG laser">Erbium: YAG laser</a> are the most effective treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RhinoplastySkullOsteo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/RhinoplastySkullOsteo.jpg/170px-RhinoplastySkullOsteo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/RhinoplastySkullOsteo.jpg/255px-RhinoplastySkullOsteo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/RhinoplastySkullOsteo.jpg/340px-RhinoplastySkullOsteo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Illustration 2:<br />Nose-narrowing rhinoplasty; two chisel cuts (green and black arrows) meet at the red zig-zag line to release the bone for corrective re-alignment.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RhinoplastySkull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/RhinoplastySkull.jpg/170px-RhinoplastySkull.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/RhinoplastySkull.jpg/255px-RhinoplastySkull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/RhinoplastySkull.jpg/340px-RhinoplastySkull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Illustration 1:<br />The nasal bones (violet) of the dorsum identified, for effecting a nose-narrowing rhinoplasty.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Wide nose</b> – To narrow a too-wide nose, the plastic surgeon cuts, contours, and rearranges the craniofacial bones to achieve the desired functional and aesthetic outcome of a narrower, straighter nose. To leave no visible, surgical scars upon the new nose, the surgeon effects the osteotome (bone chisel) incisions to the nasal bones beneath the facial skin.</li></ul> <p><b>Illustration 1:</b> The surgeon cuts the excessively wide bones of the upper nasal <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (biology)">dorsum</a> (violet) with an <a href="/wiki/Osteotome" title="Osteotome">osteotome</a> (bone chisel), then detaches, corrects, and relocates them inwards, to a position, between the ocular orbits (red), that narrows the width of the nasal dorsum. </p><p><b>Illustration 2:</b> The surgeon chisels two cuts (incisions) to the nasal bones, each incision begins at the nasal cavity. The first incision begins at the yellow dot and extends upwards, along the green arrow, until meeting the zig-zag line (red). The second incision begins at the blue dot and extends upwards, along the black arrow, until meeting the zig-zag line (red). Once cut and loosened from the face, the nasal bone pieces are corrected, then pushed inwards and re-set, thus narrowing the nose. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RhinoplastyOsteotomeHammer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhinoplastic instruments: An osteotome (bone chisel) and a surgical hammer for sculpting craniofacial bones."><img alt="Rhinoplastic instruments: An osteotome (bone chisel) and a surgical hammer for sculpting craniofacial bones." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/RhinoplastyOsteotomeHammer.jpg/120px-RhinoplastyOsteotomeHammer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/RhinoplastyOsteotomeHammer.jpg/180px-RhinoplastyOsteotomeHammer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/RhinoplastyOsteotomeHammer.jpg/240px-RhinoplastyOsteotomeHammer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="538" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rhinoplastic instruments:<br />An osteotome (bone chisel) and a surgical hammer for sculpting craniofacial bones.</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinoplasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rhinoplasty.jpg/175px-Rhinoplasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rhinoplasty.jpg/263px-Rhinoplasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rhinoplasty.jpg/350px-Rhinoplasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Rhinoplasty: At 3-days post-operative, the patient wearing their nasal <a href="/wiki/Splint_(medicine)" title="Splint (medicine)">splint</a> after a dorsal bone reduction, re-setting, and nasal-tip refinement. The <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_eyes" title="Raccoon eyes">panda eyes</a> (orbital discoloration) is consequent to trauma and ocular blood vessel disruption.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–surgical_recovery"><span id="Post.E2.80.93surgical_recovery"></span>Post–surgical recovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Post–surgical recovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Convalescence</dt></dl> <p>The rhinoplasty patient returns home after surgery, to rest, and allow the nasal cartilage and bone tissues to heal the effects of having been forcefully cut. Assisted with prescribed medications—<a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroids</a>—to alleviate pain and aid wound healing, the patient convalesces for about 1-week, and can go outdoors. Post-operatively, external sutures are removed at 4–5 days; the external cast is removed at 1-week; the stents are removed within 4–14 days; and the "panda eyes" <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_eyes" title="Raccoon eyes">periorbital bruising</a> heal at 2-weeks. If an alar base reduction is performed conjunctively within the Rhinoplasty, these sutures need to be removed within 7–10 days post operatively. Throughout the first year post-operative, in the course of the rhinoplastic wounds healing, the tissues will shift moderately as they settle into being a new nose. Furthermore, as rhinoplasty climbs the ladder of surgical procedures performed to achieve an aspired appearance, especially amongst women, the relationship between body image and mental state must be examined in order to destigmatize motives behind the surgical intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risks">Risks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rhinoplasty" title="Special:EditPage/Rhinoplasty">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rhinoplasty%22">"Rhinoplasty"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rhinoplasty%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rhinoplasty%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rhinoplasty%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rhinoplasty%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rhinoplasty%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Rhinoplasty is safe, yet <a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">complications</a> can arise; post-operative bleeding is uncommon, but usually resolves without treatment. <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a> is rare, but, when it does occur, it might progress to become an <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscess</a> requiring the surgical drainage of the <a href="/wiki/Pus" title="Pus">pus</a>, whilst the patient is under <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">general anaesthesia</a>. Adhesions, <a href="/wiki/Scars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scars">scars</a> that obstruct the airways, can form a bridge across the nasal cavity, from the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">septum</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Turbinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbinates">turbinates</a>, and lead to difficulty breathing and may require surgical removal. If too much of the osseo-cartilaginous framework is removed, the consequent weakening can cause the external nasal skin to become shapeless, resulting in a "polly beak" deformity, resembling the beak of a <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrot</a>. Likewise, if the septum is unsupported, the bridge of the nose can sink, resulting in a "saddle nose" deformity. The tip of the nose can be over-rotated, causing the nostrils to be too visible, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">porcine</a> nose. If the cartilages of the nose tip are over-resected, it can cause a pinched-tip nose. If the columella is incorrectly cut, variable-degree numbness might result, which requires a months-long resolution. Other deformities that may result from a rhinoplasty include Rocker deformity, inverted V deformity, and open room deformity.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in the course of the rhinoplasty, the surgeon might <a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="Iatrogenesis">accidentally</a> perforate the septum (septal perforation), which later can cause chronic nose bleeding, crusting of nasal fluids, difficult breathing, and whistling breathing. A <a href="/wiki/Turbinectomy" title="Turbinectomy">turbinectomy</a> may result in <a href="/wiki/Empty_nose_syndrome" title="Empty nose syndrome">empty nose syndrome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-surgical_rhinoplasty">Non-surgical rhinoplasty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Non-surgical rhinoplasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-surgical_rhinoplasty" title="Non-surgical rhinoplasty">Non-surgical rhinoplasty</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Non-surgical_rhinoplasty" title="Non-surgical rhinoplasty">Non-surgical rhinoplasty</a> is a medical procedure in which injectable fillers, such as <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hyaluronic_acid" title="Hyaluronic acid">hyaluronic acid</a>, are used to alter and shape a person's nose without <a href="/wiki/Invasive_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive surgery">invasive surgery</a>. The procedure fills in depressed areas on the nose, lifting the angle of the tip or smoothing the appearance of bumps on the bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-history_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The procedure does not alter nose size, though it can be used to correct some functional <a href="/wiki/Birth_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth defects">birth defects</a>. </p><p>Originally developed at the turn of the twenty-first century, early attempts used biologically harmful soft-tissue fillers such as <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin wax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicone" title="Silicone">silicone</a>. After 2000, physicians use <a href="/wiki/Minimally_invasive_procedure" title="Minimally invasive procedure">minimally invasive</a> techniques using modern fillers.<sup id="cite_ref-LeAndrew_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeAndrew-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFischerGubisch2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, Helmut; Gubisch, Wolfgang (24 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2696977">"Nasal Reconstruction"</a>. <i>Deutsches Ärzteblatt International</i>. <b>105</b> (43): <span class="nowrap">741–</span>746. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3238%2Farztebl.2008.0741">10.3238/arztebl.2008.0741</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1866-0452">1866-0452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2696977">2696977</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19623298">19623298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsches+%C3%84rzteblatt+International&rft.atitle=Nasal+Reconstruction&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E741-%3C%2Fspan%3E746&rft.date=2008-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2696977%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1866-0452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19623298&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3238%2Farztebl.2008.0741&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft.au=Gubisch%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2696977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeeramaniWilsonSawh-MartinezSteinbacher2020" class="citation journal cs1">Veeramani, Anamika; Wilson, Alexander T.; Sawh-Martinez, Rajendra; Steinbacher, Derek M. (February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31985651">"Staged Abbe-Rhinoplasty Technique to Correct Bilateral Cleft Deformity"</a>. <i>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</i>. <b>145</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">518–</span>521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPRS.0000000000006508">10.1097/PRS.0000000000006508</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-4242">1529-4242</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31985651">31985651</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210922206">210922206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plastic+and+Reconstructive+Surgery&rft.atitle=Staged+Abbe-Rhinoplasty+Technique+to+Correct+Bilateral+Cleft+Deformity&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E518-%3C%2Fspan%3E521&rft.date=2020-02&rft.issn=1529-4242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210922206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31985651&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FPRS.0000000000006508&rft.aulast=Veeramani&rft.aufirst=Anamika&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Alexander+T.&rft.au=Sawh-Martinez%2C+Rajendra&rft.au=Steinbacher%2C+Derek+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F31985651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Academy Papyrus to be Exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art". The New York Academy of Medicine. 2005-07-27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127161922/http://www.nyam.org/news/2493.html">"The New York Academy of Medicine: News & Publications: Academy Papyrus to be Exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyam.org/news/2493.html">the original</a> on 2010-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Academy+of+Medicine%3A+News+%26+Publications%3A+Academy+Papyrus+to+be+Exhibited+at+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyam.org%2Fnews%2F2493.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span>. Retrieved 2008-08-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cossurg-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cossurg_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiffman2012" class="citation book cs1">Shiffman, Melvin (2012-09-05). <i>Cosmetic Surgery: Art and Techniques</i>. Springer. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-21837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-21837-8"><bdi>978-3-642-21837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmetic+Surgery%3A+Art+and+Techniques&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012-09-05&rft.isbn=978-3-642-21837-8&rft.aulast=Shiffman&rft.aufirst=Melvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plsurgery-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plsurgery_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzolaMazzola2012" class="citation book cs1">Mazzola, Ricardo F.; Mazzola, Isabella C. (2012-09-05). "History of reconstructive and aesthetic surgery". In Neligan, Peter C.; Gurtner, Geoffrey C. (eds.). <i>Plastic Surgery: Principles</i>. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-1052-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-1052-2"><bdi>978-1-4557-1052-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+reconstructive+and+aesthetic+surgery&rft.btitle=Plastic+Surgery%3A+Principles&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2012-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4557-1052-2&rft.aulast=Mazzola&rft.aufirst=Ricardo+F.&rft.au=Mazzola%2C+Isabella+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arneja-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arneja_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arneja_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arneja_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arneja_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arneja_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arneja_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1292131-overview">Basic Open Rhinoplasty</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvin_A._Shiffman,_Alberto_Di_Gi" class="citation book cs1">Melvin A. Shiffman, Alberto Di Gi. <i>Advanced Aesthetic Rhinoplasty: Art, Science, and New Clinical Techniques</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Aesthetic+Rhinoplasty%3A+Art%2C+Science%2C+and+New+Clinical+Techniques&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.au=Melvin+A.+Shiffman%2C+Alberto+Di+Gi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernowVallasi1993" class="citation book cs1">Chernow BA, Vallasi GA, eds. (1993). <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i> (5th ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">488–</span>9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E488-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WF3dCQAAQBAJ&q=carmagnola++statue+justinian+ii+venice&pg=PA161">Papadakis Marios et al. "Plastic surgery of the face in Byzantine times", in D. Michaelides, <i>Medicine and Healing in the Ancient Mediterranean</i>, Oxbow Books (2014) pp. 155-162</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rinzler09-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rinzler09_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinzler2009" class="citation book cs1">Rinzler, CA (2009). <i>The Encyclopedia of Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery</i>. New York NY: Facts on File. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cosmetic+and+Plastic+Surgery&rft.place=New+York+NY&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rinzler&rft.aufirst=CA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vigyanprasar-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vigyanprasar_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muley G. Sushruta: Great Scientists of ancient India. URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/july2000.article.htm.Accessed">http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/july2000.article.htm.Accessed</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> on 07/07/2007 (s)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldwyn_RM1968" class="citation journal cs1">Goldwyn RM (July 1968). "Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach (1794–1847)". <i>Plast. Reconstr. Surg</i>. <b>42</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006534-196842010-00004">10.1097/00006534-196842010-00004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4875688">4875688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plast.+Reconstr.+Surg.&rft.atitle=Johann+Friedrich+Dieffenbach+%281794%E2%80%931847%29&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1968-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006534-196842010-00004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4875688&rft.au=Goldwyn+RM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roe JO. "The Deformity Termed 'Pug Nose' and its Correction, by a Simple Operation". 31. New York: <i>The Medical Record</i>; 1887:621.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinzler2009">Rinzler 2009</a>, pp. 151–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRethi_A1934" class="citation journal cs1">Rethi A (1934). "Operation to Shorten an Excessively Long Nose". <i>Revue de Chirurgie Plastique</i>. <b>2</b>: 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+Chirurgie+Plastique&rft.atitle=Operation+to+Shorten+an+Excessively+Long+Nose&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1934&rft.au=Rethi+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodmanCharles1978" class="citation journal cs1">Goodman WS, Charles DA (February 1978). "Technique of external rhinoplasty". <i>J Otolaryngol</i>. <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/342721">342721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Otolaryngol&rft.atitle=Technique+of+external+rhinoplasty&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1978-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F342721&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=WS&rft.au=Charles%2C+DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunter_JP1997" class="citation journal cs1">Gunter JP (March 1997). "The merits of the open approach in rhinoplasty". <i>Plast. Reconstr. Surg</i>. <b>99</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">863–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006534-199703000-00040">10.1097/00006534-199703000-00040</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9047209">9047209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plast.+Reconstr.+Surg.&rft.atitle=The+merits+of+the+open+approach+in+rhinoplasty&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E863-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006534-199703000-00040&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9047209&rft.au=Gunter+JP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman_WS1973" class="citation journal cs1">Goodman WS (1973). "External Approach to Rhinoplasty". <i>Canadian Journal of Otolaryngology</i>. <b>2</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">207–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4791580">4791580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Otolaryngology&rft.atitle=External+Approach+to+Rhinoplasty&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4791580&rft.au=Goodman+WS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunter_JP,_Rohrich_RJ1987" class="citation journal cs1">Gunter JP, <a href="/wiki/Rod_Rohrich" title="Rod Rohrich">Rohrich RJ</a> (August 1987). "External Approach for Secondary Rhinoplasty". <i>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</i>. <b>80</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">161–</span>174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006534-198708000-00001">10.1097/00006534-198708000-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3602167">3602167</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10012520">10012520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plastic+and+Reconstructive+Surgery&rft.atitle=External+Approach+for+Secondary+Rhinoplasty&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.date=1987-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10012520%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3602167&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006534-198708000-00001&rft.au=Gunter+JP%2C+Rohrich+RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZitser2021" class="citation web cs1">Zitser, Joshua (10 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insider.com/rhinoplasty-is-being-promoted-to-teenagers-nose-job-tiktok-2020-12">"Insider created a TikTok account and set the age at 14 to test how long before a plastic surgeon's promotional video appeared. It only took 8 minutes"</a>. <i>Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2023</span>. <q>The hashtag #nosejobcheck, which mainly consists of videos showcasing before-and-after clips of <a href="/wiki/Nasal_surgery" title="Nasal surgery">nasal surgery</a>, has accumulated over one billion views on the platform. The hashtag #nosejob, which hosts similar videos, has over 1.6 billion views. There's even a unique 'nose job check' sound. Over 120,000 videos using this sound have been published on TikTok since last October.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insider&rft.atitle=Insider+created+a+TikTok+account+and+set+the+age+at+14+to+test+how+long+before+a+plastic+surgeon%27s+promotional+video+appeared.+It+only+took+8+minutes.&rft.date=2021-01-10&rft.aulast=Zitser&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insider.com%2Frhinoplasty-is-being-promoted-to-teenagers-nose-job-tiktok-2020-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFattahi_TT2003" class="citation journal cs1">Fattahi TT (October 2003). "An overview of facial aesthetic units". <i>J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg</i>. <b>61</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1207–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0278-2391%2803%2900684-0">10.1016/S0278-2391(03)00684-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14586859">14586859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Oral+Maxillofac.+Surg.&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+facial+aesthetic+units&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1207-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0278-2391%2803%2900684-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14586859&rft.au=Fattahi+TT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidariMahmoudzadeh-SaghebKhammarKhammar2009" class="citation journal cs1">Heidari Z, Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb H, Khammar T, Khammar M (May 2009). "Anthropometric measurements of the external nose in 18–25-year-old Sistani and Baluch aborigine women in the southeast of Iran". <i>Folia Morphol. (Warsz)</i>. <b>68</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">88–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19449295">19449295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Morphol.+%28Warsz%29&rft.atitle=Anthropometric+measurements+of+the+external+nose+in+18%E2%80%9325-year-old+Sistani+and+Baluch+aborigine+women+in+the+southeast+of+Iran&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19449295&rft.aulast=Heidari&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb%2C+H&rft.au=Khammar%2C+T&rft.au=Khammar%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgetMenick1985" class="citation journal cs1">Burget GC, Menick FJ (August 1985). "The subunit principle in nasal reconstruction". <i>Plast. Reconstr. Surg</i>. <b>76</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">239–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006534-198508000-00010">10.1097/00006534-198508000-00010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4023097">4023097</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35516688">35516688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plast.+Reconstr.+Surg.&rft.atitle=The+subunit+principle+in+nasal+reconstruction&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1985-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35516688%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4023097&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006534-198508000-00010&rft.aulast=Burget&rft.aufirst=GC&rft.au=Menick%2C+FJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyJohnsonNewlands2006" class="citation book cs1">Bailey BJ, Johnson JT, Newlands SD (2006). <i>Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology</i>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 2,490.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Head+and+Neck+Surgery%3A+Otolaryngology&rft.pages=2%2C490&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=BJ&rft.au=Johnson%2C+JT&rft.au=Newlands%2C+SD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritoAvashiaRohrich2020" class="citation journal cs1">Brito, Íris M.; Avashia, Yash; Rohrich, Rod J. (2020-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159929">"Evidence-based Nasal Analysis for Rhinoplasty: The 10-7-5 Method"</a>. <i>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open</i>. <b>8</b> (2): e2632. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FGOX.0000000000002632">10.1097/GOX.0000000000002632</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-7574">2169-7574</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159929">7159929</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32309081">32309081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plastic+and+Reconstructive+Surgery+Global+Open&rft.atitle=Evidence-based+Nasal+Analysis+for+Rhinoplasty%3A+The+10-7-5+Method&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e2632&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7159929%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2169-7574&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32309081&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FGOX.0000000000002632&rft.aulast=Brito&rft.aufirst=%C3%8Dris+M.&rft.au=Avashia%2C+Yash&rft.au=Rohrich%2C+Rod+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7159929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkPourtaheriManiskasAllam2021" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Kitae E.; Pourtaheri, Navid; Maniskas, Seija; Allam, Omar; Steinbacher, Derek M. (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7954385">"Aesthetic Rhinoplasty: Technique, 3-Dimensional Simulation, and Outcome Assessment"</a>. <i>Aesthetic Surgery Journal. Open Forum</i>. <b>3</b> (1): ojaa054. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fasjof%2Fojaa054">10.1093/asjof/ojaa054</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2631-4797">2631-4797</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7954385">7954385</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33791674">33791674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aesthetic+Surgery+Journal.+Open+Forum&rft.atitle=Aesthetic+Rhinoplasty%3A+Technique%2C+3-Dimensional+Simulation%2C+and+Outcome+Assessment&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=ojaa054&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7954385%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2631-4797&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33791674&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fasjof%2Fojaa054&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Kitae+E.&rft.au=Pourtaheri%2C+Navid&rft.au=Maniskas%2C+Seija&rft.au=Allam%2C+Omar&rft.au=Steinbacher%2C+Derek+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7954385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghManiskasBruckmanSteinbacher2020" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Anusha; Maniskas, Seija A.; Bruckman, Karl C.; Steinbacher, Derek M. (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32221210">"Rhinoplasty Using Three-Dimensional Analysis and Simulation"</a>. <i>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</i>. <b>145</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">944–</span>946. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPRS.0000000000006687">10.1097/PRS.0000000000006687</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-4242">1529-4242</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32221210">32221210</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214694466">214694466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plastic+and+Reconstructive+Surgery&rft.atitle=Rhinoplasty+Using+Three-Dimensional+Analysis+and+Simulation&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E944-%3C%2Fspan%3E946&rft.date=2020-04&rft.issn=1529-4242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214694466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32221210&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FPRS.0000000000006687&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Anusha&rft.au=Maniskas%2C+Seija+A.&rft.au=Bruckman%2C+Karl+C.&rft.au=Steinbacher%2C+Derek+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F32221210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPersingTimberlakeMadariSteinbacher2018" class="citation journal cs1">Persing, Sarah; Timberlake, Andrew; Madari, Sarika; Steinbacher, Derek (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29789868">"Three-Dimensional Imaging in Rhinoplasty: A Comparison of the Simulated versus Actual Result"</a>. <i>Aesthetic Plastic Surgery</i>. <b>42</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1331–</span>1335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00266-018-1151-9">10.1007/s00266-018-1151-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-5241">1432-5241</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29789868">29789868</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46895687">46895687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aesthetic+Plastic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Three-Dimensional+Imaging+in+Rhinoplasty%3A+A+Comparison+of+the+Simulated+versus+Actual+Result&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1331-%3C%2Fspan%3E1335&rft.date=2018-10&rft.issn=1432-5241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46895687%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29789868&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00266-018-1151-9&rft.aulast=Persing&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Madari%2C+Sarika&rft.au=Steinbacher%2C+Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F29789868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinbacher2019" class="citation book cs1">Steinbacher, Derek M., ed. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1057242839"><i>Aesthetic orthognathic surgery and rhinoplasty</i></a>. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-18711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-18711-0"><bdi>978-1-119-18711-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1057242839">1057242839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aesthetic+orthognathic+surgery+and+rhinoplasty&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1057242839&rft.isbn=978-1-119-18711-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1057242839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinbergKern1973" class="citation journal cs1">Heinberg CE, Kern EB (1973). "The Cottle sign: An Aid in the Physical Diagnosis of Nasal Airflow Disturbances". <i>Rhinology</i>. <b>11</b>: <span class="nowrap">89–</span>94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhinology&rft.atitle=The+Cottle+sign%3A+An+Aid+in+the+Physical+Diagnosis+of+Nasal+Airflow+Disturbances&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Heinberg&rft.aufirst=CE&rft.au=Kern%2C+EB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFda_SilvaHochmanFerreira2014" class="citation journal cs1">da Silva, Edina MK; Hochman, Bernardo; Ferreira, Lydia M (2014-06-02). Cochrane Wounds Group (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11069365">"Perioperative corticosteroids for preventing complications following facial plastic surgery"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i> (6): CD009697. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD009697.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD009697.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11069365">11069365</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24887069">24887069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Perioperative+corticosteroids+for+preventing+complications+following+facial+plastic+surgery&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=CD009697&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11069365%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24887069&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD009697.pub2&rft.aulast=da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Edina+MK&rft.au=Hochman%2C+Bernardo&rft.au=Ferreira%2C+Lydia+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11069365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavriZhuSteinbacher2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pavri, Sabrina; Zhu, Victor Z.; Steinbacher, Derek M. (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27879585">"Postoperative Edema Resolution following Rhinoplasty: A Three-Dimensional Morphometric Assessment"</a>. <i>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</i>. <b>138</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">973e –</span> <span class="nowrap">979e</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPRS.0000000000002760">10.1097/PRS.0000000000002760</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-4242">1529-4242</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27879585">27879585</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2617482">2617482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plastic+and+Reconstructive+Surgery&rft.atitle=Postoperative+Edema+Resolution+following+Rhinoplasty%3A+A+Three-Dimensional+Morphometric+Assessment&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E973e+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E979e%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2016-12&rft.issn=1529-4242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2617482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27879585&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FPRS.0000000000002760&rft.aulast=Pavri&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Victor+Z.&rft.au=Steinbacher%2C+Derek+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F27879585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrickWalkerTimberlakeChouairi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gabrick, Kyle; Walker, Marc; Timberlake, Andrew; Chouairi, Fouad; Saberski, Ean; Steinbacher, Derek (2020-03-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30868159">"The Effect of Autologous Fat Grafting on Edema and Ecchymoses in Primary Open Rhinoplasty"</a>. <i>Aesthetic Surgery Journal</i>. <b>40</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">359–</span>366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fasj%2Fsjz075">10.1093/asj/sjz075</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-330X">1527-330X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30868159">30868159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aesthetic+Surgery+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Autologous+Fat+Grafting+on+Edema+and+Ecchymoses+in+Primary+Open+Rhinoplasty&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E366&rft.date=2020-03-23&rft.issn=1527-330X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30868159&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fasj%2Fsjz075&rft.aulast=Gabrick&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft.au=Walker%2C+Marc&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Chouairi%2C+Fouad&rft.au=Saberski%2C+Ean&rft.au=Steinbacher%2C+Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F30868159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1291976-overview">Basic Closed Rhinoplasty</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppingWhite2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hopping SB, White JB (2009). "Ethnic Rhinoplasty: a Universal Preoperative Classification System for the Nasal Tip". <i>The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery</i>. <b>26</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F074880680902600109">10.1177/074880680902600109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:78905090">78905090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Cosmetic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Rhinoplasty%3A+a+Universal+Preoperative+Classification+System+for+the+Nasal+Tip&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F074880680902600109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A78905090%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hopping&rft.aufirst=SB&rft.au=White%2C+JB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acteongroup.com/fr/uploads/media/default/0001/03/1c5fd31284dd290fac9897249afad786c64770a2.pdf">"Ultrasonic bone surgery for more treatments secure and less traumatic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acteon Group</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Acteon+Group&rft.atitle=Ultrasonic+bone+surgery+for+more+treatments+secure+and+less+traumatic.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acteongroup.com%2Ffr%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2Fdefault%2F0001%2F03%2F1c5fd31284dd290fac9897249afad786c64770a2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ultrasonic-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ultrasonic_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2019" class="citation web cs1">Shah, Manish (14 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plasticsurgery.org/news/blog/what-is-an-ultrasonic-rhinoplasty">"What is an ultrasonic rhinoplasty?"</a>. <i>American Society of Plastic Surgeons</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Society+of+Plastic+Surgeons&rft.atitle=What+is+an+ultrasonic+rhinoplasty%3F&rft.date=2019-05-14&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Manish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plasticsurgery.org%2Fnews%2Fblog%2Fwhat-is-an-ultrasonic-rhinoplasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielPálházi2018" class="citation book cs1">Daniel, Rollin K.; Pálházi, Péter (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wd1PDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138"><i>Rhinoplasty: An Anatomical and Clinical Atlas</i></a>. Springer. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-67314-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-67314-1"><bdi>978-3-319-67314-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhinoplasty%3A+An+Anatomical+and+Clinical+Atlas&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-67314-1&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Rollin+K.&rft.au=P%C3%A1lh%C3%A1zi%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwd1PDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazine.invivox.com/training-room-en/ultrasonic-rhinoplasty-a-revolution-for-patients/">"Ultrasonic Rhinoplasty : A revolution for patients"</a>. <i>Invivox</i>. 2017-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Invivox&rft.atitle=Ultrasonic+Rhinoplasty+%3A+A+revolution+for+patients&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.invivox.com%2Ftraining-room-en%2Fultrasonic-rhinoplasty-a-revolution-for-patients%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPribitkinLavasaniShindleGreywoode2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pribitkin, Edmund A.; Lavasani, Leela S.; Shindle, Carol; Greywoode, Jewel D. (2010). "Sonic rhinoplasty: sculpting the nasal dorsum with the ultrasonic bone aspirator". <i>The Laryngoscope</i>. <b>120</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1504–</span>1507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Flary.20980">10.1002/lary.20980</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1531-4995">1531-4995</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20564664">20564664</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46295767">46295767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Laryngoscope&rft.atitle=Sonic+rhinoplasty%3A+sculpting+the+nasal+dorsum+with+the+ultrasonic+bone+aspirator&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1504-%3C%2Fspan%3E1507&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1531-4995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46295767%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20564664&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Flary.20980&rft.aulast=Pribitkin&rft.aufirst=Edmund+A.&rft.au=Lavasani%2C+Leela+S.&rft.au=Shindle%2C+Carol&rft.au=Greywoode%2C+Jewel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid35354546-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid35354546_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuanChenYanTsai2022" class="citation journal cs1">Luan CW, Chen MY, Yan AZ, Tsai YT, Hsieh MC, Yang HY, Chou HH (July 2022). "Complications associated with irradiated homologous costal cartilage use in rhinoplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis". <i>Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery</i>. <b>75</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">2359–</span>2367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bjps.2022.02.026">10.1016/j.bjps.2022.02.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35354546">35354546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Plastic%2C+Reconstructive+%26+Aesthetic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Complications+associated+with+irradiated+homologous+costal+cartilage+use+in+rhinoplasty%3A+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2359-%3C%2Fspan%3E2367&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bjps.2022.02.026&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35354546&rft.aulast=Luan&rft.aufirst=CW&rft.au=Chen%2C+MY&rft.au=Yan%2C+AZ&rft.au=Tsai%2C+YT&rft.au=Hsieh%2C+MC&rft.au=Yang%2C+HY&rft.au=Chou%2C+HH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzanoAudinoDell'Aversana_OrabonaCommitteri2024" class="citation journal cs1">Salzano G, Audino G, Dell'Aversana Orabona G, Committeri U, Troise S, Arena A, Vaira LA, De Luca P, Scarpa A, Elefante A, Romano A, Califano L, Piombino P (March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10971137">"Fresh Frozen Homologous Rib Cartilage: A Narrative Review of a New Trend in Rhinoplasty"</a>. <i>Journal of Clinical Medicine</i>. <b>13</b> (6): 1715. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjcm13061715">10.3390/jcm13061715</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10971137">10971137</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38541940">38541940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Medicine&rft.atitle=Fresh+Frozen+Homologous+Rib+Cartilage%3A+A+Narrative+Review+of+a+New+Trend+in+Rhinoplasty&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1715&rft.date=2024-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10971137%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38541940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fjcm13061715&rft.aulast=Salzano&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Audino%2C+G&rft.au=Dell%27Aversana+Orabona%2C+G&rft.au=Committeri%2C+U&rft.au=Troise%2C+S&rft.au=Arena%2C+A&rft.au=Vaira%2C+LA&rft.au=De+Luca%2C+P&rft.au=Scarpa%2C+A&rft.au=Elefante%2C+A&rft.au=Romano%2C+A&rft.au=Califano%2C+L&rft.au=Piombino%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10971137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120129073529/http://www.robertkotlermd.com/revrhino.php">"Revision Rhinoplasty"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertkotlermd.com/revrhino.php">the original</a> on 29 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revision+Rhinoplasty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertkotlermd.com%2Frevrhino.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawh-MartinezPerkinsMadariSteinbacher2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sawh-Martinez, Rajendra; Perkins, Kevin; Madari, Sarika; Steinbacher, Derek M. (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31373990">"Control of Nasal Tip Position: Quantitative Assessment of Columellar Strut versus Caudal Septal Extension Graft"</a>. <i>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</i>. <b>144</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">772e –</span> <span class="nowrap">780e</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPRS.0000000000006178">10.1097/PRS.0000000000006178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-4242">1529-4242</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31373990">31373990</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199388873">199388873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plastic+and+Reconstructive+Surgery&rft.atitle=Control+of+Nasal+Tip+Position%3A+Quantitative+Assessment+of+Columellar+Strut+versus+Caudal+Septal+Extension+Graft&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E772e+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E780e%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2019-11&rft.issn=1529-4242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199388873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31373990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FPRS.0000000000006178&rft.aulast=Sawh-Martinez&rft.aufirst=Rajendra&rft.au=Perkins%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Madari%2C+Sarika&rft.au=Steinbacher%2C+Derek+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F31373990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanleySchwartz1989" class="citation journal cs1">Stanley RB, Schwartz MS (October 1989). "Immediate reconstruction of contaminated central craniofacial injuries with free autogenous grafts". <i>The Laryngoscope</i>. <b>99</b> (10 Pt 1): <span class="nowrap">1011–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1288%2F00005537-198210000-00007">10.1288/00005537-198210000-00007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2796548">2796548</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44787942">44787942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Laryngoscope&rft.atitle=Immediate+reconstruction+of+contaminated+central+craniofacial+injuries+with+free+autogenous+grafts&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=10+Pt+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1011-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1989-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44787942%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2796548&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1288%2F00005537-198210000-00007&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=RB&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+MS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard_DR1981" class="citation journal cs1">Millard DR (April 1981). "Aesthetic reconstructive rhinoplasty". <i>Clin Plast Surg</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">169–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0094-1298%2820%2930443-0">10.1016/S0094-1298(20)30443-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7273620">7273620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clin+Plast+Surg&rft.atitle=Aesthetic+reconstructive+rhinoplasty&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=1981-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0094-1298%2820%2930443-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7273620&rft.au=Millard+DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burget85-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burget85_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burget85_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurget_GC1985" class="citation journal cs1">Burget GC (July 1985). "Aesthetic restoration of the nose". <i>Clin Plast Surg</i>. <b>12</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">463–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0094-1298%2820%2931673-4">10.1016/S0094-1298(20)31673-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3893849">3893849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clin+Plast+Surg&rft.atitle=Aesthetic+restoration+of+the+nose&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E463-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=1985-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0094-1298%2820%2931673-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3893849&rft.au=Burget+GC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fata-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fata_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fata_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fata_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fata_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fata_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1820512-overview">Principles and Techniques of Nasal Reconstruction</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/840910-overview">Saddle Nose Rhinoplasty</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZitelli_JA1989" class="citation journal cs1">Zitelli JA (July 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://galleryofcosmeticsurgery.com/plastic-surgery-orange-county/nose/rhinoplasty/">"The bilobed flap for nasal reconstruction"</a>. <i>Arch Dermatol</i>. <b>125</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">957–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchderm.1989.01670190091012">10.1001/archderm.1989.01670190091012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2742390">2742390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch+Dermatol&rft.atitle=The+bilobed+flap+for+nasal+reconstruction&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E957-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1989-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchderm.1989.01670190091012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2742390&rft.au=Zitelli+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgalleryofcosmeticsurgery.com%2Fplastic-surgery-orange-county%2Fnose%2Frhinoplasty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDieffenbach_JF1845" class="citation book cs1">Dieffenbach JF (1845). "Die Nasenbehändlung". <i>Die operative Chirurgie</i>. Leipzig: Brockhaus FA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Nasenbeh%C3%A4ndlung&rft.btitle=Die+operative+Chirurgie&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Brockhaus+FA&rft.date=1845&rft.au=Dieffenbach+JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard_DR1967" class="citation journal cs1">Millard DR (November 1967). "Hemirhinoplasty". <i>Plast. Reconstr. Surg</i>. <b>40</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">440–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006534-196711000-00003">10.1097/00006534-196711000-00003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6074142">6074142</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220556982">220556982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plast.+Reconstr.+Surg.&rft.atitle=Hemirhinoplasty&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E440-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1967-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220556982%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6074142&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006534-196711000-00003&rft.au=Millard+DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgetMenick1989" class="citation journal cs1">Burget GC, Menick FJ (August 1989). "Nasal support and lining: the marriage of beauty and blood supply". <i>Plast. Reconstr. Surg</i>. <b>84</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">189–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006534-198908000-00001">10.1097/00006534-198908000-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2748735">2748735</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23704094">23704094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plast.+Reconstr.+Surg.&rft.atitle=Nasal+support+and+lining%3A+the+marriage+of+beauty+and+blood+supply&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=1989-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23704094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2748735&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006534-198908000-00001&rft.aulast=Burget&rft.aufirst=GC&rft.au=Menick%2C+FJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Funk, Etai. <i>Nasal Tip Dynamics</i>. 2008, p. 1. funkfacialplastics.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashio_H1969" class="citation journal cs1">Washio H (February 1969). "Retroauricular-temporal flap". <i>Plast. Reconstr. Surg</i>. <b>43</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">162–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006534-196902000-00009">10.1097/00006534-196902000-00009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4885510">4885510</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26723648">26723648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plast.+Reconstr.+Surg.&rft.atitle=Retroauricular-temporal+flap&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=1969-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26723648%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4885510&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006534-196902000-00009&rft.au=Washio+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tagliacozzi G, Gaspare B. editor, Venice. <i>De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem</i> (1597).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangMadorsky1999" class="citation journal cs1">Wang TD, Madorsky SJ (1999). "Secondary rhinoplasty in nasal deformity associated with the unilateral cleft lip". <i>Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchfaci.1.1.40">10.1001/archfaci.1.1.40</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10937075">10937075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Facial+Plastic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Secondary+rhinoplasty+in+nasal+deformity+associated+with+the+unilateral+cleft+lip&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchfaci.1.1.40&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10937075&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=TD&rft.au=Madorsky%2C+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoshJenHonradoPearlman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Khosh MM, Jen A, Honrado C, Pearlman SJ (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchfaci.6.3.167">"Nasal valve reconstruction: experience in 53 consecutive patients"</a>. <i>Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery</i>. <b>6</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">167–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchfaci.6.3.167">10.1001/archfaci.6.3.167</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15148124">15148124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Facial+Plastic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Nasal+valve+reconstruction%3A+experience+in+53+consecutive+patients&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchfaci.6.3.167&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15148124&rft.aulast=Khosh&rft.aufirst=MM&rft.au=Jen%2C+A&rft.au=Honrado%2C+C&rft.au=Pearlman%2C+SJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Farchfaci.6.3.167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTardySchwartzParras1989" class="citation journal cs1">Tardy ME, Schwartz M, Parras G (1989). "Saddle nose deformity: autogenous graft repair". <i>Facial Plastic Surgery</i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2008-1064719">10.1055/s-2008-1064719</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2487867">2487867</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8584171">8584171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Facial+Plastic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Saddle+nose+deformity%3A+autogenous+graft+repair&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8584171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2487867&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-2008-1064719&rft.aulast=Tardy&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+M&rft.au=Parras%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohrichGriffinAdams2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rod_Rohrich" title="Rod Rohrich">Rohrich RJ</a>, Griffin JR, Adams WP (September 2002). "Rhinophyma: review and update". <i>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</i>. <b>110</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">860–</span>69, quiz 870. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006534-200209010-00023">10.1097/00006534-200209010-00023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12172152">12172152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plastic+and+Reconstructive+Surgery&rft.atitle=Rhinophyma%3A+review+and+update&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E860-%3C%2Fspan%3E69%2C+quiz+870&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006534-200209010-00023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12172152&rft.aulast=Rohrich&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.au=Griffin%2C+JR&rft.au=Adams%2C+WP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonell2021" class="citation web cs1">Bonell, Sarah; et al. (Sep 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2570021746">"Under the knife: Unfavorable perceptions of women who seek plastic surgery"</a>. <i>ProQuest Central</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2570021746">2570021746</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 Dec</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProQuest+Central&rft.atitle=Under+the+knife%3A+Unfavorable+perceptions+of+women+who+seek+plastic+surgery&rft.date=2021-09&rft.aulast=Bonell&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F2570021746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerreira2025" class="citation journal cs1">Ferreira, Thales Victor Fernandes; et al. (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1808869424001137">"Importance of psychological follow-up in rhinoplasty"</a>. <i>Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology</i>. <b>91</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bjorl.2024.101498">10.1016/j.bjorl.2024.101498</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11470162">11470162</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brazilian+Journal+of+Otorhinolaryngology&rft.atitle=Importance+of+psychological+follow-up+in+rhinoplasty&rft.volume=91&rft.date=2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11470162%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bjorl.2024.101498&rft.aulast=Ferreira&rft.aufirst=Thales+Victor+Fernandes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1808869424001137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaggioAsaria2024" class="citation cs2">Raggio, Blake S.; Asaria, Jamil (2024), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546628/">"Open Rhinoplasty"</a>, <i>StatPearls</i>, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31536235">31536235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-26</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StatPearls&rft.atitle=Open+Rhinoplasty&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31536235&rft.aulast=Raggio&rft.aufirst=Blake+S.&rft.au=Asaria%2C+Jamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK546628%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acmilan.com/en/club/history">"History"</a>. <i>acmilan.com</i>. Associazione Calcio Milan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130309/http://www.acmilan.com/en/club/history">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=acmilan.com&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acmilan.com%2Fen%2Fclub%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeAndrew-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeAndrew_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe,_Andrew_Tuan-anh2005" class="citation journal cs1">Le, Andrew Tuan-anh (2005). "Rhinoplasty Using Injectable Polyacrylamide Gel — A Patient Study". <i>Australasian Journal of Cosmetic Surgery</i>. <b>1</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Journal+of+Cosmetic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Rhinoplasty+Using+Injectable+Polyacrylamide+Gel+%E2%80%94+A+Patient+Study&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Le%2C+Andrew+Tuan-anh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArslanAksoy2007" class="citation journal cs1">Arslan E, Aksoy A (June 2007). "Upper lateral cartilage-sparing component dorsal hump reduction in primary rhinoplasty". <i>The Laryngoscope</i>. <b>117</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">990–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMLG.0b013e31805366ed">10.1097/MLG.0b013e31805366ed</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17545863">17545863</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19141198">19141198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Laryngoscope&rft.atitle=Upper+lateral+cartilage-sparing+component+dorsal+hump+reduction+in+primary+rhinoplasty&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E990-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19141198%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17545863&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMLG.0b013e31805366ed&rft.aulast=Arslan&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Aksoy%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoccieriMacro2006" class="citation journal cs1">Boccieri A, Macro C (November 2006). "Difficult revision case: Two previous septo-rhinoplasties". <i>Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America</i>. <b>14</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">407–</span>9, viii. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsc.2006.06.013">10.1016/j.fsc.2006.06.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17088189">17088189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Facial+Plastic+Surgery+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Difficult+revision+case%3A+Two+previous+septo-rhinoplasties&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E9%2C+viii&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fsc.2006.06.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17088189&rft.aulast=Boccieri&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Macro%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochranDucicDeFatta2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cochran CS, Ducic Y, DeFatta RJ (May 2007). "Restorative rhinoplasty in the aging patient". <i>The Laryngoscope</i>. <b>117</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">803–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.mlg.0000248240.72296.b9">10.1097/01.mlg.0000248240.72296.b9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17473672">17473672</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9142473">9142473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Laryngoscope&rft.atitle=Restorative+rhinoplasty+in+the+aging+patient&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E803-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9142473%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17473672&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.mlg.0000248240.72296.b9&rft.aulast=Cochran&rft.aufirst=CS&rft.au=Ducic%2C+Y&rft.au=DeFatta%2C+RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruberChangKahnSullivan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gruber R, Chang TN, Kahn D, Sullivan P (March 2007). "Broad nasal bone reduction: an algorithm for osteotomies". <i>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</i>. <b>119</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1044–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.prs.0000252504.65746.18">10.1097/01.prs.0000252504.65746.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17312512">17312512</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37699763">37699763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plastic+and+Reconstructive+Surgery&rft.atitle=Broad+nasal+bone+reduction%3A+an+algorithm+for+osteotomies&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1044-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37699763%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17312512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.prs.0000252504.65746.18&rft.aulast=Gruber&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Chang%2C+TN&rft.au=Kahn%2C+D&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGubisch_W2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gubisch W (November 2006). "Twenty-five years experience with extracorporeal septoplasty". <i>Facial Plastic Surgery</i>. <b>22</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">230–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2006-954841">10.1055/s-2006-954841</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17131265">17131265</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260135059">260135059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Facial+Plastic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Twenty-five+years+experience+with+extracorporeal+septoplasty&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E230-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A260135059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17131265&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-2006-954841&rft.au=Gubisch+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurneyKim2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gurney TA, Kim DW (February 2007). "Applications of porcine dermal collagen (ENDURAGen) in facial plastic surgery". <i>Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America</i>. <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">113–</span>21, viii. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsc.2006.10.007">10.1016/j.fsc.2006.10.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17317562">17317562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Facial+Plastic+Surgery+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Applications+of+porcine+dermal+collagen+%28ENDURAGen%29+in+facial+plastic+surgery&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E21%2C+viii&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fsc.2006.10.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17317562&rft.aulast=Gurney&rft.aufirst=TA&rft.au=Kim%2C+DW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellingsNolst_Trenité2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hellings PW, Nolst Trenité GJ (June 2007). "Long-term patient satisfaction after revision rhinoplasty". <i>The Laryngoscope</i>. <b>117</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">985–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMLG.0b013e31804f8152">10.1097/MLG.0b013e31804f8152</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17460577">17460577</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40923497">40923497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Laryngoscope&rft.atitle=Long-term+patient+satisfaction+after+revision+rhinoplasty&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E985-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40923497%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17460577&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMLG.0b013e31804f8152&rft.aulast=Hellings&rft.aufirst=PW&rft.au=Nolst+Trenit%C3%A9%2C+GJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInanliSariBaylancicek2007" class="citation journal cs1">Inanli S, Sari M, Baylancicek S (2007). "The use of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) in rhinoplasty". <i>Aesthetic Plastic Surgery</i>. <b>31</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">345–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00266-007-0037-z">10.1007/s00266-007-0037-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17549553">17549553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12792419">12792419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aesthetic+Plastic+Surgery&rft.atitle=The+use+of+expanded+polytetrafluoroethylene+%28Gore-Tex%29+in+rhinoplasty&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12792419%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17549553&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00266-007-0037-z&rft.aulast=Inanli&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Sari%2C+M&rft.au=Baylancicek%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrocínioPatrocínio2007" class="citation journal cs1">Patrocínio LG, Patrocínio JA (October 2007). "Open rhinoplasty for African-American noses". <i>The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery</i>. <b>45</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">561–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bjoms.2007.01.011">10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.01.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17350737">17350737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Oral+%26+Maxillofacial+Surgery&rft.atitle=Open+rhinoplasty+for+African-American+noses&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E561-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bjoms.2007.01.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17350737&rft.aulast=Patroc%C3%ADnio&rft.aufirst=LG&rft.au=Patroc%C3%ADnio%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedrozaAnjosPatrocinioBarreto2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pedroza F, Anjos GC, Patrocinio LG, Barreto JM, Cortes J, Quessep SH (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchfaci.8.6.396">"Seagull wing graft: a technique for the replacement of lower lateral cartilages"</a>. <i>Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery</i>. <b>8</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">396–</span>403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchfaci.8.6.396">10.1001/archfaci.8.6.396</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17116787">17116787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Facial+Plastic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Seagull+wing+graft%3A+a+technique+for+the+replacement+of+lower+lateral+cartilages&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E396-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchfaci.8.6.396&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17116787&rft.aulast=Pedroza&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Anjos%2C+GC&rft.au=Patrocinio%2C+LG&rft.au=Barreto%2C+JM&rft.au=Cortes%2C+J&rft.au=Quessep%2C+SH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Farchfaci.8.6.396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReillyDavison2007" class="citation journal cs1">Reilly MJ, Davison SP (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchfaci.9.2.82">"Open vs closed approach to the nasal pyramid for fracture reduction"</a>. <i>Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery</i>. <b>9</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">82–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchfaci.9.2.82">10.1001/archfaci.9.2.82</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17372060">17372060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Facial+Plastic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Open+vs+closed+approach+to+the+nasal+pyramid+for+fracture+reduction&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchfaci.9.2.82&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17372060&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Davison%2C+SP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Farchfaci.9.2.82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomoKwak2006" class="citation journal cs1">Romo T, Kwak ES (November 2006). "Difficult revision case: Overaggressive resection". <i>Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America</i>. <b>14</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">411–</span>5, viii. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsc.2006.06.009">10.1016/j.fsc.2006.06.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17088190">17088190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Facial+Plastic+Surgery+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Difficult+revision+case%3A+Overaggressive+resection&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E411-%3C%2Fspan%3E5%2C+viii&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fsc.2006.06.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17088190&rft.aulast=Romo&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Kwak%2C+ES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomoKwakSclafani2006" class="citation journal cs1">Romo T, Kwak ES, Sclafani AP (December 2006). "Revision rhinoplasty using porous high-density polyethylene implants to re-establish ethnic identity". <i>Aesthetic Plastic Surgery</i>. <b>30</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">679–</span>84, discussion 685. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00266-006-0049-0">10.1007/s00266-006-0049-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17093875">17093875</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34787006">34787006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aesthetic+Plastic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Revision+rhinoplasty+using+porous+high-density+polyethylene+implants+to+re-establish+ethnic+identity&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E679-%3C%2Fspan%3E84%2C+discussion+685&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34787006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17093875&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00266-006-0049-0&rft.aulast=Romo&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Kwak%2C+ES&rft.au=Sclafani%2C+AP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanepoelFysh2007" class="citation journal cs1">Swanepoel PF, Fysh R (2007). "Laminated dorsal beam graft to eliminate postoperative twisting complications". <i>Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery</i>. <b>9</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">285–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchfaci.9.4.285">10.1001/archfaci.9.4.285</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17638765">17638765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Facial+Plastic+Surgery&rft.atitle=Laminated+dorsal+beam+graft+to+eliminate+postoperative+twisting+complications&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchfaci.9.4.285&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17638765&rft.aulast=Swanepoel&rft.aufirst=PF&rft.au=Fysh%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsonMendelsohn2007" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson C, Mendelsohn M (April 2007). "Reducing the incidence of revision rhinoplasty". <i>The Journal of Otolaryngology</i>. <b>36</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">130–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17459286">17459286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Otolaryngology&rft.atitle=Reducing+the+incidence+of+revision+rhinoplasty&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17459286&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Mendelsohn%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorntonMendelsohn2006" class="citation journal cs1">Thornton MA, Mendelsohn M (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchotol.132.11.1183">"Total skeletal reconstruction of the nasal dorsum"</a>. <i>Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery</i>. <b>132</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1183–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchotol.132.11.1183">10.1001/archotol.132.11.1183</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17116812">17116812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Otolaryngology%E2%80%93Head+%26+Neck+Surgery&rft.atitle=Total+skeletal+reconstruction+of+the+nasal+dorsum&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1183-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchotol.132.11.1183&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17116812&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Mendelsohn%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Farchotol.132.11.1183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToriumi_DM2006" class="citation journal cs1">Toriumi DM (November 2006). "Difficult revision case: Foreshortened nose and severe alar retraction, two prior rhinoplasty surgeries". <i>Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America</i>. <b>14</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">401–</span>6, viii. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsc.2006.06.012">10.1016/j.fsc.2006.06.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17088188">17088188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Facial+Plastic+Surgery+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Difficult+revision+case%3A+Foreshortened+nose+and+severe+alar+retraction%2C+two+prior+rhinoplasty+surgeries.&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E401-%3C%2Fspan%3E6%2C+viii&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fsc.2006.06.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17088188&rft.au=Toriumi+DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhinoplasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_respiratory_system89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Respiratory_system_procedures" title="Template:Respiratory system procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_system_procedures" title="Template talk:Respiratory system procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory_system_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory system procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_respiratory_system89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures involving the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper respiratory tract">Upper RT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhinoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Septoplasty" title="Septoplasty">Septoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Somnoplasty" title="Somnoplasty">Somnoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alarplasty" title="Alarplasty">Alarplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinectomy" title="Rhinectomy">Rhinectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinomanometry" title="Rhinomanometry">Rhinomanometry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_rhinometry" title="Acoustic rhinometry">Acoustic rhinometry</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinus</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinusotomy" title="Sinusotomy">Sinusotomy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngoscopy" title="Laryngoscopy">Laryngoscopy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngectomy" title="Laryngectomy">Laryngectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laryngotomy">Laryngotomy</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Thyrotomy" title="Thyrotomy">Thyrotomy</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngotracheal_reconstruction" title="Laryngotracheal reconstruction">Laryngotracheal reconstruction</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower respiratory tract">Lower RT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">trachea</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cricothyrotomy" title="Cricothyrotomy">Cricothyrotomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tracheo-oesophageal_puncture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheo-oesophageal puncture">Tracheoesophageal puncture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tracheotomy" title="Tracheotomy">Tracheotomy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchus</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchoscopy" title="Bronchoscopy">Bronchoscopy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Human_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lung">lung</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pneumonectomy" title="Pneumonectomy">Pneumonectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lobectomy" title="Lobectomy">Lobectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wedge_resection" title="Wedge resection">Wedge resection</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lung_transplantation" title="Lung transplantation">Transplantation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Decortication_of_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Decortication of lung">Decortication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heart%E2%80%93lung_transplant" title="Heart–lung transplant">Heart–lung transplant</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_wall" title="Thoracic wall">Chest wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura">pleura</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura">pleura</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">pleural cavity</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thoracentesis" title="Thoracentesis">Thoracentesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pleurodesis" title="Pleurodesis">Pleurodesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thoracoscopy" title="Thoracoscopy">Thoracoscopy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thoracotomy" title="Thoracotomy">Thoracotomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chest_tube" title="Chest tube">Chest tube</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mediastinoscopy" title="Mediastinoscopy">Mediastinoscopy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nuss_procedure" title="Nuss procedure">Nuss procedure</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchography" title="Bronchography">Bronchography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT_pulmonary_angiogram" title="CT pulmonary angiogram">CT pulmonary angiogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_computed_tomography" title="High-resolution computed tomography">High-resolution computed tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral computed tomography">Spiral CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">Ventilation/perfusion scan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_prediction_rule" title="Clinical prediction rule">Clinical prediction rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia_severity_index" title="Pneumonia severity index">Pneumonia severity index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURB-65" title="CURB-65">CURB-65</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lung_function_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung function test">Lung function test</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_plethysmography" class="mw-redirect" title="Body plethysmography">Body plethysmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirometry" title="Spirometry">Spirometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchial_challenge_test" title="Bronchial challenge test">Bronchial challenge test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capnography" title="Capnography">Capnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion capacity">Diffusion capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_oscillometry" title="Impulse oscillometry">Impulse oscillometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cytology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchoalveolar_lavage" title="Bronchoalveolar lavage">Bronchoalveolar lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_swab" title="Nasopharyngeal swab">Nasopharyngeal swab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputum_culture" title="Sputum culture">Sputum culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_gas_test" title="Blood gas test">Blood gas test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumograph" title="Pneumograph">Pneumography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other procedures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Oxygen_therapy41" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_intubation" title="Tracheal intubation">Intubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_airway_management" title="Surgical airway management">Surgical airway management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">Mechanical ventilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_pressure_ventilator" title="Negative pressure ventilator">Negative pressure ventilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_pressure_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive pressure ventilation">Positive pressure ventilation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory therapy">Respiratory therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial respiration">Artificial respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">CPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebulizer" title="Nebulizer">Nebulizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_drainage" title="Postural drainage">Postural drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_therapy" title="Hyperinflation therapy">Hyperinflation therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hygiene" title="Pulmonary hygiene">Pulmonary hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_rehabilitation" title="Pulmonary rehabilitation">Pulmonary rehabilitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox860" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840929#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4115340-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rhinoplasty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85113696">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000203551&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536339905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&oldid=1266121847">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&oldid=1266121847</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nose_surgery" title="Category:Nose surgery">Nose surgery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plastic_surgery" title="Category:Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017">Articles with dead external links from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2015">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2014" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2014">Articles needing additional references from January 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2015" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2015">Articles needing additional references from April 2015</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 December 2024, at 05:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhinoplasty&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhinoplasty</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>32 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-ccxdx","wgBackendResponseTime":148,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.342","walltime":"1.535","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6396,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":228641,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5951,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":279511,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1298.782 1 -total"," 44.17% 573.715 1 Template:Reflist"," 29.58% 384.121 54 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.47% 135.918 2 Template:Langx"," 7.36% 95.597 4 Template:Navbox"," 7.22% 93.719 1 Template:Respiratory_system_procedures"," 6.94% 90.156 2 Template:Short_description"," 6.89% 89.513 1 Template:Harvnb"," 6.78% 88.090 1 Template:Infobox_interventions"," 6.39% 83.013 2 Template:More_citations_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.895","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26948934,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArslanAksoy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaileyJohnsonNewlands2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoccieriMacro2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritoAvashiaRohrich2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgetMenick1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgetMenick1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurget_GC1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChernowVallasi1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCochranDucicDeFatta2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanielPálházi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDieffenbach_JF1845\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFattahi_TT2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerreira2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischerGubisch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabrickWalkerTimberlakeChouairi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldwyn_RM1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodmanCharles1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman_WS1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruberChangKahnSullivan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGubisch_W2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunter_JP,_Rohrich_RJ1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunter_JP1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurneyKim2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidariMahmoudzadeh-SaghebKhammarKhammar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinbergKern1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHellingsNolst_Trenité2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoppingWhite2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInanliSariBaylancicek2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoshJenHonradoPearlman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe,_Andrew_Tuan-anh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuanChenYanTsai2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazzolaMazzola2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelvin_A._Shiffman,_Alberto_Di_Gi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillard_DR1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillard_DR1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkPourtaheriManiskasAllam2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrocínioPatrocínio2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavriZhuSteinbacher2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedrozaAnjosPatrocinioBarreto2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPersingTimberlakeMadariSteinbacher2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPribitkinLavasaniShindleGreywoode2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaggioAsaria2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReillyDavison2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRethi_A1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinzler2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohrichGriffinAdams2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomoKwak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomoKwakSclafani2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalzanoAudinoDell\u0026#039;Aversana_OrabonaCommitteri2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawh-MartinezPerkinsMadariSteinbacher2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShiffman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghManiskasBruckmanSteinbacher2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanleySchwartz1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinbacher2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanepoelFysh2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTardySchwartzParras1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomsonMendelsohn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorntonMendelsohn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToriumi_DM2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeeramaniWilsonSawh-MartinezSteinbacher2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangMadorsky1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWashio_H1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZitelli_JA1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZitser2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFda_SilvaHochmanFerreira2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 54,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"EMedicine\"] = 4,\n [\"Fix\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"ICD9proc\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox interventions\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 10,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respiratory system procedures\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-z5qr6","timestamp":"20250219123026","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Rhinoplasty","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rhinoplasty","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q840929","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q840929","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-28T00:02:05Z","dateModified":"2024-12-30T05:36:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b7\/Exposing_lower_lateral_cartilage_during_rhinoplasty.jpg","headline":"surgical procedure to enhance or reconstruct a human nose"}</script> </body> </html>