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cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cartography</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Cartography" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Cartography" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cartography" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cartogram" title="Cartogram">Cartogram</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cartographer" and "Cartographist" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cartographer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cartographer (disambiguation)">Cartographer (disambiguation)</a>. For the song, see <a href="/wiki/Shrines_(Purity_Ring_album)" title="Shrines (Purity Ring album)">Shrines (Purity Ring album)</a>.</div> Cartography (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kɑːrˈtɒɡrəfi/</a>; from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: χάρτης chartēs, 'papyrus, sheet of paper, map'; and γράφειν graphein, 'write') is the study and practice of making and using <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">maps</a>. Combining <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg/300px-Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg/450px-Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg/600px-Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8073" data-file-height="5813"></a><figcaption>A medieval depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumene" title="Ecumene">Ecumene</a> (1482, Johannes Schnitzer, engraver), constructed after the coordinates in Ptolemy's <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a> and using his second map projection. The translation into Latin and dissemination of Geography in Europe, in the beginning of the 15th century, marked the rebirth of scientific cartography, after more than a millennium of stagnation.</figcaption></figure> The fundamental objectives of traditional cartography are to: <ul><li>Set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped. This is the concern of map editing. Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as <a href="/wiki/Toponyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponyms">toponyms</a> or political boundaries.</li> <li>Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media. This is the concern of <a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">map projections</a>.</li> <li>Eliminate the mapped object's characteristics that are irrelevant to the map's purpose. This is the concern of <a href="/wiki/Cartographic_generalization" title="Cartographic generalization">generalization</a>.</li> <li>Reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped. This is also the concern of generalization.</li> <li>Orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience. This is the concern of <a href="#Map_design">map design</a>.</li></ul> Modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">geographic information systems</a> (GIS) and <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_science" title="Geographic information science">geographic information science</a> (GISc). <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ancient_times">1.1 Ancient times</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance">1.2 Middle Ages and Renaissance</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Printing_technology">1.2.1 Printing technology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Lettering">1.2.2 Lettering</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Color">1.2.3 Color</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Early_modern_period">1.3 Early modern period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Age_of_Enlightenment">1.4 Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Modern_period">1.5 Modern period</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Deconstruction">2 Deconstruction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Map_types">3 Map types</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#General_vs._thematic_cartography">3.1 General vs. thematic cartography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Topographic_vs._topological">3.2 Topographic vs. topological</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Map_design">4 Map design</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Map_purpose_and_audience">4.1 Map purpose and audience</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Cartographic_process">4.1.1 Cartographic process</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Aspects_of_map_design">4.2 Aspects of map design</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Deliberate_cartographic_errors">5 Deliberate cartographic errors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Professional_and_learned_societies">6 Professional and learned societies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Academic_journals">6.1 Academic journals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References">8 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Bibliography">8.1 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">History of cartography</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cartographers" title="List of cartographers">List of cartographers</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Surveying#History" title="Surveying">Surveying § History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadastre#History" title="Cadastre">Cadastre § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Topographic_mapping#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographic mapping">Topographic mapping § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient times" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg/220px-Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="637"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg/220px-Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg/330px-Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg/440px-Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Valcamonica rock art</a> (I), Paspardo r. 29, topographic composition, 4th millennium BCE</figcaption></figure> What is the earliest known map is a matter of some debate, both because the term "map" is not well-defined and because some artifacts that might be maps might actually be something else. A wall painting that might depict the ancient Anatolian city of <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> (previously known as Catal Huyuk or Çatal Hüyük) has been dated to the late 7th millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Among the prehistoric alpine rock carvings of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bego" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Bego">Mount Bego</a> (France) and <a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica" title="Val Camonica">Valcamonica</a> (Italy), dated to the 4th millennium BCE, geometric patterns consisting of dotted rectangles and lines are widely interpreted<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> in archaeological literature as depicting cultivated plots.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Other known maps of the ancient world include the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> "House of the Admiral" wall painting from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600 BCE, showing a seaside community in an oblique perspective, and an engraved map of the holy <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> period (14th – 12th centuries BCE).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The oldest surviving world maps are from 9th century BCE <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_world_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian world map">Babylonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kurt_A._Raaflaub_&_Richard_J._A._Talbert_2009_147-7">[7]</a> One shows <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and several cities, all, in turn, surrounded by a "bitter river" (<a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Another depicts Babylon as being north of the center of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Kurt_A._Raaflaub_&_Richard_J._A._Talbert_2009_147-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg/220px-Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="366"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg/220px-Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg/330px-Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg/440px-Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bedolina_Map" title="Bedolina Map">Bedolina Map</a> and its tracing, 6th–4th century BCE</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> created maps from the time of <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> in the 6th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In the 2nd century CE, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> wrote his <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> on cartography, <a href="/wiki/Geographia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographia">Geographia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> This contained <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_world_map" title="Ptolemy's world map">Ptolemy's world map</a> – the world then known to Western society (<a href="/wiki/Ecumene" title="Ecumene">Ecumene</a>). As early as the 8th century, Arab scholars were translating the works of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Greek geographers</a> into Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a> were essential in the Roman world, motivating the creation of maps, called <a href="/wiki/Itinerarium" title="Itinerarium">itinerarium</a>, that portrayed the world as experienced via the roads. The <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Tabula Peutingeriana</a> is the only surviving example. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Add_19391_19-20.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Add_19391_19-20.png/220px-Add_19391_19-20.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="1828"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Add_19391_19-20.png/220px-Add_19391_19-20.png" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Add_19391_19-20.png/330px-Add_19391_19-20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Add_19391_19-20.png/440px-Add_19391_19-20.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> map of the British Isles from a manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_Geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy's Geography">Geography</a>, using Greek numerals for its <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">graticule</a>: 52–63°N of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> and 6–33°E from Ptolemy's <a href="/wiki/Prime_Meridian" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Meridian">Prime Meridian</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Fortunate_Isles" title="Fortunate Isles">Fortunate Isles</a>.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a>, geographical literature dates to the 5th century BCE. The oldest extant Chinese maps come from the <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">State of Qin</a>, dated back to the 4th century BCE, during the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>. In the book Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao, published in 1092 by the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> scientist <a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Star_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Star map">star map</a> on the equidistant cylindrical projection.<a href="#cite_note-Miyajima-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Although this method of charting seems to have existed in China even before this publication and scientist, the greatest significance of the star maps by Su Song is that they represent the oldest existent star maps in <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printed</a> form. Early forms of <a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_India" title="Cartography of India">cartography of India</a> included depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">pole star</a> and surrounding constellations.<a href="#cite_note-Sircar3-15">[15]</a> These charts may have been used for navigation.<a href="#cite_note-Sircar3-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance">Middle Ages and Renaissance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages and Renaissance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/220px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/220px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/330px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/440px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Copy (1472) of <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">St. Isidore's</a> <a href="/wiki/TO_map" class="mw-redirect" title="TO map">TO map</a> of the world.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappae mundi</a> ('maps of the world') are the medieval European maps of the world. About 1,100 of these are known to have survived: of these, some 900 are found illustrating manuscripts, and the remainder exist as stand-alone documents.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg/290px-Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="12999" data-file-height="5958"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg/290px-Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg/435px-Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg/580px-Tabula_Rogeriana_1929_copy_by_Konrad_Miller.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a>, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a> for <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a> in 1154. South is at the top.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Geography_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography in medieval Islam">Arab geographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a> produced his medieval atlas <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a> (Book of Roger) in 1154. By combining the knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> (which he learned through contemporary accounts from Arab merchants and explorers) with the information he inherited from the classical geographers, he was able to write detailed descriptions of a multitude of countries. Along with the substantial text he had written, he created a world map influenced mostly by the Ptolemaic conception of the world, but with significant influence from multiple Arab geographers. It remained the most accurate world map for the next three centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The map was divided into seven <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climatic</a> zones, with detailed descriptions of each zone. As part of this work, a smaller, circular map depicting the south on top and Arabia in the center was made. Al-Idrisi also made an estimate of the circumference of the world, accurate to within 10%.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg/170px-Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 267px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg/170px-Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="267" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg/255px-Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg/340px-Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Europa_regina" title="Europa regina">Europa regina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Sebastian Münster</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)" title="Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)">Cosmographia</a>", 1570</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, from the 15th century to the 17th century, European cartographers both copied earlier maps (some of which had been passed down for centuries) and drew their own based on explorers' observations and new <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a> techniques. The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic compass">magnetic compass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a> enabled increasing accuracy. In 1492, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Behaim" title="Martin Behaim">Martin Behaim</a>, a German cartographer and advisor to the king <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II of Portugal</a>, made the oldest extant globe of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 1507, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Waldseem%C3%BCller" title="Martin Waldseemüller">Martin Waldseemüller</a> produced a globular world map and a large 12-panel world wall map (<a href="/wiki/Universalis_Cosmographia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universalis Cosmographia">Universalis Cosmographia</a>) bearing the first use of the name "America." <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> cartographer <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Ribeiro_(cartographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogo Ribeiro (cartographer)">Diogo Ribero</a> was the author of the first known planisphere with a graduated Equator (1527). <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> cartographer <a href="/wiki/Battista_Agnese" title="Battista Agnese">Battista Agnese</a> produced at least 71 manuscript atlases of sea charts. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Werner" title="Johannes Werner">Johannes Werner</a> refined and promoted the <a href="/wiki/Werner_projection" title="Werner projection">Werner projection</a>. This was an equal-area, heart-shaped world map projection (generally called a cordiform projection) that was used in the 16th and 17th centuries. Over time, other iterations of this map type arose; most notable are the <a href="/wiki/Sinusoidal_projection" title="Sinusoidal projection">sinusoidal projection</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bonne_projection" title="Bonne projection">Bonne projection</a>. The Werner projection places its standard parallel at the North Pole; a sinusoidal projection places its standard parallel at the equator; and the Bonne projection is intermediate between the two.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 1569, mapmaker <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a> first published <a href="/wiki/Mercator_1569_world_map" title="Mercator 1569 world map">a map</a> based on his <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a>, which uses equally-spaced parallel vertical lines of longitude and parallel latitude lines spaced farther apart as they get farther away from the equator. By this construction, courses of constant bearing are conveniently represented as straight lines for navigation. The same property limits its value as a general-purpose world map because regions are shown as increasingly larger than they actually are the further from the equator they are. Mercator is also credited as the first to use the word "atlas" to describe a collection of maps. In the later years of his life, Mercator resolved to create his Atlas, a book filled with many maps of different regions of the world, as well as a chronological history of the world from the Earth's creation by God until 1568. He was unable to complete it to his satisfaction before he died. Still, some additions were made to the Atlas after his death, and new editions were published after his death.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 1570, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabantian</a> cartographer <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a>, strongly encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Gillis_Hooftman" title="Gillis Hooftman">Gillis Hooftman</a>, created the first true modern atlas, <a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum" title="Theatrum Orbis Terrarum">Theatrum Orbis Terrarum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In a rare move, Ortelius credited mapmakers who contributed to the atlas, the list of which grew to 183 individuals by 1603.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, maps were used to impress viewers and establish the owner's reputation as sophisticated, educated, and worldly. Because of this, towards the end of the Renaissance, maps were displayed with equal importance of painting, sculptures, and other pieces of art.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the sixteenth century, maps were becoming increasingly available to consumers through the introduction of printmaking, with about 10% of Venetian homes having some sort of map by the late 1500s. There were three main functions of maps in the Renaissance:<a href="#cite_note-:0-28">[28]</a> <ul><li>General descriptions of the world</li> <li>Navigation and wayfinding</li> <li>Land surveying and property management</li></ul> In medieval times, written directions of how to get somewhere were more common than the use of maps. With the Renaissance, cartography began to be seen as a metaphor for power.<a href="#cite_note-:0-28">[28]</a> Political leaders could lay claim to territories through the use of maps, and this was greatly aided by the religious and colonial expansion of Europe. The Holy Land and other religious places were the most commonly mapped during the Renaissance. In the late 1400s to the late 1500s, Rome, Florence, and Venice dominated map-making and trade. It started in Florence in the mid-to late 1400s. Map trade quickly shifted to Rome and Venice but then was overtaken by atlas makers in the late 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Map publishing in Venice was completed with humanities and book publishing in mind, rather than just informational use. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Printing_technology">Printing technology</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Printing technology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There were two main printmaking technologies in the Renaissance: <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">copper-plate intaglio</a>, referring to the medium used to transfer the image onto paper. In woodcut, the map image is created as a relief chiseled from medium-grain hardwood. The areas intended to be printed are inked and pressed against the sheet. Being raised from the rest of the block, the map lines cause indentations in the paper that can often be felt on the back of the map. There are advantages to using relief to make maps. For one, a printmaker doesn't need a press because the maps could be developed as rubbings. Woodblock is durable enough to be used many times before defects appear. Existing printing presses can be used to create the prints rather than having to create a new one. On the other hand, it is hard to achieve fine detail with the relief technique. Inconsistencies in linework are more apparent in woodcut than in intaglio. To improve quality in the late fifteenth century, a style of relief craftsmanship developed using fine chisels to carve the wood, rather than the more commonly used knife. In intaglio, lines are engraved into workable metals, typically copper but sometimes brass. The engraver spreads a thin sheet of wax over the metal plate and uses ink to draw the details. Then, the engraver traces the lines with a stylus to etch them into the plate beneath.<a href="#cite_note-:1-30">[30]</a> The engraver can also use styli to prick holes along the drawn lines, trace along them with colored chalk, and then engrave the map. Lines going in the same direction are carved at the same time, and then the plate is turned to carve lines going in a different direction. To print from the finished plate, ink is spread over the metal surface and scraped off such that it remains only in the etched channels. Then the plate is pressed forcibly against the paper so that the ink in the channels is transferred to the paper. The pressing is so forceful that it leaves a "plate mark" around the border of the map at the edge of the plate, within which the paper is depressed compared to the margins.<a href="#cite_note-:2-31">[31]</a> Copper and other metals were expensive at the time, so the plate was often reused for new maps or melted down for other purposes.<a href="#cite_note-:2-31">[31]</a> Whether woodcut or intaglio, the printed map is hung out to dry. Once dry, it is usually placed in another press to flatten the paper. Any type of paper that was available at the time could be used to print the map, but thicker paper was more durable. Both relief and intaglio were used about equally by the end of the fifteenth century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lettering">Lettering</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lettering" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Lettering in mapmaking is important for denoting information. Fine lettering is difficult in woodcut, where it often turned out square and blocky, contrary to the stylized, rounded writing style popular in Italy at the time.<a href="#cite_note-:2-31">[31]</a> To improve quality, mapmakers developed fine chisels to carve the relief. Intaglio lettering did not suffer the troubles of a coarse medium and so was able to express the looping cursive that came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Italic_script" title="Italic script">cancellaresca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-31">[31]</a> There were custom-made reverse punches that were also used in metal engraving alongside freehand lettering.<a href="#cite_note-:1-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Color">Color</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Color" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Map_coloring" title="Map coloring">Map coloring</a></div> The first use of color in map-making cannot be narrowed down to one reason. There are arguments that color started as a way to indicate information on the map, with aesthetics coming second. There are also arguments that color was first used on maps for aesthetics but then evolved into conveying information.<a href="#cite_note-:2-31">[31]</a> Either way, many maps of the Renaissance left the publisher without being colored, a practice that continued all the way into the 1800s. However, most publishers accepted orders from their patrons to have their maps or atlases colored if they wished. Because all coloring was done by hand, the patron could request simple, cheap color, or more expensive, elaborate color, even going so far as silver or gold gilding. The simplest coloring was merely outlines, such as of borders and along rivers. Wash color meant painting regions with inks or watercolors. Limning meant adding silver and gold leaf to the map to illuminate lettering, heraldic arms, or other decorative elements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early modern period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iberian_cartography,_1400%E2%80%931600" title="Iberian cartography, 1400–1600">Early modern Iberian (Spanish and Portuguese) cartography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Netherlandish_cartography" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern Netherlandish cartography">Early modern Netherlandish (Dutch and Flemish) cartography</a></div> The early modern period saw the convergence of cartographical techniques across Eurasia and the exchange of mercantile mapping techniques via the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In the early seventeenth century, the <a href="/wiki/Selden_Map" title="Selden Map">Selden map</a> was created by a Chinese cartographer. Historians have put its date of creation around 1620, but there is debate in this regard. This map's significance draws from historical misconceptions of East Asian cartography, the main one being that East Asians did not do cartography until Europeans arrived. The map's depiction of trading routes, a compass rose, and scale bar points to the culmination of many map-making techniques incorporated into Chinese mercantile cartography.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 1689, representatives of the Russian tsar and Qing Dynasty met near the border town of Nerchinsk, which was near the disputed border of the two powers, in eastern Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The two parties, with the Qing negotiation party bringing <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> as intermediaries, managed to work a treaty which placed the Amur River as the border between the Eurasian powers, and opened up trading relations between the two. This treaty's significance draws from the interaction between the two sides, and the intermediaries who were drawn from a wide variety of nationalities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Age of Enlightenment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nova_totius_Terrarum_Orbis_geographica_ac_hydrographica_tabula_(Hendrik_Hondius)_balanced.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nova_totius_Terrarum_Orbis_geographica_ac_hydrographica_tabula_%28Hendrik_Hondius%29_balanced.jpg/290px-Nova_totius_Terrarum_Orbis_geographica_ac_hydrographica_tabula_%28Hendrik_Hondius%29_balanced.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5248" data-file-height="3688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 204px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nova_totius_Terrarum_Orbis_geographica_ac_hydrographica_tabula_%28Hendrik_Hondius%29_balanced.jpg/290px-Nova_totius_Terrarum_Orbis_geographica_ac_hydrographica_tabula_%28Hendrik_Hondius%29_balanced.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nova_totius_Terrarum_Orbis_geographica_ac_hydrographica_tabula_%28Hendrik_Hondius%29_balanced.jpg/435px-Nova_totius_Terrarum_Orbis_geographica_ac_hydrographica_tabula_%28Hendrik_Hondius%29_balanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nova_totius_Terrarum_Orbis_geographica_ac_hydrographica_tabula_%28Hendrik_Hondius%29_balanced.jpg/580px-Nova_totius_Terrarum_Orbis_geographica_ac_hydrographica_tabula_%28Hendrik_Hondius%29_balanced.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Double hemisphere map by <a href="/wiki/Henricus_Hondius_II" title="Henricus Hondius II">Hendrik Hondius</a>, 1630</figcaption></figure> Maps of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment period</a> practically universally used copper plate intaglio, having abandoned the fragile, coarse woodcut technology. Use of map projections evolved, with the double hemisphere being very common and Mercator's prestigious navigational projection gradually making more appearances. Due to the paucity of information and the immense difficulty of surveying during the period, mapmakers frequently plagiarized material without giving credit to the original cartographer. For example, a famous map of North America known as the "Beaver Map" was published in 1715 by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Moll" title="Herman Moll">Herman Moll</a>. This map is a close reproduction of a 1698 work by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Fer" title="Nicolas de Fer">Nicolas de Fer</a>. De Fer, in turn, had copied images that were first printed in books by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hennepin" title="Louis Hennepin">Louis Hennepin</a>, published in 1697, and François Du Creux, in 1664. By the late 18th century, mapmakers often credited the original publisher with something along the lines of, "After [the original cartographer]" in the map's title or <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(cartography)" title="Cartouche (cartography)">cartouche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cartography" title="Special:EditPage/Cartography">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg/220px-Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="2381"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg/220px-Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg/330px-Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg/440px-Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A pre-Mercator nautical chart of 1571, from Portuguese cartographer <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado" title="Fernão Vaz Dourado">Fernão Vaz Dourado</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1520 – c. 1580). It belongs to the so-called plane chart model, where observed latitudes and magnetic directions are plotted directly into the plane, with a constant scale, as if the Earth were a plane (Portuguese National Archives of Torre do Tombo, Lisbon).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structureforet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Structureforet.jpg/220px-Structureforet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Structureforet.jpg/220px-Structureforet.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Structureforet.jpg/330px-Structureforet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Structureforet.jpg/440px-Structureforet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mapping can be done with <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser rangefinder</a> directly in the field. Image shows mapping of forest structure (position of trees, dead wood and canopy).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renaissance-styled-map-MAX-4K.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Renaissance-styled-map-MAX-4K.jpg/220px-Renaissance-styled-map-MAX-4K.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2763"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Renaissance-styled-map-MAX-4K.jpg/220px-Renaissance-styled-map-MAX-4K.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Renaissance-styled-map-MAX-4K.jpg/330px-Renaissance-styled-map-MAX-4K.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Renaissance-styled-map-MAX-4K.jpg/440px-Renaissance-styled-map-MAX-4K.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A stylized map inspired by Renaissance cartographic traditions, created using GIS technology and complemented by a hand-crafted linocut<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>.</figcaption></figure> In cartography, technology has continually changed in order to meet the demands of new generations of mapmakers and map users. The first maps were produced manually, with brushes and parchment; so they varied in quality and were limited in distribution. The advent of magnetic devices, such as the <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> and much later, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">magnetic storage</a> devices, allowed for the creation of far more accurate maps and the ability to <a href="/wiki/Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">store and manipulate them digitally</a>. Advances in mechanical devices such as the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)" title="Quadrant (instrument)">quadrant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vernier_scale" title="Vernier scale">vernier</a> allowed the mass production of maps and the creation of accurate reproductions from more accurate data. <a href="/wiki/Hartmann_Schedel" title="Hartmann Schedel">Hartmann Schedel</a> was one of the first cartographers to use the printing press to make maps more widely available. Optical technology, such as the <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a>, and other devices that use telescopes, allowed accurate land surveys and allowed mapmakers and navigators to find their <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> by measuring angles to the <a href="/wiki/North_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="North Star">North Star</a> at night or the Sun at noon. Advances in photochemical technology, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithographic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photochemical processes</a>, make possible maps with fine details, which do not distort in shape and which resist moisture and wear. This also eliminated the need for engraving, which further speeded up map production.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite imagery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> provided efficient, precise methods for mapping physical features, such as coastlines, roads, buildings, watersheds, and topography. The United States Geological Survey has devised multiple new map projections, notably the Space Oblique Mercator for interpreting satellite <a href="/wiki/Ground_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground track">ground tracks</a> for mapping the surface. The use of satellites and space telescopes now allows researchers to map other planets and moons in outer space.<a href="#cite_note-:3-38">[38]</a> Advances in electronic technology ushered in another revolution in cartography: ready availability of <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computers and peripherals</a> such as monitors, plotters, printers, scanners (remote and document) and analytic stereo plotters, along with computer programs for visualization, image processing, spatial analysis, and database management, have democratized and greatly expanded the making of maps. The ability to superimpose spatially located variables onto existing maps has created new uses for maps and new industries to explore and exploit these potentials. See also <a href="/wiki/Digital_raster_graphic" title="Digital raster graphic">digital raster graphic</a>. In the early years of the new millennium, three key technological advances transformed cartography:<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> the removal of Selective Availability in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) in May 2000, which improved locational accuracy for consumer-grade GPS receivers to within a few metres; the invention of <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a> in 2004, a global digital counter-map that allowed anyone to contribute and use new spatial data without complex licensing agreements; and the launch of <a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> in 2005 as a development of the virtual globe EarthViewer 3D (2004), which revolutionised accessibility of accurate world maps, as well as access to satellite and aerial imagery. These advances brought more accuracy to geographical and location-based data and widened the range of applications for cartography, for example in the development of <a href="/wiki/Satnav" class="mw-redirect" title="Satnav">satnav</a> devices. Today most commercial-quality maps are made using <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> of three main types: <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">GIS</a> and specialized illustration <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>. Spatial information can be stored in a <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a>, from which it can be extracted on demand. These tools lead to increasingly dynamic, interactive maps that can be manipulated digitally. On the other hand, we can observe a reverse trend. In contemporary times, there is a resurgence of interest in the most beautiful periods of cartography, with various maps being created using, for example, Renaissance-style aesthetics. We encounter imitators or continuators of Renaissance traditions that merge the realms of science and art. Among them are figures such as Luther Phillips (1891–1960) and Ruth Rhoads Lepper Gardner (1905–2011),<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> who still operated using traditional cartographic methods, as well as creators utilizing modern developments based on GIS solutions<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and those employing techniques that combine advanced GIS/CAD methods with traditional artistic forms.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugged_computer" title="Rugged computer">Field-rugged computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser rangefinders</a> make it possible to create maps directly from measurements made on site. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Deconstruction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> There are technical and cultural aspects to producing maps. In this sense, maps can sometimes be said to be biased. The study of bias, influence, and agenda in making a map is what comprise a map's <a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">deconstruction</a>. A central tenet of deconstructionism is that maps have power. Other assertions are that maps are inherently biased and that we search for metaphor and rhetoric in maps.<a href="#cite_note-Harley-44">[44]</a> It is claimed that the Europeans promoted an "<a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a>" understanding of the map as early as the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Harley-44">[44]</a> An example of this understanding is that "[European reproduction of terrain on maps] reality can be expressed in mathematical terms; that systematic observation and measurement offer the only route to cartographic truth…".<a href="#cite_note-Harley-44">[44]</a> A common belief is that science heads in a direction of progress, and thus leads to more accurate representations of maps. In this belief, European maps must be superior to others, which necessarily employed different map-making skills. "There was a 'not cartography' land where lurked an army of inaccurate, heretical, subjective, valuative, and ideologically distorted images. Cartographers developed a 'sense of the other' in relation to nonconforming maps."<a href="#cite_note-Harley-44">[44]</a> Depictions of Africa are a common target of <a href="/wiki/Deconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Deconstructionism">deconstructionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> According to deconstructionist models, cartography was used for strategic purposes associated with imperialism and as instruments and representations of power<a href="#cite_note-Basset-46">[46]</a> during the conquest of Africa. The depiction of Africa and the low latitudes in general on the <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a> has been interpreted as imperialistic and as symbolic of subjugation due to the diminished proportions of those regions compared to higher latitudes where the European powers were concentrated.<a href="#cite_note-Monmonier-47">[47]</a> Maps furthered imperialism and colonization of Africa in practical ways by showing basic information like roads, terrain, natural resources, settlements, and communities. Through this, maps made European commerce in Africa possible by showing potential commercial routes and made natural resource extraction possible by depicting locations of resources. Such maps also enabled military conquests and made them more efficient, and imperial nations further used them to put their conquests on display. These same maps were then used to cement territorial claims, such as at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> of 1884–1885.<a href="#cite_note-Basset-46">[46]</a> Before 1749, maps of the African continent had African kingdoms drawn with assumed or contrived boundaries, with unknown or unexplored areas having drawings of animals, imaginary physical geographic features, and descriptive texts. In 1748, Jean B. B. d'Anville created the first map of the African continent that had blank spaces to represent the unknown territory.<a href="#cite_note-Basset-46">[46]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Map_types">Map types</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Map types" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Map#Types" title="Map">Map § Types</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_vs._thematic_cartography">General vs. thematic cartography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: General vs. thematic cartography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005_detail.jpg/220px-Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 126px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005_detail.jpg/220px-Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005_detail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005_detail.jpg/330px-Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005_detail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Small section of an orienteering map</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Easter_Island_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Easter_Island_map-en.svg/220px-Easter_Island_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1245"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Easter_Island_map-en.svg/220px-Easter_Island_map-en.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Easter_Island_map-en.svg/330px-Easter_Island_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Easter_Island_map-en.svg/440px-Easter_Island_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Topographic map of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maps-for-free_Sierra_Nevada.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maps-for-free_Sierra_Nevada.png/220px-Maps-for-free_Sierra_Nevada.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="399"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maps-for-free_Sierra_Nevada.png/220px-Maps-for-free_Sierra_Nevada.png" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maps-for-free_Sierra_Nevada.png/330px-Maps-for-free_Sierra_Nevada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maps-for-free_Sierra_Nevada.png/440px-Maps-for-free_Sierra_Nevada.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Relief map <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Spain)" title="Sierra Nevada (Spain)">Sierra Nevada</a></figcaption></figure> In understanding basic maps, the field of cartography can be divided into two general categories: general cartography and thematic cartography. General cartography involves those maps that are constructed for a general audience and thus contain a variety of features. General maps exhibit many reference and location systems and often are produced in a series. For example, the 1:24,000 scale topographic maps of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS) are a standard as compared to the 1:50,000 scale Canadian maps. The government of the UK produces the classic 1:50,000 (replacing the older 1 inch to 1 mile) "<a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a>" maps of the entire UK and with a range of correlated larger- and smaller-scale maps of great detail. Many private mapping companies have also produced thematic map series. <a href="/wiki/Thematic_map" title="Thematic map">Thematic cartography</a> involves maps of specific geographic themes, oriented toward specific audiences. A couple of examples might be a <a href="/wiki/Thematic_map#Dot" title="Thematic map">dot map</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Corn_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn production">corn production</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> or a shaded area map of <a href="/wiki/Ohio_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio counties">Ohio counties</a>, divided into numerical <a href="/wiki/Choropleth_map" title="Choropleth map">choropleth</a> classes. As the volume of geographic data has exploded over the last century, thematic cartography has become increasingly useful and necessary to interpret spatial, cultural and social data. A third type of map is known as an "orienteering," or special purpose map. This type of map falls somewhere between thematic and general maps. They combine general map elements with thematic attributes in order to design a map with a specific audience in mind. Oftentimes, the type of audience an orienteering map is made for is in a particular industry or occupation. An example of this kind of map would be a municipal utility map.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topographic_vs._topological">Topographic vs. topological</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Topographic vs. topological" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A <a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">topographic map</a> is primarily concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topographic</a> description of a place, including (especially in the 20th and 21st centuries) the use of <a href="/wiki/Contour_line" title="Contour line">contour lines</a> showing elevation. <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">Terrain</a> or relief can be shown in a variety of ways (see <a href="/wiki/Cartographic_relief_depiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographic relief depiction">Cartographic relief depiction</a>). In the present era, one of the most widespread and advanced methods used to form topographic maps is to use computer software to generate <a href="/wiki/Digital_elevation_model" title="Digital elevation model">digital elevation models</a> which show shaded relief. Before such software existed, cartographers had to draw shaded relief by hand. One cartographer who is respected as a master of hand-drawn shaded relief is the Swiss professor Eduard Imhof whose efforts in hill shading were so influential that his method became used around the world despite it being so labor-intensive.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Topological_map" title="Topological map">topological map</a> is a very general type of map, the kind one might sketch on a napkin. It often disregards scale and detail in the interest of clarity of communicating specific route or relational information. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Beck" title="Harry Beck">Beck's</a> <a href="/wiki/Tube_map" title="Tube map">London Underground map</a> is an iconic example. Although the most widely used map of "The Tube," it preserves little of reality: it varies scale constantly and abruptly, it straightens curved tracks, and it contorts directions. The only topography on it is the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>, letting the reader know whether a station is north or south of the river. That and the topology of station order and interchanges between train lines are all that is left of the geographic space.<a href="#cite_note-Ovenden-51">[51]</a> Yet those are all a typical passenger wishes to know, so the map fulfills its purpose.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Map_design">Map design</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Map design" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cartographic_design" title="Cartographic design">Cartographic design</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg/220px-Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7828" data-file-height="5386"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg/220px-Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg/330px-Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg/440px-Livingston-Greenwich-map.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Illustrated map</figcaption></figure> Modern technology, including advances in <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>, the advent of <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">geographic information systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphics_software" title="Graphics software">graphics software</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, has vastly simplified the process of map creation and increased the palette of design options available to cartographers. This has led to a decreased focus on production skill, and an increased focus on quality <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a>, the attempt to craft maps that are both <a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">aesthetically pleasing</a> and practically useful for their intended purposes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Map_purpose_and_audience">Map purpose and audience</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Map purpose and audience" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A map has a purpose and an audience. Its purpose may be as broad as teaching the major physical and political features of the entire world, or as narrow as convincing a neighbor to move a fence. The audience may be as broad as the general public or as narrow as a single person. Mapmakers use design principles to guide them in constructing a map that is effective for its purpose and audience. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cartographic_process">Cartographic process</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cartographic process" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cartographic_Process.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Cartographic_Process.png/220px-The_Cartographic_Process.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="718"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 195px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Cartographic_Process.png/220px-The_Cartographic_Process.png" data-width="220" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Cartographic_Process.png/330px-The_Cartographic_Process.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Cartographic_Process.png/440px-The_Cartographic_Process.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The cartographic process</figcaption></figure> The cartographic process spans many stages, starting from conceiving the need for a map and extending all the way through its consumption by an audience. Conception begins with a real or imagined environment. As the cartographer gathers information about the subject, they consider how that information is structured and how that structure should inform the map's design. Next, the cartographers experiment with <a href="/wiki/Cartographic_generalization" title="Cartographic generalization">generalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a>, and other map elements to find ways to portray the information so that the map reader can interpret the map as intended. Guided by these experiments, the cartographer settles on a design and creates the map, whether in physical or electronic form. Once finished, the map is delivered to its audience. The map reader interprets the symbols and patterns on the map to draw conclusions and perhaps to take action. By the spatial perspectives they provide, maps help shape how we view the world.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspects_of_map_design">Aspects of map design</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aspects of map design" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Designing a map involves bringing together a number of elements and making a large number of decisions. The elements of design fall into several broad topics, each of which has its own theory, its own research agenda, and its own best practices. That said, there are synergistic effects between these elements, meaning that the overall design process is not just working on each element one at a time, but an iterative feedback process of adjusting each to achieve the desired <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">gestalt</a>. <ul><li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worlds_animate.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Worlds_animate.gif/220px-Worlds_animate.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="645"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Worlds_animate.gif/220px-Worlds_animate.gif" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Worlds_animate.gif/330px-Worlds_animate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Worlds_animate.gif/440px-Worlds_animate.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Areal distortion caused by <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Map_projections" class="mw-redirect" title="Map projections">Map projections</a>: The foundation of the map is the plane on which it rests (whether paper or screen), but projections are required to flatten the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> or other celestial bodies. While all projections distort the surface, cartographers strategically control how and where distortion occurs<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> For example, the popular <a href="/wiki/Mercator_projection" title="Mercator projection">Mercator projection</a> does not distort angles on the surface, but it makes regions near the poles appear larger than they are.<a href="#cite_note-:3-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartographic_generalization" title="Cartographic generalization">Generalization</a>: All maps must be drawn at a smaller scale than reality, requiring that the information included on a map be a very small sample of the wealth of information about a place. Generalization is the process of adjusting the level of detail in geographic information to be appropriate for the scale and purpose of a map, through procedures such as selection, simplification, and classification.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_symbol" title="Map symbol">Symbology</a>: Any map visually represents the location and properties of geographic phenomena using map symbols, graphical depictions composed of several <a href="/wiki/Visual_variable" title="Visual variable">visual variables</a>, such as size, shape, color, and pattern.</li> <li>Composition: As all of the symbols are brought together, their interactions have major effects on map reading, such as <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology#Pr%C3%A4gnanz" title="Gestalt psychology">grouping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visual_hierarchy" title="Visual hierarchy">visual hierarchy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography_(cartography)" title="Typography (cartography)">Typography or labeling</a>: Text serves a number of purposes on the map, especially aiding the recognition of features, but labels must be designed and positioned well to be effective.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_layout_(cartography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Page layout (cartography)">Layout</a>: The map image must be placed on the page (whether paper, web, or other media), along with related elements, such as the title, legend, additional maps, text, images, and so on. Each of these elements have their own design considerations, as does their integration, which largely follows the principles of <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a>.</li> <li>Map type-specific design: Different kinds of maps, especially <a href="/wiki/Thematic_map" title="Thematic map">thematic maps</a>, have their own design needs and best practices.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Deliberate_cartographic_errors">Deliberate cartographic errors</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Deliberate cartographic errors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cartography" title="Special:EditPage/Cartography">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cartographic_propaganda" title="Cartographic propaganda">Cartographic propaganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartographic_censorship" title="Cartographic censorship">Cartographic censorship</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trap_street" title="Trap street">Trap street</a></div> Some maps contain deliberate errors or distortions, either as <a href="/wiki/Cartographic_propaganda" title="Cartographic propaganda">propaganda</a> or as a "<a href="/wiki/Watermark" title="Watermark">watermark</a>" to help the copyright owner identify infringement if the error appears in competitors' maps. The latter often come in the form of nonexistent, misnamed, or misspelled "<a href="/wiki/Trap_streets" class="mw-redirect" title="Trap streets">trap streets</a>".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Other names and forms for this are <a href="/wiki/Phantom_settlement" title="Phantom settlement">paper towns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">fictitious entries</a>, and copyright <a href="/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)" title="Easter egg (media)">easter eggs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Another motive for deliberate errors is cartographic "vandalism": a mapmaker wishing to leave their mark on the work. Mount Richard, for example, was a fictitious peak on the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>' <a href="/wiki/Continental_divide" title="Continental divide">continental divide</a> that appeared on a <a href="/wiki/Boulder_County,_Colorado" title="Boulder County, Colorado">Boulder County, Colorado</a> map in the early 1970s. It is believed to be the work of draftsman Richard Ciacci. The fiction was not discovered until two years later. <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Island,_New_Caledonia" title="Sandy Island, New Caledonia">Sandy Island</a> in New Caledonia is an example of a fictitious location that stubbornly survives, reappearing on new maps copied from older maps while being deleted from other new editions. With the emergence of the internet and <a href="/wiki/Web_mapping" title="Web mapping">Web mapping</a>, technologies allow for the creation and distribution of maps by people without proper cartographic training are readily available. This has led to maps that ignore cartographic conventions and are potentially misleading.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Professional_and_learned_societies">Professional and learned societies</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Professional and learned societies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Cartography_organizations" title="Category:Cartography organizations">Cartography organizations</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Professional_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional society">Professional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">learned societies</a> include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Cartographic_Association" title="International Cartographic Association">International Cartographic Association</a> (ICA), the world body for mapping and GIScience professionals, as well as the <a href="/wiki/International_Cartographic_Association#Members" title="International Cartographic Association">ICA member organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cartographic_Society" title="British Cartographic Society">British Cartographic Society</a> (BCS) a registered charity in the UK dedicated to exploring and developing the world of maps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Cartographers" title="Society of Cartographers">Society of Cartographers</a> supports in the UK the practising cartographer and encourages and maintains a high standard of cartographic illustration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_and_Geographic_Information_Society" title="Cartography and Geographic Information Society">Cartography and Geographic Information Society</a> (CaGIS), promotes in the U.S. research, education, and practice to improve the understanding, creation, analysis, and use of maps and geographic information. The society serves as a forum for the exchange of original concepts, techniques, approaches, and experiences by those who design, implement, and use cartography, geographical information systems, and related geospatial technologies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Cartographic_Information_Society" title="North American Cartographic Information Society">North American Cartographic Information Society</a> (NACIS), A North American-based cartography society that is aimed at improving communication, coordination and cooperation among the producers, disseminators, curators, and users of cartographic information. Their members are located worldwide and the meetings are on an annual basis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Cartographic_Association" title="Canadian Cartographic Association">Canadian Cartographic Association</a> (CCA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_journals">Academic journals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Academic journals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_journals" title="Category:Geography journals">Geography journals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Remote_sensing_journals" title="Category:Remote sensing journals">Remote sensing journals</a></div> Journals related to cartography, as well as GIS, GISc, include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Cartography" class="mw-redirect" title="International Journal of Cartography">International Journal of Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cartographic_Journal" title="The Cartographic Journal">The Cartographic Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartographica" title="Cartographica">Cartographica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_and_Geographic_Information_Science" title="Cartography and Geographic Information Science">Cartography and Geographic Information Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartographic_Perspectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographic Perspectives">Cartographic Perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KN_-_Journal_of_Cartography_and_Geographic_Information&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KN - Journal of Cartography and Geographic Information (page does not exist)">KN - Journal of Cartography and Geographic Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Maps" title="Journal of Maps">Journal of Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Geovisualization_and_Spatial_Analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis (page does not exist)">Journal of Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transactions_in_GIS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transactions in GIS (page does not exist)">Transactions in GIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Spatial_Science" title="Journal of Spatial Science">Journal of Spatial Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocarto_International" title="Geocarto International">Geocarto International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIScience_%26_Remote_Sensing" title="GIScience & Remote Sensing">GIScience & Remote Sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Applied_Earth_Observation_and_Geoinformation" title="International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation">International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Digital_Earth" title="International Journal of Digital Earth">International Journal of Digital Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoinformatica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoinformatica (page does not exist)">Geoinformatica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISPRS_International_Journal_of_Geo-information&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISPRS International Journal of Geo-information (page does not exist)">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Photogrammetry,_Remote_Sensing_and_Geoinformation_Science" title="Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science">Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geo-spatial_Information_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geo-spatial Information Science (page does not exist)">Geo-spatial Information Science</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACM_Transactions_on_Spatial_Algorithms_and_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems (page does not exist)">ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imago_Mundi" title="Imago Mundi">Imago Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revista_Cartogr%C3%A1fica" class="mw-redirect" title="Revista Cartográfica">Revista Cartográfica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrae_Incognitae" title="Terrae Incognitae">Terrae Incognitae</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cartography" title="Outline of cartography">Outline of cartography</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_mapping" title="Animated mapping">Animated mapping</a> – Application of animation to add a temporal component to a map displaying change</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartogram" title="Cartogram">Cartogram</a> – Map distorting size to show another value</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain_cartography" title="Terrain cartography">Terrain cartography</a>, also known as Cartographic relief depiction – Representation of surface shape on maps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_map" title="City map">City map</a> – large-scale thematic map of a cityPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-mapping" title="Counter-mapping">Counter-mapping</a> – Mapping by communities to contest state maps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">Cartouche</a> – Oval enclosing hieroglyphs of a royal name in Ancient Egypt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_cartography" title="Critical cartography">Critical cartography</a> – Mapping practices and methods of analysis grounded in critical theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Fantasy map</a> – Study and creation of maps of imagined places or eventsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure-ground_in_map_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Figure-ground in map design">Figure-ground in map design</a> – Focus of attention on features in a mapPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoinformatics" title="Geoinformatics">Geoinformatics</a> – Application of information science methods in geography and geosciences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a> – Visualization of geospatial data</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_warping" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo warping">Geo warping</a> – Adjustment of geo-referenced radar video data to be consistent with a geographical projectionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">History of cartography</a> – Evolution of the art and science of mapmaking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cartography_Project" title="History of Cartography Project">History of Cartography Project</a> – Publishing project in the Department of Geography at the University of Wisconsin–Madison</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Lie_with_Maps" title="How to Lie with Maps">How to Lie with Maps</a> – 1991 book by Mark Monmonier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cartographers" title="List of cartographers">List of cartographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locator_map" title="Locator map">Locator map</a> – Map showing the location of a geographic area in context</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a> – Collaborative project to create a free editable map of the world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorial_map" title="Pictorial map">Pictorial map</a> – Map that uses pictures to represent features</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_cartography" title="Planetary cartography">Planetary cartography</a> – Cartography of solid objects outside of the Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafloor_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafloor mapping">Seafloor mapping</a> – Study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floorsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribing_(cartography)" title="Scribing (cartography)">Scribing (cartography)</a> – system for producing lines for cartographic map compilationsPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymy</a> – Study of place names</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_map" title="World map">World map</a> – Map of most or all of the surface of the Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_layout" title="Map layout">Map layout</a> – Arrangement of map elements on a page</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKunzig1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kunzig, Robert (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/1999/may/archeologist">"A Tale of two obsessed archeologists, one ancient city, and nagging doubts about whether science can ever hope to reveal the past"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Discover_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Discover Magazine">Discover Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191120061946/http://discovermagazine.com/1999/may/archeologist">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-20. Retrieved 2011-07-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+two+obsessed+archeologists%2C+one+ancient+city%2C+and+nagging+doubts+about+whether+science+can+ever+hope+to+reveal+the+past&rft.date=1999-05&rft.aulast=Kunzig&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F1999%2Fmay%2Farcheologist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeece2006" class="citation journal cs1">Meece, Stephanie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/195777">"A bird's eye view – of a leopard's spots. The Çatalhöyük 'map' and the development of cartographic representation in prehistory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Studies" title="Anatolian Studies">Anatolian Studies</a>. 56: 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0066154600000727">10.1017/S0066154600000727</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20065543">20065543</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160549260">160549260</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130725015218/http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/195777">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2008-12-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+bird%27s+eye+view+%E2%80%93+of+a+leopard%27s+spots.+The+%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk+%27map%27+and+the+development+of+cartographic+representation+in+prehistory&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160549260%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20065543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0066154600000727&rft.aulast=Meece&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dspace.cam.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1810%2F195777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBicknell1913" class="citation book cs1">Bicknell, Clarence (1913). A Guide to the prehistoric Engravings in the Italian Maritime Alps, Bordighera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+prehistoric+Engravings+in+the+Italian+Maritime+Alps%2C+Bordighera&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Bicknell&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelano_Smith1987" class="citation book cs1">Delano Smith, Catherine (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V1/HOC_VOLUME1_chapter4.pdf">"Cartography in the Prehistoric Period in the Old World: Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa"</a> (PDF). In Harley, J.B.; Woodward, D. (eds.). 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Retrieved December 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+topographic+engravings+of+the+Alpine+rock-art%3A+fields%2C+settlements%2C+and+agricultural+landscapes&rft.btitle=The+figured+landscapes+of+Rock-Art&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E318-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Arc%C3%A0&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1154206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/nippur-expedition">"The Nippur Expedition"</a>. 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Retrieved 2023-10-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Handbook+of+Thematic+Cartography%3A+Principles%2C+Methods%2C+and+Applications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2020-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219413999%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1201%2F9780429291968&rft.isbn=978-0-429-29196-8&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Zanin%2C+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9781000061703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Jill Saligoe-Simmel,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drjill.net/map-fonts-article-1-the-basics-of-typography-for-cartography/">"Using Text on Maps: Typography in Cartography"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230516/https://www.drjill.net/map-fonts-article-1-the-basics-of-typography-for-cartography/">Archived</a> 2018-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonmonier1996" class="citation book cs1">Monmonier, Mark (1996). How to Lie with Maps (2nd ed.). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53421-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53421-3"><bdi>978-0-226-53421-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Lie+with+Maps&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-226-53421-3&rft.aulast=Monmonier&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Copyright_Easter_Eggs">"Openstreetmap.org Copyright Easter Eggs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219214003/https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Copyright_Easter_Eggs">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-19. Retrieved 2018-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Openstreetmap.org+Copyright+Easter+Eggs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.openstreetmap.org%2Fwiki%2FCopyright_Easter_Eggs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsXiangWeidongZhang2020" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Aaron; Xiang, Chen; Weidong, Li; Zhang, Chuanrong (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7203028">"The disguised pandemic: The importance of data normalization in COVID-19 web mapping"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_(journal)" title="Public Health (journal)">Public Health</a>. 183 (3): 36–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.puhe.2020.04.034">10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.034</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7203028">7203028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32416476">32416476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Health&rft.atitle=The+disguised+pandemic%3A+The+importance+of+data+normalization+in+COVID-19+web+mapping&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7203028%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32416476&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.puhe.2020.04.034&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Xiang%2C+Chen&rft.au=Weidong%2C+Li&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Chuanrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7203028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvenden2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ovenden" title="Mark Ovenden">Ovenden, Mark</a> (2007). Transit Maps of the World. New York, New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311265-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311265-5"><bdi>978-0-14-311265-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transit+Maps+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311265-5&rft.aulast=Ovenden&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> Mapmaking <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacEachren1994" class="citation book cs1">MacEachren, A.M. (1994). Some Truth with Maps: A Primer on Symbolization & Design. University Park: The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89291-214-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89291-214-8"><bdi>978-0-89291-214-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Truth+with+Maps%3A+A+Primer+on+Symbolization+%26+Design&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=The+Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-89291-214-8&rft.aulast=MacEachren&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonmonier1993" class="citation book cs1">Monmonier, Mark (1993). Mapping It Out. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53417-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53417-6"><bdi>978-0-226-53417-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+It+Out&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-53417-6&rft.aulast=Monmonier&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraakOrmeling2002" class="citation book cs1">Kraak, Menno-Jan; Ormeling, Ferjan (2002). Cartography: Visualization of Spatial Data. <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-088890-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-088890-7"><bdi>978-0-13-088890-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartography%3A+Visualization+of+Spatial+Data&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-13-088890-7&rft.aulast=Kraak&rft.aufirst=Menno-Jan&rft.au=Ormeling%2C+Ferjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1995" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Michael P. (1995). Interactive and Animated Cartography. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-079104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-079104-7"><bdi>978-0-13-079104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interactive+and+Animated+Cartography&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-13-079104-7&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlocum2003" class="citation book cs1">Slocum, T. (2003). Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-035123-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-035123-4"><bdi>978-0-13-035123-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thematic+Cartography+and+Geographic+Visualization&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-035123-4&rft.aulast=Slocum&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li></ul> History <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenberg, Ralph E. (October 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mappingworldillu00ehre/page/256">Mapping the World: An Illustrated History of Cartography</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mappingworldillu00ehre/page/256">256</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-6525-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7922-6525-2"><bdi>978-0-7922-6525-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+World%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+Cartography&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2005-10-11&rft.isbn=978-0-7922-6525-2&rft.aulast=Ehrenberg&rft.aufirst=Ralph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmappingworldillu00ehre%2Fpage%2F256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._B._HarleyDavid_Woodward1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/John_Brian_Harley" title="John Brian Harley">J. B. Harley</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Woodward_(cartographer)" title="David Woodward (cartographer)">David Woodward</a>, eds. (1987). The History of Cartography. Vol. 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean. Chicago and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31633-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31633-8"><bdi>978-0-226-31633-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Cartography&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31633-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._B._HarleyDavid_Woodward1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">J. B. Harley; David Woodward, eds. (1992). The History of Cartography. Vol. 2, Book 1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies. Chicago and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31635-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31635-2"><bdi>978-0-226-31635-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Cartography&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31635-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._B._HarleyDavid_Woodward1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">J. B. Harley; David Woodward, eds. (1994). The History of Cartography. Vol. 2, Book 2: Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies. Chicago and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31637-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31637-6"><bdi>978-0-226-31637-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Cartography&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31637-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_WoodwardG._Malcolm_Lewis1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">David Woodward; G. Malcolm Lewis, eds. (1998). The History of Cartography. Vol. 2, Book 3: Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies. Chicago and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-90728-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-90728-4"><bdi>978-0-226-90728-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Cartography&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-226-90728-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Woodward2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">David Woodward, ed. (2007). The History of Cartography. Vol. 3: Cartography in the European Renaissance. Chicago and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-90733-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-90733-8"><bdi>978-0-226-90733-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Cartography&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-90733-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Monmonier2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Mark Monmonier, ed. (2015). The History of Cartography. Vol. 6: Cartography in the Twentieth Century. Chicago and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53469-5"><bdi>978-0-226-53469-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Cartography&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-53469-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_EdneyMary_S._Pedley" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Matthew Edney; Mary S. Pedley (eds.). The History of Cartography. Vol. 4: Cartography in the European Enlightenment. Chicago and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31633-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31633-8"><bdi>978-0-226-31633-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Cartography&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31633-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_J._P._Kain" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Roger J. P. Kain; et al. (eds.). The History of Cartography. Vol. 5: Cartography in the Nineteenth Century. Chicago and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Cartography&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Meanings <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonmonier,_Mark1991" class="citation book cs1">Monmonier, Mark (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtoliewithmaps00monm">How to Lie with Maps</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53421-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53421-3"><bdi>978-0-226-53421-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Lie+with+Maps&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-226-53421-3&rft.au=Monmonier%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowtoliewithmaps00monm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood,_Denis1992" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Denis (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerofmaps00wood">The Power of Maps</a>. New York/London: The Guilford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89862-493-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89862-493-9"><bdi>978-0-89862-493-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Maps&rft.place=New+York%2FLondon&rft.pub=The+Guilford+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-89862-493-9&rft.au=Wood%2C+Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowerofmaps00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACartography" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cartography" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Cartography">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cartography" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Cartography">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cartography" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Cartography">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/artimages/maphist/mappinghistory.html">Mapping History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310025504/http://www.bl.uk/learning/artimages/maphist/mappinghistory.html">Archived</a> 2007-03-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – a learning resource from the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202062403/http://www.antiquemaps.co.uk/contents.html">Antique Maps</a> by Carl Moreland and David Bannister – complete text of the book, with information both on mapmaking and on mapmakers, including short biographies of many cartographers (archived 2 February 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Cartography&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 9 February 2025, at 06:06 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografie" title="Kartografie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kartografie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خرائطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خرائطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartograf%C3%ADa" title="Cartografía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cartografía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoqrafiya" title="Kartoqrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kartoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="মানচিত্রাঙ্কনবিদ্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানচিত্রাঙ্কনবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Картография" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Картаграфія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Картаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Картаграфія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Картаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="कार्टोग्राफी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कार्टोग्राफी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Картография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartennouriezh" title="Kartennouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kartennouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cartografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografie" title="Kartografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kartografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartograffeg" title="Cartograffeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cartograffeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografie" title="Kartografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kartografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartograafia" title="Kartograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kartograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χαρτογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρτογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartograf%C3%ADa" title="Cartografía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cartografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografio" title="Kartografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kartografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografia" title="Kartografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kartografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نقشه‌نگاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقشه‌نگاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographie" title="Cartographie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cartographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografy" title="Kartografy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kartografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagrafa%C3%ADocht" title="Cartagrafaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cartagrafaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartograf%C3%ADa" title="Cartografía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cartografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%8F%84%ED%95%99" title="지도학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지도학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քարտեզագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քարտեզագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मानचित्रकला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानचित्रकला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografija" title="Kartografija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kartografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografio" title="Kartografio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kartografio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographia" title="Cartographia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cartographia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortager%C3%B0" title="Kortagerð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kortagerð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cartografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="קרטוגרפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרטוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კარტოგრაფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარტოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Картография" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katografia" title="Katografia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Katografia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Картография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographia" title="Cartographia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cartographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartogr%C4%81fija" title="Kartogrāfija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kartogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartographie" title="Kartographie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kartographie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografija" title="Kartografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kartografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografie" title="Cartografie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cartografie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9rk%C3%A9p%C3%A9szet" title="Térképészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Térképészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Картографија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Картографија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF" title="കാർട്ടോഗ്രാഫി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർട്ടോഗ്രാഫി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კარტოგრაფია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კარტოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%89" title="كارتوجرافى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارتوجرافى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografie" title="Cartografie – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cartografie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Зурагзүй – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зурагзүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="မြေပုံဆွဲပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြေပုံဆွဲပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografie" title="Cartografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cartografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="地図学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地図学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cartografia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaritagrafiya" title="Xaritagrafiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xaritagrafiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="نقشه جوړونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نقشه جوړونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografia" title="Kartografia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kartografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cartografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografie" title="Cartografie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cartografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Картография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartographie" title="Kartographie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kartographie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartografia" title="Hartografia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hartografia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartugraf%C3%ACa" title="Cartugrafìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cartugrafìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සිතියම් විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිතියම් විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cartography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografia" title="Kartografia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kartografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografija" title="Kartografija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kartografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Картографија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Картографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografija" title="Kartografija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kartografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoitus" title="Kartoitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kartoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartograpiya" title="Kartograpiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kartograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நிலப்படவரைவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலப்படவரைவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%80" title="కార్టోగ్రఫీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్టోగ్రఫీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="การทำแผนที่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทำแผนที่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografya" title="Kartografya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kartografya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katografi_-_Asaase_ho_mfoniny%C9%9B" title="Katografi - Asaase ho mfoninyɛ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Katografi - Asaase ho mfoninyɛ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Картографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Картографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%DB%81_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نقشہ نگاری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نقشہ نگاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cartografia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Bản đồ học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bản đồ học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartograpiya" title="Kartograpiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kartograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6" title="地图学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地图学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="地圖學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地圖學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografiye" title="Kartografiye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kartografiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6" title="地图学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地图学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 February 2025, at 06:06 (UTC).</li> <li 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