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id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-物理性质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#物理性质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 物理性质 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-物理性质-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关物理性质子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-物理性质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-电子层" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#电子层"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 电子层 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-电子层-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同位素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同位素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 同位素 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同位素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化学性质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化学性质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 化学性质 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-化学性质-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关化学性质子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-化学性质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-无机化合物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#无机化合物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 无机化合物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-无机化合物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有机铝化合物和相关的氢化物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有机铝化合物和相关的氢化物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 有机铝化合物和相关的氢化物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-有机铝化合物和相关的氢化物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分布" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分布"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 分布 </div> </a> <button 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<button aria-controls="toc-生产和细化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关生产和细化子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-生产和细化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-拜耳法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拜耳法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 拜耳法 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拜耳法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-霍尔－埃鲁法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#霍尔－埃鲁法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 霍尔－埃鲁法 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-霍尔－埃鲁法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-低温电解法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#低温电解法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 低温电解法 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-低温电解法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-阳极反应式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#阳极反应式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 阳极反应式 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-阳极反应式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-阴极反应式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#阴极反应式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 阴极反应式 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-阴极反应式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-资源回收" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#资源回收"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 资源回收 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-资源回收-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-应用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#应用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 应用 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-应用-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关应用子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-应用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-金属铝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#金属铝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 金属铝 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-金属铝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-铝化合物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#铝化合物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 铝化合物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-铝化合物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-对人体的影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对人体的影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 对人体的影响 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-对人体的影响-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关对人体的影响子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-对人体的影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-毒性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#毒性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 毒性 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-毒性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-效果" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#效果"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 效果 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-效果-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-接触途径" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#接触途径"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 接触途径 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-接触途径-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-治疗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#治疗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 治疗 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-治疗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-对环境的影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对环境的影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 对环境的影响 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对环境的影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 参见 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 注释 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 参考资料 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 延伸阅读 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 外部链接 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">铝</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。190种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-190" aria-hidden="true" > 190种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%89%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%95%E1%88%9D" title="አሉምንም – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አሉምንም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aluminio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="एल्युमिनियम – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="एल्युमिनियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ألومنيوم – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألومنيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ألومينيوم – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألومينيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="الومنيوم – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الومنيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="এলুমিনিয়াম – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এলুমিনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aluminiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BCminium" title="Alüminium – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alüminium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="آلومینیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلومینیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Алюмин – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алюмин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliom%C4%97nis" title="Aliomėnis – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Aliomėnis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumino" title="Alumino – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alumino" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Алюміній – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алюміній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Алюмін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алюмін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алуминий – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алуминий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्मुनिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अल्मुनिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အလူမီနီယမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အလူမီနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="অ্যালুমিনিয়াম – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যালুমিনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧ་ཡང་། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧ་ཡང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiom" title="Aluminiom – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aluminiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminij" title="Aluminij – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aluminij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хүнгэн сагаан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүнгэн сагаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alumini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3" title="Lé̤ṳ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lé̤ṳ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aluminio" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%8C%E1%8E%A7_%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B7%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎦᏌᎧ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏌᎧ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86" title="فافۆن – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فافۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluminiu" title="Alluminiu – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Alluminiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlin%C3%ADk" title="Hliník – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hliník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwminiwm" title="Alwminiwm – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alwminiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bau" title="Bau – 丁卡语" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Bau" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="丁卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Αργίλιο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αργίλιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aluminio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aluminio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumiinium" title="Alumiinium – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alumiinium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aluminio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Aluminiu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="آلومینیم – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلومینیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumiini" title="Alumiini – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alumiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumiinium" title="Alumiinium – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Alumiinium" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumiinium" title="Alumiinium – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Alumiinium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Alumini" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BAmanam" title="Alúmanam – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alúmanam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almain" title="Almain – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Almain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aluminio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itat%C4%A9membe" title="Itatĩmembe – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itatĩmembe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="એલ્યુમિનિયમ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એલ્યુમિનિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollymin" title="Ollymin – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ollymin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AE" title="Lî – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAluminuma" title="ʻAluminuma – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻAluminuma" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אלומיניום – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלומיניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="एल्युमिनियम – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एल्युमिनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminij" title="Aluminij – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aluminij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliminy%C3%B2m" title="Aliminyòm – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Aliminyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum%C3%ADnium" title="Alumínium – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alumínium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ալյումին – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալյումին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6_(%D5%A7%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A8%D5%B4)" title="Պաղլեղածին (էլիւմինիըմ) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պաղլեղածին (էլիւմինիըմ)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Aluminio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aluminio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81l" title="Ál – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluminio" title="Alluminio – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alluminio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="アルミニウム – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルミニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluuminom" title="Aluuminom – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aluuminom" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrmalume" title="jinmrmalume – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrmalume" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumuniyum" title="Alumuniyum – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alumuniyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ალუმინი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალუმინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminyum" title="Aluminyum – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aluminyum" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimiiniy%C9%94%C9%94m" title="Alimiiniyɔɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Alimiiniyɔɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 吉库尤语" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉库尤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98" title="អាលុយមីញ៉ូម – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាលុយមីញ៉ូម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಲ್ಯೂಮಿನಿಯಮ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲ್ಯೂಮಿನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A3%A8%EB%AF%B8%EB%8A%84" title="알루미늄 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알루미늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allu" title="Allu – 科隆语" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Allu" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="科隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baf%C3%BBn" title="Bafûn – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bafûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiom" title="Aluminiom – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Aluminiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiyamu" title="Aluminiyamu – 卢干达语" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Aluminiyamu" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="卢干达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleminium" title="Alleminium – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alleminium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluminio" title="Alluminio – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Alluminio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum%C3%ACnium" title="Alumìnium – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Alumìnium" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BCm%C3%ACnio" title="Alümìnio – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Alümìnio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%A1" title="ອາລູມິນຽມ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາລູມິນຽມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliuminis" title="Aliuminis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aliuminis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum%C4%ABnijs" title="Alumīnijs – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alumīnijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Алюмини – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Алюмини" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viraty" title="Viraty – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Viraty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Алуминиум – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алуминиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="അലൂമിനിയം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലൂമിനിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хөнгөн цагаан – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөнгөн цагаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%A7" title="ꯀꯣꯟꯉꯧ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯣꯟꯉꯧ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ॲल्युमिनियम – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲल्युमिनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – 西馬里文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬里文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အလူမီနီယမ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလူမီနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Люм – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Люм" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="एल्मुनियम – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एल्मुनियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="एलुमिनम – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एलुमिनम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminie" title="Aluminie – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Aluminie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_%C3%A1sz%C3%B3l%C3%AD" title="Béésh ászólí – 纳瓦霍语" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh ászólí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="纳瓦霍语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alumini" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27umiinii" title="Al'umiinii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Al'umiinii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldaqaa" title="Saldaqaa – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Saldaqaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ଆଲୁମିନିଅମ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲୁମିନିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Алюмини – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Алюмини" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਐਲਮੀਨੀਅਮ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਲਮੀਨੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum%C3%ADniu" title="Alumíniu – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alumíniu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="एलुमिनियम – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="एलुमिनियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glin" title="Glin – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Glin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alumini" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایلومینیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایلومینیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DB%90%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85" title="الومېنيم – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الومېنيم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum%C3%ADnio" title="Alumínio – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alumínio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27aqu_q%27illay" title="Ch'aqu q'illay – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'aqu q'illay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aluminiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Aluminiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Алуміній – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алуміній" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiyumu" title="Aluminiyumu – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Aluminiyumu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="एलुमिनियम – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एलुमिनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allum%C3%ACniu" title="Allumìniu – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Allumìniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aluminiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumeenium" title="Alumeenium – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alumeenium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumiidna" title="Alumiidna – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Alumiidna" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminijum" title="Aluminijum – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aluminijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamanyu" title="Lamanyu – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lamanyu" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇලුමිනියම් – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇලුමිනියම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlin%C3%ADk" title="Hliník – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hliník" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminij" title="Aluminij – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aluminij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumiiniyaam" title="Alumiiniyaam – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Alumiiniyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alumini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Алуминијум – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алуминијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aluminium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alumini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அலுமினியம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலுமினியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="అల్యూమినియం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అల్యూమినియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="อะลูมิเนียม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะลูมิเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminyo" title="Aluminyo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aluminyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BCminyum" title="Alüminyum – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alüminyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Алюминий – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Алюминий" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DB%87%D9%85%D9%89%D9%86" title="ئاليۇمىن – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاليۇمىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Алюміній – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алюміній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایلومینیم – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایلومینیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiy" title="Aluminiy – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aluminiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BCminii" title="Alüminii – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Alüminii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B4m" title="Nhôm – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhôm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalumin" title="Lalumin – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lalumin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminyo" title="Aluminyo – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aluminyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Алюминиум – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Алюминиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אלומיניום – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלומיניום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum%C3%ADn%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m%C3%B9" title="Alumíníọ̀mù – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Alumíníọ̀mù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lij" title="Lij – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Lij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E" title="ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%81" title="鋁 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鋁" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-l%C3%BA-mih" title="A-lú-mih – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-lú-mih" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.Yuansuzhouqibiao_h_block_predicted{background-color:#F0B6B4}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown{background-color:#e8e8e8}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_error_type{background-color:#000000}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_null{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_maybe_not_exist{background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_none_type{background-color:#c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_gas{color:green}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_liquid{color:blue}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_solid{color:black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknow_phase{color:grey}</style><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氫（非金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">鋰（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">鈹（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">硼（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">氖（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">鈉（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">鎂（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">鋁（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">矽（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">磷（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">氬（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">鉀（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">鈣（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">鈧（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">鈦（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">釩（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">鉻（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">錳（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">鐵（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">鈷（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">鎳（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">銅（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">鋅（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">鎵（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">鍺（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">砷（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">硒（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">溴（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">氪（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">銣（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">鍶（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">釔（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">鋯（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">鈮（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">鉬（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">鎝（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌">釕（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">銠（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">鈀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">銀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">鎘（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">銦（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">錫（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">銻（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">碲（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">碘（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">氙（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">銫（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">鋇（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">鑭（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">鈰（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">鐠（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">釹（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">鉕（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">釤（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">銪（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">釓（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">鋱（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">鏑（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">鈥（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">鉺（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">銩（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">鐿（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">鎦（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">鉿（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">鉭（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">鎢（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">錸（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">鋨（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">銥（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">鉑（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">鉈（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">鉛（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">鉍（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">釙（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">砈（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">鍅（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">鐳（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">錒（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">釷（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">鏷（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">錼（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">鈽（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">鋂（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">鋦（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">鉳（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">鉲（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">鑀（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">鐨（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">鍆（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">鍩（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">鐒（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">鑪（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">𨧀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">𨭎（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">𨨏（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">𨭆（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">䥑（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">鐽（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">錀（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">鎶（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">鉨（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">鈇（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">鏌（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">鉝（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬">鿬（預測為鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">鿫（預測為惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">硼</a> ↑ 铝 ↓ <a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">镓</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">镁</a> ← 铝 → <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="矽">矽</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; color:#000000;;">外觀</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">银灰色金属 <a href="/wiki/File:Aluminium-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/250px-Aluminium-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/375px-Aluminium-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Aluminium-4.jpg/500px-Aluminium-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="706" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; color:#000000;;">概況</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">名稱·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="元素列表">符號</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B0" title="原子序数">序數</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">铝（Aluminium）·Al·13</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">元素類別</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="貧金屬">貧金屬</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="族 (化学)">族</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="元素周期">週期</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="元素分区">區</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/13%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="13族元素">13</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC3%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第3周期元素">3</a>·<a href="/wiki/P%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="P区元素">p</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量">標準原子質量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">26.9815384(3)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83" title="电子排布">电子排布</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">Ne</a>] 3s23p1 2, 8, 3 <div style="border:0; margin:0 auto;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron_shell_013_Aluminium_-_no_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="铝的电子層（2, 8, 3）"><img alt="铝的电子層（2, 8, 3）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Electron_shell_013_Aluminium_-_no_label.svg/153px-Electron_shell_013_Aluminium_-_no_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Electron_shell_013_Aluminium_-_no_label.svg/230px-Electron_shell_013_Aluminium_-_no_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Electron_shell_013_Aluminium_-_no_label.svg/306px-Electron_shell_013_Aluminium_-_no_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>铝的电子層（2, 8, 3）</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; color:#000000;;">歷史</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">預測</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E9%94%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="拉瓦锡">拉瓦錫</a><a href="#cite_note-losalamos-2">[2]</a>（1787年）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">分離</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%8B%92" title="弗里德里希·维勒">弗里德里希·維勒</a><a href="#cite_note-losalamos-2">[2]</a>（1827年）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">命名</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4" title="汉弗里·戴维">漢弗里·戴維</a><a href="#cite_note-losalamos-2">[2]</a>（1807年）</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; color:#000000;;">物理性質</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)" title="相 (物质)">物態</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="固态">固态</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（接近<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E6%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="室溫">室温</a>） 2.7 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B" title="克">g</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%98%E7%B1%B3" title="厘米">cm</a>−3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a>時液體密度</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2.375<a href="#cite_note-losalamos-2">[2]</a> g·cm−3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">933.47 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>，660.32 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>，1220.58 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="华氏温标">°F</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2792 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>，2519 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>，4566 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="华氏温标">°F</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="熔化热">熔化热</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">10.71 <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%AF%8F%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="焦耳每摩尔">kJ·mol−1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="汽化热">汽化热</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">294.0 kJ·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" title="比熱容">比熱容</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">24.200 J·mol−1·K−1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93" title="蒸氣壓">蒸氣壓</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable nowrap" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td>壓/Pa </td> <td>1 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>1 k </td> <td>10 k </td> <td>100 k </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>溫/K </td> <td>1482 </td> <td>1632 </td> <td>1817 </td> <td>2054 </td> <td>2364 </td> <td>2790 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; color:#000000;;">原子性質</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%80%81" title="氧化态">氧化态</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">−2、−1、+1<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>、+2<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>、+3 （<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%80%A7" class="mw-disambig" title="兩性">两性</a>氧化物）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B4%9F%E6%80%A7" title="电负性">电负性</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1.61（鲍林标度）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%83%BD" title="电离能">电离能</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">第一：577.5 <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%AF%8F%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="焦耳每摩尔">kJ·mol−1</a> 第二：1816.7 kJ·mol−1 第三：2744.8 kJ·mol−1 （<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%83%BD%E8%A1%A8" title="电离能表">更多</a>）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="原子半径">原子半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">143 <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E7%B1%B3" title="皮米">pm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BB%B7%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="共价半径">共价半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">7002121000000000000♠121±4 pm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="范德华半径">范德华半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">184 pm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>铝的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B0%B1%E7%BA%BF" title="原子谱线">原子谱线</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; color:#000000;;">雜項</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="晶体结构">晶体结构</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="立方晶系">面心立方</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁序</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="顺磁性">顺磁性</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">電阻率</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（20 °C）28.2 n Ω·m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="熱導率">熱導率</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">237 W·m−1·K−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">膨脹係數</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（25 °C）23.1 µm·m−1·K−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%80%9F" title="音速">聲速</a>（細棒）</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（室溫）（细棒）5,000 <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%8F%E7%A7%92" title="米每秒">m·s−1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%B0%8F%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="杨氏模量">杨氏模量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">70 GPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AA%E5%88%87%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="剪切模量">剪切模量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">26 GPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E7%A7%AF%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="体积模量">体积模量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">76 GPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%8A%E6%9D%BE%E6%AF%94" title="泊松比">泊松比</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">0.35</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6" title="莫氏硬度">莫氏硬度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2.75</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="维氏硬度试验">維氏硬度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">167 MPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="布氏硬度试验">布氏硬度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">245 MPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/CAS%E5%8F%B7" title="CAS号">CAS号</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7429-90-5">7429-90-5</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="text-align:center; background-color:#cccccc; color:#000000;;">同位素<div style="float:right;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_aluminium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox aluminium isotopes"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Infobox_aluminium_isotopes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Infobox aluminium isotopes（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Infobox_aluminium_isotopes" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Infobox aluminium isotopes"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="铝的同位素">铝的同位素</a> <div> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="丰度">丰度</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>（t1/2） </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7#衰变" title="放射性">衰變</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="衰變方式">方式</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E8%83%BD" title="衰变能">能量</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">MeV</a>） </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">產物</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">26Al </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%95%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="痕量同位素">痕量</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">7.17×105 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年">年</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84" title="正电子发射">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">2.982 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">26Mg </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="电子俘获">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">4.004 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">26Mg </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">27Al </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">100% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="稳定同位素">穩定</a>，帶14粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table> 铝（英語：Aluminum（美國、加拿大）或Aluminium（其他地區）），是一種可燃烧<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="化學符號">化學符號</a>为Al，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序數">原子序數</a>为13，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量">原子量</a>為7001269815384000000♠26.9815384 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="原子质量单位">u</a>，属于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="硼族元素">硼族元素</a>，相对密度是2.70。铝是较软的易延展的银白色<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="金属">金属</a>，也是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%A3%B3" title="地壳">地壳</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E6%AE%BC%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E8%B1%90%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="地球的地殼元素豐度列表">第三大丰度的元素</a>（仅次于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">硅</a>），也是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E8%B1%90%E5%BA%A6" title="化學元素豐度">丰度</a>最大的金属，在地球的固体表面中占约8%的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F" title="质量">质量</a>。铝金属在化学上很活跃，因此除非在极其特殊的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E8%BF%98%E5%8E%9F%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="氧化还原反应">氧化还原</a>环境下，一般很难找到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E7%A6%BB%E6%80%81" title="游离态">游离态</a>的金属铝。被发现的含铝的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="矿物">矿物</a>超过270种。<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>最主要的含铝<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%9F%B3" title="矿石">矿石</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D%E5%9C%9F%E7%9F%BF" title="铝土矿">铝土矿</a>。 铝因其低<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a>以及耐<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%90%E8%9A%80" title="腐蚀">腐蚀</a>（由于<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9D%E5%8C%96" title="钝化">钝化</a>现象）而受到重视。其<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="铝合金">合金</a>根據工藝的不同性質差異很大，利用铝及其合金制造的结构件不仅在<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="航空航天">航空航天</a>工业中非常关键，在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="交通">交通</a>和结构材料领域也非常重要。最有用的铝<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>是它的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氧化物">氧化物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" class="mw-redirect" title="硫酸盐">硫酸盐</a>。 尽管铝在环境中广泛存在，但没有一种已知生命形式需要铝<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="元素">元素</a>。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="物理性质">物理性质</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：物理性质">编辑</a>]</div> 铝是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BB%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="轻金属">轻金属</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a>为2.70 g/cm3，僅是<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A2" title="钢">钢</a>的三分之一左右。使铝制零件通过它们的轻盈易于识别。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide20044-3-7">[7]</a>与大多数金属相比，铝的密度低是因为它的原子核要轻得多，而晶胞大小的差异并不能弥补这种差异。比铝的密度低的金属只有反应性太高，不能用作结构的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱金属">碱金属</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱土金属">碱土金属</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">铍</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">镁</a>除外，但铍有剧毒）。<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>铝不像钢那样坚固和坚硬，但在<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="航空航天">航空航天</a>工业等应用中，低密度弥补了这一点。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19991–3-9">[9]</a>純鋁較軟，在300℃左右失去<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E5%BC%A0%E5%BC%BA%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="抗张强度">抗張強度</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a>660.4度。經處理過的<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%81%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="鋁合金">鋁合金</a>較堅韌、易延展。有着金属光泽，光滑时表面银白而发亮，粗糙时呈暗灰色。无<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="磁性">磁性</a>且不易点燃。反射<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%81%E5%85%89" title="可见光">可见光</a>能力强（约92%），反射中远<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%A4%96%E7%BA%BF" title="红外线">红外线</a>可达98%。纯铝相当软，缺乏强度。在大多数应用中，都会使用各种<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="铝合金">铝合金</a>，因为它们具有更高的强度和硬度。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19992-10">[10]</a>纯铝的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%9C%8D" title="屈服">屈服</a>为7～11MPa，而铝合金可达200～600MPa。<a href="#cite_note-Polmear1995-11">[11]</a>铝是有<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E5%B1%95%E6%80%A7" title="延展性">延展性</a>的，伸长率为50-70%，<a href="#cite_note-Cardarelli_2008_p158-163-12">[12]</a>容易<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%94_(%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%A5)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉拔 (金属加工)（页面不存在）">拉拔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing_(manufacturing)" class="extiw" title="en:Drawing (manufacturing)">Drawing_(manufacturing)</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="擠型">挤型</a>。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19994-13">[13]</a>它也很容易被<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%A5" title="机械加工">机械加工</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%B8%E9%80%A0_(%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%A5)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铸造 (金属加工)（页面不存在）">铸造</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="extiw" title="en:Casting (metalworking)">Casting (metalworking)</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19994-13">[13]</a> 铝有良好的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BC%E7%94%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="导电">导电</a>导热性（都为<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">铜</a>的59%），而远轻于铜。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19992–3-14">[14]</a>铝可以在低于1.2K 的温度和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%80%9A%E9%87%8F" title="磁通量">磁通量</a>大于100<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="高斯 (单位)">高斯</a>下<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%AF%BC%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="超导材料">超导</a>。<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>它是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="顺磁性">顺磁性</a>的，因此基本上不受静磁场的影响。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz20066-16">[16]</a>然而，高导电性意味着它通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%A1%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="涡电流">涡电流</a>的感应，受到交变磁场的强烈影响。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz2006161-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="电子层">电子层</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：电子层">编辑</a>]</div> 铝原子有13个电子，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83" title="电子排布">电子排布</a>为 [<a href="/wiki/Neon" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon">Ne</a>] 3s2 3p1，<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.2-18">[18]</a>比稳定的惰性气体氖多出三个电子。因此，铝的第一、第二和第三<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%83%BD" title="电离能">电离能</a>的总和远低于第四电离能。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.6-19">[19]</a>这种电子排布和其它硼族元素类似。在许多化学反应中，铝可以相对容易地释放其最外层的三个<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子">电子</a>（见<a href="#化学性质">下</a>）。铝的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B4%9F%E6%80%A7" title="电负性">电负性</a>为1.61（鲍林标度）。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.29-20">[20]</a> 一个自由铝原子的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="原子半径">原子半径</a>为143 <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E7%B1%B3" title="皮米">pm</a>。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.30-21">[21]</a>当三个价电子被移除时，Al3+的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="离子半径">离子半径</a>缩小到 39 pm（四配位）或 53.5 pm（六配位）。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.30-21">[21]</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="标准情况">标准情况</a>下，铝原子以<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E5%BF%83%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="面心立方晶系">面心立方晶系</a>排列，由原子最外层电子提供的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E9%94%AE" title="金属键">金属键</a>结合，因此铝是一种金属。<a href="#cite_note-Enghag2008-22">[22]</a>许多金属都有这种晶系，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">铅</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">铜</a>。铝的晶胞大小与其他金属相当。<a href="#cite_note-Enghag2008-22">[22]</a>然而，其它硼族元素都不是这种晶系的。硼的电离能太高而无法金属化，铊具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E6%96%B9%E6%9C%80%E5%AF%86%E5%A0%86%E7%A7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="六方最密堆积">六方最密堆积</a>结构，而镓和铟具有不是最密堆积的不寻常结构。铝原子可用于形成<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E9%94%AE" title="金属键">金属键</a>的少量电子可能是它柔软、熔点低和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E9%98%BB%E7%8E%87" title="电阻率">电阻率</a>低的原因。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997222–4-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="同位素">同位素</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：同位素">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="铝的同位素">铝的同位素</a></div> 在所有铝同位素中，只有27 Al 是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0" title="稳定核素">稳定</a>的。这在原子序是奇数的元素中很常见。<a href="#cite_note-25">[a]</a>它是唯一一种<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原生核素（页面不存在）">原生铝同位素</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/primordial_nuclide" class="extiw" title="en:primordial nuclide">primordial nuclide</a>），也就是从地球形成到现在一直存在的同位素。地球上几乎所有的铝都是这种同位素，使得铝是一种<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="单一天然同位素元素">单一天然同位素元素</a>。铝的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="标准原子量（页面不存在）">标准原子量</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/standard_atomic_weight" class="extiw" title="en:standard atomic weight">standard atomic weight</a>）几乎和铝-27的质量一样。这使得铝在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF" title="核磁共振">核磁共振</a>（NMR）中非常有用，因为铝-27有很高的 NMR灵敏度。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252-26">[25]</a>铝的标准原子量相较于其它金属很低，<a href="#cite_note-28">[b]</a>这对元素的属性有影响。 剩下的铝同位素都有<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性">放射性</a>。其中最稳定的是<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D-26" class="mw-redirect" title="铝-26">26Al</a>：虽然它与稳定的27Al一起存在于形成太阳系的星际介质中，也是可以通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="恒星核合成">恒星核合成</a>产生的，但它的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>只有717000年，因此自行星形成以来，铝-26就全部衰变了。<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a>然而，由于<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙射线">宇宙射线</a>质子轰击<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%B1%82" title="大气层">大气层</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氩气">氩气</a>引起<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A3%E8%A3%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="散裂（页面不存在）">散裂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spallation" class="extiw" title="en:Spallation">Spallation</a>），会产生微量的26Al。26Al 和<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B9-10" title="鈹-10">10Be</a>的比例可用于<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%AE%9A%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95" title="放射性定年法">放射性定年法</a>，适用于105至106年的尺度（运输、沉积、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A9%8D%E7%89%A9" title="沉積物">沉积物</a>储存、埋藏时间和侵蚀）。<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a>大多数陨石学家认为，26Al衰变释放的能量是一些<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="小行星">小行星</a>在45.5亿年前形成后熔化和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E5%88%86%E5%BC%82" class="mw-redirect" title="行星分异">分异</a>的原因。<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> 剩下的铝同位素的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="质量数">质量数</a>介于22到43之间，半衰期都小于一小时。铝还有三个已知的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%A0%B8%E7%95%B0%E6%A7%8B%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="同核異構物">同核異構物</a>，半衰期都小于一分钟。<a href="#cite_note-IAEA-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="化学性质">化学性质</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：化学性质">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铝化合物（页面不存在）">铝化合物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compounds_of_aluminium" class="extiw" title="en:Compounds of aluminium">Compounds of aluminium</a>）</div> 铝结合了过渡金属和后过渡金属的特性。由于它几乎没有可用于金属键的电子，就像其较重的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="硼族元素">硼族元素</a>一样，它具有后过渡金属的物理性质，原子间的距离长于预期。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997222–4-23">[23]</a>此外，由于 Al3+是一种小而高度带电的阳离子，它具有很强的极化性。这使得铝化合物的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E9%94%AE" title="化学键">化学键</a>趋向于<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BB%B7%E9%94%AE" title="共价键">共价键</a>。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-32">[30]</a>这种性质和<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">铍</a>（Be2+）类似，它们存在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E8%A7%92%E7%BA%BF%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="对角线关系">对角线关系</a>。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997112–113-33">[31]</a> 铝的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%9E" title="原子实">原子实</a>的电子结构是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体">惰性气体</a>核心，而较重的同族元素<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">镓</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">铟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">铊</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="鿭">鿭</a>已经有充满的d壳层，有些还有f壳层。因此，铝的内部电子几乎完全屏蔽了价电子，这与较重的同族元素不同。铝是整个硼族元素中电正性最高的元素，它的氢氧化物也比氢氧化镓的碱性更强。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[c]</a>铝与同族的类金属硼也有细微的相似之处：AlX3和 BX3是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93" title="等电子体">等电子体</a>（它们具有相同的价电子结构），并且两者都表现为<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="路易斯酸">路易斯酸</a>，且很容易形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="加合物">加合物</a>。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995241-35">[32]</a> 铝容易與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>反應，暴露于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94" title="空气">空气</a>中会在其表面生成致密的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氧化铝">氧化铝 Al2O3</a>（此过程为<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9D%E5%8C%96" title="钝化">钝化</a>）薄层（室温下厚度为5纳米）<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a>，有效的防止其继续<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96" title="氧化">氧化</a>，或是与水和稀酸反应。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-CorrAl-37">[34]</a>由于铝具有一般的耐腐蚀性，因此它是为数不多的以细粉形式保留银色的金属之一，使其成为<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B6%E8%89%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="银色">银色</a>颜料的重要组成部分。<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%B8%A9" title="常温">常温</a>下，铝在强氧化性酸中被<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9D%E5%8C%96" title="钝化">钝化</a>，不与它们反应，所以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%93%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="浓硝酸">浓硝酸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%93%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="浓硫酸">浓硫酸</a>和一些有机酸是用铝罐存放的。<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-39">[36]</a> 在热浓<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8" title="盐酸">盐酸</a>中，铝与水反应放出氢气，并在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%A0" title="氢氧化钠">氢氧化钠</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%BE" title="氢氧化钾">氢氧化钾</a>水溶液中形成<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" title="铝酸盐">铝酸盐</a>——在这些条件下保护性钝化可以忽略不计。<a href="#cite_note-Beal1999-40">[37]</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%B0%B4" title="王水">王水</a>也会溶解铝。<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-39">[36]</a>铝会被溶解的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氯化物">氯化物</a>腐蚀，例如常见的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%92%A0" title="氯化钠">氯化钠</a>，这就是为什么家用管道从不由铝制成的原因。<a href="#cite_note-Beal1999-40">[37]</a>铝的氧化层会因为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E%E9%BD%8A" title="汞齊">汞齐</a>化，或是接触电正性元素的盐而被破坏。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-32">[30]</a>因此，由于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%BC%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="伽凡尼电池">伽凡尼电池</a>与合金化<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">铜</a>的反应，最强的铝合金的耐腐蚀性较差，<a href="#cite_note-Polmear1995-11">[11]</a>铝的耐腐蚀性也会因含水盐的存在而大大降低，尤其是在有不同金属存在的情况下。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997222–4-23">[23]</a> 铝和大部分非金属加热时反应，形成像是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E5%8C%96%E9%8B%81" title="氮化鋁">氮化铝</a>（AlN）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="硫化铝">硫化铝</a>（Al2S3）和卤化铝（AlX3）的化合物。铝也可以和几乎整个周期表的元素混合，形成<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E9%97%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="金属间化合物">金属间化合物</a>。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-32">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="无机化合物">无机化合物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：无机化合物">编辑</a>]</div> 大部分的铝化合物中，铝的氧化态为 +3。Al3+的<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B0" title="配位数">配位数</a>通常是4或6。几乎所有的铝(III)化合物都是无色的。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-32">[30]</a> 在水溶液中，Al3+以六水合物[Al(H2O)6]3+的形式存在，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0" title="平衡常数">Ka</a>约为10−5。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252-26">[25]</a>这种溶液是酸性的，因为这种阳离子可以作为质子供体并逐渐<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%A7%A3" title="水解">水解</a>，直到形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氢氧化铝">氢氧化铝</a>（Al(OH)3）<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E6%B7%80" title="沉淀">沉淀</a>。 氢氧化铝可溶于酸和碱，分别形成铝盐和铝酸盐，也与酸性和碱性氧化物融合。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-32">[30]</a>因此，Al(OH)3是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%80%A7_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8)" title="兩性 (化學)">两性</a>的，为弱碱性阳离子的特征。弱碱性阳离子会形成不溶性氢氧化物，其水合物也可以提供质子。这样的一个影响是铝的弱酸盐在水中会水解成水合氢氧化物和相应的非金属氢化物。举个例子，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="硫化铝">硫化铝</a>水解形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="硫化氢">硫化氢</a>。对于铝的强酸盐，如卤化铝、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E9%93%9D" title="硝酸铝">硝酸铝</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%93%9D" title="硫酸铝">硫酸铝</a>，只会发生不完全水解。由于类似的原因，无水铝化合物不能由加热它们的“水合物”而成。水合氯化铝的结构不是 AlCl3·6H2O ，而是[Al(H2O)6]Cl3，且 Al–O 键是如此的强，以至于加热不足以破坏它们并形成 Al-Cl 键：<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-32">[30]</a> <dl><dd>2[Al(H2O)6]Cl3 加热→  Al2O3 + 6 HCl + 9 H2O</dd></dl> 铝的四种三<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="卤化物">卤化物</a>都是已知的。不像更重的三种卤化物，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="氟化铝">氟化铝</a>（AlF3）具有六配位铝，这解释了它的不挥发性、不溶性以及高<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E7%83%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="生成热">生成热</a>。每个铝原子都被六个氟原子包围，形成扭曲<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E9%9D%A2%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="八面体">八面体</a>结构，每个氟原子则桥接在两个八面体的角之间。这些{AlF6}单元也存在于三元氟化物中，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E6%99%B6%E7%9F%B3" title="冰晶石">冰晶石</a>Na3AlF6。AlF3的熔点是1,290 °C（2,354 °F），可以由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氧化铝">氧化铝</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" title="氟化氢">氟化氢</a>在700 °C（1,300 °F）下反应而成。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237-41">[38]</a> 铝在重卤化物中的配位数较少。这些卤化物是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%81%9A%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="二聚体">二聚体</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%81%9A%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="多聚體">多聚体</a>，含有四配位铝中心。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氯化铝">氯化铝</a>（AlCl3）在熔点192.4 °C（378 °F）以下时为层状聚合物结构，在液态为 Al2Cl6二聚体。在高温下，它会分解成AlCl3单体，结构类似于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%BC" title="三氯化硼">BCl3</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="溴化铝">溴化铝</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="碘化铝">碘化铝</a>在固态、液态和气态都是Al2X6二聚体，因此在改变相态时没有显著的变化。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237-41">[38]</a>它们都可以由铝和卤素直接反应而成。三卤化铝可以形成许多<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="加合物">加合物</a>或配合物。它们是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="路易斯酸">路易斯酸</a>，使它们可用作<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85-%E5%85%8B%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="傅-克反应">傅-克反应</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82" title="催化剂">催化剂</a>。三氯化铝具有涉及该反应的主要工业用途，例如制造<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%BD%E9%86%8C" title="蒽醌">蒽醌</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="苯乙烯">苯乙烯</a>。它也经常用作其它铝化合物的前体和将非金属氟化物转化为相应氯化物的试剂（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB%E5%8D%A4%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="转移卤化反应（页面不存在）">转移卤化反应</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhalogenation" class="extiw" title="en:Transhalogenation">Transhalogenation</a>））。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237-41">[38]</a> 铝形成一种稳定的氧化物——<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氧化铝">氧化铝</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%BC%8F" title="化学式">化学式</a>Al2O3。<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a>它在自然界中以<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E7%8E%89" class="mw-redirect" title="刚玉">刚玉</a>（α-氧化铝）的形式存在。<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a>γ-氧化铝也是存在的。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252-26">[25]</a>氧化铝的结晶——<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E7%8E%89" class="mw-redirect" title="刚玉">刚玉</a>是非常硬的（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6" title="莫氏硬度">莫氏硬度</a>9），有着高熔点2,045 °C（3,713 °F），极低的挥发性，化学惰性，也是良好的电绝缘体。它常用于磨料（如牙膏）、耐火材料和<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7%E5%99%A8" title="陶瓷器">陶瓷器</a>，以及作为电解生产铝金属的起始材料。<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="蓝宝石">蓝宝石</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="红宝石">红宝石</a>是不纯的刚玉，里面有其它金属。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252-26">[25]</a>两种碱式氧化铝，化学式 AlO(OH)的晶体分别为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E5%A7%86%E7%9F%B3" title="勃姆石">勃姆石</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E6%B0%B4%E9%93%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="硬水铝石">硬水铝石</a>。氢氧化铝有三种主要的矿物：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E7%BE%9F%E9%93%9D%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三羟铝石（页面不存在）">三羟铝石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%B4%E9%93%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="三水铝石">三水铝石</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%9C%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%B4%E9%93%9D%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斜三水铝石（页面不存在）">斜三水铝石</a>，它们的晶体结构不同。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997242–252-26">[25]</a> 铝有三种标准情况下稳定的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E5%B1%9E%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="硫属化物">硫属化物</a>，分别为<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="硫化铝">硫化铝</a>（Al2S3）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="硒化铝">硒化铝</a>（Al2Se3）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B2%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碲化铝（页面不存在）">碲化铝</a>（Al2Te3）。它们三个都可以由铝的硫属元素在1,000 °C（1,800 °F）下反应而成。它们会迅速水解，形成氢氧化铝和对应的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="氧族元素氢化物">氧族元素氢化物</a>。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997252–257-44">[41]</a> 铝有四种<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AE%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氮族元素化物（页面不存在）">氮族元素化物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pnictide" class="extiw" title="en:pnictide">pnictide</a>）——<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E5%8C%96%E9%8B%81" title="氮化鋁">氮化铝</a>（AlN）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="磷化铝">磷化铝</a>（AlP）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="砷化铝">砷化铝</a>（AlAs）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="锑化铝">锑化铝</a>（AlSb）。它们都是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="三五半导体">三五半导体</a>，和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">硅</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">锗</a>是等电子体，除了 AlN 外，所有这些都具有<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E9%94%8C%E7%9F%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="闪锌矿">闪锌矿</a>结构。它们都可以由在高温（可能需要高压）下组成元素直接反应而成。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997252–257-44">[41]</a> 铝和其它金属（大多数<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱金属">碱金属</a>和硼族元素除外）形成的合金和150种<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E4%BA%92%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="金属互化物">金属互化物</a>都是已知的。制备这些合金和金属互化物的方法包括按一定比例将金属混合加热，然后逐渐冷却和<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E7%81%AB" title="退火">退火</a>。它们中的键主要是<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E9%94%AE" title="金属键">金属键</a>，晶体结构主要取决于堆积效率。<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> 铝也有一些低氧化态的化合物。一些<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D(I)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铝(I)（页面不存在）">铝(I)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aluminium(I)" class="extiw" title="en:aluminium(I)">aluminium(I)</a>）化合物是已知的：AlF、AlCl、AlBr和 AlI 存在于气相。它们可以由三卤化铝和金属铝加热或在低温下反应而成。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237-41">[38]</a>一种稳定的一碘化铝衍生物是它和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B9%99%E8%83%BA" title="三乙胺">三乙胺</a>形成的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="加合物">加合物</a>，化学式<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r58896141">.mw-parser-output .serif{font-family:Times,serif}</style>Al4I4(NEt3)4。Al2O 和Al2S 也存在，不过非常不稳定。<a href="#cite_note-al1-46">[43]</a>在铝金属与氧化剂的反应中会观察到非常简单的铝(II)化合物。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="一氧化铝">一氧化铝</a>，化学式 AlO，已经在爆炸中<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a>和恒星吸收光谱中检测到。<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a>研究较彻底的铝(II)化合物的通式为 R4Al2，含有一根 Al–Al键，其中 R 是一个大的有机<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="基团">基团</a>。<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="有机铝化合物和相关的氢化物">有机铝化合物和相关的氢化物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：有机铝化合物和相关的氢化物">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%9D%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机铝化合物">有机铝化合物</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trimethylaluminium-from-xtal-3D-bs-17-25.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Trimethylaluminium-from-xtal-3D-bs-17-25.png/220px-Trimethylaluminium-from-xtal-3D-bs-17-25.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Trimethylaluminium-from-xtal-3D-bs-17-25.png/330px-Trimethylaluminium-from-xtal-3D-bs-17-25.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Trimethylaluminium-from-xtal-3D-bs-17-25.png/440px-Trimethylaluminium-from-xtal-3D-bs-17-25.png 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E9%93%9D" title="三甲基铝">三甲基铝</a>的结构，含有五配位碳。</figcaption></figure> 一系列实验式 AlR3和AlR1.5Cl1.5的化合物都是已知的。<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a>三烷基/芳基铝都有高反应性，挥发性，外观为无色液体或低熔点固体。它们在空气中自燃并与水发生反应，因此在处理它们时需要采取预防措施。不像对应的硼化合物，有机铝化合物是二聚体。不过，如果 R基团是有支链的（例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E4%B8%99%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="异丙基">Pri</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E4%B8%81%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="异丁基">Bui</a>和 Me3CCH2），它就可能以单体存在。举个例子，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%BC%82%E4%B8%81%E5%9F%BA%E9%93%9D" title="三异丁基铝">三异丁基铝</a>以单体和二聚体的混合物的形式存在。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997257–67-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a>这些二聚体，像是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E9%93%9D" title="三甲基铝">三甲基铝</a>（Al2Me6），含有四面体型的铝中心，在两个铝原子之间有两个桥接烷基。它们<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E7%A1%AC%E9%85%B8%E7%A2%B1%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="软硬酸碱理论">硬酸</a>，会和配体反应，形成加合物。在工业上，它们主要用于烯烃插入反应。一些<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E7%8E%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="杂环化合物">杂环</a>和簇合的有机铝化合物也是已知的，其中含有Al–N键。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997257–67-51">[48]</a> 工业上最重要的铝氢化物是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D%E9%94%82" title="氢化铝锂">氢化铝锂</a>（LiAlH4），在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机化学">有机化学</a>中用作还原剂。它可以由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96%E9%94%82" title="氢化锂">氢化锂</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氯化铝">氯化铝</a>反应而成。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997227–232-53">[50]</a>最简单的铝氢化物是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氢化铝">氢化铝</a>，又称铝烷，比较不重要。它是一种聚合物，化学式 (AlH3)n。作为对比，最简单的硼烷是乙硼烷 (BH3)2。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997227–232-53">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分布">分布</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：分布">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="太空">太空</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：太空">编辑</a>]</div> 铝在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="太阳系">太阳系</a>的丰度是3.15 <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E8%90%AC%E5%88%86%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="百萬分率">ppm</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Lodders-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[d]</a>它是宇宙中第12多的元素，也是奇原子序的元素中第三多的，仅次于氢和氮。<a href="#cite_note-Lodders-54">[51]</a>铝唯一的稳定同位素27Al，是宇宙中第18多的核素。它几乎是在大质量恒星中的碳融合之后产生的，这些恒星后来将成为<a href="/wiki/II%E5%9E%8B%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="II型超新星">II型超新星</a>。碳融合会产生26Mg，然后这种同位素吸收一个质子或中子，形成铝-27。较少的27Al则是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E7%87%83%E7%87%92" title="氫燃燒">氢燃烧</a>中，26Mg捕获一个质子而成的。<a href="#cite_note-Clayton-56">[52]</a>几乎所有的铝都是27Al，而当时存在于太阳系的26Al 的丰度为27Al的 0.005%。不过，728,000年的半衰期无法使铝-26在今天仍然存在，因此26Al<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="灭绝同位素（页面不存在）">灭绝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/extinct_radionuclide" class="extiw" title="en:extinct radionuclide">extinct radionuclide</a>）了。<a href="#cite_note-Clayton-56">[52]</a>不像27Al，氢燃烧是26Al的主要来源，由25Mg 和自由质子聚合而成。不过，今天仍然存在的微量的26Al是<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%99%85%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="星际物质">星际物质</a>中最常见的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="伽马射线">伽马射线</a>发射体。<a href="#cite_note-Clayton-56">[52]</a>如果那时的26Al仍然存在，银河系的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="伽馬射線天文學">伽马射线图</a>将会更亮。<a href="#cite_note-Clayton-56">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="地球">地球</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：地球">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bauxite_h%C3%A9rault.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bauxite_h%C3%A9rault.JPG/220px-Bauxite_h%C3%A9rault.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bauxite_h%C3%A9rault.JPG/330px-Bauxite_h%C3%A9rault.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bauxite_h%C3%A9rault.JPG/440px-Bauxite_h%C3%A9rault.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D%E5%9C%9F%E7%9F%BF" title="铝土矿">铝土矿</a>，是铝主要的矿物。它的红棕色来自于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%81" title="氧化铁">氧化铁</a>矿物。</figcaption></figure> 整个地球由1.59%的铝组成（质量计，排在第七位）<a href="#cite_note-mit1-57">[53]</a>地壳中的铝则更加丰富，因为它易于形成氧化物，并被束缚在岩石而留在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%A3%B3" title="地壳">地壳</a>中，而活性较低的金属沉入地核。<a href="#cite_note-Clayton-56">[52]</a>在地壳中，铝是丰度最高的金属，占了 8.23%（质量计），<a href="#cite_note-Cardarelli_2008_p158-163-12">[12]</a>，也是仅次于氧和硅，第三多的元素。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997217–9-58">[54]</a>地壳中的大量硅酸盐含有铝。<a href="#cite_note-WadeBanister2016-59">[55]</a>相较之下，地球<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%94" title="地幔">地幔</a>只含2.38%的铝（质量计）。<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a>铝也存在于海水中，浓度2μg/kg。<a href="#cite_note-Cardarelli_2008_p158-163-12">[12]</a> 由于铝对氧的高亲和性，它几乎不以游离态存在。铝通常以氧化物和硅酸盐的形式出现。<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%B3" title="长石">长石</a>，地壳中最常见的一类矿物，是由铝硅酸盐组成的。铝也存在于<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E6%9F%B1%E7%9F%B3" title="綠柱石">绿柱石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E6%99%B6%E7%9F%B3" title="冰晶石">冰晶石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3" title="石榴石">石榴石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E6%99%B6%E7%9F%B3" title="尖晶石">尖晶石</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E6%9D%BE%E7%9F%B3" title="绿松石">绿松石</a>中。<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a>Al2O3中的杂质<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">铬</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">铁</a>会分别形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="红宝石">红宝石</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="蓝宝石">蓝宝石</a>。<a href="#cite_note-KotzTreichel2012-62">[58]</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B8%E7%A6%BB%E9%93%9D%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="游离铝金属（页面不存在）">游离铝金属</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_aluminium" class="extiw" title="en:Native aluminium">Native aluminium</a>）极度稀有，并且只能在低氧<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B8%E5%BA%A6" title="逸度">逸度</a>环境中作为次要相态被发现，例如某些火山的内部。<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7" title="南海">南海</a>东北部<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E5%9D%A1" title="大陆坡">大陆坡</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%B3%89" title="冷泉">冷泉</a>中，已经发现了游离铝。这些游离铝可能是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%98%E5%8E%9F" title="还原">还原</a>Al(OH)4−的产物。<a href="#cite_note-Chen_2011-64">[60]</a> 尽管铝是一种常见且广泛使用的元素，但并非所有铝矿都是经济上可行的金属铝的来源。几乎所有的金属铝都是从<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D%E5%9C%9F%E7%9F%BF" title="铝土矿">铝土矿</a>（AlOx(OH)3–2x）生产的。铝土矿是热带气候条件下低铁和二氧化硅基岩的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="风化">风化</a>产物。<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a>2017 年，大部分铝土矿在澳大利亚、中国、几内亚和印度开采。<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史">历史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：历史">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铝的历史（页面不存在）">铝的历史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_aluminium" class="extiw" title="en:History of aluminium">History of aluminium</a>）</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Litho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Litho.jpg/170px-Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Litho.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Litho.jpg/255px-Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Litho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Litho.jpg/340px-Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler_Litho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%8B%92" title="弗里德里希·维勒">弗里德里希·维勒</a>，第一个彻底描述金属元素铝的化学家</figcaption></figure> 铝的历史是从<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%9F%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="明矾">明矾</a>的使用开始塑造的。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a>历史学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="希罗多德">希罗多德</a>对明矾的第一个书面记录可以追溯到公元前5世纪。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200712-67">[63]</a>古人曾将明矾用作<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AA%92%E6%9F%93%E5%89%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="媒染剂（页面不存在）">媒染剂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordant" class="extiw" title="en:Mordant">Mordant</a>）和用于城市防御。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200712-67">[63]</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%81" class="mw-redirect" title="十字军东征">十字军东征</a>后，明矾是欧洲织物工业中不可或缺的商品，<a href="#cite_note-ClaphamPower1941-68">[64]</a>也成为国际贸易的对象。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200716-69">[65]</a>直到15 世纪中叶，矾才从地中海东部进口到欧洲。<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> 当时明矾的性质仍然未知。大约在1530年，瑞士医生<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF" title="帕拉塞尔苏斯">帕拉塞尔苏斯</a>认为明矾是矾土的盐。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200725-71">[67]</a>1595年，德国医生和化学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%B7%B4%E8%8F%B2%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="安德烈亚斯·利巴菲乌斯">安德烈亚斯·利巴菲乌斯</a>用实验证实了这一点。<a href="#cite_note-Weeks1968-72">[68]</a>1722年，德国化学家<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hoffmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Hoffmann（页面不存在）">Friedrich Hoffmann</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hoffmann" class="extiw" title="en:Friedrich Hoffmann">Friedrich Hoffmann</a>）宣布了他的意见，即明矾的基础是一种独特的土。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards18962-73">[69]</a>1754年，德国化学家<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB" title="马格拉夫">马格拉夫</a>通过在硫酸中煮沸粘土，然后加入<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE%E7%9B%90" title="钾盐">钾盐</a>合成了铝土（氧化铝）。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards18962-73">[69]</a> 相对于其他金属，铝的发现比较晚。生产金属铝的尝试可以追溯到1760年。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards18963-74">[70]</a>1808年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4" title="汉弗里·戴维">汉弗里·戴维</a>爵士首次使用了「aluminum」这个词，<a href="#cite_note-Davy1808-75">[71]</a>并开始尝试生产铝。1825年丹麦化学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="汉斯·克里斯蒂安·奥斯特">汉斯·奥斯特</a>成功用<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">钾</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E%E9%BD%8A" title="汞齊">汞齐</a>从<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氯化铝">氯化铝</a>中还原出一块看起来像锡的金属块，也就是铝<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-(København)1827-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-woehler-78">[74]</a>： <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humphry_Davy_by_Turner_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Humphry_Davy_by_Turner_crop.jpg/100px-Humphry_Davy_by_Turner_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Humphry_Davy_by_Turner_crop.jpg/150px-Humphry_Davy_by_Turner_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Humphry_Davy_by_Turner_crop.jpg/200px-Humphry_Davy_by_Turner_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="3751" /></a><figcaption>英国化学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4" title="汉弗里·戴维">汉弗里·戴维</a>爵士</figcaption></figure> 他在1825年展示了他的结果并展示了新金属的样品。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200736-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FontaniCosta2014-80">[76]</a>1827年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%8B%92" title="弗里德里希·维勒">弗里德里希·维勒</a>重复了奥斯特的实验，不过没有得到任何铝。<a href="#cite_note-Venetski-81">[77]</a>（这种不一致的原因直到1921年才被发现。）<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200738-82">[78]</a>同年，他用金属<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">钾</a>还原熔融的无水氯化铝得到较纯的金属铝单质。<a href="#cite_note-woehler-78">[74]</a>1845年，他能够生产出小块的金属铝，并描述了这种金属的一些物理特性。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200738-82">[78]</a>多年后，维勒被认为是铝的发现者。<a href="#cite_note-Holmes1936-83">[79]</a> 由于取之不易，当时铝的价格高于<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="黄金">黄金</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Venetski-81">[77]</a>1856 年，法国化学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94" title="德维尔">德维尔</a>（Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville）及其同伴建立了铝的第一个工业生产。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200739-84">[80]</a>他发现到比钾更方便也更便宜的钠也可以还原氯化铝。<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a>即便如此，铝的纯度仍然不高，而且所生产的铝的特性因样品而异。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200746-86">[82]</a> 1886年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94" title="查尔斯·马丁·霍尔">查尔斯·马丁·霍尔</a>（Charles Martin Hall）和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E9%B2%81" title="保罗·埃鲁">保罗·埃鲁</a>（Paul Héroult）各自独立发现了<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="电解">电解</a>制铝法，后来这种方法被称为<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94-%E5%9F%83%E9%B2%81%E6%B3%95" title="霍尔-埃鲁法">霍尔-埃鲁法</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200755–61-87">[83]</a>。这种方法把氧化铝转化成金属铝。在1889年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%8B%9C%E8%80%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡尔·约瑟夫·拜耳（页面不存在）">卡尔·约瑟夫·拜耳</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Josef_Bayer" class="extiw" title="en:Carl Josef Bayer">Carl Josef Bayer</a>）继续优化了从<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D%E5%9C%9F%E7%9F%BF" title="铝土矿">铝土矿</a>中提取<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氧化铝">氧化铝</a>的过程，使得生产铝的原料<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氧化铝">氧化铝</a>更加经济易得。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200774-88">[84]</a>迄今以<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E8%80%B3%E6%B3%95" title="拜耳法">拜耳法</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94-%E5%9F%83%E9%B2%81%E6%B3%95" title="霍尔-埃鲁法">霍尔-埃鲁法</a>联用生产铝的方法为大规模工业制铝的主要手段。<a href="#cite_note-aluminiumleader-89">[85]</a> 铝的价格下降，之后在1890年代和20世纪初被广泛用于珠宝、日常用品、眼镜架、光学仪器、餐具和<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%81%E7%AE%94" class="mw-redirect" title="鋁箔">铝箔</a>中。铝与其他金属形成坚硬而轻的合金的能力为当时的其它金属提供了多种用途。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200764–69-90">[86]</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="一战">一战</a>期间，主要政府要求将大量的铝用于坚硬而轻的机身；<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a>到了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="二战">二战</a>，主要政府对于铝的这些需求更高。<a href="#cite_note-Seldes2009-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thorsheim2015-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks20042-94">[90]</a> 到了20世纪中叶，铝已成为日常生活的一部分和家庭用品的重要组成部分。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200769–70-95">[91]</a>1954年，铝的产量超过了<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">铜</a>，<a href="#cite_note-98">[e]</a>历史上的总产量仅次于铁，<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a>成为产量最高的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%89%B2%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="有色金属">有色金属</a>。在这期间，铝作为一种土木工程材料出现，在基础建筑和室内装修中都有应用，<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov2007165–166-100">[95]</a>且越来越多地用于军事工程，用于飞机和陆地装甲车辆发动机。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200785-101">[96]</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B1%E8%99%9F" title="史普尼克1號">第一个人造卫星</a>于1957年发射，由两个单独的铝半球连接在一起组成，随后所有的航天器都在某种程度上使用了铝。<a href="#cite_note-aluminiumleader-89">[85]</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%81%E7%BD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="鋁罐">铝罐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum_can" class="extiw" title="en:Aluminum can">Aluminum can</a>）于1956年发明，1958年用作饮料的容器。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov2007135-102">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Aluminium_-_world_production_trend.svg&lang=en" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aluminium_-_world_production_trend.svg/220px-Aluminium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aluminium_-_world_production_trend.svg/330px-Aluminium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aluminium_-_world_production_trend.svg/440px-Aluminium_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>从1900年开始，铝的产量</figcaption></figure> 在20世纪期间，铝的产量迅速上升：1900年世界铝产量为6800公吨，1916年的年产量首次突破10万吨，1941年突破100万吨，1971年则突破1000万吨。<a href="#cite_note-USGS-96">[92]</a>1970年代，对铝的需求增加使其成为交易商品。它于1978年进入<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="伦敦金属交易所">伦敦金属交易所</a>，这是世界上最古老的工业金属交易所。<a href="#cite_note-aluminiumleader-89">[85]</a>之后铝的产量持续增长：2013年，铝的年产量突破5000万吨。<a href="#cite_note-USGS-96">[92]</a> 铝的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="实际价格（页面不存在）">实际价格</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/real_price" class="extiw" title="en:real price">real price</a>）从1900年的每公吨14000美元下降到1948年的每公吨2340美元（以1998年美元计）。<a href="#cite_note-USGS-96">[92]</a>技术进步和经济规模降低了铝的提取和加工成本。然而，开发低品位、质量较差的矿床的需求以及快速增加的投入成本（主要是能源）的使用增加了铝的净成本，<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi20139-103">[98]</a>铝的实际价格开始了1970年代随着能源成本的上升而增长。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi20139–10-104">[99]</a>铝的生产从工业化国家转移到生产成本较低的国家。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201310-105">[100]</a>由于技术进步、能源价格下降、美元汇率和氧化铝的价格，20世纪后期铝的生产成本发生了变化。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201314–15-106">[101]</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%A0%96%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="金砖国家">金砖国家</a>在初级生产和初级消费中的总份额在2000年代大幅增长。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201317-107">[102]</a>得益于丰富的资源、廉价的能源和政府的刺激，中国占了世界产量特别大的份额。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201320-108">[103]</a>中国的消费份额也从1972年的2%增加到2010年的40%。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201322-109">[104]</a>在美国、西欧和日本，大部分的铝用于运输、工程、建筑和包装。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201323-110">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生产和细化">生产和细化</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：生产和细化">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%93%9D%E4%BA%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国铝产量列表">各国铝产量列表</a></div> 铝的生产从地下提取的<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D%E5%9C%9F%E7%9F%BF" title="铝土矿">铝土矿</a>开始。铝土矿使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E8%80%B3%E6%B3%95" title="拜耳法">拜耳法</a>加工并转化为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氧化铝">氧化铝</a>，然后使用<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%EF%BC%8D%E5%9F%83%E9%B2%81%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="霍尔－埃鲁法">霍尔－埃鲁法</a>加工，从而形成金属铝。 生产铝是高度耗能的，因此铝的生产商倾向于将冶炼厂设在电力充足且价格低廉的地方。<a href="#cite_note-WMP-111">[106]</a>截至 2019 年，全球最大的铝<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E7%82%BC" title="冶炼">冶炼</a>厂位于中国、印度、俄罗斯、加拿大和阿拉伯联合酋长国，<a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[107]</a>而中国是迄今为止最大的铝生产国，占世界份额的 55%。 根据<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="國際資源委員會">国际资源委员会</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%BA%93%E5%AD%98%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会金属库存报告（页面不存在）">社会金属库存报告</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Stocks_in_Society_report" class="extiw" title="en:Metal Stocks in Society report">Metal Stocks in Society report</a>），全球<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%AF%8F%E4%BA%BA" title="平均每人">平均每人</a>在社会中使用的铝（即汽车、建筑、电子产品等）为80公斤（180磅）。<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="拜耳法">拜耳法</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：拜耳法">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E8%80%B3%E6%B3%95" title="拜耳法">拜耳法</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D%E5%9C%9F%E7%9F%BF" title="铝土矿">铝土矿</a>通过拜耳法转化成氧化铝。将铝土矿混合均匀，然后研磨。将得到的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E6%B5%86" class="mw-redirect" title="泥浆">泥浆</a>与热<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%A0" title="氢氧化钠">氢氧化钠</a>溶液混合，然后在远高于大气压的压力下的反应釜中处理混合物。将氢氧化铝溶解在铝土矿中，同时将杂质转化为相对不溶的化合物：<a href="#cite_note-UllmannOxide-114">[109]</a> <div style="padding-left: 3em; padding-right:0em; overflow: hidden;">Al(OH)3 + Na+ + OH− → Na+ + [Al(OH)4]−</div> 在该反应之后，这些泥浆处于高于其常压沸点的温度。随着压力的降低，它通过去除蒸汽来冷却。铝土矿的残留物将从溶液中分离并丢弃。这时，溶液中不含固体，之后以小的氢氧化铝晶体为晶种，使[Al(OH)4]−离子分解成氢氧化铝。在大约一半的铝沉淀后，混合物被送到分级器。之后，收集小的氢氧化铝晶体作为晶种，而粗的氢氧化铝颗粒通过加热转化为氧化铝。多余的溶液将通过蒸发去除，纯化（如果需要），并循环使用。<a href="#cite_note-UllmannOxide-114">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="霍尔－埃鲁法">霍尔－埃鲁法</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：霍尔－埃鲁法">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tovarna_glinice_in_aluminija_Kidri%C4%8Devo_-_kupi_aluminija_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tovarna_glinice_in_aluminija_Kidri%C4%8Devo_-_kupi_aluminija_1968.jpg/170px-Tovarna_glinice_in_aluminija_Kidri%C4%8Devo_-_kupi_aluminija_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tovarna_glinice_in_aluminija_Kidri%C4%8Devo_-_kupi_aluminija_1968.jpg/255px-Tovarna_glinice_in_aluminija_Kidri%C4%8Devo_-_kupi_aluminija_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tovarna_glinice_in_aluminija_Kidri%C4%8Devo_-_kupi_aluminija_1968.jpg/340px-Tovarna_glinice_in_aluminija_Kidri%C4%8Devo_-_kupi_aluminija_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A0%E5%9E%8B" title="擠型">挤型</a>而成的铝坯</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%EF%BC%8D%E5%9F%83%E9%B2%81%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="霍尔－埃鲁法">霍尔－埃鲁法</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D%E7%9A%84%E5%86%B6%E7%82%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铝的冶炼（页面不存在）">铝的冶炼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_smelting" class="extiw" title="en:Aluminium smelting">Aluminium smelting</a>）</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D%E4%BA%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国氧化铝产量列表">各国氧化铝产量列表</a></div> 在把铝土矿转化成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氧化铝">氧化铝</a>之后，可以通过<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%EF%BC%8D%E5%9F%83%E9%B2%81%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="霍尔－埃鲁法">霍尔－埃鲁法</a>变成金属铝。氧化铝、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E6%99%B6%E7%9F%B3" title="冰晶石">冰晶石</a>（Na3AlF6）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E9%92%99" title="氟化钙">氟化钙</a>在950和980 °C（1,740和1,800 °F）的熔融混合物中<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="电解">电解</a>，形成金属铝。液态铝金属会沉到溶液底部并被取出，通常浇铸成称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%9D%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金属坯（页面不存在）">铝坯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bar_stock" class="extiw" title="en:bar stock">bar stock</a>）的大块进一步加工。<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-39">[36]</a> 电解槽的阳极由碳——最耐氟化物腐蚀的材料制成，并在过程中或过程前烘烤。前者（过程中烘烤）也称为 Söderberg 阳极，功率效率较低，并且在烘烤过程中释放的烟雾收集起来成本很高，这就是为什么它们被后者取代的原因，尽管它们节省了预前烘烤阴极的电力、能源和劳动力。用于阳极的碳最好是纯的，这样铝和电解质都不会被灰污染。尽管碳具有抗腐蚀能力，但每生产一千克铝仍以 0.4-0.5 千克的速度消耗碳。电解槽的阴极则是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%83%9F%E7%85%A4" title="无烟煤">无烟煤</a>制成。它们不需要高纯度，因为杂质的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B8%E5%87%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="浸出（页面不存在）">浸出</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)" class="extiw" title="en:Leaching (chemistry)">Leaching (chemistry)</a>）非常缓慢。阴极的消耗率为每千克铝 0.02-0.04 千克。电解槽的电池通常在阴极失效后 2-6 年后终止。<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-39">[36]</a> 霍尔－埃鲁法可以生产纯度超过 99%的铝。继续纯化可以通过<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoopes%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoopes法（页面不存在）">Hoopes法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoopes_process" class="extiw" title="en:Hoopes process">Hoopes process</a>）实现。该过程涉及使用钠、钡和铝的氟化物电解液电解熔融的铝。在这个过程之后，铝的纯度达到 99.99%。<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> 电力约占铝的生产成本的20%至40%，具体取决于冶炼厂的位置。铝的生产消耗了美国大约5%的电力。<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2011-116">[111]</a>因此，人们研究了霍尔－埃鲁法的替代方案，但没有一个在经济上可行。<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-39">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="低温电解法">低温电解法</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：低温电解法">编辑</a>]</div> 通过在电解槽内加入氯化铝（AlCl3)和助熔剂氯酸钾、氯化钙、氯化钠及少量的氯化锂，可以使之形成熔岩体系，让在熔融态下本不导电的氯化铝发生电解，实现较低温度下的电解法冶炼铝。该法也被视为替代电解氧化铝潜在替代，因该法“耗电省，成本低，无环境污染。” <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="阳极反应式">阳极反应式</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：阳极反应式">编辑</a>]</div> 4AlCl4--2e-=2Al2Cl7-+Cl2↑ <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="阴极反应式">阴极反应式</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：阴极反应式">编辑</a>]</div> 4Al2Cl7-+3e-=Al+7AlCl4- <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="资源回收">资源回收</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：资源回收">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waste_bins_recyclable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Waste_bins_recyclable.jpg/220px-Waste_bins_recyclable.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Waste_bins_recyclable.jpg/330px-Waste_bins_recyclable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Waste_bins_recyclable.jpg/440px-Waste_bins_recyclable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>可回收垃圾的垃圾桶和不可回收垃圾的垃圾桶。黄色的垃圾桶标有“aluminum”（铝）字样。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E5%9B%9E%E6%94%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铝的资源回收（页面不存在）">铝的资源回收</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_recycling" class="extiw" title="en:Aluminium recycling">Aluminium recycling</a>）</div> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E5%9B%9E%E6%94%B6" title="資源回收">资源回收</a>金属已成为铝工业的一项重要任务。直到1960年代后期，回收利用一直是一项低调的活动。当时，铝制<a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%AE%E6%96%99%E7%BD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="饮料罐">饮料罐</a>的使用量不断增加，使公众意识到了这一点。<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a>回收涉及熔化废料，这一过程仅需要用于从矿石中生产铝的5%的能量，尽管很大一部分（高达15%的输入材料）会作为灰状氧化物浪费掉。<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a>铝堆熔炉产生的熔渣显着减少，报告值低于 1%。<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> 来自原铝生产和二次回收操作的浮渣仍然含有可工业提取的铝。这个过程生产铝坯以及高度复杂的废料，并且浪费很难管理。它与水反应，释放出混合气体（包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氢气">氢气</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E7%82%94" title="乙炔">乙炔</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" title="氨">氨</a>），与空气接触时会自燃，<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a>与潮湿空气接触会释放大量氨气。尽管存在这些问题，这些废物仍被用作<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%A5%E9%9D%92" class="mw-redirect" title="沥青">沥青</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%87%9D%E5%9C%9F" title="混凝土">混凝土</a>的填充材料。<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="应用">应用</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：应用">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="金属铝">金属铝</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：金属铝">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="铝合金">铝合金</a></div> 铝在 2016年的全球产量为 5880万吨，仅次于<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">铁</a>（12.31亿吨）。<a href="#cite_note-BGS2018-122">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> 铝几乎总是以合金的形式出现，这显着改善了其机械性能，尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E7%81%AB" title="回火">回火</a>时。例如，常见的<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%81%E7%AE%94" class="mw-redirect" title="鋁箔">铝箔</a>和饮料罐都是含有92%～99%铝的合金。<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a>铝主要和<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">铜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">锌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">镁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">锰</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">硅</a>形成合金。<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_can_ring-pull_tab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Drinking_can_ring-pull_tab.jpg/220px-Drinking_can_ring-pull_tab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Drinking_can_ring-pull_tab.jpg/330px-Drinking_can_ring-pull_tab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Drinking_can_ring-pull_tab.jpg/440px-Drinking_can_ring-pull_tab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%81%E7%BD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="鋁罐">铝罐</a></figcaption></figure> 铝金属的主要用途是：<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis199917–24-126">[121]</a> <ul><li>因为密度低，铝可用于制作交通工具（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6" title="汽车">汽车</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="飞机">飞机</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="卡車">卡车</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF%E8%BD%A6%E8%BE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="铁路车辆">铁路车辆</a>、船舶、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%8C%E8%BD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="自行车">自行车</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%99%A8" title="航天器">航天器</a></li></ul> 等）。 <ul><li>因为无毒（见<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#毒性">下</a>）、不易<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E9%99%84" title="吸附">吸附</a>和不易產生<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%8E%E7%89%87" title="碎片">碎片</a>，铝也用于包装（<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%81%E7%BD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="鋁罐">铝罐</a>、箔、框架等）。</li> <li>当需要重量轻、耐腐蚀性或工程特性很重要的情况下，铝也用于建筑和施工（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%97%E6%88%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="窗户">窗户</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%80%E6%89%89" title="門扉">门</a>、建筑电线、护套、屋顶等）。</li> <li>铝可用于与电力相关的用途（导体合金、电动机和发电机、变压器、电容器等），因为它相对便宜、导电性高、具有足够的机械强度和低密度、并且耐腐蚀。</li> <li>从<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%8A%E5%85%B7" title="炊具">炊具</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B7" title="家具">家具</a>，很多家庭物品都是用铝制成的。低密度、美观、易于制造和耐用是铝制物品使用的关键因素。</li> <li>机械设备（加工设备、管道、工具）中也会使用铝，因为它具有耐腐蚀性、不会自燃和足够的机械强度。</li> <li>铝也用于制造便携式电脑机箱。2018年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="苹果公司">苹果公司</a>公开了使用使用过的饮料罐（UBC）材料来包裹其<a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">MacBook Air</a>产品的电子元件。铝可以回收利用，清洁的铝具有剩余的市场价值。<a href="#cite_note-patapp-127">[122]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="铝化合物">铝化合物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：铝化合物">编辑</a>]</div> 大部分（约 90%）的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氧化铝">氧化铝</a>会被转化成金属铝。<a href="#cite_note-UllmannOxide-114">[109]</a>作为一种非常硬的材料（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6" title="莫氏硬度">莫氏硬度</a>9），<a href="#cite_note-Lumley2010-128">[123]</a>氧化铝被广泛用作磨料，<a href="#cite_note-Mortensen2006-129">[124]</a>且因为极度的化学惰性，被用于高反应性环境中，像是高压<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0%E7%81%AF" title="钠灯">钠灯</a>中。<a href="#cite_note-Japan2012-130">[125]</a>氧化铝也用作工业过程的催化剂，<a href="#cite_note-UllmannOxide-114">[109]</a>例如催化<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克劳斯法（页面不存在）">克劳斯法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_process" class="extiw" title="en:Claus process">Claus process</a>）（<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%89%E6%B2%B9%E5%BB%A0" title="煉油廠">炼油厂</a>中将<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="硫化氢">硫化氢</a>转化为硫的反应）。<a href="#cite_note-Slesser1988-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Supp2013-132">[127]</a>许多工业<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82" title="催化剂">催化剂</a>是由氧化铝<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82%E6%8B%85%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="催化剂担体（页面不存在）">负担</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst_support" class="extiw" title="en:Catalyst support">Catalyst support</a>）的，这意味着昂贵的<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82" title="催化剂">催化剂</a>材料会分散在惰性氧化铝的表面上。<a href="#cite_note-ErtlKnözinger2008-133">[128]</a>氧化铝的另一个主要用途是作为干燥剂或吸收剂。<a href="#cite_note-UllmannOxide-114">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-ArmaregoChai2009-134">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulsed_Laser_Deposition_in_Action.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pulsed_Laser_Deposition_in_Action.jpg/170px-Pulsed_Laser_Deposition_in_Action.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pulsed_Laser_Deposition_in_Action.jpg/255px-Pulsed_Laser_Deposition_in_Action.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Pulsed_Laser_Deposition_in_Action.jpg/340px-Pulsed_Laser_Deposition_in_Action.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2782" data-file-height="3952" /></a><figcaption>在基板上激光沉积氧化铝</figcaption></figure> 铝的各种硫酸盐具有工业和商业应用。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%93%9D" title="硫酸铝">硫酸铝</a>的水合物的年生产规模达到了数百万吨。<a href="#cite_note-UllmannInorganic-135">[130]</a>其中，约三分之二的硫酸铝用于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="水处理">水处理</a>。<a href="#cite_note-UllmannInorganic-135">[130]</a>硫酸铝的另一个主要应用是造纸。<a href="#cite_note-UllmannInorganic-135">[130]</a>它还用作媒染剂，用于染色、酸洗种子、为矿物油除臭、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%A3%E5%88%B6" title="鞣制">鞣制</a>皮革，以及生产其他铝化合物。<a href="#cite_note-UllmannInorganic-135">[130]</a>两种矾，<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B5%E6%98%8E%E7%9F%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="铵明矾">铵明矾</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%9F%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="明矾">明矾</a>, 以前用于媒染和皮革鞣制，但随着高纯度硫酸铝的出现，它们的使用量显着下降。<a href="#cite_note-UllmannInorganic-135">[130]</a>无水的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氯化铝">氯化铝</a>在化学和石化工业、染色工业以及合成各种无机和有机化合物中用作催化剂。<a href="#cite_note-UllmannInorganic-135">[130]</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D%E9%85%B8%E9%92%A0" title="铝酸钠">铝酸钠</a>可用于水处理和水泥凝固的促进剂。<a href="#cite_note-UllmannInorganic-135">[130]</a> 许多铝化合物都有应用，例如： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B8%E9%93%9D" class="mw-disambig" title="乙酸铝">乙酸铝</a>的溶液是一类<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E6%95%9B%E5%89%82" class="mw-redirect" title="收敛剂">收敛剂</a>。<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Formulary_2008-136">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%93%9D" title="磷酸铝">磷酸铝</a>可用于制造玻璃、陶瓷、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%B5%86" title="木浆">木浆</a>和纸制品、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%A6%86%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="化妆品">化妆品</a>、油漆、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B9%E5%85%89%E6%BC%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="油光漆（页面不存在）">油光漆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish" class="extiw" title="en:Varnish">Varnish</a>）和牙科<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%B3%A5" title="水泥">水泥</a>。<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氢氧化铝">氢氧化铝</a>是一种<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E9%85%B8%E8%8D%AF" title="抗酸药">抗酸药</a>和媒染剂。它也用于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>净化、玻璃和陶瓷的制造以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%87%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="织物">织物</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E6%B0%B4" title="防水">防水</a>。<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-papich-139">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D%E9%94%82" title="氢化铝锂">氢化铝锂</a>是一种强还原剂，用于<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机化学">有机化学</a>。<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%9D%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机铝化合物">有机铝化合物</a>是一类<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="路易斯酸">路易斯酸</a>和助催化剂。<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%9A%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E9%93%9D%E6%B0%A7%E7%83%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聚甲基铝氧烷（页面不存在）">聚甲基铝氧烷</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylaluminoxane" class="extiw" title="en:Methylaluminoxane">Methylaluminoxane</a>）可用于生产<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF%E5%9F%BA%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乙烯基聚合物（页面不存在）">乙烯基聚合物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_polymer" class="extiw" title="en:Vinyl polymer">Vinyl_polymer</a>），例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="聚乙烯">聚乙烯</a>。<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a></li> <li>水合铝离子（如水合硫酸铝）用于对付鱼类寄生虫，如<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyrodactylus_salaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyrodactylus salaris（页面不存在）">Gyrodactylus salaris</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrodactylus_salaris" class="extiw" title="en:Gyrodactylus salaris">Gyrodactylus salaris</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-AasKlemetsen2011-144">[139]</a></li> <li>在许多<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="疫苗">疫苗</a>中，某些铝盐作为<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E4%BD%90%E5%89%82" title="免疫佐剂">免疫佐剂</a>（免疫反应增强剂），使疫苗中的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a>发挥足够的免疫刺激作用。<a href="#cite_note-Singh2007-145">[140]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="对人体的影响">对人体的影响</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：对人体的影响">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_absorption_by_skin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Al_absorption_by_skin.jpg/290px-Al_absorption_by_skin.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Al_absorption_by_skin.jpg/435px-Al_absorption_by_skin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Al_absorption_by_skin.jpg/580px-Al_absorption_by_skin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>人体皮肤吸收铝的示意图。<a href="#cite_note-health1-146">[141]</a></figcaption></figure> 尽管铝广泛存在于地壳，它没有已知的生物作用。<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-39">[36]</a>在pH值 6-9（大多数天然水的pH值）时，铝会以氢氧化物的形式从水中沉淀出来，因此无法使用。大多数具有这种行为的元素没有生物作用，或是有毒。<a href="#cite_note-wou-147">[142]</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%93%9D" title="硫酸铝">硫酸铝</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%95%B8%E8%87%B4%E6%AD%BB%E9%87%8F" title="半數致死量">LD50</a>为6207 mg/kg（小鼠，口服），相当于一个70公斤（150磅）的人的半数致死量为435克，<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-39">[36]</a>尽管致死性和神经毒性的含义不同。<a href="#cite_note-shaw14-148">[143]</a>Andrási 等人发现，阿尔茨海默病症患者的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8D%E6%AA%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="屍檢">尸检</a>与没有阿尔茨海默症的受试者比较时，某些大脑区域的铝含量“显着更高”。<a href="#cite_note-andrasi04-149">[144]</a>铝会和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E7%94%98%E8%86%A6" title="草甘膦">草甘膦</a>写成<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%AF%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="螯合物">螯合物</a>。<a href="#cite_note-purgel09-150">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="毒性">毒性</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：毒性">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="美国卫生与公共服务部">美国卫生与公共服务部</a>将铝归类为非致癌物质。<a href="#cite_note-Piero3-151">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[f]</a>1988年发表的一篇评论说，几乎没有证据表明正常接触铝会对健康成人构成风险，<a href="#cite_note-gitelman88-155">[149]</a>2014年的多元素毒理学审查则未能发现每公斤<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E9%87%8D" title="体重">体重</a>消耗量不超过40毫克/天的铝的有害影响。<a href="#cite_note-Piero3-151">[146]</a>大多数消耗的铝会留在粪便中，进入血液的小部分铝大部分将通过尿液排出。<a href="#cite_note-atsdr-156">[150]</a>尽管如此，一些铝确实可以通过血脑屏障，并优先留在阿尔茨海默病患者的大脑中。<a href="#cite_note-xu92-157">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-yumoto09-158">[152]</a>1989年发表的证据似乎表明，对于阿尔茨海默病患者，铝可能通过<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%94%B5" title="静电">静电</a>与蛋白质<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E9%8F%88%E6%8E%A5" title="交叉鏈接">交叉链接</a>，从而调降<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%9E%E4%B8%8A%E5%9B%9E" title="颞上回">颞上回</a>中的基因。<a href="#cite_note-mclachlan15-159">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="效果">效果</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：效果">编辑</a>]</div> 虽然很少见，但铝会导致维生素D抗性的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E8%B4%A8%E8%BD%AF%E5%8C%96" title="骨质软化">骨质软化</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%83%E7%BA%A2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="促红细胞生成素">促红细胞生成素</a>抗性的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%AB%E8%A1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小细胞性贫血（页面不存在）">小细胞性贫血</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcytic_anemia" class="extiw" title="en:Microcytic anemia">Microcytic anemia</a>）和中枢神经系统改变。肾功能不全的人尤其处于危险之中。<a href="#cite_note-Piero3-151">[146]</a>长期摄入水合硅酸铝（用于控制胃酸过多）可能会导致铝与肠内容物结合，并增加其他金属的排除，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">铁</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">锌</a>。足够高的铝（>50克/天）会导致贫血。<a href="#cite_note-Piero3-151">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_transport_across_human_cells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Al_transport_across_human_cells.jpg/290px-Al_transport_across_human_cells.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Al_transport_across_human_cells.jpg/435px-Al_transport_across_human_cells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Al_transport_across_human_cells.jpg/580px-Al_transport_across_human_cells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>人体吸收的铝主要有五种形式：游离的溶剂化三价阳离子（Al3+(aq)），低分子量、中性的可溶配合物（LMW-Al0(aq)），高分子量、中性的可溶配合物（HMW-Al0(aq)），低分子量、带电的可溶配合物（LMW-Al(L)n+/−(aq)）和纳米微粒（Al(L)n(s)）。它们通过五个主要途径跨越细胞膜或细胞外层/<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E7%9A%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="内皮">内皮</a>运输：（1）<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%97%81%E8%BF%90%E8%BE%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="细胞旁运输（页面不存在）">细胞旁运输</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/paracellular" class="extiw" title="en:paracellular">paracellular</a>）、（2）<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%A8%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%BF%90%E8%BE%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="跨细胞运输（页面不存在）">跨细胞运输</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/transcellular" class="extiw" title="en:transcellular">transcellular</a>）、（3）<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8" title="主動運輸">主动运输</a>、（4）离子通道和（5）吸附或受体介导的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%90%9E%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="內吞作用">内吞作用</a>。<a href="#cite_note-health1-146">[141]</a></figcaption></figure> 在1988年<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E5%B0%94%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%B0%B4%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡姆尔福德水污染事件（页面不存在）">卡姆尔福德水污染事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelford_water_pollution_incident" class="extiw" title="en:Camelford water pollution incident">Camelford water pollution incident</a>）期间，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E7%88%BE%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7" title="卡姆爾福德">卡姆尔福德</a>的人们的饮用水被<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%93%9D" title="硫酸铝">硫酸铝</a>污染了几个星期。2013年对该事件的最终报告得出结论，这不太可能导致长期的健康问题。<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> 铝被怀疑是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔茨海默病">阿尔茨海默病</a>的可能原因，<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a>但四十多年来对此的研究发现，截至2018年 (2018-Missing required parameter 1=month!)<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit">[update]</a>，没有很好的因果关系证据。<a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> 在实验室培养的人类<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="乳腺癌">乳腺癌</a>细胞中，铝会增加与<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="雌激素">雌激素</a>相关的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E9%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="基因表達">基因表达</a>。<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a>在非常高的剂量下，铝与血脑屏障的功能改变有关。<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a>一小部分的人<a href="#cite_note-BinghamCohrssen2012-166">[160]</a>接触铝会<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%95%8F" title="过敏">过敏</a>，并在接触含铝产品后出现发痒的红疹、头痛、肌肉疼痛、关节痛、记忆力差、失眠、抑郁、哮喘、肠易激综合征或其他症状。<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> 接触铝粉或铝焊接的烟雾会导致<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E5%8C%96" title="肺纤维化">肺纤维化</a>。<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a>细铝粉会燃烧或爆炸，构成另一种工作场所的危险。<a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="接触途径">接触途径</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：接触途径">编辑</a>]</div> 食物是铝的主要来源。饮用水比固体食物含有更多的铝。<a href="#cite_note-Piero3-151">[146]</a>然而，食物中的铝可能比从水中吸收的铝更多。<a href="#cite_note-Yokel2008-171">[165]</a>人类口服铝的主要来源包括食物（由于其用于食品添加剂、食品和饮料包装以及炊具）、饮用水（由于其用于市政水处理）和含铝药物（特别是抗酸药、抗溃疡和缓冲阿司匹林制剂）。<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a>欧洲人铝的膳食暴露平均为 0.2–1.5 毫克/公斤/周，但可能高达 2.3 毫克/公斤/周。<a href="#cite_note-Piero3-151">[146]</a>较高的铝暴露水平主要限于矿工、铝生产工人和<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E6%9E%90" title="透析">透析</a>患者。<a href="#cite_note-enviroliteracy-173">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E9%85%B8%E8%8D%AF" title="抗酸药">抗酸药</a>、止汗剂、<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="疫苗">疫苗</a>和化妆品的消费提供了可能的铝接触途径。<a href="#cite_note-ChenThyssen2018-174">[168]</a>食用含铝的酸性食物或液体可增强铝的吸收<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a>，而<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E8%8A%BD%E9%85%9A" title="麦芽酚">麦芽酚</a>已被证明可以增加铝在神经和骨组织中的积累。<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="治疗">治疗</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：治疗">编辑</a>]</div> 如果怀疑突然摄入大量铝，唯一的治疗方法是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E7%A3%BA%E9%85%B8%E5%8E%BB%E9%93%81%E8%83%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甲磺酸去铁胺（页面不存在）">甲磺酸去铁胺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferoxamine" class="extiw" title="en:Deferoxamine">Deferoxamine</a>），可以通过<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%AF%E5%90%88" class="mw-redirect" title="螯合">螯合</a>从体内清除铝。<a href="#cite_note-Toxicity-177">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a>但是应谨慎使用，因为这不仅会降低铝体含量，还会降低其他金属（例如铜或铁）的含量。<a href="#cite_note-Toxicity-177">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="对环境的影响">对环境的影响</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：对环境的影响">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg/220px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg/330px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg/440px-Luftaufnahmen_Nordseekueste_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3443" data-file-height="2287" /></a><figcaption>位于德国<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E5%A1%94%E5%BE%B7" title="施塔德">施塔德</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A2%E6%B3%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="红泥（页面不存在）">红泥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite_tailings" class="extiw" title="en:Bauxite tailings">Bauxite tailings</a>）存储设施。铝工业每年产生约7000万吨这种废物。</figcaption></figure> 矿区附近的铝含量很高，少量的铝则在燃煤发电厂或<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%9A%E5%8C%96%E7%88%90" title="焚化爐">焚化炉</a>中释放到环境中。<a href="#cite_note-ATSDR_Public_Health-179">[173]</a>空气中的铝通常会沉淀下来，或被雨水冲走，但小颗粒的铝会长时间留在空气中。<a href="#cite_note-ATSDR_Public_Health-179">[173]</a> 酸性<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E6%B7%80" title="沉淀">沉淀</a>是从天然来源中调动铝的主要自然因素<a href="#cite_note-Piero3-151">[146]</a>，也是铝对环境产生影响的主要原因。<a href="#cite_note-RosselandEldhuset1990-180">[174]</a>然而，盐水和淡水中铝存在的主要因素是工业过程将铝释放到空气中。<a href="#cite_note-Piero3-151">[146]</a> 当水呈酸性时，铝会成为用<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%83" title="鳃">鳃</a>呼吸的动物（如<a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%BC" title="鱼">鱼</a>）的毒剂，其中铝可能会沉淀在鳃上，<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a>这会导致<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B5%86" title="血浆">血浆</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4" title="血淋巴">血淋巴</a>离子的损失，从而导致<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%97%E9%80%8F%E8%B0%83%E8%8A%82" title="渗透调节">渗透调节</a>失败。<a href="#cite_note-RosselandEldhuset1990-180">[174]</a>铝的有机配合物可能很容易被吸收，并干扰哺乳动物和鸟类的新陈代谢，尽管这实际上很少发生。<a href="#cite_note-RosselandEldhuset1990-180">[174]</a> 虽然铝在<a href="/wiki/PH%E5%80%BC" title="PH值">pH值</a>中性土壤中难溶并且对植物一般是无害的，但它在<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="酸性">酸性</a>土壤中是减缓植物生长的首要因素。在酸性土壤中，Al3+<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B3%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="阳离子">阳离子</a>浓度会升高，并影响植物的根部生长和功能。<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a>绝大多数酸性土壤中铝（而不是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氢</a>）是饱和的。因此，土壤的酸度来源于铝化合物的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%A7%A3" title="水解">水解</a>。<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a>“修正石灰位”的概念<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a>是用来定义土壤中碱饱和的程度。在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤测试（页面不存在）">土壤测试</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_test" class="extiw" title="en:Soil test">Soil test</a>）实验室中，这个概念成为了确定土壤的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9C%E7%94%A8%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="农用石灰（页面不存在）">石灰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_lime" class="extiw" title="en:Agricultural lime">Agricultural lime</a>）需求”<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a>的测试程序的基础。<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A6" title="小麦">小麦</a>对铝具有<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="适应">适应</a>耐受性，会释放<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机化合物">有机化合物</a>，与有害的铝<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B3%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="阳离子">阳离子</a>结合。<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%B2%B1" title="高粱">高粱</a>被认为具有相同的耐受机制。<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> 铝在生产过程的每一步都对环境是挑战。它的主要挑战是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%A4%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93%E6%8E%92%E6%94%BE" title="温室气体排放">温室气体排放</a>。<a href="#cite_note-enviroliteracy-173">[167]</a>这些气体来自冶炼厂的电力消耗和加工副产品。其中，最持久的是来自冶炼过程的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="碳氟化合物">碳氟化合物</a>。<a href="#cite_note-enviroliteracy-173">[167]</a>它产生的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%AB" title="二氧化硫">二氧化硫</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E9%9B%A8" title="酸雨">酸雨</a>的主要前体之一。<a href="#cite_note-enviroliteracy-173">[167]</a> 一份来自2001年的西班牙科学报告声称真菌<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9C%B0%E9%BB%B4" title="白地黴">白地黴</a>会消耗<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%A2%9F" title="光碟">光碟</a>中的铝。<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a>其他报告都参考了该报告，并且没有支持原始研究。更好的记录表明，细菌<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C%E7%BB%BF%E5%81%87%E5%8D%95%E8%83%9E%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="铜绿假单胞菌">铜绿假单胞菌</a>和真菌<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9D%E5%AD%A2%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="枝孢菌">枝孢菌</a>通常在使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E6%B2%B9" title="煤油">煤油</a>燃料（不是<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%B1%BD%E6%B2%B9" title="航空汽油">航空汽油</a>）的飞机油箱中检测到。实验室的培养物可以降解铝。<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a>然而，这些生命形式不会直接攻击或消耗铝；相反，金属铝会被微生物的废物腐蚀。<a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见">参见</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：参见">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="铝合金">铝合金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氢氧化铝">氢氧化铝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%90" title="易拉罐">易拉罐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D%E7%AE%94%E7%BA%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="铝箔纸">铝箔纸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%93%9D%E4%BA%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国铝产量列表">各国铝产量列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%9D" title="氧化铝">氧化铝</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释">注释</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：注释">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> 只有少數原子序是奇数的元素有超过两个稳定同位素，而原子序为偶数的元素具有多种稳定同位素，锡（元素50）在所有元素中的稳定同位素数量最多，有十个。唯一的例外是<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">铍</a>，它的原子序是偶数但只有一种稳定同位素。<a href="#cite_note-IAEA-24">[24]</a>参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%87%E6%95%B0%E5%92%8C%E5%81%B6%E6%95%B0%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奇数和偶数原子核（页面不存在）">奇数和偶数原子核</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei" class="extiw" title="en:Even and odd atomic nuclei">Even and odd atomic nuclei</a>）来获得更多详情。 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> 大多数其它金属具有更大的标准原子量：例如，铁的原子量是55.8、铜63.5、铅207.2。 <a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2013-27">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> 事实上，铝的电正性、对氧的高亲和力和高负值的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E7%94%B5%E6%9E%81%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%BF" title="标准电极电势">标准电极电势</a>都与<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">钪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">钇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">镧</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">锕</a>相似，它们像铝一样在惰性气体核心外具有三个价电子，显示出连续的趋势。然而，硼族元素的趋势被镓添加的 d壳层和由此产生的<a href="/w/index.php?title=D%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E6%94%B6%E7%BC%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D区块收缩（页面不存在）">d区块收缩</a>和铊添加的 f壳层以及由此产生的<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7%E7%B3%BB%E6%94%B6%E7%BC%A9" title="镧系收缩">镧系收缩</a>打破。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997224–227-32">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> 来源中的丰度是相对于硅而不是按粒子表示法列出的。在定义硅为106时，所有元素的总和为 2.6682×1010，其中铝就是其中的 8.410×104。 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> 比较USGS给出的铝<a href="#cite_note-USGS-96">[92]</a>和铜<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Copper-97">[93]</a>的年产量 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> 虽然铝本身不致癌，但<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" title="国际癌症研究机构">国际癌症研究机构</a>特别指出Söderberg铝生产，<a href="#cite_note-worldcat-152">[147]</a>可能是由于暴露于多环芳香烃。<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料">参考资料</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：参考资料">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. 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Light Alloys: Metallurgy of the Light Metals 3. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Butterworth-Heinemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butterworth-Heinemann（页面不存在）">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. 1995. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-340-63207-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-340-63207-9">ISBN 978-0-340-63207-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=I.J.&rft.aulast=Polmear&rft.btitle=Light+Alloys%3A+Metallurgy+of+the+Light+Metals&rft.date=1995&rft.edition=3&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-340-63207-9&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Cardarelli_2008_p158-163-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cardarelli_2008_p158-163_12-0">12.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardarelli_2008_p158-163_12-1">12.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cardarelli_2008_p158-163_12-2">12.2</a> <cite class="citation book">Cardarelli, François. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/materialshandboo00card">Materials handbook : a concise desktop reference</a> 2nd. London: Springer. 2008: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/materialshandboo00card/page/n194">158</a>–163. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84628-669-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84628-669-8">ISBN 978-1-84628-669-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/261324602">OCLC 261324602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aulast=Cardarelli&rft.btitle=Materials+handbook+%3A+a+concise+desktop+reference&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84628-669-8&rft.pages=158-163&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaterialshandboo00card&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F261324602&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19994-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis19994_13-0">13.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis19994_13-1">13.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1999">Davis 1999</a>，第4頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis19992–3-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis19992–3_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1999">Davis 1999</a>，第2–3頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cochran, J.F.; Mapother, D.E. Superconducting Transition in Aluminum. <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a>. 1958, 111 (1): 132–142. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958PhRv..111..132C">Bibcode:1958PhRv..111..132C</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.111.132">doi:10.1103/PhysRev.111.132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Superconducting+Transition+in+Aluminum&rft.au=Mapother%2C+D.E.&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft.aulast=Cochran&rft.date=1958&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.pages=132-142&rft.volume=111&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958PhRv..111..132C&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.111.132&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz20066-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz20066_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitz2006">Schmitz 2006</a>，第6頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz2006161-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz2006161_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitz2006">Schmitz 2006</a>，第161頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.2-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean19994.2_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean1999">Dean 1999</a>，第4.2頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.6-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean19994.6_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean1999">Dean 1999</a>，第4.6頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.29-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean19994.29_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean1999">Dean 1999</a>，第4.29頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean19994.30-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean19994.30_21-0">21.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean19994.30_21-1">21.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean1999">Dean 1999</a>，第4.30頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-Enghag2008-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Enghag2008_22-0">22.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enghag2008_22-1">22.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Enghag, Per. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUmTX8yKU4gC">Encyclopedia of the Elements: Technical Data – History – Processing – Applications</a>. 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Elsevier. 2004 [French edition published 1999]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-08-044495-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-08-044495-6">ISBN 978-0-08-044495-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521212331/https://books.google.com/books?id=NAABS5KrVDYC&pg=PA81">存档</a>于2016-05-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.aulast=Vargel&rft.btitle=Corrosion+of+Aluminium&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044495-6&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNAABS5KrVDYC%26pg%3DPA81&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Macleod, H.A. Thin-film optical filters. CRC Press. 2001: 158159. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7503-0688-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7503-0688-1">ISBN 978-0-7503-0688-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=H.A.&rft.aulast=Macleod&rft.btitle=Thin-film+optical+filters&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7503-0688-1&rft.pages=158159&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_39-0">36.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_39-1">36.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_39-2">36.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_39-3">36.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_39-4">36.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_39-5">36.5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_39-6">36.6</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_39-7">36.7</a> <cite class="citation book">Frank, W.B. 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Wiley-VCH. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-527-30673-2">ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a01_459.pub2">doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_459.pub2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Aluminum&rft.aufirst=W.B.&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a01_459.pub2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Beal1999-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beal1999_40-0">37.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beal1999_40-1">37.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Beal, Roy E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Askwi3lXdlcC&pg=PA90">Engine Coolant Testing : Fourth Volume</a>. ASTM International. 1999: 90. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8031-2610-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8031-2610-7">ISBN 978-0-8031-2610-7</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424071051/https://books.google.com/books?id=Askwi3lXdlcC&pg=PA90">存档</a>于24 April 2016）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=Roy+E.&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.btitle=Engine+Coolant+Testing+%3A+Fourth+Volume&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8031-2610-7&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAskwi3lXdlcC%26pg%3DPA90&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237_41-0">38.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237_41-1">38.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237_41-2">38.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997233–237_41-3">38.3</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>，第233–237頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Eastaugh, Nicholas; Walsh, Valentine; Chaplin, Tracey; Siddall, Ruth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MYAABAAAQBAJ&q=Aluminium+forms+one+stable+oxide,+known+by+its+mineral+name+corundum&pg=PA14">Pigment Compendium</a>. Routledge. 2008 [2020-10-01]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-136-37393-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-136-37393-0">ISBN 978-1-136-37393-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415083327/https://books.google.com/books?id=MYAABAAAQBAJ&q=Aluminium+forms+one+stable+oxide,+known+by+its+mineral+name+corundum&pg=PA14">存档</a>于2021-04-15） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.au=Chaplin%2C+Tracey&rft.au=Siddall%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Valentine&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.aulast=Eastaugh&rft.btitle=Pigment+Compendium&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-136-37393-0&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMYAABAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAluminium%2Bforms%2Bone%2Bstable%2Boxide%2C%2Bknown%2Bby%2Bits%2Bmineral%2Bname%2Bcorundum%26pg%3DPA14&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Roscoe, Henry Enfield; Schorlemmer, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2NZAAAAYAAJ&q=Aluminium+forms+one+stable+oxide,+known+by+its+mineral+name+corundum&pg=PA718">A treatise on chemistry</a>. Macmillan. 1913 [2020-10-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415111928/https://books.google.com/books?id=X2NZAAAAYAAJ&q=Aluminium+forms+one+stable+oxide,+known+by+its+mineral+name+corundum&pg=PA718">存档</a>于2021-04-15） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.au=Schorlemmer%2C+Carl&rft.aufirst=Henry+Enfield&rft.aulast=Roscoe&rft.btitle=A+treatise+on+chemistry&rft.date=1913&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX2NZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DAluminium%2Bforms%2Bone%2Bstable%2Boxide%2C%2Bknown%2Bby%2Bits%2Bmineral%2Bname%2Bcorundum%26pg%3DPA718&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997252–257-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997252–257_44-0">41.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997252–257_44-1">41.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>，第252–257頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Downs, A. 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Springer Science & Business Media. 1993: 218 [2020-10-01]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7514-0103-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7514-0103-5">ISBN 978-0-7514-0103-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415115039/https://books.google.com/books?id=v-04Kn758yIC&q=intermetallic+aluminium&pg=PA218">存档</a>于2021-04-15） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Aluminium%2C+Gallium%2C+Indium+and+Thallium&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7514-0103-5&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-04Kn758yIC%26q%3Dintermetallic%2Baluminium%26pg%3DPA218&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-al1-46"><a href="#cite_ref-al1_46-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Dohmeier, C.; Loos, D.; Schnöckel, H. Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions. <a href="/wiki/Angewandte_Chemie_International_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Angewandte Chemie International Edition">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</a>. 1996, 35 (2): 129–149. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.199601291">doi:10.1002/anie.199601291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Aluminum%28I%29+and+Gallium%28I%29+Compounds%3A+Syntheses%2C+Structures%2C+and+Reactions&rft.au=Loos%2C+D.&rft.au=Schn%C3%B6ckel%2C+H.&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.aulast=Dohmeier&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.pages=129-149&rft.volume=35&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.199601291&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Tyte, D.C. Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 1964, 202 (4930): 383–384. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964Natur.202..383T">Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4163250">S2CID 4163250</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F202383a0">doi:10.1038/202383a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Red+%28B2%CE%A0%E2%80%93A2%CF%83%29+Band+System+of+Aluminium+Monoxide&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rft.aulast=Tyte&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4930&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=383-384&rft.volume=202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4163250&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964Natur.202..383T&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F202383a0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Merrill, P.W.; Deutsch, A.J.; Keenan, P.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1962-07_136_1/page/21">Absorption Spectra of M-Type Mira Variables</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 1962, 136: 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962ApJ...136...21M">Bibcode:1962ApJ...136...21M</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F147348">doi:10.1086/147348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Absorption+Spectra+of+M-Type+Mira+Variables&rft.au=Deutsch%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Keenan%2C+P.C.&rft.aufirst=P.W.&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.date=1962&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.pages=21&rft.volume=136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_astrophysical-journal_1962-07_136_1%2Fpage%2F21&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962ApJ...136...21M&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F147348&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Uhl, W. 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Advances in Organometallic Chemistry 51. 2004: 53–108. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-12-031151-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-12-031151-4">ISBN 978-0-12-031151-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-3055%2803%2951002-4">doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Organoelement+Compounds+Possessing+Al%26ndash%3BAl%2C+Ga%26ndash%3BGa%2C+In%26ndash%3BIn%2C+and+Tl%26ndash%3BTl+Single+Bonds&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=Uhl&rft.btitle=Organoelement+Compounds+Possessing+Al%E2%80%93Al%2C+Ga%E2%80%93Ga%2C+In%E2%80%93In%2C+and+Tl%E2%80%93Tl+Single+Bonds&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-12-031151-4&rft.pages=53-108&rft.series=Advances+in+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-3055%2803%2951002-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Elschenbroich, C. Organometallics. Wiley-VCH. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-527-29390-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-527-29390-2">ISBN 978-3-527-29390-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.aulast=Elschenbroich&rft.btitle=Organometallics&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-527-29390-2&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997257–67-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997257–67_51-0">48.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997257–67_51-1">48.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>，第257–67頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Smith, Martin B. The monomer-dimer equilibria of liquid aluminum alkyls. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 1970, 22 (2): 273–281. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-328X%2800%2986043-X">doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)86043-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=The+monomer-dimer+equilibria+of+liquid+aluminum+alkyls&rft.aufirst=Martin+B.&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.pages=273-281&rft.volume=22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-328X%2800%2986043-X&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997227–232-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997227–232_53-0">50.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997227–232_53-1">50.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>，第227–232頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lodders-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lodders_54-0">51.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lodders_54-1">51.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lodders, K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solarsystem.wustl.edu/wp-content/uploads/reprints/2003/Lodders%202003%20ApJ%20Elemental%20abundances.pdf">Solar System abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 2003, 591 (2): 1220–1247 [2018-06-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...591.1220L">Bibcode:2003ApJ...591.1220L</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">ISSN 0004-637X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F375492">doi:10.1086/375492</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412090136/http://solarsystem.wustl.edu/wp-content/uploads/reprints/2003/Lodders%202003%20ApJ%20Elemental%20abundances.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2019-04-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Solar+System+abundances+and+condensation+temperatures+of+the+elements&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.aulast=Lodders&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.pages=1220-1247&rft.volume=591&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.wustl.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Freprints%2F2003%2FLodders%25202003%2520ApJ%2520Elemental%2520abundances.pdf&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ApJ...591.1220L&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F375492&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayton-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_56-0">52.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_56-1">52.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_56-2">52.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_56-3">52.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_56-4">52.4</a> <cite class="citation book">Clayton, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/609856530">Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos : Hydrogen to Gallium.</a>. Leiden: Cambridge University Press. 2003: 129–137 [2020-09-13]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-511-67305-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-511-67305-4">ISBN 978-0-511-67305-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/609856530">OCLC 609856530</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611060733/https://www.worldcat.org/title/handbook-of-isotopes-in-the-cosmos-hydrogen-to-gallium/oclc/609856530">存档</a>于2021-06-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Isotopes+in+the+Cosmos+%3A+Hydrogen+to+Gallium.&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-511-67305-4&rft.pages=129-137&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F609856530&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F609856530&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-mit1-57"><a href="#cite_ref-mit1_57-0">^</a> William F McDonough <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928074153/http://quake.mit.edu/hilstgroup/CoreMantle/EarthCompo.pdf">The composition of the Earth</a>. quake.mit.edu, archived by the Internet Archive Wayback Machine. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997217–9-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997217–9_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>，第217–9頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-WadeBanister2016-59"><a href="#cite_ref-WadeBanister2016_59-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Wade, K.; Banister, A.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwNPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1049">The Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium: Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry</a>. Elsevier. 2016: 1049 [2018-06-17]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4831-5322-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4831-5322-3">ISBN 978-1-4831-5322-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130020257/https://books.google.com/books?id=QwNPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1049">存档</a>于2019-11-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.au=Banister%2C+A.J.&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Aluminium%2C+Gallium%2C+Indium+and+Thallium%3A+Comprehensive+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4831-5322-3&rft.pages=1049&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQwNPDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1049&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Palme, H.; O'Neill, Hugh St. C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geol.umd.edu/~mcdonoug/KITP%20Website%20for%20Bill/papers/Earth_Models/3.1%20Palme%20&%20O'Neill%20Primative%20mantle%20(1).pdf">Cosmochemical Estimates of Mantle Composition</a> (PDF). Carlson, Richard W. (编). The Mantle and Core. Elseiver. 2005: 14 [2021-06-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210403101355/https://www.geol.umd.edu/~mcdonoug/KITP%20Website%20for%20Bill/papers/Earth_Models/3.1%20Palme%20%26%20O%27Neill%20Primative%20mantle%20%281%29.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2021-04-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Cosmochemical+Estimates+of+Mantle+Composition&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+Hugh+St.+C.&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.aulast=Palme&rft.btitle=The+Mantle+and+Core&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Elseiver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geol.umd.edu%2F~mcdonoug%2FKITP%2520Website%2520for%2520Bill%2Fpapers%2FEarth_Models%2F3.1%2520Palme%2520%26%2520O%27Neill%2520Primative%2520mantle%2520%281%29.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Downs, A.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-04Kn758yIC&pg=PA17">Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. 1993 [2017-06-14]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7514-0103-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7514-0103-5">ISBN 978-0-7514-0103-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725044500/https://books.google.com/books?id=v-04Kn758yIC&pg=PA17">存档</a>于2020-07-25） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Aluminium%2C+Gallium%2C+Indium+and+Thallium&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7514-0103-5&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-04Kn758yIC%26pg%3DPA17&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-KotzTreichel2012-62"><a href="#cite_ref-KotzTreichel2012_62-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kotz, John C.; Treichel, Paul M.; Townsend, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eUwJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA300">Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity</a>. Cengage Learning. 2012: 300 [2018-06-17]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-133-42007-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-133-42007-1">ISBN 978-1-133-42007-1</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222050939/https://books.google.com/books?id=eUwJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA300">存档</a>于2019-12-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.au=Townsend%2C+John&rft.au=Treichel%2C+Paul+M.&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.aulast=Kotz&rft.btitle=Chemistry+and+Chemical+Reactivity&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-133-42007-1&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeUwJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA300&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Barthelmy, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmineral.com/data/Aluminum.shtml">Aluminum Mineral Data</a>. 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Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 2011, 40 (1): 363–370. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JAESc..40..363C">Bibcode:2011JAESc..40..363C</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jseaes.2010.06.006">doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.06.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Characteristics+and+possible+origin+of+native+aluminum+in+cold+seep+sediments+from+the+northeastern+South+China+Sea&rft.au=Chen%2C+Muhong&rft.au=Chien%2C+Chih-Wei&rft.au=Huang%2C+Chi-Yue&rft.au=Lin%2C+Saulwood&rft.au=Machiyama%2C+Hideaki&rft.au=Yan%2C+Wen&rft.au=Yang%2C+Huaping&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Meixun&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Earth+Sciences&rft.pages=363-370&rft.volume=40&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JAESc..40..363C&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jseaes.2010.06.006&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Guilbert, J.F.; Park, C.F. 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Mineral Commodities Summaries. 2018 [2018-06-17]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311202117/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bauxite/mcs-2018-bauxi.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2018-03-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.au=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.btitle=Bauxite+and+alumina&rft.date=2018&rft.genre=unknown&rft.series=Mineral+Commodities+Summaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fbauxite%2Fmcs-2018-bauxi.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200712-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200712_67-0">63.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200712_67-1">63.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>，第12頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-ClaphamPower1941-68"><a href="#cite_ref-ClaphamPower1941_68-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Clapham, John Harold; Power, Eileen Edna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gBw9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA682">The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: From the Decline of the Roman Empire</a>. CUP Archive. 1941: 207. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-08710-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-08710-0">ISBN 978-0-521-08710-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.au=Power%2C+Eileen+Edna&rft.aufirst=John+Harold&rft.aulast=Clapham&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+Europe%3A+From+the+Decline+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.date=1941&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08710-0&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgBw9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA682&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200716-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200716_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>，第16頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Setton, Kenneth M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DUwLAAAAIAAJ">The papacy and the Levant: 1204-1571. 1 The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries</a>. American Philosophical Society. 1976. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-87169-127-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-87169-127-9">ISBN 978-0-87169-127-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/165383496">OCLC 165383496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.btitle=The+papacy+and+the+Levant%3A+1204-1571.+1+The+thirteenth+and+fourteenth+centuries&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-127-9&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_DUwLAAAAIAAJ&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F165383496&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200725-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200725_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>，第25頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks1968-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Weeks1968_72-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Weeks, Mary Elvira. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s6kPAQAAMAAJ">Discovery of the elements</a> 1 7. Journal of chemical education. 1968: 187. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780608300177" title="Special:网络书源/9780608300177">ISBN 9780608300177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+elements&rft.date=1968&rft.edition=7&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780608300177&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Journal+of+chemical+education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds6kPAQAAMAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards18962-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards18962_73-0">69.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards18962_73-1">69.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards1896">Richards 1896</a>，第2頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards18963-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards18963_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards1896">Richards 1896</a>，第3頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-Davy1808-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Davy1808_75-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Davy, Humphry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kg9GAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA353">Electro Chemical Researches, on the Decomposition of the Earths; with Observations on the Metals obtained from the alkaline Earths, and on the Amalgam procured from Ammonia</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 1808, 98: 353 [2009-12-10]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1808RSPT...98..333D">Bibcode:1808RSPT...98..333D</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0023">doi:10.1098/rstl.1808.0023</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415111945/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kg9GAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA353">存档</a>于2021-04-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Electro+Chemical+Researches%2C+on+the+Decomposition+of+the+Earths%3B+with+Observations+on+the+Metals+obtained+from+the+alkaline+Earths%2C+and+on+the+Amalgam+procured+from+Ammonia&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.date=1808&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.pages=353&rft.volume=98&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKg9GAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA353&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1808RSPT...98..333D&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0023&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation conference">Örsted, H. 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Popp. 1827: xxv–xxvi [2016-03-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324064522/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2BFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR25">存档</a>于2017-03-24） （丹麦语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.au=Royal+Danish+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Letters&rft.btitle=Det+Kongelige+Danske+Videnskabernes+Selskabs+philosophiske+og+historiske+afhandlinger&rft.date=1827&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=xxv-xxvi&rft.pub=Popp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2BFAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR25&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-woehler-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-woehler_78-0">74.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-woehler_78-1">74.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wöhler, Friedrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4433551;view=1up;seq=162">Ueber das Aluminium</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annalen_der_Physik_und_Chemie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annalen der Physik und Chemie（页面不存在）">Annalen der Physik und Chemie</a>. 2. 1827, 11 (9): 146–161 [2016-03-11]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1828AnP....87..146W">Bibcode:1828AnP....87..146W</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18270870912">doi:10.1002/andp.18270870912</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611060735/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4433551&view=1up&seq=162">存档</a>于2021-06-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Ueber+das+Aluminium&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft.aulast=W%C3%B6hler&rft.date=1827&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&rft.pages=146-161&rft.volume=11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b4433551%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D162&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1828AnP....87..146W&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18270870912&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200736-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200736_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>，第36頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FontaniCosta2014-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FontaniCosta2014_80-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck9jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side</a>. Oxford University Press. 2014: 30. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-938334-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-938334-4">ISBN 978-0-19-938334-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.au=Costa%2C+Mariagrazia&rft.au=Orna%2C+Mary+Virginia&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.aulast=Fontani&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Elements%3A+The+Periodic+Table%27s+Shadow+Side&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938334-4&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCk9jBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Venetski-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Venetski_81-0">77.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Venetski_81-1">77.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Venetski, S. 'Silver' from clay. Metallurgist. 1969, 13 (7): 451–453. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137541986">S2CID 137541986</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00741130">doi:10.1007/BF00741130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=%27Silver%27+from+clay&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.aulast=Venetski&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Metallurgist&rft.pages=451-453&rft.volume=13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A137541986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00741130&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200738-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200738_82-0">78.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200738_82-1">78.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>，第38頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes1936-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Holmes1936_83-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Holmes, Harry N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-monthly_1936-03_42_3/page/236">Fifty Years of Industrial Aluminum</a>. The Scientific Monthly. 1936, 42 (3): 236–239. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1936SciMo..42..236H">Bibcode:1936SciMo..42..236H</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/15938">JSTOR 15938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Fifty+Years+of+Industrial+Aluminum&rft.aufirst=Harry+N.&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.date=1936&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Scientific+Monthly&rft.pages=236-239&rft.volume=42&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F15938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_scientific-monthly_1936-03_42_3%2Fpage%2F236&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1936SciMo..42..236H&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200739-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200739_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>，第39頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Sainte-Claire Deville, H.E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rCoKAAAAIAAJ">De l'aluminium, ses propriétés, sa fabrication</a>. Paris: Mallet-Bachelier. 1859. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430001812/https://books.google.com/books?id=rCoKAAAAIAAJ">存档</a>于2016-04-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=H.E.&rft.aulast=Sainte-Claire+Deville&rft.btitle=De+l%27aluminium%2C+ses+propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9s%2C+sa+fabrication&rft.date=1859&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Mallet-Bachelier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrCoKAAAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200746-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200746_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>，第46頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200755–61-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200755–61_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>，第55–61頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200774-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200774_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>，第74頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-aluminiumleader-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aluminiumleader_89-0">85.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aluminiumleader_89-1">85.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aluminiumleader_89-2">85.2</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aluminiumleader.com/history/industry_history/">Aluminium history</a>. All about aluminium. [2017-11-07]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107222100/https://aluminiumleader.com/history/industry_history/">存档</a>于2017-11-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Aluminium+history&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+about+aluminium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faluminiumleader.com%2Fhistory%2Findustry_history%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200764–69-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200764–69_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>，第64–69頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Ingulstad, Mats. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TFS6NAEACAAJ">'We Want Aluminum, No Excuses': Business-Government Relations in the American Aluminum Industry, 1917–1957</a>. Ingulstad, Mats; Frøland, Hans Otto (编). From Warfare to Welfare: Business-Government Relations in the Aluminium Industry. Tapir Academic Press. 2012: 33–68 [2020-05-07]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-82-321-0049-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-82-321-0049-1">ISBN 978-82-321-0049-1</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725055556/https://books.google.com/books?id=TFS6NAEACAAJ">存档</a>于2020-07-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=%27We+Want+Aluminum%2C+No+Excuses%27%3A+Business-Government+Relations+in+the+American+Aluminum+Industry%2C+1917%E2%80%931957&rft.aufirst=Mats&rft.aulast=Ingulstad&rft.btitle=From+Warfare+to+Welfare%3A+Business-Government+Relations+in+the+Aluminium+Industry&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-82-321-0049-1&rft.pages=33-68&rft.pub=Tapir+Academic+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTFS6NAEACAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Seldes2009-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Seldes2009_92-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Seldes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Seldes（页面不存在）">Seldes, George</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/FactsAndFascism/FactsandFascism_djvu.txt">Facts and Fascism</a> 5. In Fact, Inc. 1943: 261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Seldes&rft.btitle=Facts+and+Fascism&rft.date=1943&rft.edition=5&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=In+Fact%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FFactsAndFascism%2FFactsandFascism_djvu.txt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Thorsheim2015-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Thorsheim2015_93-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Thorsheim, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uUlLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">Waste into Weapons</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2015: 66–69 [2021-01-07]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-107-09935-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-107-09935-7">ISBN 978-1-107-09935-7</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406160604/https://books.google.com/books?id=uUlLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">存档</a>于2020-04-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Thorsheim&rft.btitle=Waste+into+Weapons&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-107-09935-7&rft.pages=66-69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuUlLCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks20042-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Weeks20042_94-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Weeks, Albert Loren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z3hP33KprskC&pg=PA135">Russia's Life-saver: Lend-lease Aid to the U.S.S.R. in World War II</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexington_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexington Books（页面不存在）">Lexington Books</a>. 2004: 135 [2021-01-07]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7391-0736-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7391-0736-2">ISBN 978-0-7391-0736-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406160618/https://books.google.com/books?id=z3hP33KprskC&pg=PA135">存档</a>于2020-04-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=Albert+Loren&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Life-saver%3A+Lend-lease+Aid+to+the+U.S.S.R.+in+World+War+II&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0736-2&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz3hP33KprskC%26pg%3DPA135&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200769–70-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200769–70_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>，第69–70頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_96-0">92.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_96-1">92.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_96-2">92.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_96-3">92.3</a> <cite class="citation report"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/historical-statistics/">Aluminum</a>. Historical Statistics for Mineral Commodities in the United States (报告). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. 2017 [9 November 2017]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308171100/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/historical-statistics/">存档</a>于8 March 2018） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.btitle=Historical+Statistics+for+Mineral+Commodities+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2017&rft.genre=report&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fhistorical-statistics%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS_Copper-97"><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_Copper_97-0">^</a> <cite class="citation report"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/historical-statistics/">Copper. 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[2019-06-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190622234613/https://www.britannica.com/science/copper">存档</a>于2019-06-22） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Copper&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.aulast=Gregersen&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fcopper&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov2007165–166-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov2007165–166_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>，第165–166頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200785-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov200785_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>，第85頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrozdov2007135-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrozdov2007135_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrozdov2007">Drozdov 2007</a>，第135頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi20139-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi20139_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNappi2013">Nappi 2013</a>，第9頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi20139–10-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi20139–10_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNappi2013">Nappi 2013</a>，第9–10頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201310-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi201310_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNappi2013">Nappi 2013</a>，第10頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201314–15-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi201314–15_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNappi2013">Nappi 2013</a>，第14–15頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201317-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi201317_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNappi2013">Nappi 2013</a>，第17頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201320-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi201320_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNappi2013">Nappi 2013</a>，第20頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201322-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi201322_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNappi2013">Nappi 2013</a>，第22頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENappi201323-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENappi201323_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNappi2013">Nappi 2013</a>，第23頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-WMP-111"><a href="#cite_ref-WMP_111-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Brown, T.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1388">World Mineral Production 2003–2007</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a>. 2009 [2014-12-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713005219/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm%3Fid%3D1388">存档</a>于2019-07-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=T.J.&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.btitle=World+Mineral+Production+2003%E2%80%932007&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=British+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgs.ac.uk%2Fdownloads%2Fstart.cfm%3Fid%3D1388&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-112"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_112-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2020/mcs2020-aluminum.pdf">USGS Minerals Information: Mineral Commodity Summaries</a> (PDF). minerals.usgs.gov. [2020-12-17]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2F70194932">doi:10.3133/70194932</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122013648/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2020/mcs2020-aluminum.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2021-01-22） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=USGS+Minerals+Information%3A+Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=minerals.usgs.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2020%2Fmcs2020-aluminum.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3133%2F70194932&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite class="citation report">Graedel, T.E.; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx1264xPA-Metal%20stocks%20in%20society.pdf">Metal stocks in Society – Scientific Synthesis</a> (PDF) (报告). 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Keith; Misra, Chanakya; Perrotta, Anthony J.; et al. Aluminum Oxide. <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Wiley-VCH. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Aluminum+Oxide&rft.au=Misra%2C+Chanakya&rft.au=Perrotta%2C+Anthony+J.&rft.au=Wefers%2C+Karl&rft.au=Williams%2C+F.S.&rft.aufirst=L.+Keith&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Totten, G.E.; Mackenzie, D.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpgTrFloOq0C&pg=PA40">Handbook of Aluminum</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Dekker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Dekker（页面不存在）">Marcel Dekker</a>. 2003: 40. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8247-4843-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8247-4843-2">ISBN 978-0-8247-4843-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615132126/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpgTrFloOq0C&pg=PA40">存档</a>于2016-06-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.au=Mackenzie%2C+D.S.&rft.aufirst=G.E.&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Aluminum&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-4843-2&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpgTrFloOq0C%26pg%3DPA40&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley2011-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2011_116-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_Emsley" class="mw-redirect" title="John Emsley">Emsley, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2EfYXzwPo3UC&pg=PA24">Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements</a>. OUP Oxford. 2011: 24–30 [2017-11-16]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-960563-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-960563-7">ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222070959/https://books.google.com/books?id=2EfYXzwPo3UC&pg=PA24">存档</a>于2019-12-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A%E2%80%93Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960563-7&rft.pages=24-30&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2EfYXzwPo3UC%26pg%3DPA24&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Schlesinger, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DtX1nbel49kC">Aluminum Recycling</a>. 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[2013-10-28]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsinc.org/files/best%20practice%20energy-schifo-radia-may%202004.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2013-10-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.btitle=Theoretical%2FBest+Practice+Energy+Use+in+Metalcasting+Operations&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afsinc.org%2Ffiles%2Fbest%2520practice%2520energy-schifo-radia-may%25202004.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.experts123.com/q/why-are-dross-saltcake-a-concern.html">Why are dross & saltcake a concern?</a>. www.experts123.com. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114111346/http://www.experts123.com/q/why-are-dross-saltcake-a-concern.html">存档</a>于2012-11-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Why+are+dross+%26+saltcake+a+concern%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.experts123.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.experts123.com%2Fq%2Fwhy-are-dross-saltcake-a-concern.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Dunster, A.M.; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100402111522/http://www.wrap.org.uk/downloads/BRE_Added_value_study_report.4ca28919.1753.pdf">Added value of using new industrial waste streams as secondary aggregates in both concrete and asphalt</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Waste_%26_Resources_Action_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste & Resources Action Programme">Waste & Resources Action Programme</a>. 2005. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aggregain.wrap.org.uk/document.rm?id=1753">原始内容</a>存档于2010-04-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rft.aulast=Dunster&rft.btitle=Added+value+of+using+new+industrial+waste+streams+as+secondary+aggregates+in+both+concrete+and+asphalt&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Waste+%26+Resources+Action+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faggregain.wrap.org.uk%2Fdocument.rm%3Fid%3D1753&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-BGS2018-122"><a href="#cite_ref-BGS2018_122-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Brown, T.J.; Idoine, N.E.; Raycraft, E.R.; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=3396">World Mineral Production: 2012–2016</a>. 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[6 March 2012]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312125740/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/17944/aluminum-Al">存档</a>于12 March 2012）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Aluminum&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F17944%2Faluminum-Al&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Millberg, L.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Aluminum-Foil.html">Aluminum Foil</a>. How Products are Made. [2007-08-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713102210/http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Aluminum-Foil.html">存档</a>于2007-07-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Aluminum+Foil&rft.aufirst=L.S.&rft.aulast=Millberg&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+Products+are+Made&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madehow.com%2FVolume-1%2FAluminum-Foil.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|volume=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_discarded" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lyle, J.P.; Granger, D.A.; Sanders, R.E. Aluminum Alloys. <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Wiley-VCH. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-527-30673-2">ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a01_481">doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Aluminum+Alloys&rft.au=Granger%2C+D.A.&rft.au=Sanders%2C+R.E.&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.aulast=Lyle&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a01_481&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis199917–24-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis199917–24_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1999">Davis 1999</a>，第17–24頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-patapp-127"><a href="#cite_ref-patapp_127-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2021/03/apple-patents-reveal-how-the-aluminum-unibody-macbook-enclosure-is-made-from-recycled-pop-and-beer-cans-more.html">Apple Patents reveal how the Aluminum Unibody MacBook Enclosure is made from Recycled Pop and Beer Cans & more</a>. 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March 2021 [2021-05-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524093133/https://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2021/03/apple-patents-reveal-how-the-aluminum-unibody-macbook-enclosure-is-made-from-recycled-pop-and-beer-cans-more.html">存档</a>于2021-05-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Apple+Patents+reveal+how+the+Aluminum+Unibody+MacBook+Enclosure+is+made+from+Recycled+Pop+and+Beer+Cans+%26+more&rft.date=2021-03&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patentlyapple.com%2Fpatently-apple%2F2021%2F03%2Fapple-patents-reveal-how-the-aluminum-unibody-macbook-enclosure-is-made-from-recycled-pop-and-beer-cans-more.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Lumley2010-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Lumley2010_128-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lumley, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXpwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">Fundamentals of Aluminium Metallurgy: Production, Processing and Applications</a>. Elsevier Science. 2010: 42 [2018-07-13]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-85709-025-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-85709-025-6">ISBN 978-0-85709-025-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222153110/https://books.google.com/books?id=mXpwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">存档</a>于2019-12-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.aulast=Lumley&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Aluminium+Metallurgy%3A+Production%2C+Processing+and+Applications&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-85709-025-6&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXpwAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Mortensen2006-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Mortensen2006_129-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Mortensen, Andreas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zs_lGeGsuaAC&pg=PA281">Concise Encyclopedia of Composite Materials</a>. 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Springer Science & Business Media. 2012: 541 [2018-07-13]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-4-431-54108-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-4-431-54108-0">ISBN 978-4-431-54108-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191129220847/https://books.google.com/books?id=y8NNHruBKVQC&pg=PA541">存档</a>于2019-11-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.au=The+Ceramic+Society+of+Japan&rft.btitle=Advanced+Ceramic+Technologies+%26+Products&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-4-431-54108-0&rft.pages=541&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy8NNHruBKVQC%26pg%3DPA541&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Slesser1988-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Slesser1988_131-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Slesser, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUOvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138">Dictionary of Energy</a>. 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Springer Science & Business Media. 2013: 164–165 [2018-07-13]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-662-00895-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-662-00895-9">ISBN 978-3-662-00895-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226154639/https://books.google.com/books?id=vi3wCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165">存档</a>于2019-12-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft.aulast=Supp&rft.btitle=How+to+Produce+Methanol+from+Coal&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-662-00895-9&rft.pages=164-165&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvi3wCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ErtlKnözinger2008-133"><a href="#cite_ref-ErtlKnözinger2008_133-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Ertl, Gerhard; Knözinger, Helmut; Weitkamp, Jens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ev47CMLmM2sC&pg=PA80">Preparation of Solid Catalysts</a>. John Wiley & Sons. 2008: 80 [2018-07-13]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-527-62068-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-527-62068-5">ISBN 978-3-527-62068-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224115243/https://books.google.com/books?id=ev47CMLmM2sC&pg=PA80">存档</a>于2019-12-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.au=Kn%C3%B6zinger%2C+Helmut&rft.au=Weitkamp%2C+Jens&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.aulast=Ertl&rft.btitle=Preparation+of+Solid+Catalysts&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-527-62068-5&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dev47CMLmM2sC%26pg%3DPA80&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ArmaregoChai2009-134"><a href="#cite_ref-ArmaregoChai2009_134-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Armarego, W.L.F.; Chai, Christina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PTXyS7Yj6zUC&pg=PA155">Purification of Laboratory Chemicals</a>. Butterworth-Heinemann. 2009: 73, 109, 116, 155 [2018-07-13]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-08-087824-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-08-087824-9">ISBN 978-0-08-087824-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222155719/https://books.google.com/books?id=PTXyS7Yj6zUC&pg=PA155">存档</a>于2019-12-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.au=Chai%2C+Christina&rft.aufirst=W.L.F.&rft.aulast=Armarego&rft.btitle=Purification+of+Laboratory+Chemicals&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087824-9&rft.pages=73%2C+109%2C+116%2C+155&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPTXyS7Yj6zUC%26pg%3DPA155&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-UllmannInorganic-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannInorganic_135-0">130.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannInorganic_135-1">130.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannInorganic_135-2">130.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannInorganic_135-3">130.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannInorganic_135-4">130.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannInorganic_135-5">130.5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannInorganic_135-6">130.6</a> <cite class="citation book">Helmboldt, O. Aluminum Compounds, Inorganic. <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiley-VCH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiley-VCH（页面不存在）">Wiley-VCH</a>. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-527-30673-2">ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a01_527.pub2">doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_527.pub2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Aluminum+Compounds%2C+Inorganic&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.aulast=Helmboldt&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a01_527.pub2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_Formulary_2008-136"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO_Formulary_2008_136-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. 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World Health Organization. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789241547659" title="Special:网络书源/9789241547659">ISBN 9789241547659</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10665%2F44053">hdl:10665/44053</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft.btitle=WHO+Model+Formulary+2008&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789241547659&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhomodelformular00unse&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10665%2F44053&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRsAAAAMAAJ&q=Aluminium+phosphate+used+in+the+manufacture+of+glass,+ceramic,+pulp+and+paper+products,+cosmetics,+paints,+varnishes,+and+in+dental+cement.">Occupational Skin Disease</a>. Grune & Stratton. 1983 [2017-06-14]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8089-1494-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8089-1494-5">ISBN 978-0-8089-1494-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415120754/https://books.google.com/books?id=ueRsAAAAMAAJ&q=Aluminium+phosphate+used+in+the+manufacture+of+glass,+ceramic,+pulp+and+paper+products,+cosmetics,+paints,+varnishes,+and+in+dental+cement.">存档</a>于2021-04-15） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.btitle=Occupational+Skin+Disease&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8089-1494-5&rft.pub=Grune+%26+Stratton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DueRsAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAluminium%2Bphosphate%2Bused%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bmanufacture%2Bof%2Bglass%2C%2Bceramic%2C%2Bpulp%2Band%2Bpaper%2Bproducts%2C%2Bcosmetics%2C%2Bpaints%2C%2Bvarnishes%2C%2Band%2Bin%2Bdental%2Bcement.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Galbraith, A; Bullock, S; Manias, E; Hunt, B; Richards, A. Fundamentals of pharmacology: a text for nurses and health professionals. Harlow: Pearson. 1999: 482.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.au=Bullock%2C+S&rft.au=Galbraith%2C+A&rft.au=Hunt%2C+B&rft.au=Manias%2C+E&rft.au=Richards%2C+A&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+pharmacology%3A+a+text+for+nurses+and+health+professionals&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=482&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pub=Pearson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-papich-139"><a href="#cite_ref-papich_139-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Papich, Mark G. Aluminum Hydroxide and Aluminum Carbonate. Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs 2nd. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders/Elsevier. 2007: 15–16. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4160-2888-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4160-2888-8">ISBN 978-1-4160-2888-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Aluminum+Hydroxide+and+Aluminum+Carbonate&rft.aufirst=Mark+G.&rft.aulast=Papich&rft.btitle=Saunders+Handbook+of+Veterinary+Drugs&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-2888-8&rft.pages=15-16&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Mo&rft.pub=Saunders%2FElsevier&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrown2011" class="citation">Brown, Weldon G., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 编, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/0471264180.or006.10">Reductions by Lithium Aluminum Hydride</a>, Organic Reactions (Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), 2011-03-15: 469–510 [2021-05-22], <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-471-26418-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-471-26418-7">ISBN 978-0-471-26418-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471264180.or006.10">doi:10.1002/0471264180.or006.10</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611060736/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/0471264180.or006.10">存档</a>于2021-06-11） （英语）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Reductions+by+Lithium+Aluminum+Hydride&rft.aufirst=Weldon+G.&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft.genre=article&rft.isbn=978-0-471-26418-7&rft.jtitle=Organic+Reactions&rft.pages=469-510&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F0471264180.or006.10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471264180.or006.10&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Gerrans, G.C.; Hartmann-Petersen, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wS3aWR5SO4C&pg=PA143">Lithium Aluminium Hydride</a>. SASOL Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology. New Africa Books: 143. 2007 [6 September 2017]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-86928-384-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-86928-384-1">ISBN 978-1-86928-384-1</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823221511/https://books.google.com/books?id=1wS3aWR5SO4C&pg=PA143">存档</a>于23 August 2017）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Lithium+Aluminium+Hydride&rft.au=Gerrans%2C+G.C.&rft.au=Hartmann-Petersen%2C+P.&rft.btitle=SASOL+Encyclopaedia+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-86928-384-1&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=New+Africa+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1wS3aWR5SO4C%26pg%3DPA143&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">M. Witt; H.W. 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John Wiley & Sons. 2011: 240 [2018-07-14]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4443-4819-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4443-4819-4">ISBN 978-1-4443-4819-4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221202430/https://books.google.com/books?id=9lMZnUdUGZUC&pg=PA240">存档</a>于2019-12-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.au=Einum%2C+Sigurd&rft.au=Klemetsen%2C+Anders&rft.au=Skurdal%2C+Jostein&rft.aufirst=%C3%98ystein&rft.aulast=Aas&rft.btitle=Atlantic+Salmon+Ecology&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-4819-4&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9lMZnUdUGZUC%26pg%3DPA240&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2007-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2007_145-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Singh, Manmohan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QKRrTPwuDYC&pg=PA112">Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems</a>. John Wiley & Sons. 2007: 81–109 [2018-07-14]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-470-13492-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-470-13492-4">ISBN 978-0-470-13492-4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220055221/https://books.google.com/books?id=7QKRrTPwuDYC&pg=PA112">存档</a>于2019-12-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=Manmohan&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.btitle=Vaccine+Adjuvants+and+Delivery+Systems&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-470-13492-4&rft.pages=81-109&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7QKRrTPwuDYC%26pg%3DPA112&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-health1-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-health1_146-0">141.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-health1_146-1">141.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Exley, C. Human exposure to aluminium. 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Journal of Toxicology. 2014, 2014: 1–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202242">PMC 4202242</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25349607">PMID 25349607</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F491316">doi:10.1155/2014/491316</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Aluminum-Induced+Entropy+in+Biological+Systems%3A+Implications+for+Neurological+Disease&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=Kette%2C+Stephen+D.&rft.au=Oller%2C+John+W.&rft.au=Seneff%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Tomljenovic%2C+Lucija&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Toxicology&rft.pages=1-27&rft.volume=2014&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4202242&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4202242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2014%2F491316&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25349607&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-andrasi04-149"><a href="#cite_ref-andrasi04_149-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Andrási, Erzsébet; Páli, Noémi; Molnár, Zsuzsa; Kösel, Siegfried. 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International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 21 July 2014, 65 (8): 911–924. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1465-3478">ISSN 1465-3478</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25045935">PMID 25045935</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43779869">S2CID 43779869</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F09637486.2014.937801">doi:10.3109/09637486.2014.937801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Occurrence%2C+exposure%2C+effects%2C+recommended+intake+and+possible+dietary+use+of+selected+trace+compounds+%28aluminium%2C+bismuth%2C+cobalt%2C+gold%2C+lithium%2C+nickel%2C+silver%29&rft.aufirst=Piero&rft.aulast=Dolara&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1465-3478&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Sciences+and+Nutrition&rft.pages=911-924&rft.volume=65&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43779869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F09637486.2014.937801&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25045935&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-worldcat-152"><a href="#cite_ref-worldcat_152-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11527472">Polynuclear aromatic compounds. part 3, Industrial exposures in aluminium production, coal gasification, coke production, and iron and steel founding.</a>. 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Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2014, 56 (5 Suppl): S5–S11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1076-2752">ISSN 1076-2752</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4131940">PMC 4131940</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24806726">PMID 24806726</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FJOM.0000000000000071">doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000071</a> （美国英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Occupational+and+Environmental+Health+in+the+Aluminum+Industry&rft.au=Arnold%2C+I.+M.+F.&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft.aulast=Wesdock&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1076-2752&rft.issue=5+Suppl&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Occupational+and+Environmental+Medicine&rft.pages=S5-S11&rft.volume=56&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4131940&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4131940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FJOM.0000000000000071&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24806726&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-gitelman88-155"><a href="#cite_ref-gitelman88_155-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519101650/https://books.google.com/books?id=wRnOytsi8boC&pg=PA90">Physiology of Aluminum in Man</a>. 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BBC. 22 June 2001. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212220948/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1402533.stm">存档</a>于12 December 2013）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Fungus+%27eats%27+CDs&rft.date=2001-06-22&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F1402533.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bosch, Xavier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2001/010627/full/news010628-11.html">Fungus eats CD</a>. Nature. 27 June 2001: news010628–11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews010628-11">doi:10.1038/news010628-11</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231163222/http://www.nature.com/news/2001/010627/full/news010628-11.html">存档</a>于31 December 2010）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Fungus+eats+CD&rft.au=Bosch%2C+Xavier&rft.date=2001-06-27&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=news010628-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2F010627%2Ffull%2Fnews010628-11.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews010628-11&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sheridan, J.E.; Nelson, Jan; Tan, Y.L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio19Tuat01-t1-body-d4.html">Studies on the 'Kerosene Fungus' Cladosporium resinae (Lindau) De Vries: Part I. 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Tuatara: 29. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213140543/http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio19Tuat01-t1-body-d4.html">存档</a>于13 December 2013）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.atitle=Studies+on+the+%27Kerosene+Fungus%27+Cladosporium+resinae+%28Lindau%29+De+Vries%3A+Part+I.+The+Problem+of+Microbial+Contamination+of+Aviation+Fuels&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Jan&rft.au=Sheridan%2C+J.E.&rft.au=Tan%2C+Y.L.&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Tuatara&rft.pages=29&rft.volume=19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-Bio19Tuat01-t1-body-d4.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150225051128/http://www.duncanaviation.aero/intelligence/201102/fuel_starvation_system_contamination.php">Fuel System Contamination & Starvation</a>. Duncan Aviation. 2011. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duncanaviation.aero/intelligence/201102/fuel_starvation_system_contamination.php">原始内容</a>存档于25 February 2015）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.btitle=Fuel+System+Contamination+%26+Starvation&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Duncan+Aviation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duncanaviation.aero%2Fintelligence%2F201102%2Ffuel_starvation_system_contamination.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读">延伸阅读</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDavis1999" class="citation book">Davis, J. R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iEeiQEeLOmYC">Corrosion of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys</a>. 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Wiley-VCH. 1995. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-471-18602-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-471-18602-1">ISBN 978-0-471-18602-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft.aulast=King&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry+of+Main+Group+Elements&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-471-18602-1&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLide2004" class="citation book">Lide, D. R. (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide">Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /> 84. CRC Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8493-0566-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8493-0566-5">ISBN 978-0-8493-0566-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft.aulast=Lide&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=84&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0566-5&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche81lide&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNappi2013" class="citation report">Nappi, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2016/ph240/mclaughlin1/docs/nappi.pdf">The global aluminium industry 40 years from 1972</a> (PDF) (报告). International Aluminium Institute. 2013. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2016/ph240/mclaughlin1/docs/nappi.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2022-10-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.aulast=Nappi&rft.btitle=The+global+aluminium+industry+40+years+from+1972&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=report&rft.pub=International+Aluminium+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flarge.stanford.edu%2Fcourses%2F2016%2Fph240%2Fmclaughlin1%2Fdocs%2Fnappi.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRichards1896" class="citation book">Richards, J. W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924003633751/cu31924003633751_djvu.txt">Aluminium: Its history, occurrence, properties, metallurgy and applications, including its alloys</a> 3. Henry Carey Baird & Co. 1896.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.btitle=Aluminium%3A+Its+history%2C+occurrence%2C+properties%2C+metallurgy+and+applications%2C+including+its+alloys&rft.date=1896&rft.edition=3&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Henry+Carey+Baird+%26+Co.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924003633751%2Fcu31924003633751_djvu.txt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz2006" class="citation book">Schmitz, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WvT2OEf8DskC">Handbook of Aluminium Recycling</a>. Vulkan-Verlag GmbH. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-8027-2936-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-8027-2936-2">ISBN 978-3-8027-2936-2</a> （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%93%9D&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Aluminium+Recycling&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-8027-2936-2&rft.pub=Vulkan-Verlag+GmbH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWvT2OEf8DskC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接">外部链接</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9D&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：外部链接">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li>元素铝在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/13.shtml">洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室</a>的介紹（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Al.html">EnvironmentalChemistry.com —— 铝</a>（英文）</li> <li>元素<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/013.htm">铝</a>在The Periodic Table of Videos（諾丁漢大學）的介紹（英文）</li> <li>元素铝在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Al">Peter van der Krogt elements site</a>的介紹（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Al/index.html">WebElements.com – 铝</a>（英文）</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aluminum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aluminum">铝</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/013.htm">Aluminum</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130903161021/http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/013.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0022.html">CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Aluminum</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150530203735/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0022.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815183827/http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/art-a01-al-prod.htm">Electrolytic production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/aluminum/aluminum_table12.html">World production of primary aluminum, by country</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130810190520/http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/aluminum/aluminum_table12.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=aluminum&months=300">Price history of aluminum, according to the IMF</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20131002185357/http://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=aluminum&months=300">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-aluminium.org/About+Aluminium/Story+of/In+history">History of Aluminum</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20071106081754/http://www.world-aluminium.org/About+Aluminium/Story+of/In+history">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） – from the website of the International Aluminum Institute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic113.htm">Emedicine – Aluminum</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081123091633/http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic113.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>短片 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.38661">ALUMINUM (1941)</a> 可在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>自由下载</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="元素周期表（貧金屬）" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%B2%A7%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="Template:貧金屬"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%B2%A7%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="Template talk:貧金屬"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%B2%A7%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:貧金屬"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="元素周期表（貧金屬）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素周期表">元素周期表</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="貧金屬">貧金屬</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table class="wraplinks" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83953186"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱金属">IA 1</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱土金属">IIA 2</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="3族元素">IIIB 3</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/4%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="4族元素">IVB 4</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/5%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="5族元素">VB 5</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/6%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="6族元素">VIB 6</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="7族元素">VIIB 7</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/8%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="8族元素">VIIIB 8</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/9%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="9族元素">VIIIB 9</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/10%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="10族元素">VIIIB 10</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/11%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="11族元素">IB 11</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/12%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="12族元素">IIB 12</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="硼族元素">IIIA 13</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="碳族元素">IVA 14</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氮族元素">VA 15</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氧族元素">VIA 16</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E7%B4%A0" title="卤素">VIIA 17</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体">VIIIA 18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC1%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第1周期元素">1</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC2%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第2周期元素">2</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">Li</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">B</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">C</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">N</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">O</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">F</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC3%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第3周期元素">3</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">Na</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">Si</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">P</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">S</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">Cl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC4%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第4周期元素">4</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">K</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">Sc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">Ti</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">V</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">Cr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">Mn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">Fe</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">Co</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">Ni</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">Cu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">Zn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">Ga</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">Ge</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">As</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">Se</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">Br</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC5%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第5周期元素">5</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">Rb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">Sr</a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">Y</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">Zr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">Nb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">Mo</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">Tc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌">Ru</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">Rh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">Pd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">Ag</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">Cd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">In</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">Sn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">Sb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">Te</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">I</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC6%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第6周期元素">6</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">Cs</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">Ba</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">La</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">Ce</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">Pr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">Nd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">Pm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">Sm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">Eu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">Gd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">Tb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">Dy</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">Ho</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">Er</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">Tm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">Yb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">Lu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">Hf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">Ta</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">W</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">Re</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">Os</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">Ir</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">Pt</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">Au</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">Hg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">Tl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">Pb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">Bi</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">Po</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">At</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC7%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第7周期元素">7</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">Fr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">Ra</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">Ac</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">Th</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">Pa</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">U</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">Np</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">Pu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">Am</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">Cm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">Bk</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">Cf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">Es</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">Fm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">Md</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">No</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">Lr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">Rf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">Db</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">Sg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">Bh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">Hs</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">Mt</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">Ds</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">Rg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">Cn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">Nh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:2px solid black; margin:-2px;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">Fl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" 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[\"CITEREFClayton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCochranMapother1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrapper_MclachlanLukiwKruck1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD._C._Tyte1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarbre2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavy1808\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodd1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDohmeier,_C.Loos,_D.Schnöckel,_H.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDohmeierLoosSchnöckel1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolara2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowns1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDrozdov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunster2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEastaughWalshChaplinSiddall2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElschenbroich2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmsley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnghag2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErtlKnözingerWeitkamp2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontaniCostaOrna2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalbraith,_ABullock,_SManias,_EHunt,_B1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerrans,_G.C.Hartmann-Petersen,_P.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraedel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregersen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuilbertPark1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatch1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelmboldt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorst1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudsonMisraPerrottaWefers2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIAEA_–_Nuclear_Data_Section2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngulstad2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotzTreichelTownsend2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLide2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLide2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLodders2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLumley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyleGrangerSanders2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._WittH.W._Roesky2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaRyanDelhaize2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacleod2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagalhaes,_J.V.GarvinWangSorrells2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrillDeutschKeenan1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortensen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNappi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmeO\u0026#039;Neill2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapich2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolmear1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuchta2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurgelTakácsJonssonNagy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoscoeSchorlemmer1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosselandEldhusetStaurnes1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal_Danish_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Letters1827\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSainte-Claire_Deville1859\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantibáñezBolumarGarcía2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlesinger2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeldes1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSetton1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShakhashiri2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawSeneffKetteTomljenovic2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheridan,_J.E.Nelson,_JanTan,_Y.L.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlanina,_P.FrenchEkströmLööf1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlesser1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSupp2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Ceramic_Society_of_Japan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorsheim2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomljenovic2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTottenMackenzie2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner,_R.C.1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner,_R.C._and_Clark_J.S.1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyte1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUhl2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Geological_Survey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_GinkelVan_Der_VoetD\u0026#039;haeseDe_Broe1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVargel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenetski1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWadeBanister2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesdockArnold2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWöhler1827\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXuMajidiMarkesberyEhmann1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYokel_R.A.Hicks_C.L.Florence_R.L.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYumotoKakimiOhsakiIshikawa2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-MasalkhiWalton1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖrsted1825\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Asof\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Block indent\"] = 1,\n [\"CIAAW2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CIAAW2021\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 65,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 24,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 8,\n [\"E\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Elementbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Elements.links\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox aluminium isotopes\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive short film\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Le\"] = 38,\n [\"Link-en\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Math\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTA\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Overunderset\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 71,\n [\"SimpleNuclide\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 2,\n [\"Wayback\"] = 6,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"化學式\"] = 1,\n [\"貧金屬\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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