CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# article: https://ogp.me/ns/article#"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"CollectionPage","description":"Listen to radio special programs produced by Spectrum in partnership with NPR and PRX","keywords":"ieee, ieee spectrum, science, technology, engineering, innovation, invention, audio, technology news, engineering interviews, radio, podcasts, npr, prx, careers","name":"Audio","url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/audio/"}</script><meta charset="utf-8"/><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer ||[]; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('consent','default',{ 'ad_storage':'denied', 'analytics_storage':'denied', 'ad_user_data':'denied', 'ad_personalization':'denied', 'personalization_storage':'denied', 'functionality_storage':'granted', 'security_storage':'granted', 'wait_for_update': 500 }); gtag("set", "ads_data_redaction", true); </script><script src="https://cmp.osano.com/AzyzptTmRlqVd2LRf/04dfdd03-699a-4224-a9f1-d3ca23cdf4e9/osano.js"></script><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Light.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Regular.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Light.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Bold.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Regular.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Regular.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Bold.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><script type="text/javascript"> navigator.userAgent.includes("Chrome")&&function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,c=["click","contextmenu","dblclick","gotpointercapture","keydown","keypress","keyup","lostpointercapture","mousedown","mouseup","mousemove","pointercancel","pointerdown","pointerenter","pointerleave","pointermove","pointerover","pointerup","touchcancel","touchend","touchmove","touchstart"],s=["scroll","wheel"],u=new r,p=new r,l=new r,d=25,f=25,v="_rmStopped",m="_rmImmediatelyStopped",h=e.setTimeout,y=e.clearTimeout,g=n.prototype,E=null;function L(e){return function(e){return new Promise((function(t){h(t,e||0)}))}(e)}function w(e){return i&&"scheduling"in i&&"isInputPending"in i.scheduling&&i.scheduling.isInputPending({includeContinuous:!0})?L(e).then((function(){return w(e)})):L(e)}function I(e,t,r,i,o){if(!(r[m]||i===n.BUBBLING_PHASE&&r[v]&&element!==r.target)){var a,c={get:(a={currentTarget:o},function(e,t,n){if(t in a)return a[t];var r=Reflect.get(e,t);return r instanceof Function?function(){return Reflect.apply(r,e,arguments)}:r})},s=new Proxy(r,c);try{e&&"handleEvent"in e?e.handleEvent.call(e,s):e.call(t,s)}catch(e){console.error(e)}}}function P(e){return function(t){var n=this,r=t.eventPhase,i=t.currentTarget,o={canceled:!1};"dataset"in n&&n.dataset.inpZillaSkip?I(e,n,t,r,i):(l.has(e)&&(l.get(e).canceled=!0),l.set(e,o),w(f).then((function(){o.canceled||(I(e,n,t,r,i),l.delete(e))})))}}function _(e){return function(t){var r=this,i=t.eventPhase,o=t.currentTarget,a=t.timeStamp;new n("rm").timeStamp-a<d||"dataset"in r&&r.dataset.inpZillaSkip?I(e,r,t,i,o):(E&&(E.style.display="none",E.style.opacity="0",E.style.display="block",E.style.opacity="1"),w().then((function(){I(e,r,t,i,o)})))}}function k(e,t,n,r,i){if(!n.has(r)){var o=i(r);n.set(r,o)}var a=Array.from(t);a[1]=n.get(r),e._rmInpAddEventListener.apply(e,a)}function A(t,n){var r=this||e;if(n){if(s.includes(t))return void k(r,arguments,p,n,P);if(c.includes(t))return void k(r,arguments,u,n,_)}r._rmInpAddEventListener.apply(r,arguments)}function x(t,n){var r=this||e,i=n;n&&(c.includes(t)&&u.has(n)?i=u.get(n):s.includes(t)&&p.has(n)&&(i=p.get(n)));var o=Array.from(arguments);o[1]=i,r._rmInpRemoveEventListener.apply(r,o)}function T(e){e._rmInpAddEventListener=e.addEventListener,e._rmInpRemoveEventListener=e.removeEventListener,e.addEventListener=A,e.removeEventListener=x}function S(e){c.forEach((function(t){var n="on"+t;Object.defineProperty(e,n,{set:function(e){var n=this,r="__rmInpOn"+t;n[r]&&n.removeEventListener(t,n[r],{passive:!0}),n[r]=e,n.addEventListener(t,e,{passive:!0})}})}))}function b(e,t){return function(){this[e]=!0,t.apply(this,arguments)}}function C(e,t,n){return w().then((function(){e.apply(t,n)})).catch(console.error)}t.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",(function(){var e;(e=t.createElement("div")).style.height="100px",e.style.width="100px",e.style.backgroundColor="#ffffff03",e.style.position="fixed",e.style.top="1px",e.style.left="1px",e.style.transform="translateX(-100px)",t.body.appendChild(e),E=e})),T(e),T(t),T(Element.prototype),S(e),S(t),S(HTMLElement.prototype),o=g.stopPropagation,a=g.stopImmediatePropagation,g.stopPropagation=b(v,o),g.stopImmediatePropagation=b(m,a),function(){var t=new r;function n(e){t.has(e)?y(t.get(e)):y(e)}e.setTimeout=function(e,t){var n=this,r=Array.from(arguments).splice(2);return h((function(){C(e,n,r)}),t)},e.setInterval=function(e,n){var r=this,i=Array.from(arguments).splice(2);function o(){var e=h(a,n);t.set(c,e)}function a(){C(e,r,i).then(o)}var c=h(a,n);t.set(c,c)},e.clearInterval=n,e.clearTimeout=n}()}(window,document,Event,Map,navigator); </script><link rel="canonical" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/audio/"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@"/><meta name="twitter:site:id" content=""/><meta property="fb:app_id" content="200167090048537"/><meta property="og:type" content="website"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="IEEE Spectrum"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjg4NDUyMC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc2MzA3MTQzOX0.SxRBIud_XE2YWQFaIJD9BPB1w-3JsFhiRkJIIe9Yq-g/image.png?width=210"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="210"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="2000"/><meta property="og:title" content="Audio & Radio Special Programs"/><meta property="og:description" content="Listen to radio special programs produced by Spectrum in partnership with NPR and PRX"/><meta name="description" content="Listen to radio special programs produced by Spectrum in partnership with NPR and PRX"/><meta name="keywords" content="ieee, ieee spectrum, science, technology, engineering, innovation, invention, audio, technology news, engineering interviews, radio, podcasts, npr, prx, careers"/><meta name="referrer" content="always"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://user-stats.rbl.ms/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://pages-stats.rbl.ms/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><script class="rm-i-script">window.REBELMOUSE_BOOTSTRAP_DATA = {"isUserLoggedIn": false, "site": {"id": 20265424, "isCommunitySite": false}, "runner": {"id": 20265424}, "post": {}, "path": "/type/audio/", "pathParams": {}, "resourceId": "sp_559809288", "fbId": "200167090048537", "fbAppVersion": "v2.5", "clientGaId": "UA-747464-1", "messageBusUri": "wss://messages.rebelmouse.io", "section": {"id": 559809288}, "tag": {"slug": null}, "fullBootstrapUrl": "/res/bootstrap/data.js?site_id=20265424\u0026resource_id=sp_559809288\u0026path_params=%7B%7D\u0026warehouse10x=1\u0026override_device=desktop\u0026page_id=559809288", "whitelabel_menu": {}, "useRiver": true, "engine": {"recaptchaSiteKey": null, "lazyLoadShortcodeImages": true, "backButtonGoToPage": true, "changeParticleUrlScroll": false, "countKeepReadingAsPageview": true, "defaultVideoPlayer": "", "theoPlayerLibraryLocation": "", "trackPageViewOnParticleUrlScroll": false, "webVitalsSampleRate": 100, "overrideDevicePixelRatio": null, "image_quality_level": 85, "sendEventsToCurrentDomain": false, "enableLoggedOutUserTracking": false}}; </script><script class="rm-i-script">window.REBELMOUSE_BASE_ASSETS_URL = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/"; window.REBELMOUSE_BASE_SSL_DOMAIN = "https://spectrum.ieee.org"; window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_LOW_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB = {}; window.RM_OVERRIDES = {}; window.RM_AD_LOADER = []; </script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/main.6dd57737d73e2cefa676.bundle.mjs" class="rm-i-script" type="module" async="async" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="main.mjs"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/main.5cf2d86defc2a8468262.bundle.js" class="rm-i-script" nomodule="nomodule" defer="defer" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="main.js"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/runtime.7c6b21900ce170cda6bd.bundle.mjs" class="rm-i-script" type="module" async="async" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="runtime.mjs"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/runtime.a23ceda6b8448f51fcb3.bundle.js" class="rm-i-script" nomodule="nomodule" defer="defer" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="runtime.js"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/iabTracking.31cf81e3384788188e0d.bundle.mjs" class="rm-i-script" type="module" async="async" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="iabTracking.mjs"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/iabTracking.7f23064d1f64f976ca2f.bundle.js" class="rm-i-script" nomodule="nomodule" defer="defer" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="iabTracking.js"></script><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#647187"/><script class="rm-i-script"> if ('serviceWorker' in navigator) { window.addEventListener('load', function() { navigator.serviceWorker.register('/sw.js').then(function(registration) { console.log('ServiceWorker registration successful with scope: ', registration.scope); }, function(err) { console.log('ServiceWorker registration failed: ', err); }); }); } else { console.log('ServiceWorker not enabled'); } </script><script class="rm-i-script"> // fallback error prone google tag setup var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; </script><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="IEEE Spectrum" href="/feeds/type/audio.rss"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1.0"/><title>Audio & Radio Special Programs - IEEE Spectrum</title><style class="rm-i-styles"> article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,nav,section{display:block;}audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block;}audio:not([controls]){display:none;}[hidden]{display:none;}html{font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;}body{margin:0;font-size:1em;line-height:1.4;}body,button,input,select,textarea{font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;color:#5A5858;}::-moz-selection{background:#145A7C;color:#fff;text-shadow:none;}::selection{background:#145A7C;color:#fff;text-shadow:none;}:focus{outline:5px auto #2684b1;}a:hover,a:active{outline:0;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}blockquote{margin:1em 40px;}dfn{font-style:italic;}hr{display:block;height:1px;border:0;border-top:1px solid #ccc;margin:1em 0;padding:0;}ins{background:#ff9;color:#000;text-decoration:none;}mark{background:#ff0;color:#000;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:monospace,serif;_font-family:'courier new',monospace;font-size:1em;}pre{white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;word-wrap:break-word;}q{quotes:none;}q:before,q:after{content:"";content:none;}small{font-size:85%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sup{top:-0.5em;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}ul,ol{margin:1em 0;padding:0 0 0 40px;}dd{margin:0 0 0 40px;}nav ul,nav ol{list-style:none;list-style-image:none;margin:0;padding:0;}img{border:0;-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic;vertical-align:middle;}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden;}figure{margin:0;}form{margin:0;}fieldset{border:0;margin:0;padding:0;}label{cursor:pointer;}legend{border:0;padding:0;}button,input{line-height:normal;}button,input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{cursor:pointer;-webkit-appearance:button;}input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}input[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;box-sizing:content-box;}input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0;}textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top;resize:vertical;}input:invalid,textarea:invalid{background-color:#fccfcc;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}td{vertical-align:top;}.ir{display:block;border:0;text-indent:-999em;overflow:hidden;background-color:transparent;background-repeat:no-repeat;text-align:left;direction:ltr;}.ir br{display:none;}.hidden{display:none !important;visibility:hidden;}.visuallyhidden{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;}.visuallyhidden.focusable:active,.visuallyhidden.focusable:focus{clip:auto;height:auto;margin:0;overflow:visible;position:static;width:auto;}.invisible{visibility:hidden;}.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after{content:"";display:table;}.clearfix:after{clear:both;}.clearfix{zoom:1;}.zindex20{z-index:20;}.zindex30{z-index:30;}.zindex40{z-index:40;}.zindex50{z-index:50;}html{font-size:11.25px;font-family:serif;line-height:1.66;color:#0D0D0D;font-weight:normal;}body,button,input,select,textarea{font-family:serif;color:#0D0D0D;}.col,body{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.66;}a{color:#FF4C00;text-decoration:none;}a:hover{color:#FF4C00;text-decoration:none;}.with-primary-color{color:#FF4C00;}.with-primary-color:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.js-tab,.js-keep-reading,.js-toggle{cursor:pointer;}.noselect{-webkit-touch-callout:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-khtml-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}.tabs__tab{display:inline-block;padding:10px;}.tabs__tab-content{display:none;}.tabs__tab-content.active{display:block;}button:focus,input[type="text"],input[type="email"]{outline:0;}audio,canvas,iframe,img,svg,video{vertical-align:middle;max-width:100%;}textarea{resize:vertical;}.main{background-color:#bdbdbd;position:relative;overflow:hidden;}.valign-wrapper{display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.valign-wrapper .valign{display:block;}#notification{position:fixed;}.article-module__controls-placeholder{position:absolute;}.display-block{display:block;}.cover-all{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;}.full-width{width:100%;}.fa{font-family:FontAwesome,"fontawesome-mini" !important;}.fa.fa-instagram{font-size:1.15em;}.fa-googleplus:before{content:"\f0d5";}.post-partial,.overflow-visible{overflow:visible !important;}.attribute-data{margin:0 10px 10px 0;padding:5px 10px;background-color:#FF4C00;color:white;border-radius:3px;margin-bottom:10px;display:inline-block;}.attribute-data[value=""]{display:none;}.badge{display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;}.badge-image{border-radius:100%;}.js-expandable.expanded .js-expand,.js-expandable:not(.expanded) .js-contract{display:none;}.js-scroll-trigger{display:block;width:100%;}.sticky-target:not(.legacy){position:fixed;opacity:0;top:0;will-change:transform;transform:translate3d(0px,0px,0px);}.sticky-target.legacy{position:relative;}.sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{position:fixed;}.color-inherit:hover,.color-inherit{color:inherit;}.js-appear-on-expand{transition:all 350ms;height:0;overflow:hidden;opacity:0;}.content-container{display:none;}.expanded .content-container{display:block;}.expanded .js-appear-on-expand{opacity:1;height:auto;}.logged-out-user .js-appear-on-expand{height:0;opacity:0;}.h1,.h2{margin:0;padding:0;font-size:1em;font-weight:normal;}.lazyload-placeholder{display:none;position:absolute;text-align:center;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.1);top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;}div[runner-lazy-loading] .lazyload-placeholder,iframe[runner-lazy-loading] + .lazyload-placeholder{display:block;}.abs-pos-center{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;}.relative{position:relative;}.runner-spinner{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;width:50px;}.runner-spinner:before{content:"";display:block;padding-top:100%;}.rm-non-critical-loaded .runner-spinner-circular{animation:rotate 2s linear infinite;height:100%;transform-origin:center center;width:100%;position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;}.position-relative{position:relative;}.collection-button{display:inline-block;}.rm-non-critical-loaded .runner-spinner-path{stroke-dasharray:1,200;stroke-dashoffset:0;animation:dash 1.5s ease-in-out infinite,color 6s ease-in-out infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}.pagination-container .pagination-wrapper{display:flex;align-items:center;}.pagination-container .pagination-wrapper a{color:rgba(59,141,242,1);margin:0 5px;}@keyframes rotate{100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}@keyframes dash{0%{stroke-dasharray:1,200;stroke-dashoffset:0;}50%{stroke-dasharray:89,200;stroke-dashoffset:-35px;}100%{stroke-dasharray:89,200;stroke-dashoffset:-124px;}}@keyframes color{100%,0%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,1);}40%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,0.6);}66%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);}80%,90%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,0.7);}}.js-section-loader-feature-container > .slick-list > .slick-track > .slick-slide:not(.slick-active){height:0;visibility:hidden;}.rebellt-item-media-container .instagram-media{margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}.js-hidden-panel{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;transition:all 300ms;z-index:10;}.js-hidden-panel.active{transform:translate3d(0,-100%,0);}.content{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:1100px;width:90%;}.ad-tag{text-align:center;}.ad-tag__inner{display:inline-block;}.content .ad-tag{margin-left:-5%;margin-right:-5%;}@media (min-width:768px){.content .ad-tag{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}.user-prefs{display:none;}.no-mb:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:0;}.no-mt:not(:first-child){margin-top:0;}.sm-mt-0:not(:empty):before,.sm-mt-1:not(:empty):before,.sm-mt-2:not(:empty):before,.sm-mb-0:not(:empty):after,.sm-mb-1:not(:empty):after,.sm-mb-2:not(:empty):after,.md-mt-0:not(:empty):before,.md-mt-1:not(:empty):before,.md-mt-2:not(:empty):before,.md-mb-0:not(:empty):after,.md-mb-1:not(:empty):after,.md-mb-2:not(:empty):after,.lg-mt-0:not(:empty):before,.lg-mt-1:not(:empty):before,.lg-mt-2:not(:empty):before,.lg-mb-0:not(:empty):after,.lg-mb-1:not(:empty):after,.lg-mb-2:not(:empty):after{content:'';display:block;overflow:hidden;}.sm-mt-0:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0;}.sm-mt-0 > *{margin-top:0;}.sm-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-10px;}.sm-mt-1 > *{margin-top:10px;}.sm-mt-2:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-20px;}.sm-mt-2 > *{margin-top:20px;}.sm-mb-0:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0;}.sm-mb-0 > *{margin-bottom:0;}.sm-mb-1:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-10px;}.sm-mb-1 > *{margin-bottom:10px;}.sm-mb-2:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-20px;}.sm-mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.md-mt-0:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0;}.md-mt-0 > *{margin-top:0;}.md-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-10px;}.md-mt-1 > *{margin-top:10px;}.md-mt-2:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-20px;}.md-mt-2 > *{margin-top:20px;}.md-mb-0:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0;}.md-mb-0 > *{margin-bottom:0;}.md-mb-1:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-10px;}.md-mb-1 > *{margin-bottom:10px;}.md-mb-2:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-20px;}.md-mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.lg-mt-0:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0;}.lg-mt-0 > *{margin-top:0;}.lg-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-10px;}.lg-mt-1 > *{margin-top:10px;}.lg-mt-2:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-20px;}.lg-mt-2 > *{margin-top:20px;}.lg-mb-0:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0;}.lg-mb-0 > *{margin-bottom:0;}.lg-mb-1:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-10px;}.lg-mb-1 > *{margin-bottom:10px;}.lg-mb-2:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-20px;}.lg-mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}}.sm-cp-0{padding:0;}.sm-cp-1{padding:10px;}.sm-cp-2{padding:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.md-cp-0{padding:0;}.md-cp-1{padding:10px;}.md-cp-2{padding:20px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.lg-cp-0{padding:0;}.lg-cp-1{padding:10px;}.lg-cp-2{padding:20px;}}.mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}.mb-2 > :last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.v-sep > *{margin-bottom:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.v-sep > *{margin-bottom:40px;}}.v-sep > *:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.hide-mobile{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.hide-tablet-and-mobile{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.hide-tablet-and-desktop{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.hide-tablet{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.hide-desktop{display:none !important;}}.row.px10{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}.row.px10 > .col{padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}.row.px20{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}.row.px20 > .col{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}.row{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;}.row:after{content:'';display:table;clear:both;}.row:not(:empty){margin-bottom:-20px;}.col{margin-bottom:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.col{margin-bottom:40px;}.row:not(:empty){margin-bottom:-40px;}}.row .col{float:left;box-sizing:border-box;}.row .col.pull-right{float:right;}.row .col.s1{width:8.3333333333%;}.row .col.s2{width:16.6666666667%;}.row .col.s3{width:25%;}.row .col.s4{width:33.3333333333%;}.row .col.s5{width:41.6666666667%;}.row .col.s6{width:50%;}.row .col.s7{width:58.3333333333%;}.row .col.s8{width:66.6666666667%;}.row .col.s9{width:75%;}.row .col.s10{width:83.3333333333%;}.row .col.s11{width:91.6666666667%;}.row .col.s12{width:100%;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.row .col.m1{width:8.3333333333%;}.row .col.m2{width:16.6666666667%;}.row .col.m3{width:25%;}.row .col.m4{width:33.3333333333%;}.row .col.m5{width:41.6666666667%;}.row .col.m6{width:50%;}.row .col.m7{width:58.3333333333%;}.row .col.m8{width:66.6666666667%;}.row .col.m9{width:75%;}.row .col.m10{width:83.3333333333%;}.row .col.m11{width:91.6666666667%;}.row .col.m12{width:100%;}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.row .col.l1{width:8.3333333333%;}.row .col.l2{width:16.6666666667%;}.row .col.l3{width:25%;}.row .col.l4{width:33.3333333333%;}.row .col.l5{width:41.6666666667%;}.row .col.l6{width:50%;}.row .col.l7{width:58.3333333333%;}.row .col.l8{width:66.6666666667%;}.row .col.l9{width:75%;}.row .col.l10{width:83.3333333333%;}.row .col.l11{width:91.6666666667%;}.row .col.l12{width:100%;}}.widget{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;}.widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:#FF4C00;}.widget__headline{font-family:Theinhardt-Regular,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0D0D0D;cursor:pointer;}.widget__headline-text{font-family:inherit;color:inherit;word-break:break-word;}.widget__section-text{display:block;}.image,.widget__image{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;display:block;z-index:0;}.widget__play{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;text-align:center;}.rm-widget-image-holder{position:relative;}.rm-video-holder{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:0;left:0;}.rm-zindex-hidden{display:none;z-index:-1;}.rm-widget-image-holder .widget__play{top:0;left:0;}.image.no-image{background-color:#e4e4e4;}.widget__video{position:relative;}.widget__video .rm-scrop-spacer{padding-bottom:56.25%;}.widget__video.rm-video-tiktok{max-width:605px;}.widget__video video,.widget__video iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:100%;}.widget__product-vendor{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.widget__product-buy-link{margin:15px 0;}.widget__product-buy-link-btn{background-color:#000;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1em;padding:1.25rem;font-weight:700;}.widget__product-buy-btn:hover{color:#fff;}.widget__product-price{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.widget__product-compare-at-price{text-decoration:line-through;}.rebellt-item.is--mobile,.rebellt-item.is--tablet{margin-bottom:0.85em;}.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col2,.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col3{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col2{width:48%;}.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col3{width:32%;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.rebellt-item.col2:not(.show_columns_on_mobile),.rebellt-item.col3:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.rebellt-item.col2:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){width:48%;}.rebellt-item.col3:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){width:32%;}}.rebellt-item.parallax{background-size:cover;background-attachment:fixed;position:relative;left:calc(-50vw + 50%);width:100vw;min-height:100vh;padding:0 20%;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:inherit;text-align:center;z-index:3;}.rebellt-item.parallax.is--mobile{background-position:center;margin-bottom:0;padding:0 15%;}.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description:before,.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description:after{content:"";display:block;padding-bottom:100%;}.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description.is--mobile:before,.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description.is--mobile:after{padding-bottom:90vh;}.rebellt-item.parallax h3,.rebellt-item.parallax p{color:white;text-shadow:1px 0 #000;}.rebellt-item.parallax.is--mobile p{font-size:18px;font-weight:400;}.rebellt-ecommerce h3{font-size:1.8em;margin-bottom:15px;}.rebellt-ecommerce--vendor{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.rebellt-ecommerce--price{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.rebellt-ecommerce--compare-at-price{text-decoration:line-through;}.rebellt-ecommerce--buy{margin:15px 0;}.rebellt-ecommerce--btn{background-color:#000;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1em;padding:1.25rem;font-weight:700;}.rebellt-ecommerce--btn:hover{color:#fff;}.rebelbar.skin-simple{height:50px;line-height:50px;color:#0D0D0D;font-size:1.2rem;border-left:none;border-right:none;background-color:#fff;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__inner{position:relative;height:100%;margin:0 auto;padding:0 20px;max-width:1300px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .logo{float:left;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .logo__image{max-height:50px;max-width:190px;}.rebelbar--fake.skin-simple{position:relative;border-color:#fff;}.rebelbar--fixed.skin-simple{position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:3;}.with-fixed-header .rebelbar--fixed.skin-simple{position:fixed;top:0;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle{position:relative;cursor:pointer;float:left;text-align:center;font-size:0;width:50px;margin-left:-15px;height:100%;color:#0D0D0D;}.rebelbar.skin-simple i{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;font-size:20px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links{display:none;padding:0 100px 0 40px;overflow:hidden;height:100%;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-list{margin:0 -15px;height:100%;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links li{display:inline-block;padding:0 15px;text-align:left;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-link{color:#0D0D0D;display:block;font-size:1.8rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-link:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__sharebar.sharebar{display:none;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-list.js--active .rebelbar__more-sections-button{visibility:visible;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__more-sections-button{cursor:pointer;visibility:hidden;}.rebelbar.skin-simple #rebelbar__more-sections{visibility:hidden;position:fixed;line-height:70px;left:0;width:100%;background-color:#1f1f1f;}.rebelbar.skin-simple #rebelbar__more-sections a{color:white;}.rebelbar.skin-simple #rebelbar__more-sections.opened{visibility:visible;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle{margin-right:15px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple{height:100px;line-height:100px;font-weight:700;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .logo__image{max-width:350px;max-height:100px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__inner{padding:0 40px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__sharebar.sharebar{float:left;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;padding-left:40px;}}@media (min-width:960px){.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links{display:block;}.with-floating-shares .rebelbar.skin-simple .search-form{display:none;}.with-floating-shares .rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__sharebar.sharebar{display:block;}.with-floating-shares .rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links{display:none;}}.menu-global{display:none;width:100%;position:fixed;z-index:3;color:white;background-color:#1a1a1a;height:100%;font-size:1.8rem;overflow-y:auto;overflow-x:hidden;line-height:1.6em;}@media (min-width:768px){.menu-global{display:block;max-width:320px;top:0;-webkit-transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate3d(-320px,0,0);}.menu-global,.all-content-wrapper{transition:transform .2s cubic-bezier(.2,.3,.25,.9);}}.menu-overlay{position:fixed;top:-100%;left:0;height:0;width:100%;cursor:pointer;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:opacity 200ms;}.menu-opened .menu-overlay{visibility:visible;height:100%;z-index:1;opacity:1;top:0;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.menu-opened .menu-overlay{z-index:10;background:rgba(255,255,255,.6);}}@media (min-width:960px){.logged-out-user .rebelbar.skin-simple .menu-overlay{display:none;}}@media (min-width:600px){.rm-resized-container-5{width:5%;}.rm-resized-container-10{width:10%;}.rm-resized-container-15{width:15%;}.rm-resized-container-20{width:20%;}.rm-resized-container-25{width:25%;}.rm-resized-container-30{width:30%;}.rm-resized-container-35{width:35%;}.rm-resized-container-40{width:40%;}.rm-resized-container-45{width:45%;}.rm-resized-container-50{width:50%;}.rm-resized-container-55{width:55%;}.rm-resized-container-60{width:60%;}.rm-resized-container-65{width:65%;}.rm-resized-container-70{width:70%;}.rm-resized-container-75{width:75%;}.rm-resized-container-80{width:80%;}.rm-resized-container-85{width:85%;}.rm-resized-container-90{width:90%;}.rm-resized-container-95{width:95%;}.rm-resized-container-100{width:100%;}}.rm-embed-container{position:relative;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-instagram{max-width:540px;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok{max-width:572px;min-height:721px;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote,.rm-embed-twitter blockquote{all:revert;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;position:relative;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote,.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > iframe,.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > section{width:100%;min-height:721px;display:block;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > section{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-direction:column;text-align:center;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > section:before{content:"";display:block;width:100%;height:300px;border-radius:8px;}.rm-embed-container > .rm-embed,.rm-embed-container > .rm-embed-holder{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;}.rm-embed-holder{display:block;height:100%;width:100%;display:flex;align-items:center;}.rm-embed-container > .rm-embed-spacer{display:block;}.rm-embed-twitter{max-width:550px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}.rm-embed-twitter blockquote{position:relative;height:100%;width:100%;flex-direction:column;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-direction:column;text-align:center;}.rm-embed-twitter:not(.rm-off) .twitter-tweet{margin:0 !important;}.logo__image,.image-element__img,.rm-lazyloadable-image{max-width:100%;height:auto;}.logo__image,.image-element__img{width:auto;}@media (max-width:768px){.rm-embed-spacer.rm-embed-spacer-desktop{display:none;}}@media (min-width:768px){.rm-embed-spacer.rm-embed-spacer-mobile{display:none;}}.sharebar{margin:0 -4px;padding:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;}.sharebar a{color:#fff;}.sharebar a:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#fff;}.sharebar .share,.sharebar .share-plus{display:inline-block;margin:0 4px;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;padding:0 10px;width:20px;min-width:20px;height:40px;line-height:38px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:2px;}.sharebar .share-plus i,.sharebar .share i{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.sharebar .hide-button{display:none;}.sharebar.enable-panel .hide-button{display:inline-block;}.sharebar.enable-panel .share-plus{display:none;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child{width:68px;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child:after{content:'Share';padding-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;}.sharebar--fixed{display:none;position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:1;text-align:center;width:100%;left:0;margin:20px auto;}.with-floating-shares .sharebar--fixed{display:block;}.sharebar.fly_shared:not(.enable-panel) .share:nth-child(5){display:none;}.share-media-panel .share-media-panel-pinit{position:absolute;right:0;bottom:0;background-color:transparent;}.share-media-panel-pinit_share{background-image:url('/static/img/whitelabel/runner/spritesheets/pin-it-sprite.png');background-color:#BD081C;background-position:-1px -17px;border-radius:4px;float:right;height:34px;margin:7px;width:60px;background-size:194px auto;}.share-media-panel-pinit_share:hover{opacity:.9;}@media (min-width:768px){.sharebar .share-plus .fa,.sharebar .share .fa{font-size:22px;}.sharebar .share,.sharebar .share-plus{padding:0 15px;width:30px;min-width:30px;height:60px;line-height:60px;margin:0 4px;font-size:16px;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child{width:180px;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child:after{content:'Share this story';padding-left:10px;vertical-align:middle;text-transform:uppercase;}.share-media-panel-pinit_share{background-position:-60px -23px;height:45px;margin:10px;width:80px;}}.action-btn{display:block;font-size:1.6rem;color:#FF4C00;cursor:pointer;border:2px solid #FF4C00;border-color:#FF4C00;border-radius:2px;line-height:1em;padding:1.6rem;font-weight:700;text-align:center;}.action-btn:hover{color:#FF4C00;border:2px solid #FF4C00;border-color:#FF4C00;}.section-headline__text{font-size:3rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1;}.section-headline__text{color:#0D0D0D;}@media (min-width:768px){.section-headline__text{font-size:3.6rem;}.content__main .section-headline__text{margin-top:-.3rem;margin-bottom:2rem;}}.module-headline__text{font-size:3rem;font-weight:700;color:#262626;}@media (min-width:768px){.module-headline__text{font-size:3.6rem;}}.search-form{position:absolute;top:0;right:20px;z-index:1;}.search-form__text-input{display:none;height:42px;font-size:1.3rem;background-color:#f4f4f4;border:none;color:#8f8f8f;text-indent:10px;padding:0;width:220px;position:absolute;right:-10px;top:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;}.search-form .search-form__submit{display:none;position:relative;border:none;bottom:2px;background-color:transparent;}.search-form__text-input:focus,.search-form__submit:focus{border:0 none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;outline:0 none;}.show-search .search-form__close{position:absolute;display:block;top:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1rem;right:-28px;}.search-form__open{vertical-align:middle;bottom:2px;display:inline-block;position:relative;color:#0D0D0D;font-size:1.9rem;}.show-search .search-form__text-input{display:block;}.show-search .search-form__submit{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:0;color:#0D0D0D;font-size:1.9rem;}.search-form__close,.show-search .search-form__open{display:none;}.quick-search{display:block;border-bottom:1px solid #d2d2d2;padding:24px 0 28px;margin-bottom:20px;position:relative;}.quick-search__submit{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0;margin:0;position:absolute;zoom:.75;color:#000;}.quick-search__input{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:700;line-height:3em;padding-left:40px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;}@media (min-width:768px){.search-form{right:40px;}.quick-search{margin-bottom:40px;padding:0 0 20px;}.quick-search__submit{zoom:1;}.quick-search__input{line-height:2.2em;padding-left:60px;}}.search-widget{position:relative;}.search-widget__input,.search-widget__submit{border:none;padding:0;margin:0;color:#0D0D0D;background:transparent;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;}.social-links__link{display:inline-block;padding:12px;line-height:0;width:25px;height:25px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 6px;font-size:1.5em;text-align:center;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;color:white;}.social-links__link:hover{color:white;}.social-links__link > span{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1em;}.article__body{font-family:Theinhardt-Regular,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;}.body-description .horizontal-rule{border-top:2px solid #eee;}.article-content blockquote{border-left:5px solid #FF4C00;border-left-color:#FF4C00;color:#656565;padding:0 0 0 25px;margin:1em 0 1em 25px;}.article__splash-custom{position:relative;}.body hr{display:none;}.article-content .media-caption{color:#9a9a9a;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2;}.giphy-image{margin-bottom:0;}.article-body a{word-wrap:break-word;}.article-content .giphy-image__credits-wrapper{margin:0;}.article-content .giphy-image__credits{color:#000;font-size:1rem;}.article-content .image-media,.article-content .giphy-image .media-photo-credit{display:block;}.tags{color:#FF4C00;margin:0 -5px;}.tags__item{margin:5px;display:inline-block;}.tags .tags__item{line-height:1;}.slideshow .carousel-control{overflow:hidden;}.shortcode-media .media-caption,.shortcode-media .media-photo-credit{display:block;}@media (min-width:768px){.tags{margin:0 -10px;}.tags__item{margin:10px;}.article-content__comments-wrapper{border-bottom:1px solid #d2d2d2;margin-bottom:20px;padding-bottom:40px;}}.subscription-widget{background:#FF4C00;padding:30px;}.subscription-widget .module-headline__text{text-align:center;font-size:2rem;font-weight:400;color:#fff;}.subscription-widget .social-links{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;text-align:center;font-size:0;}.subscription-widget .social-links__link{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:39px;height:39px;color:#fff;box-sizing:border-box;border-radius:50%;font-size:20px;margin:0 5px;line-height:35px;background:transparent;border:2px solid #fff;border-color:#fff;}.subscription-widget .social-links__link:hover{color:#FF4C00;border-color:#FF4C00;background:transparent;}.subscription-widget .social-links__link .fa-instagram{margin:5px 0 0 1px;}.subscription-widget__site-links{margin:30px -5px;text-align:center;font-size:.8em;}.subscription-widget__site-link{padding:0 5px;color:inherit;}.newsletter-element__form{text-align:center;position:relative;max-width:500px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.newsletter-element__submit,.newsletter-element__input{border:0;padding:10px;font-size:1.6rem;font-weight:500;height:40px;line-height:20px;margin:0;}.newsletter-element__submit{background:#262626;color:#fff;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;}.newsletter-element__submit:hover{opacity:.9;}.newsletter-element__input{background:#f4f4f4;width:100%;color:#8f8f8f;padding-right:96px;box-sizing:border-box;}.gdpr-cookie-wrapper{position:relative;left:0;right:0;padding:.5em;box-sizing:border-box;}.gdpr-cookie-controls{text-align:right;}.runner-authors-list{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:0;list-style-type:none;}.runner-authors-author-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:stretch;align-content:stretch;}.runner-authors-avatar-thumb{display:inline-block;border-radius:100%;width:55px;height:55px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:cover;}.runner-authors-author-info{width:calc(100% - 55px);}.runner-author-name-container{padding:0 6px;}.rm-breadcrumb__list{margin:0;padding:0;}.rm-breadcrumb__item{list-style-type:none;display:inline;}.rm-breadcrumb__item:last-child .rm-breadcrumb__separator{display:none;}.rm-breadcrumb__item:last-child .rm-breadcrumb__link,.rm-breadcrumb__link.disabled{pointer-events:none;color:inherit;}.social-tab-i .share-fb:after,.social-tab-i .share-tw:after{content:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i a{margin-right:0;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i li{line-height:1px;float:left;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;}.share-tab-img{max-width:100%;padding:0;margin:0;position:relative;overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i{position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0;margin:0;padding:0;z-index:1;list-style-type:none;}.close-share-mobile,.show-share-mobile{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.75);}.share-buttons .social-tab-i.show-mobile-share-bar .close-share-mobile,.share-buttons .social-tab-i .show-share-mobile,.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{width:30px;height:30px;line-height:27px;padding:0;text-align:center;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i.show-mobile-share-bar .show-share-mobile,.share-buttons .social-tab-i .close-share-mobile{display:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .icons-share{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;font:normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;color:white;}.social-tab-i .icons-share.fb:before{content:'\f09a';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.tw:before{content:'\f099';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.pt:before{content:'\f231';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.tl:before{content:'\f173';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.em:before{content:'\f0e0';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.sprite-shares-close:before{content:'\f00d';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.sprite-shares-share:before{content:'\f1e0';}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.share-tab-img .social-tab-i{display:block;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{display:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i.show-mobile-share-bar .share{display:block;}.social-tab-i li{float:left;}}@media only screen and (min-width:769px){.social-tab-i .close-share-mobile,.social-tab-i .show-share-mobile{display:none !important;}.share-tab-img .social-tab-i{display:none;}.share-tab-img:hover .social-tab-i{display:block;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{width:51px;height:51px;line-height:47px;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i{margin:5px 0 0 5px;top:0;left:0;bottom:auto;right:auto;display:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{display:block;}}.accesibility-hidden{border:0;clip:rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;background:#000;color:#fff;}body:not(.rm-non-critical-loaded) .follow-button{display:none;}.posts-custom .posts-wrapper:after{content:"";display:block;margin-bottom:-20px;}.posts-custom .widget{margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;}.posts-custom .widget__headline,.posts-custom .social-date{display:block;}.posts-custom .social-date{color:#a4a2a0;font-size:1.4rem;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_headline] .widget{vertical-align:top;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_headline="top"] .widget{vertical-align:bottom;}.posts-custom .posts-wrapper{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;}.posts-custom .widget{display:inline-block;}.posts-custom article{margin:0;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.66;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="2"] article,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="3"] article,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="4"] article{margin:0 10px;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="2"] .posts-wrapper,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="3"] .posts-wrapper,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="4"] .posts-wrapper{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}@media (min-width:768px){.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="2"] .widget{width:50%;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="3"] .widget{width:33.3333%;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="4"] .widget{width:25%;}}.posts-custom .widget__headline{font-size:1em;font-weight:700;word-wrap:break-word;}.posts-custom .widget__section{display:block;}.posts-custom .widget__head{position:relative;}.posts-custom .widget__head .widget__body{position:absolute;padding:5%;bottom:0;left:0;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.4);background:linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,0.5));}.posts-custom .widget__head .social-author__name,.posts-custom .widget__head .main-author__name,.posts-custom .widget__head .social-author__social-name,.posts-custom .widget__head .main-author__social-name,.posts-custom .widget__head .widget__headline,.posts-custom .widget__head .widget__subheadline{color:white;}.posts-custom .widget__subheadline *{display:inline;}.posts-custom .main-author__avatar,.posts-custom .social-author__avatar{float:left;border-radius:50%;margin-right:8px;height:30px;width:30px;min-width:30px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;}.posts-custom .main-author__name,.posts-custom .social-author__name{color:#1f1f1f;font-size:1.4rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.66;display:inline;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;}.posts-custom .main-author__social-name,.posts-custom .social-author__social-name{color:#757575;display:block;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:0.8em;}.posts-custom .main-author__name:hover,.posts-custom .social-author__name:hover,.posts-custom .main-author__social-name:hover,.posts-custom .social-author__social-name:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel] .posts-wrapper:after{margin-bottom:0 !important;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel] .widget{margin-bottom:0 !important;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel][data-attr-layout_columns="1"] .posts-wrapper:not(.slick-initialized) .widget:not(:first-child),.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel]:not([data-attr-layout_columns="1"]) .posts-wrapper:not(.slick-initialized){display:none !important;}.posts-custom .slick-arrow{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;width:7%;max-width:60px;min-width:45px;min-height:60px;height:15%;color:white;border:0;margin:auto 10px;background:#FF4C00;z-index:1;cursor:pointer;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1;opacity:0.9;}.posts-custom .slick-prev{left:0;}.posts-custom .slick-next{right:0;}.posts-custom .slick-arrow:before{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;width:13px;bottom:0;top:0;margin:auto;height:16px;}.posts-custom .slick-arrow:hover{background:#FF4C00;opacity:1;}.posts-custom .slick-dots{display:block;padding:10px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;margin:0 -5px;}.posts-custom .slick-dots li{display:inline-block;margin:0 5px;}.posts-custom .slick-dots button{font-size:0;width:10px;height:10px;display:inline-block;line-height:0;border:0;background:#FF4C00;border-radius:7px;padding:0;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;outline:none;}.posts-custom .slick-dots .slick-active button,.posts-custom .slick-dots button:hover{background:#FF4C00;}.posts-custom hr{display:none;}.posts-custom{font-family:Theinhardt-Regular,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;}.posts-custom blockquote{border-left:5px solid #FF4C00;border-left-color:#FF4C00;color:#656565;padding:0 0 0 25px;margin:1em 0 1em 25px;}.posts-custom .media-caption{color:#9a9a9a;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2;}.posts-custom a{word-wrap:break-word;}.posts-custom .giphy-image__credits-wrapper{margin:0;}.posts-custom .giphy-image__credits{color:#000;font-size:1rem;}.posts-custom .body .image-media,.posts-custom .body .giphy-image .media-photo-credit{display:block;}.posts-custom .widget__shares.enable-panel .share-plus,.posts-custom .widget__shares:not(.enable-panel) .hide-button{display:none;}.posts-custom .widget__shares{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;font-size:0;}.posts-custom .widget__shares a{display:inline-block;padding:5px;line-height:0;width:25px;height:25px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 10px;font-size:1.5rem;text-align:center;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;color:white;}.posts-custom .widget__shares a:hover{color:white;}.posts-custom .widget__shares i{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1em;}.infinite-scroll-wrapper:not(.rm-loading){width:1px;height:1px;}.infinite-scroll-wrapper.rm-loading{width:1px;}.rm-loadmore-placeholder.rm-loading{display:block;width:100%;}.post-splash-custom,.post-splash-custom .widget__head{position:relative;}.post-splash-custom .widget__head .widget__body{position:absolute;padding:5%;bottom:0;left:0;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,.4);background:-webkit-linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));background:-o-linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));background:-moz-linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));background:linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));}.post-splash-custom .headline{font-size:2rem;font-weight:700;position:relative;}.post-splash-custom .post-controls{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;z-index:2;}.post-splash-custom hr{display:none;}.post-splash-custom .widget__section{display:block;}.post-splash-custom .post-date{display:block;}.post-splash-custom .photo-credit p,.post-splash-custom .photo-credit a{font-size:1.1rem;margin:0;}.post-splash-custom .widget__subheadline *{display:inline;}.post-splash-custom .widget__image .headline,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .photo-credit,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .photo-credit p,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .photo-credit a,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .post-date{color:#fff;}@media (min-width:768px){.post-splash-custom .headline{font-size:3.6rem;}}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares.enable-panel .share-plus,.post-splash-custom .widget__shares:not(.enable-panel) .hide-button{display:none;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;font-size:0;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares a{display:inline-block;padding:5px;line-height:0;width:25px;height:25px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 10px;font-size:1.5rem;text-align:center;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;color:white;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares a:hover{color:white;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares i{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1em;}.post-authors{font-size:1.1em;line-height:1;padding-bottom:20px;margin-bottom:20px;color:#9a9a9a;border-bottom:1px solid #d2d2d2;}.post-authors__name,.post-authors__date{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.post-authors__name{font-weight:600;}.post-authors__date{margin-left:7px;}.post-authors__fb-like{float:right;overflow:hidden;}.post-authors__fb-like[fb-xfbml-state='rendered']:before{content:'Like us on Facebook';line-height:20px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:15px;}.post-authors__list{list-style:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin:0;padding:0;}.post-author{display:inline;}.post-author__avatar{z-index:0;border-radius:100%;object-fit:cover;width:50px;height:50px;}.post-author__avatar,.post-author__name{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.post-author__bio p{margin:0;}.post-pager{display:table;width:100%;}.post-pager__spacing{display:table-cell;padding:0;width:5px;}.post-pager__btn{display:table-cell;font-size:1.6rem;background:#FF4C00;color:white;cursor:pointer;line-height:1em;padding:1.6rem;font-weight:700;text-align:center;}.post-pager__btn:hover{background:#FF4C00;color:white;}.post-pager__btn .fa{transition:padding 200ms;}.post-pager__btn:hover .fa{padding:0 5px;}.post-pager__spacing:first-child,.post-pager__spacing:last-child{display:none;}.arrow-link{font-weight:600;font-size:1.5rem;color:#FF4C00;margin:0 -.5rem;text-align:right;position:relative;}.arrow-link__anchor span{vertical-align:middle;margin:0 .5rem;}.list{display:block;margin-left:-1em;margin-right:-1em;padding:0;}.list__item{display:inline-block;padding:1em;}.logo__anchor{display:block;font-size:0;}.logo__image.with-bounds{max-width:190px;max-height:100px;}@media (min-width:768px){.logo__image.with-bounds{max-width:350px;}}.widget__head .rm-lazyloadable-image{width:100%;}.crop-16x9{padding-bottom:56.25%;}.crop-3x2{padding-bottom:66.6666%;}.crop-2x1{padding-bottom:50%;}.crop-1x2{padding-bottom:200%;}.crop-3x1{padding-bottom:33.3333%;}.crop-1x1{padding-bottom:100%;}.rm-crop-16x9 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-16x9 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-3x2 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-3x2 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-2x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-2x1 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-1x2 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-1x2 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-3x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-3x1 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-1x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-1x1 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-custom > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-custom > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer){position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;height:100%;width:100%;object-fit:contain;}.rm-crop-16x9 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-3x2 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-2x1 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-1x2 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-3x1 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-1x1 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-custom > .rm-crop-spacer{display:block;}.rm-crop-16x9 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:56.25%;}.rm-crop-3x2 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:66.6666%;}.rm-crop-2x1 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:50%;}.rm-crop-1x2 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:200%;}.rm-crop-3x1 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:33.3333%;}.rm-crop-1x1 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:100%;}.share-plus{background-color:#afafaf;}.share-plus:hover{background-color:#aaaaaa;}.share-facebook,.share-fb{background-color:#1777f2;}.share-facebook:hover,.share-fb:hover{background-color:#318bff;}.share-twitter,.share-tw{background-color:#50abf1;}.share-twitter:hover,.share-tw:hover{background-color:#00a8e5;}.share-apple{background-color:#000000;}.share-apple:hover{background-color:#333333;}.share-linkedin{background-color:#0077b5;}.share-linkedin:hover{background:#006da8;}.share-pinterest{background-color:#ce1e1f;}.share-pinterest:hover{background:#bb2020;}.share-googleplus{background-color:#df4a32;}.share-googleplus:hover{background-color:#c73c26;}.share-reddit{background-color:#ff4300;}.share-email{background-color:#5e7286;}.share-email:hover{background:#48596b;}.share-tumblr{background-color:#2c4762;}.share-tumblr:hover{background-color:#243c53;}.share-sms{background-color:#ff922b;}.share-sms:hover{background-color:#fd7e14;}.share-whatsapp{background-color:#4dc247;}.share-instagram{background-color:#3f729b;}.share-instagram:hover{background-color:#4B88B9;}.share-youtube{background-color:#cd201f;}.share-youtube:hover{background-color:#EA2524;}.share-linkedin{background-color:#0077b5;}.share-linkedin:hover{background-color:#005d8e;}.share-slack{background-color:#36C5F0;}.share-slack:hover{background-color:#0077b5;}.share-openid{background-color:#F7931E;}.share-openid:hover{background-color:#E6881C;}.share-st{background-color:#eb4924;}.share-copy-link{background-color:#159397;}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnails{margin:0 -0.5%;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;min-height:115px;}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnail{width:19%;margin:0.5%;display:inline-block;cursor:pointer;}.listicle-slideshow-pager{display:none;}.rm-non-critical-loaded .listicle-slideshow-pager{display:contents;}.rm-top-sticky-flexible{position:fixed;z-index:4;top:0;left:0;width:100%;transform:translate3d(0px,0px,0px);}.rm-top-sticky-stuck{position:relative;}.rm-top-sticky-stuck .rm-top-sticky-floater{position:fixed;z-index:4;top:0;left:0;width:100%;transform:translate3d(0px,-200px,0px);}.rm-top-sticky-stuck.rm-stuck .rm-top-sticky-floater{transform:translate3d(0px,0px,0px);}.osano-cm-dialog{background-color:#1A1A1A;color:#BFBFBF;padding:44px 20px 24px 20px;font-size:18px;line-height:28px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.osano-cm-info,.osano-cm-info-views{background:#1A1A1A;color:#BFBFBF;font-size:18px;line-height:28px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;box-shadow:unset}.osano-cm-header,.osano-cm-info-dialog-header{background:#1A1A1A;font-size:20px;color:#fff}.osano-cm-link{color:#f2f2f2}.osano-cm-close{color:#efefef;stroke:#efefef}.osano-cm-close:hover,.osano-cm-close:focus{background-color:#1a1a1a;border-color:#1a1a1a;color:#fff;stroke:#fff;outline:none}.osano-cm-link:focus{color:unset}.osano-cm-buttons button.osano-cm-manage{border-radius:4px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;padding:8px 12px 5px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:1.4;background-color:#ff4c00;color:white;border:none;margin-top:12px}.osano-cm-buttons button:hover,.osano-cm-buttons button:active{background-color:#A32700;color:#ffffff}.osano-cm-close{stroke-width:1px;border-radius:50%;border-style:solid;border-width:2px;box-sizing:initial;cursor:pointer;height:20px;line-height:normal;margin:16px;min-height:20px;min-width:20px;order:0;outline:none;overflow:hidden;padding:0;text-decoration:none;transition-timing-function:ease-out;width:20px;z-index:2}.osano-cm-link{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;transition-duration:0.2s;transition-property:color;transition-timing-function:ease-out}.osano-cm-link:hover,.osano-cm-link:active{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;color:#FF4C00}.osano-cm-close:focus,.osano-cm-close:hover{stroke-width:2px;transform:unset}.osano-cm-link:focus{font-weight:normal}.osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#b8b8b8}.osano-cm-toggle__input:checked + .osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#ff4c00;border-color:#ff4c00}.osano-cm-toggle__input:checked:focus + .osano-cm-toggle__switch,.osano-cm-toggle__input:checked:hover + .osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#ff4c00;border-color:#ff4c00}.osano-cm-toggle__input:disabled:checked + .osano-cm-toggle__switch,.osano-cm-toggle__input:disabled:checked:focus + .osano-cm-toggle__switch,.osano-cm-toggle__input:disabled:checked:hover + .osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#ff4c00;border-color:#ff4c00;opacity:0.5}.osano-cm-button{background-color:#ff4b00;border:1px solid #ff4b00;color:#ffffff;border-radius:4px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;padding:8px 12px 5px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:normal;margin-right:8px}.osano-cm-button:hover{background-color:#A32700;border:1px solid #A32700}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle{color:#f2f2f2;cursor:pointer}.osano-cm-drawer-toggle .osano-cm-label{font-size:18px;line-height:1.375em;margin:0 auto 0 0;font-weight:normal;color:white;font-family:"Favorit-Pro"}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:focus,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle:focus{color:#ff4b00}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:hover,.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:active,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle:hover,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle:active{color:#ff4b00}.osano-cm-disclosure--collapse{border-bottom:1px solid #4a4a4a;padding-bottom:1em}.osano-cm-widget{display:none}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:focus,.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:hover{text-decoration:none}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.osano-cm-dialog{padding:32px 32px 32px 32px}.osano-cm-dialog--type_bar .osano-cm-button{flex:0.3 0.5 70%;margin:0.25em 0.5em;width:auto}}.osano-cm-save{width:40%;float:right;margin:0 16px 24px 0}.osano-cm-powered-by{clear:both;margin-bottom:0}.rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial{margin-bottom:0;height:0}.rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial .rbl-ad:before,[id^="google_ads_"]:before{content:none!important}@media (max-width:727px){.top-leader-container.top-leader-container{min-height:147px}.rbl-ad{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.rblad-ieee_in_content .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_in_content_new .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_new .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.after_main_article_content{min-height:370px;min-width:350px}.feature_post_full + div{min-height:400px;box-sizing:border-box}.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard .rbl-ad{min-height:180px;min-width:350px}}@media (min-width:1440px){.after_main_article_content,.rblad-ieee_infinite_new,.rblad-ieee_in_content,.feature_post_full + div,.article_column .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard .rbl-ad{box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;min-width:790px}.after_main_article_content{min-height:320px}.rblad-ieee_infinite_new{min-height:125px}.rblad-ieee_in_content{min-height:384px}.feature_post_full + div{min-height:344px}.article_column .rbl-ad{min-height:320px}.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard .rbl-ad{min-height:280px;min-width:970px}.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard .rbl-ad{min-height:120px}.top-leader-container.top-leader-container,.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard{min-width:970px}}.sidebar_repeat_ad.sidebar_repeat_ad{margin-top:0}.top-leader-container.top-leader-container,.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard{height:180px;padding:0!important;margin-top:-10px!important}.sidebar_repeat_ad.sidebar_repeat_ad{justify-content:flex-start}.rbl-ad{width:100%}.sidebar_repeat_ad .rbl-ad-gpt>div{text-align:left!important}.rblad-ieee_in_content{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:40px;border-top:1px solid lightgray;border-bottom:1px solid lightgray;display:flex;justify-content:center;clear:both}.ad-in-content.ad-in-content{border:0}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Mono';font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Light.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Mono';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Regular.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light';font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Light.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Pro';font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Bold.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Ivar-Headline';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Regular.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Pro';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Regular.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Ivar-Headline-Bold';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Bold.woff2') format('woff2')}.homepage-logo{display:inline;font-size:1.6rem}.lightbox--shown.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-caption,.lightbox--shown.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-photo-credit{display:none}.headline__h1{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-size:42px;line-height:44px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.5px;padding:16px 16px 0px 16px;margin:0}body>#myframe{position:absolute}.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__headline-text,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__headline-text{text-transform:capitalize}@media (min-width:1568px){.main{border-left:1px solid #bdbdbd;border-right:1px solid #bdbdbd}}[id^="google_ads_"]{margin:0 auto!important}[id^="google_ads_"]:before{content:"Advertisement";text-transform:uppercase;display:block;font-size:10px;color:#595959;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;padding-bottom:0px;letter-spacing:1px}.stick_in_parent{top:40px!important}.sidebar_repeat_ad{align-items:flex-start!important}.ad-in-content{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;border-top:1px solid lightgray;border-bottom:1px solid lightgray;display:flex;justify-content:center}.content{width:auto;max-width:none}.search__close{float:right;position:relative;right:30px;padding-top:3px}.search__close:before,.search__close:after{position:absolute;left:14px;content:" ";height:25px;border-left:2px solid}.search__close:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.search__close:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.search-form{position:relative;right:0;margin-left:20px}.search-form__open{font-size:16px;line-height:53px;height:53px;width:53px;text-align:center;bottom:0}.search-form .search-form__submit{position:absolute;display:block;margin-left:3px;top:0;height:32px;z-index:1}.show-search .search-form__submit{color:#fff;position:absolute;right:0;padding:17px;top:0;display:initial}.topbar_sticky{margin:0}.topbar_sticky .sticky-target.sticky-active{z-index:2;width:100%;top:0}@media (max-width:767px){.menu-opened .menu-global{margin-top:53px}.menu-opened .rebelbar__menu-toggle .fa-bars:before{content:"\f00d"}.cta-member__right-column{margin-top:18px;margin-left:16px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0 30px;margin:0 auto}.scrolled .rebelbar .container{padding:15px 30px 10px!important}.welcome-ad-cont{margin-bottom:32px}}#sidebar_1 div{padding:16px}.arrow-link,.custom-field-PodcastTime{display:none}.menu-global{display:none!important}.infinite-scroll-wrapper:not(.rm-loading){margin:0}.main,.all-content-wrapper{background-color:#ecece9;overflow:inherit}body:not(.section-podcast,.section-podcasts,.section-video,.section-chatbot,.section-fixing-the-future){background:#ecece9}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(1){background:#ff4c00;border:1px solid #ff4c00}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(2){border:1px solid #595959!important;margin-left:15px}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(1):hover{background:#a32700}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(2):hover{border:1px solid #bfbfbf!important}.articles-count{margin:0}.posts-custom .social-date,.posts-custom .time-to-read,.updated_post .social-date-modified,.posts-custom .custom-field-TimeofRead{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;padding-right:9px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.5px;line-height:16px;margin:0;vertical-align:middle}.posts-custom .social-date,.posts-custom .time-to-read,.article_post.updated_post .social-date-modified,.posts-custom .custom-field-TimeofRead{color:#404040}.posts-custom .time-to-read,.posts-custom .custom-field-TimeofRead{border-left:1px solid #a6a6a6;padding-left:7px}.story_teaser .widget .row .col{margin:0}.story_teaser .widget{padding-bottom:20px}.story_teaser.infinite .widget{border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;margin:0;padding:16px 6px}.story_teaser.not_infinite .widget:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;margin-bottom:0px}.dark_layout .story_teaser.infinite .widget{border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.widget .widget__headline-text,.widget .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:transparent;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:3px;transition-duration:300ms;transition-property:text-decoration-color}.featured_post .widget .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget .widget__subheadline-text,.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__headline-text,.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__subheadline-text,.story_teaser .widget .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget .widget__subheadline-text{text-underline-offset:5px}.widget .widget__subheadline-text{font-weight:normal}.widget .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.widget .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;color:inherit}.widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:inherit}.current_post .widget .widget__headline-text,.current_post .widget .widget__subheadline-text,.feature_post_full .widget .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:none}.icon-close:before,.icon-close:after{position:absolute;left:14px;content:" ";height:29px;border-left:2px solid;color:#f2f2f2}.icon-close:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.icon-close:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.footer{color:#8c8c8c}.dark_top_bar,.footer{background-color:#0d0d0d}.rebelbar-wrapper_static,.rebelbar-wrapper{background:#ecece9;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.rebelbar-wrapper div .text-element:nth-child(2){color:#0d0d0d}.rebel-use-info-wrapper button{width:24px;height:24px;border-radius:40px;border:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;background-size:105%}.rebel-user-info{display:inline-block}.menu-item__title{font-family:Favorit-Pro,sans-serif;font-size:18px;margin-right:16px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;white-space:nowrap;line-height:32px}.menu-item__title:before,.topbar-sticky .rebelbar__menu-toggle:before{content:"";display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;border-left:1px solid #d9d9d9;height:32px;margin-right:16px}.dark_layout .menu-item__title:before,.dark_layout .topbar-sticky .rebelbar__menu-toggle:before{border-left:1px solid #404040}.menu-item__title:after{content:"";margin-left:8px;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;width:13px;height:10px;transition:all 0.3s ease;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto}.menu-item:hover .menu-item__title:after{transform:rotate(180deg);position:relative;top:-2px}.menu-item{cursor:pointer}.menu-dropdown:before{content:"TOPICS";color:#737373;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;padding-top:19px;display:block}.menu-dropdown{padding:0 16px;background:#fff;box-sizing:border-box;position:absolute;z-index:2;box-shadow:0 5px 5px #00000017;min-width:231px;transition:all 0.2s ease-out;max-height:0;overflow:hidden}.menu-dropdown .list{padding-bottom:10px}.menu-dropdown .list__item{color:#0d0d0d}.menu-dropdown .list__item:before{content:"";background:#ff4c00;vertical-align:baseline;width:0;height:0;border-radius:50%;display:inline-block;transition:all 200ms ease}.menu-dropdown .list__item.active:before,.menu-dropdown .list__item:hover:before{transition:all 200ms ease;width:13px;height:13px;margin-right:5px}.menu-item:hover .menu-dropdown{max-height:471px}.Top_hugeMenu .rebelbar__menu-toggle{border:none!important;padding:9px 0;position:relative;float:right}.notification-counter{background:#fa8;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;padding:0px 8px;border-radius:40px;font-size:12px;padding-top:3px;float:left;margin-top:3px;height:16px;line-height:16px}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper{display:none;right:32px;top:40px;width:224px;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 16px 12px;z-index:100;background:#fff;position:absolute;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;line-height:22px;text-transform:capitalize}.user-menu-container:hover .user-info__dropdown-wrapper{display:block}.user-info__dropdown{padding:0;margin:0;display:none}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .user-info__dropdown{display:block}.user-info__dropdown li,.member-link{padding-bottom:12px;list-style:none}.member-link{display:block}.user-info__dropdown li a,.member-link{color:#0d0d0d}.dark_layout .member-link{color:#d9d9d9}.user-info__dropdown .title strong{font-weight:400}.user-info__dropdown .title a:first-child{cursor:text}.river-notification{border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6;padding-bottom:16px;padding-top:2px}.river-notification .content-wrp .date,.river-notification .aside{display:none}.river-notification .content-wrp{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:-0.014285714285714287em;line-height:18px}.is_unread .title:before{content:"\f111";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:#ffaa88;padding-right:8px;font-size:11px;vertical-align:text-top}.river-notification .content-wrp a{font-weight:bold}.user-info__dropdown .profile_link:hover:before{content:"\f111";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:#ff4c00;padding-right:5px;float:left}#user_avatar{border-radius:50%;max-width:24px}#user_name{display:inline-block;color:white;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:initial;font-size:14px;color:#bfbfbf;padding:0 10px;margin-top:6px;vertical-align:middle}@media (max-width:767px){#user_name{margin-top:0}}.toggle-user-dropdown:after{content:"";box-sizing:border-box;height:8px;width:8px;border:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:0;border-right:0;transform:scaleX(-1) rotate(-135deg);margin-top:-4px;margin-left:9px;vertical-align:super;display:inline-block}.user-menu-container{display:inline-block;padding:2px 0px;vertical-align:middle}.toggle-user-dropdown{position:relative;top:6px}.user-info__dropdown .mark-all-as-read{text-align:right;font-size:9px;line-height:16px;cursor:pointer;border-top:1px solid #e6e6e6;margin-top:12px;padding:18px 0 21px;text-transform:lowercase;position:relative}.user-info__dropdown .mark-all-as-read:before{content:"NOTIFICATIONS";float:left;font-size:12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.0625em;color:#737373;cursor:initial;position:absolute;left:0;top:18px}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .notification-counter{float:right;position:relative;top:26px;cursor:text;z-index:1}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .notification-counter:not(.hidden) + .user-info__dropdown .mark-all-as-read{padding-top:35px;padding-bottom:7px}.user-info__dropdown .title{margin:0}.user-menu-container:hover .toggle-user-dropdown:after{margin-top:0;transform:scaleX(1) rotate(45deg);position:relative;top:4px}.user-menu-container:hover>.rebel-use-info-wrapper .user-info__dropdown{display:block}.rebelbar__menu-toggle svg g g{fill:#0d0d0d}.dark_layout .rebelbar__menu-toggle svg g g{fill:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .mobile_search_icon path{stroke:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout #mobile_search_icon svg g g,.dark_layout #search_modal svg g g{stroke:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search__close:before,.dark_layout .search__close:after{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .user-info__dropdown-wrapper{background:#404040}.dark_layout .user-info__dropdown-wrapper a,.dark_layout .user-info__dropdown{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .river-notification{border-bottom:1px solid #595959}.rebelbar__menu-toggle{min-width:32px;line-height:32px;white-space:nowrap}.rebelbar__menu-toggle svg{margin-top:-4px}.dark_layout .site_logo svg g{fill:#f2f2f2}.dark_layout .site_logo .text-element{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search-form .search-form__submit svg g{stroke:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout,.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper,.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper_static{background:#1a1a1a;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .dark_top_bar{background-color:#262626;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .menu-dropdown{background:#404040}.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper div .text-element:nth-child(2),.dark_layout .list__item{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .fa-search:before,.dark_layout .module-headline__text,.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper .text-element{color:#f2f2f2}.dark_layout .menu-item__title{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input{background:#404040;color:#f2f2f2}.bottom_menu_links .list__item:not(:last-child){border-right:1px solid #404040;padding:0px 7.5px}.bottom_menu_links .list__item:first-child{padding-left:0px;padding-right:15.5px}.js-hidden-panel.active + .featured_columns .sticky_column{top:0px!important}.js-hidden-panel:not(.active) ~ .featured_columns .sticky_column{top:135px!important}.js-hidden-panel:not(.active) ~ .featured_columns .sticky_column .container_head_sticky{top:115px!important}#mobile_search_icon.fa-search:before{padding-right:15px;vertical-align:sub}#search_modal{position:absolute;top:106px;left:0;width:100%;z-index:999;background:#ecece9;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box}#search_modal.on-search-page{position:static;margin-bottom:0}.dark_layout #search_modal{border-bottom:1px solid #404040;background:#1a1a1a}#search_mobile{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;height:30px;width:72%;border-radius:5px;border:0;padding:0 10px}.dark_layout #search_mobile{background:#404040}#search_form button{background:transparent;border:0;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:20px}.search-form__text-input{position:initial;background:white;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;color:#0d0d0d;height:32px;width:130px;border-radius:4px;display:inline-block;font-size:16px;padding:2px 20px 0 30px;box-sizing:border-box}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .search-form__text-input{position:static}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__headline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .widget__subheadline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .popular_widget .widget__headline{color:rgba(255,76,0,1)!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__headline a.widget__headline-text{text-decoration:none;color:white!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:none;color:#999999!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .popular_widget .widget__headline .widget__headline-text{text-decoration:none;color:white!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__headline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .widget__body:hover .widget__subheadline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .popular_widget .widget__headline:hover{text-decoration:underline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__subheadline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__headline{color:rgba(255,76,0,1)!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__headline a.widget__headline-text{text-decoration:none;color:#0d0d0d!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:none;color:#595959!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__headline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__subheadline{text-decoration:underline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .fullwidth_post .widget__headline.h1,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .widget__subheadline{display:inline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .featured_columns .bigger-teaser-headline .widget__headline.h1,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .featured_columns .bigger-teaser-headline .widget__subheadline{display:inline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .menu-opened .huge-menu{display:block}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-next-pandemic .story_teaser .widget .widget__head{width:32.5%}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-next-pandemic .story_teaser .widget .widget__body{width:66.5%}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-institute .story_teaser .widget .col:first-child{width:34.7%!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-institute .story_teaser .widget .col:last-child{width:63.3%!important}}.search-form__text-input:active,.search-form__text-input:focus{border:1px solid #ff4c00;color:#0d0d0d;caret-color:#0a7aff}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus{background:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active + .search-form__submit svg g,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus + .search-form__submit svg g{stroke:#0d0d0d}.search-form__text-input::placeholder,.search-form__text-input:-ms-input-placeholder,.search-form__text-input::-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active::placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus::placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active:-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus::-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active:-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#8c8c8c}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input::placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#bfbfbf}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{top:0px;z-index:0}.featured_columns .row{overflow:inherit;margin:0!important}.featured_columns .row .home_column .story_teaser .widget{padding:24px 32px 24px 22px}.featured_columns .row .home_column,.featured_columns .row .sticky_column,.featured_columns .row .scroll_column,.featured_columns .row .widget_column{padding:0!important}.featured_columns .row .section_column{padding:0px 0px 20px!important}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{width:calc(100% - 75%);top:0px;z-index:0}.featured_columns .row .scroll_column{float:right}.featured_columns .widget .row .col{margin-bottom:0}.scroll_column .row .col{margin-bottom:20px}.scroll_column .widget .widget__headline-text{color:#0d0d0d;font-family:Favorit-Pro,sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:26px}.scroll_column .widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:#0d0d0d}@media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1023px){.widget_column.col.l3{width:25%}.article_column.col.l9,.section_column.col.l9{width:75%}}.like-button{display:inline-block;margin:0;margin-top:-4px;line-height:normal;font-size:18px;vertical-align:middle}.like-label{display:none}.like-btn.like,.like-btn.unlike{color:#a6a6a6;border-left:1px solid;padding-left:4px;font-size:14px}.fa-heart:before,.fa-heart-o:before{visibility:hidden}.like-btn.like .heart{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:bottom;cursor:pointer;background-position:center 0.23em}.like-btn.unlike .heart,.like-btn.like .heart:active,.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:active,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart:active{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center 0.23em}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart{background-position:center 0.25em}.all-related-sections{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.all-related-sections a{display:none}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{display:inline;padding:1px 8px 5px 8px;margin-right:7px;border:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;line-height:1;letter-spacing:0.0625em;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;margin-bottom:10px;transition-duration:200ms;transition-property:all}.all-related-sections a[href$="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href$="/type/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:not([href$="/topic/"]) ~ [href*="/topic/"]{display:none}.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#404040;order:1}.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#d9d9d9;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #d9d9d9;color:#404040}.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#bfbfbf;order:1}.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#d9d9d9;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #d9d9d9;color:#bfbfbf}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{order:2}.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#bfbfbf}.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left:1px solid #404040;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.FillDark .time-to-read,.FillDark .like-btn.like,.FillDark .like-btn.unlike,.trending_stories_carousel .like-btn.like,.trending_stories_carousel .like-btn.unlike{border-left:1px solid #404040}.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover,.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover,.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#404040;border:1px solid #404040;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #404040}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border:1px solid #ff4c00;background-color:#ff4c00;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #ff4c00;color:white}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/the-institute"]{color:#005690}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/the-institute"]:hover{border:1px solid #005690;background-color:#005690;color:white!important;box-shadow:0 -4px 0 #005690}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#005690}@media (min-width:1024px){.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{margin-bottom:10px}}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text:before{content:"";display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:100% auto;margin-left:4px;margin-right:5px;height:1em;width:8px;width:0.25em;margin-top:-0.1em}.fullwidth_post{margin-bottom:0}.fullwidth_post .widget .row{margin:0}.fullwidth_post .widget .row .col{padding:0;margin-bottom:10px}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{max-width:50%;position:absolute;bottom:0;padding:32px;margin:32px 32px 20px 32px;height:fit-content;z-index:1}.fullwidth_post.TopLeft .widget__body{top:0;left:0}.fullwidth_post.TopRight .widget__body{top:0;right:0}.fullwidth_post.BottomLeft .widget__body{bottom:0;left:0}.fullwidth_post.BottomRight .widget__body{bottom:0;right:0}.fullwidth_post .widget__head .widget__body{max-width:100%;margin:0;height:auto;background:transparent!important;border:0!important}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{border:1px solid rgba(242,242,242,0.4)}.fullwidth_post .widget:after{content:"";position:absolute;top:25%;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%)}.fullwidth_post .social-date,.fullwidth_post .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__subheadline{color:#bfbfbf}.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{color:#bfbfbf;border:solid rgba(191,191,191,0.4);border-width:0 0 1px 1px}.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover,.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border-color:#f2f2f2;background:transparent;box-shadow:none}.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__headline{color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent{border-color:#bfbfbf}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .social-date,.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{color:#404040}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget:hover .widget__headline{color:#0d0d0d}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget__subheadline{color:#595959}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{border-left:1px solid rgba(64,64,64,0.4);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(64,64,64,0.4)}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget__body{background:#1a1a1a;border:0}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget:after{background:none}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .social-date,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#a6a6a6}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget:hover .widget__headline{color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget .widget__subheadline{color:#8c8c8c}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget__body{background:#ecece9;border:0}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget:after{background:none}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .social-date,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#404040}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget:hover .widget__headline{color:#0d0d0d}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget__subheadline{color:#595959}.fullwidth_post.Transparent .widget:after{background:none}.fullwidth_post.DarkBottom .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%)}.fullwidth_post.DarkTop .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:0;bottom:25%}.fullwidth_post.DarkLeft .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(270deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:0;right:25%}.fullwidth_post.DarkRight .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:0;left:25%;right:0}.fullwidth_post.LightBottom .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%)}.fullwidth_post.LightTop .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%);top:0;bottom:25%}.fullwidth_post.LightLeft .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(270deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%);top:0;right:25%}.fullwidth_post.LightRight .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%);top:0;left:25%;right:0}@media (max-width:1023px){.fullwidth_post.mb-2:not(.Transparent,.FillLight,.FillDark) .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:20%;bottom:0;left:0;right:0}.fullwidth_post.LightBottom .widget:after,.fullwidth_post.LightTop .widget:after,.fullwidth_post.LightLeft .widget:after,.fullwidth_post.LightRight .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%)}.fullwidth_post.mb-2:not(.Transparent,.FillLight,.FillDark){padding-bottom:20%;background:#0d0d0d}.fullwidth_post.LightBottom,.fullwidth_post.LightTop,.fullwidth_post.LightLeft,.fullwidth_post.LightRight{background:#ecece9}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{max-width:100%}.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__body{padding:16px;margin:16px;top:auto;left:0;right:0;bottom:0}.fullwidth_post:not(.Transparent,.FillLight,.FillDark) .widget .widget__body{bottom:-20vw}}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:before{content:""}.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.010416666666666666em;line-height:24px}.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__headline-text{font-family:Ivar-Headline-Bold,serif}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:Ivar-Headline,serif}.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:32px}@media (min-width:768px){.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.0046875em;line-height:32px}.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:42px;line-height:42px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text,.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:48px;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:48px}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__headline-text,.dark_layout .article_post .widget__subheadline-text{letter-spacing:-1.25px}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container>img.rm-shortcode,.rebellt-item-media-container .share-tab-img>img,.rebellt-item-media-container .product-image-container>img{width:auto}}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__headline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif}.featured_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.article_post .widget__headline,.story_teaser .widget__headline{display:contents}.featured_post .widget__headline:before,.article_post .widget__headline:before,.fullwidth_post .widget__headline:before,.story_teaser .widget__headline:before{content:"";display:block;margin:8px}.featured_post .widget__subheadline:after,.article_post .widget__subheadline:after,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:after,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline:after{content:"";display:block;margin:5px}.individual_podcast .widget__subheadline:after{margin-bottom:16px}.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget .widget__headline a{color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline,.featured_post .widget__subheadline,.article_post .widget__subheadline,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline{color:#595959;display:contents}.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget__subheadline,.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget__subheadline:before{color:#bdbdbd}.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.15px;line-height:26px}.story_teaser .widget__headline-text{font-family:Ivar-Headline-Bold,serif}.story_teaser .widget__subheadline{font-family:Ivar-Headline,serif}@media (min-width:768px){.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;line-height:32px}}@media (min-width:1024px) and (max-width:1151px){.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:42px;line-height:42px;letter-spacing:-0.2px}.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__body,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:28px;line-height:28px}}@media (min-width:1151px){.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:42px;line-height:42px;letter-spacing:-0.2px}.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__body,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:36px;line-height:36px;letter-spacing:-0.004722222222222222em}}.fullwidth_post.BorderDark .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.post-custom .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.featured_post .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.featured_post .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a,.article_post .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.article_post .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a,.story_teaser .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a{color:#0d0d0d}.dark_layout .article_post .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.dark_layout .article_post .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a{color:#e6e6e6}a[rel="orange_button"],.mktoForm.mktoHasWidth.mktoLayoutLeft .mktoButtonRow .mktoButtonWrap.mktoSkip .mktoButton{border-radius:4px;background-color:#ff4c00;color:#f2f2f2!important;padding:8px 12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}a[rel="orange_button"]:hover,.mktoButton:hover{color:white!important;background:#a32700;text-decoration:none}a[rel="gray_button"]{border-radius:4px;background-color:#404040;color:#f2f2f2;padding:8px 12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.75px;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}a[rel="gray_button"]:hover{background:#595959}.widget__show-more{text-align:center;padding-bottom:45px}.show-less,.show-more{color:#0d0d0d;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;transition-duration:300ms;transition-property:all}.show-less,.show-more:hover{color:#ff4c00}.show-less{display:none}.dark_layout .widget__headline{color:#e6e6e6}.dark_layout .widget__subheadline{color:#999999}.dark_layout .article_post .social-author:before,.dark_layout .article_post .social-author__name,.dark_layout .article_post .social-date__text{color:#a6a6a6}.dark_layout .posts-custom .social-date{color:#a6a6a6;padding-left:0;padding-right:8px}.dark_layout .posts-custom .social-author + .social-date,.dark_layout .posts-custom .custom-field-PodcastEpisode + .social-date,.dark_layout .posts-custom .custom-field-PodcastVideoTime + .social-date{padding-left:8px}.dark_layout .like-btn.like,.dark_layout .like-btn.unlike{border-left:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:before{color:#bfbfbf}.dark_layout .story_teaser .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.dark_layout .story_teaser .widget__headline:hover a{color:inherit}.custom-field-PodcastEpisode,.custom-field-PodcastVideoTime{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;color:#a6a6a6;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;padding-right:7px;margin:0;vertical-align:middle}.custom-field-PodcastVideoTime{padding:0 10px;border-left:1px solid #404040;border-right:1px solid #404040}.custom-field-PodcastEpisode:before{content:"Episode "}.section-podcast,.section-podcasts,.section-video,.section-chatbot,.section-fixing-the-future{background:#1a1a1a}.section-video .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__headline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:500}.section-video .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text,.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-weight:300}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a{border-radius:5px;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;display:block}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a{border-radius:5px;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;display:block}.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__head img,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__head img,.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__head img{visibility:hidden}@media (max-width:992px){.top_menu_links .list .list__item:not(:nth-child(1)){display:none}}@media (max-width:767px){.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__head,.section-podcast .posts-custom .widget__head,.section-podcasts .posts-custom .widget__head{width:20%;float:right;padding:0 0 0 8px}.topbar .search-form,.topbar .main-menu-el{display:none}.menu-opened .menu-global{margin-top:100px}.section_column{margin-bottom:20px!important}.widget.tag-type-podcast{padding-bottom:46px!important}.featured_post .widget__subheadline:after,.article_post .widget__subheadline:after,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:after,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline:after{margin:0px}.tag-type-podcast .widget__subheadline:after{margin:7px}.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{letter-spacing:-0.03125em}.scroll_column .posts-custom .widget__headline{line-height:21px}.scroll_column .widget .widget__headline-text{font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.15px;line-height:21px}.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget .widget__image,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget .widget__image{border-radius:5px}.scroll_column .all-related-sections{display:none!important}.Top_hugeMenu .rebelbar__menu-toggle{padding:0}}@media (min-width:768px){.featured_columns .row .scroll_column{border-left:1px solid #bdbdbd}.section_column .story_teaser .widget{padding:16px 10px 16px 22px;margin:0}.section_column .story_teaser .all-related-sections{padding-top:8px}.page_headline_container .module-headline{padding:0px 0px 10px 32px}}@media (min-width:768px){#welcome_ad{min-width:640px;min-height:480px}.menu-opened .all-content-wrapper{-webkit-transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate3d(-320px,0,0)}.menu-global{right:0;-webkit-transform:translate(320px,0);transform:translate(320px,0);transform:translate3d(320px,0,0)}.search-form{padding:0 16px 0;margin:0}.user-menu-container{margin-right:16px}.featured_columns .story_teaser .widget .row .rm-col-center{padding:0 22px 0 10px}.footer .list a:last-child{padding-left:7.5px}.search-form__text-input{width:200px}}@media (min-width:1568px){.main,.rebelbar-wrapper,.dark_top_bar{max-width:1568px;margin:auto}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{max-width:392px}}.ftr-copy:first-letter {font-size:1.3em;margin:0 0 0 2px}.rebelbar-wrapper_static{padding:14px 16px 2px 16px;transition:all 300ms}.topbar-sticky.active .rebelbar-wrapper_static{position:fixed;width:100%;top:0;box-sizing:border-box;z-index:1}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel.active + .rebelbar-wrapper_static{transform:translate3d(0,-100%,0)}.topbar__sticky-headline,.topbar__static-headline{display:none}.topbar__sticky-headline{max-width:calc(100% - 214px);box-sizing:border-box}.topbar__sticky-headline .text-element{width:100%;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;height:100%}.topbar__sticky-headline--post{font-family:"Ivar-Headline-Bold",serif}@media (min-width:768px){.rebelbar-wrapper_static{padding:20px 32px 5px}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static{padding-top:13px}.topbar-sticky.active .rebelbar-wrapper_static{max-width:1568px;margin:0 auto}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static .topbar__sticky-headline + .topbar__static-headline{display:none}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static .topbar__sticky-headline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom;padding-left:16px}.topbar__static-headline{font:normal 12px/0.8 "Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em}.topbar__sticky-headline--post{letter-spacing:-0.010416666666666666em;font:bold 24px/24px "Ivar-Headline-Bold",serif;height:26px;position:relative;top:3px}_::-webkit-full-page-media,_:future,:root .topbar__sticky-headline--post{top:5px}.topbar__sticky-headline--section{font:normal 24px/1 "Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;position:relative;top:4px;margin-left:8px}.topbar__sticky-headline--section:before{content:"";display:block;border-left:1px solid #d9d9d9;height:32px;transform:skewX(-15deg);position:absolute;top:-3px;left:6px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.search-form__text-input{width:282px}.topbar__sticky-headline--post{margin-left:8px}.topbar__sticky-headline--post:before{content:"";display:block;border-left:1px solid #d9d9d9;height:32px;transform:skewX(-15deg);position:absolute;top:-4px;left:6px}}@media (min-width:1366px){.topbar__static-headline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom;padding-left:16px}}.hide-text.hide-text{font-size:0!important}[data-source-type="multi"] .freeze,[data-attr-source="filtered"] .freeze{display:none!important}.featured_columns .collection_side .widget:not(:last-child),.featured_columns .collection_side{border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.first_lazyloaded_home{margin-bottom:0px}.formatted-text.ql-editor{overflow:hidden}.static_page .formatted-text.ql-editor{padding:24px 0 24px 0px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.static_page .formatted-text.ql-editor h3{color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;text-transform:uppercase}.static_page a{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;text-underline-position:under;color:#0D0D0D}.static_page a:hover{color:#ff4c00}.static_page .widget_column .formatted-text.ql-editor{font-size:14px}.widget.tag-type-podcast .time-to-read,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .time-to-read,.widget.tag-type-webinar .time-to-read{display:none}.widget.tag-type-podcast{background:#1a1a1a}.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__headline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Medium",sans-serif;font-weight:500}.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__subheadline{color:#999;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif}.widget.tag-type-podcast:hover .widget__headline a,.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a,.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__headline{color:#e6e6e6}.widget.tag-type-podcast .custom-field-PodcastVideoTime,.widget.tag-type-podcast .social-date{color:#a4a2a0}.widget.tag-type-podcast .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.widget.tag-type-podcast .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left:1px solid #404040;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart:before,.widget.tag-type-podcast .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#bfbfbf}.widget.tag-type-podcast .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#404040;border:1px solid #404040;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #404040}.widget.tag-type-podcast a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border:1px solid #ff4c00;background-color:#ff4c00;color:white}.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.unlike{border-left:1px solid #404040}.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__image{background-image:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/26705823/origin.jpg)!important;padding-bottom:100%!important;border-radius:5px}.widget.tag-type-podcast .social-date{padding-right:10px;padding-left:0}.widget.tag-type-podcast .custom-field-PodcastEpisode + .social-date,.widget.tag-type-podcast .custom-field-PodcastVideoTime + .social-date{padding-left:10px}.widget.tag-type-podcast .custom-field-PodcastVideoTime{padding:0 10px;border-left:1px solid #404040}.widget.tag-type-podcast .story_teaser .widget__subheadline:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='7px'%20height='13px'%20viewBox='0%200%207%2013'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20id='Typography'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-1152.000000,-384.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='1376'%20height='1600'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(1146.136039,384.000000)'%20stroke='%8C8C8C'%20stroke-width='1.5'%3E%3Cpolyline%20transform='translate(6.363961,6.500000)%20rotate(45.000000)%20translate(-6.363961,-6.500000)'%20points='1.86396103%202%2010.863961%202%2010.863961%2011'%3E%3C/polyline%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.posts--whitepaper .widget__image,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__image,.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__image{filter:grayscale(100%);background-size:contain;max-width:224px;background-position:top center}.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__head img,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__head img,.posts--whitepaper .widget__head img{filter:grayscale(100%);max-width:224px;display:block}.posts--whitepaper .widget__head:before,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__head:before,.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__head:before{content:"SPONSORED BY:";color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;vertical-align:text-top}.posts--whitepaper .widget__headline-text:after,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__headline-text:after,.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__headline-text:after{content:"Read the whitepaper";position:absolute;bottom:0;color:#F2F2F2;font:400 12px/32px "Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em;height:32px;width:176px;border-radius:4px;background-color:#404040;text-transform:uppercase;display:flex;justify-content:center}.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__headline-text:after{content:"Register for the webinar";width:215px}.posts--whitepaper .widget__headline-text:hover:after,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__headline-text:hover:after,.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__headline-text:hover:after{background-color:#595959}.posts--whitepaper .widget__body,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__body,.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__body{padding-bottom:50px;position:relative}.posts--whitepaper .widget__headline-text,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__headline-text,.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__headline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:bold}.posts--whitepaper .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text,.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif}.follow-section-spectrum{padding:12px 32px;float:right}.follow-button-spectrum{padding:6px 12px;border-radius:4px;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #BFBFBF;background:transparent;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;text-transform:uppercase}.follow-button-spectrum.following,.follow-button-spectrum:hover{background:#d9d9d9}@media (min-width:769px){.static_page .widget_column .formatted-text.ql-editor{font-size:16px}}@media (min-width:768px){.featured_columns .widget.tag-type-podcast article,.section_column .widget.tag-type-podcast article{display:flex}.featured_columns .widget.tag-type-podcast article .row,.section_column .widget.tag-type-podcast article .row{display:flex;margin-bottom:0px}.featured_columns:not(.podcast_collection) .widget.tag-type-podcast .rm-col-center,.section_column:not(.podcast_collection) .widget.tag-type-podcast .rm-col-center{width:22%!important;order:2}.featured_columns .widget.tag-type-podcast .rm-col-right,.section_column .widget.tag-type-podcast .rm-col-right{width:78%!important}.collection_side .col:first-child .widget:first-child{padding-top:0!important}.featured_columns .row .home_column .webinar_teaser .widget,.featured_columns .row .home_column .whitepaper_teaser .widget{padding-bottom:48px}}@media (max-width:767px){.featured_columns .collection_side .posts-custom .widget__section,.featured_columns .collection_side .post-tags-primary,.featured_columns .collection_side .social-date,.widget_column{display:none}.posts--whitepaper .widget,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper,.widget.tag-type-webinar{padding-bottom:60px}.posts--whitepaper .widget .rm-col-center.col .widget__head,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .rm-col-center.col .widget__head,.widget.tag-type-webinar .rm-col-center.col .widget__head{margin-top:25px}.posts--whitepaper .widget__image,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__image,.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__image{max-width:160px;padding-bottom:14%!important}.featured_columns .row .home_column .webinar_teaser .widget,.featured_columns .row .home_column .whitepaper_teaser .widget{padding-top:16px;padding-bottom:32px}}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.featured_columns .row .home_column .story_teaser .widget,.story_teaser.not_infinite .widget{padding-left:6px;padding-right:6px}.featured_columns .row .home_column .podcast_teaser .widget{padding-right:32px}.featured_columns .collection_side .widget:not(:last-child),.featured_columns .collection_side{border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.featured_columns:not(.featured_columns--home) .collection_side .row{display:flex;margin-bottom:0px}.featured_columns:not(.featured_columns--home) .collection_side .row .col{flex:1;margin-bottom:15px}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1024px){.featured_columns--home .scroll_column .all-related-sections{display:none}.featured_columns--home.featured_columns .collection_side .widget,.featured_columns--home.featured_columns .collection_side__first-col .widget:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.featured_columns--home.featured_columns .collection_side__sec-col .widget:last-child,.featured_columns--home.featured_columns .collection_side,.featured_columns--home.featured_columns.hero-two .widget:last-child{border-bottom:0}.featured_columns--home.featured_columns .collection_side .col:first-child .widget:first-child,.featured_columns--home.featured_columns.hero-two .collection_side__sec-col .widget:first-child{padding-top:0!important}}@media (min-width:1568px){.main{border-left:1px solid #bdbdbd;border-right:1px solid #bdbdbd}}#sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_16 {margin:0;position:relative;z-index:200;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_16 {margin-bottom:24px;}}#sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_16_0 {align-items:center;position:relative;}.toggle-user-dropdown{top:0;font-size:0}.rebelbar__user-info .notification-counter:not(.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .notification-counter){position:relative;top:5px}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1 {margin:0;text-transform:uppercase;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1 {padding-top:6px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0 {display:flex;margin:auto;padding:0 32px;justify-content:space-between;box-sizing:border-box;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0 {padding:0 16px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_0_0 a {color:#BFBFBF;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;padding:16px 24px 16px 0px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:10px;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_0_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_0_0 a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_0_0 a {padding-bottom:14px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1 {display:inline-block;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 {margin:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a {color:#BFBFBF;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:10px;text-decoration:none;padding:16px 24px 16px 0px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a {padding:15px 0px 13px 16px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_1 {display:inline-block;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_1 {display:none;}}.button-view-hidden{display:none}.section-frontpage .topbar-sticky:not(.active) .rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show,.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show{padding-top:0}.rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show{padding-top:0}.announcement-show .announcement-bar{display:flex}.announcement-bar{background:linear-gradient(45deg,#e9c52e,#d03033,#1e6d6a,#1e6d6a,#d03033,#fdcf0d);padding:0 62px 0 32px;margin:0 -32px 20px;display:none;justify-content:center}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show .announcement-bar{margin-bottom:10px}.announcement-bar .formatted-text a{color:inherit}.announcement-bar .formatted-text,.announcement-bar .text-element a{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-weight:100;font-size:12px;text-align:center;display:inline-block}.announcement-bar .formatted-text{color:white!important;text-decoration:none;margin:2px 0 -2px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}.announcement-bar .text-element a{display:inline-block;width:max-content;text-decoration-color:transparent;background-color:#FF4C00;border-radius:4px;line-height:100%;letter-spacing:0.0075em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:8px;color:#f2f2f2;padding:8px 12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}.announcement-bar .text-element a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.announcement-bar .text-element{line-height:0;align-self:center}.announcement-bar .icon-close:before,.announcement-bar .icon-close:after{position:absolute;left:12px;right:12px;content:" ";height:24px;border-left:1px solid;color:#0D0D0D}.announcement-bar .icon-close{position:absolute;width:24px;height:24px;align-self:center;right:32px;font-size:0}@media (max-width:767px){.announcement-bar .widget__subheadline{width:65%;text-align:left}.announcement-bar .icon-close{right:13px;top:calc(50% - 12px)}.announcement-bar{padding-left:16px;padding-right:46px;position:relative;margin:0 -16px 40px}.announcement-bar .text-element a{max-width:100px}.announcement-bar .formatted-text{padding-right:8px;padding-left:0}.announcement-bar .formatted-text,.announcement-bar .text-element a{font-size:11px;line-height:12px}.dark_top_bar{position:relative;z-index:1}}#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0 {display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_0 {width:186px;}}#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_0_0_1_0 {display:inline;}#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_1 {display:flex;align-items:center;padding-bottom:6px;}#sElement_Menu_0_0_11_0_0_0_0_1_0 {padding-top:5px;}#sElement_Menu_0_0_11_0_0_0_0_1_0 a {display:table;font-size:18px;line-height:22px;white-space:initial;font-family:'Favorit-Pro', sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.2px;padding:6px 20px;}.huge-menu{inset:0px;z-index:5000;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:0 0 -20px;background-color:#1a1a1a;overflow-y:auto}.huge-menu .dark_layout{background:#1a1a1a;border:solid #404040;border-width:0 1px;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 auto;max-width:1568px;padding-top:0}.huge-menu .top-menu .list__item.active:before,.huge-menu .top-menu .list__item:hover:before{font-size:16pt;transition:all 100ms ease;padding-right:10px}.huge-menu .top-menu--sm-links .list__item.active:before,.huge-menu .top-menu--sm-links .list__item:hover:before{font-size:12pt}.huge-menu .top-menu .list__item:before{content:"\f111";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:#ff4c00;font-size:0pt;vertical-align:top;transition:all 100ms ease}.huge-menu-opened{overflow:hidden}.huge-menu{display:none}.huge-menu-opened .huge-menu,.huge-menu-opened .topbar--sticky{display:block}.huge-menu-opened .topbar--sticky{position:fixed;left:0;right:0;top:0}.hm__close{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:28px;height:28px;color:#fff;transition:color 0.3s ease}.hm__close:before,.hm__close:after{position:absolute;left:14px;content:" ";height:29px;border-left:2px solid}.hm__close:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.hm__close:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.huge-menu .module-headline__text{letter-spacing:0.75px;color:#8c8c8c;font-size:12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:24px;margin-bottom:5px;font-weight:normal}.huge-menu .list{margin:0}.huge-menu .list__item{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.top-menu--sm-links .list{margin:0;padding-bottom:8px}.top-menu--sm-links .list__item{display:block;padding:2px 0;font:20px/28px "Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.0125em}.huge-menu .social-links{margin-left:-16px;margin-right:-16px;display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-start}.huge-menu .social-links__link{color:#bfbfbf;font-size:20px;background:transparent;padding:13px 8px 9px;width:auto;height:auto}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover{color:#ff4c00}.huge-menu .social-links__link>span{position:static}.huge-menu .social-links__link span.fa-twitter{-webkit-mask-image:unset;-webkit-mask-box-image:none;background-color:transparent}.huge-menu .social-links__link span.fa-twitter:before{content:"";background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23bfbfbf"/></svg>') no-repeat center;background-size:contain;width:20px;height:20px;display:block;margin:0 auto;position:relative}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover span.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.huge-menu .social-links__link.share-instagram{font-size:18px;padding-left:4px}.huge-menu .fa-tumblr:before{font-family:"FontAwesome",sans-serif;content:"\f09e"}.huge-menu .fa-tiktok::before,.huge-menu .fa-threads::before{width:20px;height:20px;content:"";display:inline-flex;background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 448 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none"><path d="M448 209.9a210.1 210.1 0 0 1 -122.8-39.3V349.4A162.6 162.6 0 1 1 185 188.3V278.2a74.6 74.6 0 1 0 52.2 71.2V0l88 0a121.2 121.2 0 0 0 1.9 22.2h0A122.2 122.2 0 0 0 381 102.4a121.4 121.4 0 0 0 67 20.1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23bfbfbf"/></svg>');background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover .fa-tiktok::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" fill="none"><path d="M448 209.9a210.1 210.1 0 0 1 -122.8-39.3V349.4A162.6 162.6 0 1 1 185 188.3V278.2a74.6 74.6 0 1 0 52.2 71.2V0l88 0a121.2 121.2 0 0 0 1.9 22.2h0A122.2 122.2 0 0 0 381 102.4a121.4 121.4 0 0 0 67 20.1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>')}.huge-menu .fa-threads::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml, <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 448 512" fill="none"><path d="M331.5 235.7c2.2 .9 4.2 1.9 6.3 2.8c29.2 14.1 50.6 35.2 61.8 61.4c15.7 36.5 17.2 95.8-30.3 143.2c-36.2 36.2-80.3 52.5-142.6 53h-.3c-70.2-.5-124.1-24.1-160.4-70.2c-32.3-41-48.9-98.1-49.5-169.6V256v-.2C17 184.3 33.6 127.2 65.9 86.2C102.2 40.1 156.2 16.5 226.4 16h.3c70.3 .5 124.9 24 162.3 69.9c18.4 22.7 32 50 40.6 81.7l-40.4 10.8c-7.1-25.8-17.8-47.8-32.2-65.4c-29.2-35.8-73-54.2-130.5-54.6c-57 .5-100.1 18.8-128.2 54.4C72.1 146.1 58.5 194.3 58 256c.5 61.7 14.1 109.9 40.3 143.3c28 35.6 71.2 53.9 128.2 54.4c51.4-.4 85.4-12.6 113.7-40.9c32.3-32.2 31.7-71.8 21.4-95.9c-6.1-14.2-17.1-26-31.9-34.9c-3.7 26.9-11.8 48.3-24.7 64.8c-17.1 21.8-41.4 33.6-72.7 35.3c-23.6 1.3-46.3-4.4-63.9-16c-20.8-13.8-33-34.8-34.3-59.3c-2.5-48.3 35.7-83 95.2-86.4c21.1-1.2 40.9-.3 59.2 2.8c-2.4-14.8-7.3-26.6-14.6-35.2c-10-11.7-25.6-17.7-46.2-17.8H227c-16.6 0-39 4.6-53.3 26.3l-34.4-23.6c19.2-29.1 50.3-45.1 87.8-45.1h.8c62.6 .4 99.9 39.5 103.7 107.7l-.2 .2zm-156 68.8c1.3 25.1 28.4 36.8 54.6 35.3c25.6-1.4 54.6-11.4 59.5-73.2c-13.2-2.9-27.8-4.4-43.4-4.4c-4.8 0-9.6 .1-14.4 .4c-42.9 2.4-57.2 23.2-56.2 41.8l-.1 .1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23bfbfbf" /></svg>')}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover .fa-threads::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 448 512" fill="none"><path d="M331.5 235.7c2.2 .9 4.2 1.9 6.3 2.8c29.2 14.1 50.6 35.2 61.8 61.4c15.7 36.5 17.2 95.8-30.3 143.2c-36.2 36.2-80.3 52.5-142.6 53h-.3c-70.2-.5-124.1-24.1-160.4-70.2c-32.3-41-48.9-98.1-49.5-169.6V256v-.2C17 184.3 33.6 127.2 65.9 86.2C102.2 40.1 156.2 16.5 226.4 16h.3c70.3 .5 124.9 24 162.3 69.9c18.4 22.7 32 50 40.6 81.7l-40.4 10.8c-7.1-25.8-17.8-47.8-32.2-65.4c-29.2-35.8-73-54.2-130.5-54.6c-57 .5-100.1 18.8-128.2 54.4C72.1 146.1 58.5 194.3 58 256c.5 61.7 14.1 109.9 40.3 143.3c28 35.6 71.2 53.9 128.2 54.4c51.4-.4 85.4-12.6 113.7-40.9c32.3-32.2 31.7-71.8 21.4-95.9c-6.1-14.2-17.1-26-31.9-34.9c-3.7 26.9-11.8 48.3-24.7 64.8c-17.1 21.8-41.4 33.6-72.7 35.3c-23.6 1.3-46.3-4.4-63.9-16c-20.8-13.8-33-34.8-34.3-59.3c-2.5-48.3 35.7-83 95.2-86.4c21.1-1.2 40.9-.3 59.2 2.8c-2.4-14.8-7.3-26.6-14.6-35.2c-10-11.7-25.6-17.7-46.2-17.8H227c-16.6 0-39 4.6-53.3 26.3l-34.4-23.6c19.2-29.1 50.3-45.1 87.8-45.1h.8c62.6 .4 99.9 39.5 103.7 107.7l-.2 .2zm-156 68.8c1.3 25.1 28.4 36.8 54.6 35.3c25.6-1.4 54.6-11.4 59.5-73.2c-13.2-2.9-27.8-4.4-43.4-4.4c-4.8 0-9.6 .1-14.4 .4c-42.9 2.4-57.2 23.2-56.2 41.8l-.1 .1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>')}@media (min-width:768px){.sticky-active .topbar--sticky{display:block}}@media (max-width:768px){svg.site_logo_menu{width:199px;height:28px}.top-menu--big-links .module-headline__text{margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0}.top-menu--big-links .list{margin-bottom:60px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.huge-menu .site_logo_menu{width:341px;height:auto}.Top_hugeMenu{padding:37px 32px 10px!important}.Top_hugeMenu .text-element{position:relative;top:-5px}.Top_hugeMenu .rebelbar__menu-toggle{padding:10px 0;right:-6px}.top-menu--sm-links .list{margin:0;padding-bottom:28px}.top-menu--sm-links .module-headline__text{margin-bottom:8px}.huge-menu .module-headline__text{margin-bottom:8px}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_0 {margin:0;padding:16px 16px 12px 16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:13px 9px 7px 15px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_0_0_1 {font-family:'Favorit-Mono', sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:20px;padding-left:16px;display:none;vertical-align:bottom;color: #D9D9D9;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_0_0_1 {display:inline-block;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1 {padding:16px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1 {padding:16px 32px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;margin-bottom:0;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1_1 {padding-top:10px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1_1 {padding-top:0;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1_1 a {display:block;font-size:32px;line-height:36px;font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light', sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.015625em;padding:8px 0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1_1 a {font-size:28px;letter-spacing:-0.008928571428571428em;line-height:32px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2 {padding:0;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2 {border-left:1px solid #404040;border-right:1px solid #404040;margin-right:-1px;width:24.5%;padding-bottom:35px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2 {border-right:1px solid #404040;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:16px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_0_1 {padding-bottom:22px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_1 {padding:16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_1 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_1_1 {padding-bottom:12px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_2 {padding:16px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_2 {display:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3 {padding:0;border-left:1px solid #404040;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3 {width:25.5%;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3 {margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:20px;border-left:0;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:16px;margin:0;display:none;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_0 {display:block;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_0_1 {padding-bottom:13px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_1 {padding:16px;border-bottom:1px solid #404040;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_1 {border:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_2 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:16px 16px 35px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_2 {display:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3 {padding:16px 32px 16px 16px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3 {display:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3_1 {color:#D9D9D9;font-family:'Favorit-Mono', sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:0;line-height:20px;padding:5px 0 30px;}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3_2 {display:inline-block;}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3_3 {display:inline-block;padding-left:16px;}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_4 {padding:0;border-top:1px solid #404040;display:none;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_4 {display:block;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_5 {padding:0;border-top:1px solid #404040;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0 {margin:0;position:relative;z-index:10;padding:16px 0;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0 {margin:auto;padding:22px 35px 12px;justify-content:space-between;box-sizing:border-box;color:#BFBFBF;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0 {padding:18px 17px;}}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0.row-wrapper {padding:0px 0px 20px 0px;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0 {font-size:12px;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a {color:#8C8C8C;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.064em;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a {border:none;display:block;padding:7px 0px;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:0.12em;}}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {line-height:1.5em;margin-bottom:6px;margin-top:21px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {line-height:1.5em;margin:0px 0 20px 0px;max-width:1240px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {margin-top:21px;line-height:1.5em;margin-bottom:6px;}}#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_1 {float:right;max-width:111px;position:absolute;right:35px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_1 {margin:5px 15px 0 0;max-width:111px;right:3px;}}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0 {background-color:#1A1A1A;max-width:630px;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_2 {padding:10px 20px;display:none;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_2_0 a {color:white;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;text-decoration:none;padding:10px;border-radius:5px;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_2_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_3 {padding:10px 20px;display:none;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_3_0 a {color:white;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;text-decoration:none;padding:10px;border-radius:5px;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_3_0 a:last-child {border:0;}.gated-popup{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:10000;background:rgba(20,20,20,0.9);align-items:center;justify-content:center;display:none;margin:0px!important;padding:20px}.gated-popup a{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;text-underline-position:under;color:inherit}.gated-popup a:hover{color:#ff4c00}.popup-gated-h2{color:#BFBFBF;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:22px}.popup-heading-h2{font-size:32px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px;color:#F2F2F2;margin:0;max-width:500px}.for_pdf .popup_links.for_pdf,.for_save .popup_links.for_save,.for_ebooks .popup_links.for_ebooks,.for_pdf_issues .popup_links.for_pdf_issues,.for_nxtbook .popup_links.for_nxtbook,.for_follow_topics .popup_links.for_follow_topics,.for_comments .popup_links.for_comments,.for_member_content .popup_links.for_member_content,.for_pdf .popup-heading-h2.for_pdf,.for_save .popup-heading-h2.for_save,.for_ebooks .popup-heading-h2.for_ebooks,.for_pdf_issues .popup-heading-h2.for_pdf_issues,.for_nxtbook .popup-heading-h2.for_nxtbook,.for_follow_topics .popup-heading-h2.for_follow_topics,.for_comments .popup-heading-h2.for_comments,.for_member_content .popup-heading-h2.for_member_content,.for_pdf .popup-gated-h2.for_pdf,.for_save .popup-gated-h2.for_save,.for_ebooks .popup-gated-h2.for_ebooks,.for_pdf_issues .popup-gated-h2.for_pdf_issues,.for_nxtbook .popup-gated-h2.for_nxtbook,.for_follow_topics .popup-gated-h2.for_follow_topics,.for_comments .popup-gated-h2.for_comments,.for_member_content .popup-gated-h2.for_member_content{display:block!important}.gated-popup__contents{position:relative;overflow:hidden;padding:20px 25px 40px;max-width:480px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.gated-popup__close{position:absolute;color:#000;font-size:23px;border-radius:50%;width:40px;height:40px;line-height:40px;text-align:center;right:10px;top:13px}.gated-popup--shown{display:block;display:-webkit-box;display:-moz-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_58_0_0_0_0 {background-color:#1A1A1A;max-width:736px;}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_58_0_0_0_0_2_0 {margin:32px 0 0;}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_58_0_0_0_0_2_0 a {color:white;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:16px;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 12px;border-radius:5px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_58_0_0_0_0_2_0 a:last-child {border:0;padding:7px 11px;}.lightbox-popup{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:10000;background:rgba(20,20,20,0.9);align-items:center;justify-content:center;display:none;margin:0px!important;padding:16px}.lightbox-popup a{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;text-underline-offset:2px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;color:inherit}.lightbox-popup a:hover{color:#ff4c00}.popup-ligtbox-h2{color:#BFBFBF;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;line-height:22px}.popup-heading-h2{font-size:24px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.010416666666666666em;line-height:28px;color:#F2F2F2;margin:0;max-width:500px}.lightbox-popup__contents{position:relative;overflow:hidden;padding:24px 24px 32px;max-width:480px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.lightbox-popup__close{position:absolute;color:#000;font-size:23px;border-radius:50%;width:40px;height:40px;line-height:40px;text-align:center;right:0;top:19px}.lightbox-popup--shown{display:block;display:-webkit-box;display:-moz-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(2){margin-left:16px}@media (max-width:768px){.popup-heading-h2{max-width:250px}.icon-close:before,.icon-close:after{height:24px;left:auto}a.js--close-lightbox.lightbox-popup__close.icon-close.hide-text{padding-right:12px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.popup-heading-h2{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.015625em;line-height:36px}.lightbox-popup__close{right:10px}.lightbox-popup__contents{padding-bottom:48px}}.story_teaser.not_infinite{margin-bottom:20px}.story_teaser.not_infinite + .story_teaser.not_infinite,.story_teaser + .featured_post{border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf}.story_teaser .widget{padding-top:16px;padding-bottom:16px}.featured_post .widget{padding:16px 6px;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd;margin:0}.headline__h1{padding:0}@media (min-width:768px){.headline__h1{font-size:48px;line-height:52px;display:inline-block;min-width:50%}}@media (min-width:768px){.featured_columns .row .widget_column{padding:0 16px!important}}@media (min-width:1024px){.featured_columns .row .widget_column{padding-right:32px!important}.featured_post .widget{padding:16px 6px 16px 22px}}.page_headline_container{padding:40px 16px 16px;margin:0;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.page_headline_container .module-headline{padding:0}.page_headline_container .module-headline__text{font:300 42px/44px "Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.010416666em}.page_headline_container .text-element{font:16px/20px "Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.00625em;margin-top:16px}.page_headline_container--with-follow-btn .follow-section-spectrum{float:none;display:inline-block;padding:0;margin-top:17px}.page_headline_container--with-follow-btn .follow-button-spectrum{padding:7px 11px}@media (min-width:768px){.page_headline_container{padding:49px 32px 10px}.page_headline_container + .featured_columns{margin-top:24px}.page_headline_container>div:not(.follow-section-spectrum){width:50%;display:inline-block;box-sizing:border-box}.page_headline_container .module-headline__text{font-size:48px;line-height:52px}.page_headline_container .text-element{border-left:1px solid #BFBFBF;vertical-align:text-bottom;max-width:610px;padding-left:16px;margin-top:0}.page_headline_container--with-follow-btn div.text-element{width:40%}.page_headline_container--with-follow-btn .follow-section-spectrum{float:right;margin-top:6px}}.widget_column{height:100vh;overflow:visible}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{z-index:2}div:has(>.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard){min-height:434px;box-sizing:border-box}@media (min-width:768px){div:has(>.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard){min-height:344px}}@media (min-width:1024px){div:has(>.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard){min-height:314px}}.container-for-follow-topic-button{display:inline!important}.container-for-follow-topic-button div{display:inline;margin-bottom:8px}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4.row-wrapper {margin-bottom:0;}}#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4 > .row {margin-bottom: 0px;}#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4 > .row > * {margin-bottom: 0px;}#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4 > .row {margin-left: -12.5px;margin-right:-12.5px;}#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4 > .row > .col {padding: 0 12.5px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0 {border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf;}} #sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_1 {text-align:center;margin:auto;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd;padding:32px 16px;background:#ecece8;position:relative;z-index:2;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_1 {padding:32px 32px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_1 {padding:32px 16px;}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_1 {padding:32px 16px;}} .newsletterCTA__wrapper{background-color:#1A1A1A;padding:24px 16px 48px}.newsletterCTA__wrapper .module-headline__text.h2,.newsletterCTA__wrapper .text-element{font-weight:300}.newsletterCTA__wrapper .module-headline__text.h2{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;color:#F2F2F2;font-size:32px;line-height:36px;letter-spacing:-0.5px;margin:0 auto 16px}.newsletterCTA__wrapper>.text-element{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;color:#BFBFBF;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:20px;margin:0 auto 32px}.newsletterCTA__wrapper .newsletter_inputs_single{width:100%;position:relative;max-width:343px}.newsletterCTA__wrapper .newsletter_inputs_single .text-element{display:flex;position:absolute;right:8px;top:8px;margin:0}.newsletterCTA__wrapper input:invalid ~ div.checkbox_container:before{display:none}.newsletter_inputs_single .text-element a{max-width:96px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;border:none;box-shadow:none;text-shadow:none}::placeholder{color:#BFBFBF;opacity:1}.newsletterCTA__wrapper .newsletter_email{height:48px;width:calc(100% - 126px);border:none;border-radius:8px;background-color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:normal;color:#BFBFBF;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:20px;padding:0 110px 0 16px;position:relative}.newsletterCTA__wrapper .error-message-container-single{max-width:343px;position:absolute;bottom:-60px;z-index:99}#error_msj_fields_single{display:none;color:#fff;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-size:16px;background:#ff4c00;text-align:center;line-height:20px;padding:8px 10px;border-radius:10px}#error_msj_fields_single:after{content:"";width:0;height:0;border-left:12px solid transparent;border-right:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:12px solid #ff4c00;position:absolute;top:-12px;left:20px}#success_msj_fields_single{display:none;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;width:100%;color:#BFBFBF;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:22px;margin:24px auto 0}input:invalid,textarea:invalid{border:1px solid red;background-color:#fccfcc;color:#0D0D0D}.newsletterCTA__wrapper .checkbox_container{padding:12px 0;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-size:16px;text-align:left;margin:0;color:#bfbfbf}.newsletterCTA__wrapper .checkbox_container a{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#FF4C00;color:#bfbfbf}.newsletterCTA__wrapper .checkbox_container a:hover{color:#FF4C00}#check_pp_new_single{margin-right:16px;cursor:pointer}[type="checkbox"]:focus{outline:none}[type="checkbox"]{width:17px;height:17px;border:solid 1px #595959;border-radius:4px;cursor:pointer;margin:0 8px 0 0;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;position:relative;top:3px}.newsletterCTA__wrapper [type="checkbox"]:checked::before{content:"\f00c";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:#fff;border-radius:4px;background-color:#FF4C00;position:absolute;padding:3px;margin-left:-1px;margin-top:-1px}.newsletterCTA__wrapper [type="checkbox"]:after{content:"";display:block;width:48px;height:48px;position:absolute;left:-17px;top:-14px;z-index:999}@media screen and (min-width:769px){.newsletterCTA__wrapper .cta-newsletter__left-column{padding-right:0!important}}@media screen and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.newsletterCTA__wrapper .cta-newsletter__left-column.newsletter_inputs_single{padding:0!important}}@media screen and (min-width:992px){.newsletterCTA__wrapper{padding:32px 32px 48px}.newsletterCTA__wrapper .module-headline__text.h2{font-size:36px;line-height:40px}.newsletterCTA__wrapper>.text-element{margin:0 auto 34px;font-size:18px;line-height:22px;letter-spacing:-0.2px}.newsletterCTA__wrapper .newsletter_inputs_single{max-width:448px}.newsletterCTA__wrapper .newsletter_email{font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:22px}}@media screen and (min-width:1376px){.newsletterCTA__wrapper{padding:32px 32px 64px}.newsletterCTA__wrapper .module-headline__text.h2{font-size:48px;line-height:52px}.newsletterCTA__wrapper .newsletter_inputs_single{max-width:528px}}@media screen and (min-width:1568px){.newsletterCTA__wrapper .newsletter_inputs_single{max-width:608px}}:root{} @media (min-width:768px){.cta-download-collection .row .col:first-child{width:67%}.cta-download-collection .row .col:first-child + .col{width:33%;float:right}}.cta-download-collection .row.px20{margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}.cta-download-collection .row.px20>.col{padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important}#sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1.row-wrapper {background:#1A1A1A;margin:0;padding:32px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1.row-wrapper {padding:24px 16px 16px 16px;}}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_0 {max-width:50%;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_0_0 .module-headline {max-width:300px;}}#sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_0_0 .module-headline__text {color:#F2F2F2;font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light', sans-serif;font-size:48px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:52px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_0_0 .module-headline__text {font-size:32px;line-height:36px;}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {#sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_0_0 .module-headline__text {line-height:40px;font-size:36px;margin-bottom:21px;}}#sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_0_1 {color:#BFBFBF;font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light', sans-serif;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:22px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_0_1 {padding-right:32px;}}#sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_0_2_0_1_0_0 {margin-bottom:24px;}#sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_1 {text-align:center;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_1_0.image-element .image-element__img {max-width:194px;text-align:center;}} .scroll_column.collection .widget:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.collection_mobile .row{margin:0!important}.collection .sticky_column{position:inherit!important}.collection .sticky_column .text-element{padding:0 15px!important}}#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0.row-wrapper {margin:0 auto;box-sizing:border-box;border-top:1px solid #bdbdbd;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0.row-wrapper {border-top:1px solid #bdbdbd;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 auto;}}#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0 > .row {margin-bottom: 0px;}#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0 > .row > * {margin-bottom: 0px;}#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0 > .row {margin-left: -12.5px;margin-right:-12.5px;}#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0 > .row > .col {padding: 0 12.5px;}#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_0 {:padding;padding:32px !important;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_0 {position:sticky;top:0px;}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_0 {top:130px;}}#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_0:after {margin-top: -20px;}#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_0 > * {margin-bottom: 20px;}#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_0_0 .module-headline__text {font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light', 'sans-serif';font-size:68px;letter-spacing:-1px;line-height:68px;font-weight:normal;}#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_0_1 {color:#0D0D0D;font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light', 'sans-serif';font-size:32px;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px;padding:19% 0;width:90%;}#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_0_2 {margin:20px 0;}#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_0_2 a {color:#0D0D0D;font-family:'Favorit-Pro', 'sans-serif';font-weight:normal;padding-right:32px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_1 {padding-bottom:20px !important;}}#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_1:after {margin-top: -20px;}#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_1 > * {margin-bottom: 20px;} #sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_1_0 .widget {padding:15px;margin:0px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_1_0 .widget {padding:16px 22px 16px 6px;}}#sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_1_0 .widget .widget__headline-text {font-family:'Favorit-Pro', sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:26px;}#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_6 {text-align:center;margin:auto;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd;padding:32px 16px;background:#ecece8;position:relative;z-index:2;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_6 {padding:32px 32px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_6 {padding:32px 16px;}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_6 {padding:32px 16px;}}#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_1:after {margin-top: -20px;}#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_1 > * {margin-bottom: 20px;}input:invalid.newsletter_email,textarea:invalid.newsletter_email{background:#404040;color:#BFBFBF;border:none}[type="checkbox"]:checked + label{color:#f2f2f2}#loader{border:6px solid #404040;border-radius:50%;border-top:6px solid #f2f2f2;width:20px;height:20px;-webkit-animation:spin 2s linear infinite;animation:spin 2s linear infinite;text-align:center;margin:24px auto}@-webkit-keyframes spin{0%{-webkit-transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{-webkit-transform:rotate(360deg)}}@keyframes spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}.news_container_cta .checkbox_line{color:#BFBFBF;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-size:24px;line-height:28px;font-weight:300;padding:16px;text-align:left;border-left:1px solid #404040;border-top:1px solid #404040}.cta-newsletter{background:#1A1A1A;margin:0;padding:32px 0 0 32px;padding:16px 16px 0 16px;position:relative;z-index:1;overflow:hidden}.widget_column .cta-newsletter{padding:24px 0 0 16px}.widget_column .cta-newsletter__left-column{padding-right:16px!important}.cta-newsletter__left-column .module-headline__text{color:#F2F2F2;font:300 32px/ 36px "Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.015625em}.newsletter_inputs_multi .text-element{margin-top:16px;margin-right:8px}.newsletter_field,.newsletter_email{background:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;color:#BFBFBF;width:-webkit-fill-available;border-radius:8px;display:inline-block;font-size:18px;padding:10px 10px 10px 16px;margin-bottom:10px;border:none}.newsletter_field{max-width:50%;height:16px}.newsletter_field:nth-child(2){margin-top:32px}.required_text{color:#bfbfbf;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-size:12px;text-align:right;max-width:50%;margin:auto}.widget_column .news_container_cta .checkbox_line{font-size:18px;line-height:22px}.widget_column .news_container_cta div:last-child .checkbox_line:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.widget_column .newsletter_inputs_multi .text-element{margin-top:0;margin-right:0}.widget_column .newsletter_email{font-size:16px;padding:6px 8px}.widget_column .newsletter_inputs_multi{position:inherit;margin-bottom:40px!important}.widget_column .news_container_cta>div .checkbox_line:last-child{padding-bottom:16px}.widget_column .cta-newsletter__right-column{margin-bottom:24px!important}.checkbox_container{padding-bottom:8px;color:#bfbfbf;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-size:16px;text-align:left;margin:0}.checkbox_container a{color:#bfbfbf;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#FF4C00}.checkbox_container a:hover{color:#FF4C00}#news_check_pp{margin-right:16px;cursor:pointer;vertical-align:sub}.error-message-container{width:50%;position:absolute;bottom:-74px;height:auto;margin:16px 0;z-index:-1}#error_msj_fields{display:none;color:#fff;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-size:16px;background:#ff4c00;text-align:center;line-height:20px;padding:8px 10px;border-radius:10px}#error_msj_fields:after{content:"";width:0;height:0;border-left:12px solid transparent;border-right:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:12px solid #ff4c00;position:absolute;top:-12px;left:20px}[type="checkbox"]:focus{outline:none}[type="checkbox"]{width:17px;height:17px;border:solid 1px #595959;border-radius:4px;cursor:pointer;margin:0 8px 0 0;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none}[type="checkbox"]:checked::before{content:"\f00c";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:white;border-radius:4px;background-color:#FF4C00;position:absolute;padding:2px;margin-left:-1px;margin-top:-1px}.cta-newsletter__left-column .text-element{color:#BFBFBF;font:18px/22px "Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.009090909090909092em}@media (max-width:767px){.news_container_cta div:last-child .checkbox_line:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.cta-newsletter__left-column .text-element{font-size:18px;line-height:20px;letter-spacing:-0.25px;margin-top:13px;margin-bottom:34px}.cta-newsletter__right-column{margin-left:20px}.news_container_cta .checkbox_line{font-size:24px;line-height:28px;letter-spacing:0.25px}.news_container_cta{margin-bottom:32px}}@media (max-width:768px){.newsletter_inputs_multi .text-element{margin-top:0;margin-right:0}.newsletter_email{font-size:16px;padding:16px 16px 12px;line-height:20px;letter-spacing:-0.1px}}@media (min-width:769px){.cta-newsletter{padding:32px 0 0 32px}.cta-newsletter .row{margin-bottom:0}.cta-newsletter__left-column{padding-right:125px!important}.newsletter_inputs_multi{position:absolute;bottom:0}.cta-newsletter__left-column .module-headline__text{font-size:48px;line-height:52px;letter-spacing:-0.010416666666666666em}.widget_column .cta-newsletter__left-column .module-headline__text{font-size:32px;line-height:36px;letter-spacing:-0.015625em}.news_container_cta>div{display:inline-block;width:50%}.widget_column .cta-newsletter .col,.widget_column .news_container_cta>div{width:100%}.widget_column .row.px20>.col:not(:last-child){padding:0}.widget_column .row.px20>.col:last-child{padding-left:0;padding-right:16px}.widget_column .cta-newsletter__left-column .text-element{font-size:16px;line-height:20px;letter-spacing:-0.00625em}.news_container_cta>div .checkbox_line:last-child{padding-bottom:145px}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){input:invalid ~ div.checkbox_container:before{left:0}.cta-newsletter .news_container_cta .checkbox_line{white-space:nowrap;padding:12px}.cta-newsletter{padding:32px 0 0 32px}.cta-newsletter .news_container_cta>div{display:inline-block;width:50%}.cta-newsletter__left-column{padding:0 32px 0 0!important;margin:0}.cta-newsletter .row.px20{margin:0}.cta-newsletter .news_container_cta .checkbox_line{font-size:18px;line-height:22px;display:flex}.cta-newsletter .news_container_cta .checkbox_line label{width:90%;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.cta-newsletter .cta-newsletter__left-column input[type="checkbox"]{margin-bottom:-3px}.cta-newsletter .cta-newsletter__left-column .module-headline__text{font-size:36px;line-height:40px;letter-spacing:-0.01361111111111111em}.cta-newsletter .cta-newsletter__left-column .text-element{font-size:18px;line-height:22px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em}.cta-newsletter__left-column.newsletter_inputs_multi{width:100%!important}.news_container_cta>div .checkbox_line:last-child{padding-bottom:224px;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.cta-newsletter .newsletter_inputs_multi{position:relative;margin-top:20px}.error-message-container{width:50%;bottom:-50px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.news_container_cta>div .checkbox_line:last-child{padding-bottom:185px}.error-message-container{width:calc(100% - 32px);bottom:-34px}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {#sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_0 {width:calc(50% - 16px);}}#sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_0_0 {margin-bottom:8px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_0_0 {max-width:600px;margin-bottom:23px;}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {#sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_0_0 {margin-bottom:16px;}}#sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_1 {text-align:right;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_1 {margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_1 {padding-right:0;}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {#sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_1 {padding-left:0;padding-right:0;margin:0;width:calc(50% + 16px);}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_2 {margin-bottom:24px;padding-bottom:32px;}}#sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_2_1 {text-align:right;}#sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_3 {display:none;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_3 {margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_3 {padding-right:0;}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {#sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_3 {padding-left:32px;padding-right:0;}}#s__Newsletter_Popup_0_0_56_0_0_0_0 {background-color:#1A1A1A;max-width:630px;}#s__Newsletter_Popup_0_0_56_0_0_0_0_1 {display:none;}.side-ad-sticky{position:fixed!important;top:40px!important;z-index:4;transition:none;overflow:hidden}.sidebar_sticky_parent{margin-bottom:100px!important}.stick_in_parent{position:-webkit-sticky;position:-moz-sticky;position:-ms-sticky;position:-o-sticky;position:sticky;top:100px;width:336px}.sidebar_repeat_ad{height:600px;text-align:center;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin:20px auto;max-width:1600px;width:336px}.main,.row{overflow:unset}.widget_column{height:100vh;overflow:visible}#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5 > .row {margin-bottom: 0px;}#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5 > .row > * {margin-bottom: 0px;}#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5 > .row {margin-left: -12.5px;margin-right:-12.5px;}#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5 > .row > .col {padding: 0 12.5px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0 {border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf;}} .specialWideVertical__content .sm-mb-1:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0}.specialWideVertical__row .row.px20,.specialWideVertical__row .row.px10,.specialWideVertical__row .widget__body .all-related-sections,.specialWideVertical__main{margin:0}.specialWideVertical__row .sm-mb-2>*{}.specialWideVertical__row .sm-mb-2:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0px}.specialWideVertical__main{padding:0!important}.specialWideVertical__container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:0!important;margin:0 0 0px}.specialWideVertical__container .module-headline:before,.specialWideVertical__container .module-headline__text,.specialWideVertical__wrapper .text-element{color:#f2f2f2!important;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light"}.specialWideVertical__container .module-headline:before{letter-spacing:0.75px!important;display:block}.specialWideVertical__container .module-headline__text{font-size:36px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.49px;line-height:40px;margin:8px 0 36px 0;line-break:normal}.specialWideVertical__link{display:block;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";color:#f2f2f2}.specialWideVertical__wrapper{background-color:#000;padding:16px 16px 30px}.specialWideVertical__wrapper .text-element{font-size:24px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px;margin:0 0 26px 0}.specialWideVertical__content .widget__body:before{display:none}.specialWideVertical__content{padding:0!important;border-top:1px solid #BFBFBF}.specialWideVertical__content .posts-wrapper .widget:last-child{border-bottom:none}.specialWideVertical__content .widget__headline .widget__headline-text{display:block;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:24px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:26px;color:#0D0D0D;margin:12px 0 9px}.specialWideVertical__link{font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:22px}.specialWideVertical__row .story_teaser .widget__headline:before{display:none}.specialWideVertical__content .posts-wrapper .widget .row .rm-col-center{padding:16px 16px 48px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:3fr 1fr;grid-template-rows:1fr;grid-template-areas:"content image";justify-items:stretch}.specialWideVertical__content .posts-wrapper .widget .row .rm-col-center:last-child{border:none}.specialWideVertical__row .all-related-sections{height:fit-content}.specialWideVertical__row .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.specialWideVertical__row .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{width:max-content}.specialWideVertical__content .widget__head{grid-area:image;max-width:150px;margin:0}.specialWideVertical__content .posts-wrapper .widget,.specialWideVertical__content .story_teaser .widget .widget__body{padding:0}.specialWideVertical__content .posts-wrapper .widget .widget__body{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;grid-area:content;padding-right:16px;width:calc(100% - 16px);height:100%;margin:0}.specialWideVertical__container .image-element__img{padding:0;background:#fefefe}.specialWideVertical__content .like-button{order:2}.specialWideVertical__content .posts-custom .social-date,.specialWideVertical__content .posts-custom .time-to-read,.specialWideVertical__content .posts-custom .custom-field-TimeofRead{max-height:18px;line-height:16px;padding-right:7px}@media screen and (min-width:375px){.specialWideVertical__content .widget__head{min-width:104px}}@media screen and (min-width:906px){.specialWideVertical__row .all-related-sections{flex-wrap:initial}}@media screen and (min-width:550px) and (max-width:767px){.specialWideVertical__row .story_teaser .widget .widget__body{max-width:70%}}@media (min-width:768px){.specialWideVertical__main{position:sticky;top:0}.specialWideVertical__row,.specialWideVertical__row .row{overflow:inherit}.specialWideVertical__content{border-top:none;border-left:1px solid #BFBFBF;margin:0}}@media screen and (min-width:992px){.specialWideVertical__content .posts-wrapper .widget .row .rm-col-center{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:16px 32px 48px 16px}.specialWideVertical__content .widget__head{order:2;max-width:128px}.specialWideVertical__container .image-element__img{min-height:389px;object-fit:cover}.specialWideVertical__container .module-headline__text{font-size:54px;letter-spacing:-0.75px;line-height:56px;margin-bottom:28px}.specialWideVertical__wrapper{padding:34px 16px 24px 34px}.specialWideVertical__wrapper .text-element{margin:0 0 16px 0}.specialWideVertical__content .posts-wrapper .widget .widget__body{max-width:288px;width:100%}.specialWideVertical__content .story_teaser.infinite .widget:last-child{border-bottom:none}}@media (min-width:1024px){.specialWideVertical__container .module-headline__text{font-size:68px;letter-spacing:-1px;line-height:68px}.specialWideVertical__wrapper .text-element{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px}.specialWideVertical__row .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.specialWideVertical__row .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{margin-bottom:8px}}@media screen and (min-width:1200px){.specialWideVertical__content .story_teaser .widget .widget__head,.specialWideVertical__content .story_teaser .widget .widget__body{max-width:304px}.specialWideVertical__content .posts-wrapper .widget .row .rm-col-center{padding:16px 32px 16px 16px}.specialWideVertical__content .widget:last-child .row{margin-bottom:20px}.specialWideVertical__wrapper{padding:34px 16px 44px 32px}.specialWideVertical__container .image-element__img{min-height:534px}}@media screen and (min-width:1376px){.specialWideVertical__container .module-headline__text,.specialWideVertical__wrapper .text-element{margin-bottom:26px}.specialWideVertical__content .story_teaser .widget .widget__head{max-width:352px}.specialWideVertical__content .posts-wrapper .widget .widget__body{width:calc(100% - 32px)}}@media screen and (min-width:1569px){.specialWideVertical__wrapper{padding:34px 16px 44px 32px}.specialWideVertical__content .story_teaser .widget .widget__head,.specialWideVertical__content .story_teaser .widget .widget__body{max-width:352px}}:root{}#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0_2 {text-align:center;margin:auto;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd;padding:32px 16px;background:#ecece8;position:relative;z-index:2;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0_2 {padding:32px 32px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0_2 {padding:32px 16px;}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0_2 {padding:32px 16px;}} .exploreTopics__container{background-color:#1A1A1A;padding:24px 0 0 16px}.exploreTopics__container .text-element{margin-bottom:32px}.sections-item-container{max-width:312px;max-height:305px;width:auto!important;border:1px solid #404040;position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;padding:16px}.sections-item-description,.exploreTopics__container .text-element{color:#BFBFBF;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:normal;white-space:break-spaces}.exploreTopics__container .text-element{font-size:16px;line-height:20px;padding:0 40px 0 0}.sections-item-description{font-size:18px;line-height:22px}.exploreTopics__container .module-headline__text.h2{margin-bottom:8px;font-size:32px;line-height:36px}.sections-item,.exploreTopics__container .module-headline__text.h2{letter-spacing:-0.5px;text-align:left;color:#F2F2F2;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-weight:normal}.exploreTopics__container .sections-item{display:block;height:72px;margin-bottom:48px;white-space:initial;max-width:80%;font-size:27px;line-height:38px}.exploreTopics__container .sections-item:after{content:"";background:url("https://assets.rbl.ms/28021229/origin.png") no-repeat center;background-size:contain;display:inline-block;height:36px;width:25px;position:absolute;right:17px;top:17px}.exploreTopics__container .sections-item:hover{color:#F2F2F2}.exploreTopics__container .sections-item-description{height:88px;margin-bottom:65px;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:4;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden}.exploreTopics__container .sections-item-container{vertical-align:middle}.exploreTopics__container .slick-slider{padding:0 0 0 16px;margin:0}.exploreTopics__container .slick-dots{display:flex!important;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 auto;padding:0;position:absolute;left:-8px;transform:translate(50%,-33px)}.exploreTopics__container .slick-dots li{font-size:0}.exploreTopics__container .slick-dots li button{font-size:0;border:none;border-radius:50%;width:8px;height:8px;background-color:#595959;padding:2px;margin:0 2px}.exploreTopics__container .slick-dots .slick-active button{background-color:#F2F2F2}.section-slider_next,.section-slider_prev{display:none}@media screen and (min-width:330px){.exploreTopics__container .sections-item{font-size:25px}}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.exploreTopics__wrapper{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;margin-bottom:80px}.exploreTopics__wrapper .text-element{border-left:1px solid #404040;padding-left:16px;max-width:304px;margin-right:20%}.exploreTopics__container .module-headline__text.h2,.exploreTopics__wrapper .text-element{margin-bottom:0}.exploreTopics__container .sections-item-container{margin-top:2px}.exploreTopics__container .sections-item-container:hover{background-color:#404040;border-top:2px solid #FF4C00;margin-top:1px}.exploreTopics__container .sections-item-container:hover .sections-item-description{color:#F2F2F2;position:relative;top:-16px}.exploreTopics__container .sections-item:after{display:none}.exploreTopics__container .sections-item-container:hover .sections-item:after{display:inline-block}.exploreTopics__container .slick-dots{display:none!important}.section-slider_next,.section-slider_prev{background:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/26027213/origin.png) no-repeat center;background-size:contain;height:28px;width:28px;display:block;position:absolute;top:-120px}.section-slider_prev{right:64px}.section-slider_next{transform:rotate(180deg);right:32px}}@media screen and (min-width:769px){.exploreTopics__container .sections-item{font-size:32px}}@media screen and (min-width:992px){.exploreTopics__container{padding:26px 0 0 32px}.sections-item-container{max-width:321px}.exploreTopics__container .module-headline__text.h2{font-size:36px;line-height:40px}.exploreTopics__container .slick-slider{padding:0 0 0 80px}}@media screen and (min-width:1376px){.exploreTopics__container{padding:35px 0 0 32px}.exploreTopics__container .module-headline__text.h2{font-size:48px;line-height:52px}.sections-item-container{max-width:337px}.exploreTopics__container .slick-slider{padding:0 0 0 112px}}@media screen and (min-width:1568px){.exploreTopics__container .slick-slider{padding:0 0 0 128px}.sections-item-container{max-width:385px}}#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_1:after {margin-top: -20px;}#sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_1 > * {margin-bottom: 20px;}:root{} </style><script class="rm-i-script"> window.REBELMOUSE_LOW_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function() { window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalStylesheet("/static/css-build/roar/runner/social-ux-non-critical.css?v=rmxassetse8b874e39b339059e338b461576785bb", function(){ document.body.classList.add("rm-non-critical-loaded"); }); }); </script><script class="rm-i-script"> var __RUNNER_PUBLIC__ = { root: '#runner-root', events: { PAGE_VIEW: 'page_view.url_change.listicle_switch_page', URL_CHANGE_PAGE_VIEW: 'page_view.url_change', LISTICLE_CHANGE_PAGE_VIEW: 'page_view.listicle_switch_page' } } </script><script class="rm-i-script"> window.__rebelmouseJsBaseUrl = "/static/js-build/"; window.__rebelmousePrimaryColor = "#FF4C00"; </script><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjU5NjY0OS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4NTc0NjUwNn0.pFbPADvK9fyfasig9FMci3xf6UeB_WJaER5Yea_eRpI/img.png?width=192&height=192" sizes="192x192"/><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjU5NjY0OS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4NTc0NjUwNn0.pFbPADvK9fyfasig9FMci3xf6UeB_WJaER5Yea_eRpI/img.png?width=48&height=48" sizes="48x48"/><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="140"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="sectionfix"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2225"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="bold"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2348"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2355"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2308"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2284"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="content" data-abtest-value="8"></script><script> window.category = ["audio"]; </script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2200"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="greek"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="notification"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="content" data-abtest-value="fix"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="ieeesignout"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="usermenuosano"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="1719"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="invention"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="anbar" data-abtest-value="off"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="anbar" data-abtest-value="on"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IE" data-abtest-value="2184"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="ieee" data-abtest-value="1422"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="climatetech"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2288"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2201"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="footerfixes"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="ppid" data-abtest-value="link"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="audosano"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="140"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="pdf" data-abtest-value="button2"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="7"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="1843"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="6"></script><meta name="google-site-verification" content="TL2pz9TZSlPds24a3mqZClMC79zWmgOKFwO4aYRjdXk"/><meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="bgsalp9vtqx07wdoczkh2jq79qvonr"/><meta property="fb:pages" content="48576411181"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="L-skWDKE3KKfxCj4MKcOwZUVoZ1L_MkSRLAsNxx-JIw"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="CTQnzy87CzDH0ZMNer4KvBtvb7X0tiJoehjRFhqPCis"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="TL2pz9TZSlPds24a3mqZClMC79zWmgOKFwO4aYRjdXk"/><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="climatetech"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="newslettertopic"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="signedin"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="140member"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="final" data-abtest-value="styles"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="futurelane"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="climatetech"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="1945"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="collectionsection"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="live" data-abtest-value="version"></script><script class="rm-i-script"> (function() { var cookie = 'rebelmouse_abtests='; cookie += "v1:165477109-A:2,B:2"; document.cookie = cookie + '; Path=/; SameSite=None; Secure'; })(); </script></head><body class="logged-out-user section-audio"><div id="fb-root"></div><div id="runner-root"></div><div id="curtain" class="curtain"></div><nav class="menu-global"><div class="main-menu-wrapper"><div class="menu-global__search-form hide-tablet-and-desktop"><form action="/search/"><button type="submit" class="menu-global__submit fa fa-search" value="" aria-label="Submit"></button><input name="q" class="menu-global__text-input" type="text" placeholder="Search..." aria-label="Search"/></form></div><div class="divider hide-tablet-and-desktop"></div><div class="divider"></div><ul id="main-menu" class="main-menu"></ul></div></nav><div class="all-content-wrapper"><div class="main v-sep"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Section"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Section_default"></span><div class="menu-overlay js-toggle" data-target="body" data-share-status-id="menu-toggle" data-toggle-class="menu-opened"></div><link rel="preload" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" href="https://htlbid.com/v3/spectrum.ieee.org/rblbid.css"/><script> window.PARSELY = window.PARSELY || {}; function isPublished(post){ return [0,1,2].includes(post.status) } window.PARSELY.autotrack = false; window.PARSELY.onload = function () { if(Object.keys(window.REBELMOUSE_BOOTSTRAP_DATA.post).length > 0 && !isPublished(window.REBELMOUSE_BOOTSTRAP_DATA.post)){ return; } var event = { url: location.href, urlref: document.referrer, js: 1 }; window.PARSELY.updateDefaults({ data: { level: localStorage.getItem("userMembershipStatus") || "anonymous" } }); window.PARSELY.beacon.trackPageView(event); }; </script><noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5WJB5X2" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS Fonts"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS Spectrum"></span><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><svg width="0" height="0" viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" style="position: absolute"><mask id="xLogoMask" style="mask-type: alpha" maskunits="userSpaceOnUse" x="1" y="1" width="18" height="18"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="black"></path></mask></svg><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><div class="topbar topbar--static" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_16"><div class="" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_16_0"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Element Bar"></span><div class="dark_top_bar" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1"><div class="" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0"><div class="top_menu_links" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_0"><div class="list" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_0_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE.org</a><a class="list__item" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp" target="_blank">IEEE Xplore Digital Library</a><a class="list__item" href="https://standards.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE Standards</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/sitemap.html" target="_blank">More Sites</a></div></div><div class="" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1"><div class="access_links" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1"><div class="list" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum" target="_self">Sign In</a><a class="list__item" href="/st/join" target="_self">Join IEEE</a></div></div><div class="" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_9_0_0_1_0_1_1"><svg width="70px" height="21px" viewbox="0 0 70 21" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><polygon id="path-1" points="0 0 21.3639449 0 21.3639449 21 0 21"></polygon></defs><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-IEEE-Bar-/-Signed-out-/-1376" transform="translate(-1274.000000, -14.000000)"><g id="Group-13" transform="translate(1274.000000, 14.000000)"><polygon id="Fill-1" fill="#FEFEFE" points="23.4111174 18.6889405 27.8363724 18.6889405 27.8363724 2.77905063 23.4111174 2.77905063"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-2" fill="#FEFEFE" points="29.7536549 18.6881005 29.7536549 2.77821061 41.9217005 2.77821061 41.9217005 5.8624668 34.17891 5.8624668 34.17891 9.14692664 41.3017712 9.14692664 41.3017712 12.2311828 34.17891 12.2311828 34.17891 15.6024442 41.9217005 15.6024442 41.9217005 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-3" fill="#FEFEFE" points="43.7923126 18.6881005 43.7923126 2.77821061 55.9603583 2.77821061 55.9603583 5.8624668 48.2175677 5.8624668 48.2175677 9.14692664 55.3418347 9.14692664 55.3418347 12.2311828 48.2175677 12.2311828 48.2175677 15.6024442 55.9603583 15.6024442 55.9603583 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-4" fill="#FEFEFE" points="57.8305486 2.77793061 57.8305486 18.6878205 70 18.6878205 70 15.6021642 62.2558037 15.6021642 62.2558037 12.2323028 69.3800707 12.2323028 69.3800707 9.14664663 62.2558037 9.14664663 62.2558037 5.8621868 70 5.8621868 70 2.77793061"></polygon><g id="Group-12"><g id="Group-7"><mask id="mask-2" fill="white"><use xlink:href="#path-1"></use></mask><g id="Clip-6"></g><path d="M20.9520644,9.85449953 L20.8930235,9.84469935 C19.0838421,8.61967703 17.3983653,7.23365178 15.8098843,5.66142314 L14.0555265,3.83578988 C13.3442244,3.05037557 12.6540084,2.18095973 11.9961242,1.35074461 L11.1976665,0.22232405 C11.099265,0.164923005 10.976966,0.0669212192 10.8687244,0.0375206836 C10.6339666,-0.0646811784 10.3795285,0.0571210406 10.1883485,0.202723693 L8.74184673,2.07875787 C6.42378906,4.93900998 3.67838782,7.60885862 0.684171419,9.65429588 C0.448007872,9.84049927 0.0951682866,10.0211026 0.0220700458,10.3235081 C-0.0566511366,10.596513 0.0853281388,10.8219172 0.256827858,10.9913202 C2.65360672,12.6363502 4.94776689,14.5907858 6.98748895,16.8168264 C7.35016869,17.1962333 7.64396739,17.5728401 7.99680697,17.9284466 C8.59424452,18.719461 9.29570648,19.5160755 9.84534902,20.364491 C10.0168487,20.5450943 10.0463692,20.8390996 10.3148646,20.9259012 C10.525725,20.9987026 10.785786,21.0477034 10.9868062,20.9259012 L11.1878263,20.7256976 C13.6675436,17.2256338 16.8149851,14.0825766 20.3293236,11.5429303 C20.6821632,11.2321246 21.3541047,11.1145225 21.3639449,10.5335119 C21.3386417,10.264707 21.182605,10.0015022 20.9520644,9.85449953 M18.5496626,10.7911166 C18.1476223,11.7879348 17.3337015,12.5831492 16.6238051,13.4525651 C15.0845249,15.1017951 13.4623062,16.6992242 11.6432846,17.9718474 C11.2763877,18.2322522 10.7815688,18.4702565 10.3401679,18.2658528 C9.00190778,17.56724 7.87450799,16.4248192 6.7035304,15.3860003 C5.34559001,14.1301774 3.98202667,12.6713508 2.95302836,11.142523 C2.80120893,10.9283191 2.75763114,10.6651143 2.76184834,10.3823091 C2.89398747,9.85449953 3.2566672,9.42049162 3.60107238,8.97668354 C4.81562776,7.43385543 6.30570729,5.96942875 7.80984416,4.63240439 C7.84498755,4.59740376 7.90824564,4.5232024 7.96306932,4.48960179 C8.60970761,3.93379167 9.25212869,3.44098269 9.92828741,2.95657386 C10.6339666,2.41056392 11.5209856,2.86417218 12.114206,3.36678134 C12.7369467,3.83998996 13.383585,4.37759975 13.9529079,4.9236097 L14.0555265,4.98241077 C15.6285445,6.43703727 17.0891035,8.05406673 18.2910073,9.76209785 C18.4864045,10.0603033 18.6579042,10.3963094 18.5496626,10.7911166" id="Fill-5" fill="#FEFEFE" mask="url(#mask-2)"></path></g><path d="M17.8685838,9.92786087 C16.3152462,7.68782006 14.2755241,5.70538394 12.1135031,3.97215236 C11.5554261,3.58154525 10.9087879,2.8983328 10.1876456,3.3869417 C7.9483091,4.92836978 5.79050526,7.01860786 4.05582778,9.15084671 C3.70298819,9.66885615 3.08587035,10.1616651 3.3656117,10.8504777 C3.56663186,11.3586869 4.01646719,11.7240936 4.30604868,12.1735018 C6.00698851,14.2091389 8.01719014,16.1089735 10.1145474,17.6364013 C11.0367098,18.221612 11.6931882,17.2751947 12.4087075,16.8397868 C13.8734838,15.6875658 15.2314242,14.2875403 16.5162664,12.9253155 L16.5162664,12.8917149 C17.0307655,12.2715036 17.5747851,11.6610924 17.9768254,10.9918802 C18.1525424,10.6642743 18.0653868,10.2162661 17.8685838,9.92786087 L17.8685838,9.92786087 Z M10.4477066,5.41697869 L10.6431039,4.79256731 L10.6684071,4.79256731 C11.0704474,5.9391882 11.4865451,7.08300904 11.9181059,8.21422965 L11.0549843,8.22962993 L11.0367098,8.33183179 L11.163226,11.4020877 L11.163226,11.4510886 C10.844124,11.5042896 10.4533296,11.4902893 10.1384449,11.4608888 L10.1145474,11.4258882 L10.2565266,8.26323054 L10.2565266,8.23943011 C10.0161459,8.21422965 9.71250703,8.23943011 9.46790907,8.21422965 L10.4477066,5.41697869 Z M9.93742469,15.6203646 C10.0217688,14.491944 10.0358262,13.4531251 10.0948671,12.3289046 C10.4912844,12.3695053 10.8356896,12.3541051 11.1969636,12.3401048 L11.2222668,12.4913076 L11.3642461,15.6301648 C10.8891076,15.698766 10.3844486,15.6595653 9.93742469,15.6203646 L9.93742469,15.6203646 Z M13.5501647,11.7058933 C11.492168,12.3443049 8.90420917,12.3149044 6.95304844,11.4608888 C6.60020885,11.2900857 6.15459073,11.0268809 6.03650896,10.6166734 C5.94794763,9.86485972 6.75624548,9.44905214 7.30588802,9.17604717 C7.62920717,9.03464459 7.95814925,8.87924176 8.31520604,8.8596414 C8.64836533,9.10324584 8.99698771,9.29924941 9.33998715,9.51765339 C8.67366857,9.69405661 7.87380512,9.84525936 7.56594907,10.5718726 C7.61936702,11.1248827 8.24632501,11.2998859 8.68350872,11.4370884 C10.2565266,11.8514959 11.9574665,11.7968949 13.4672263,11.250885 C13.7511848,11.0842819 14.2024259,10.8840783 14.1630653,10.4752708 C14.1138646,10.0356628 13.6092056,9.84105928 13.256366,9.70245676 C13.0412885,9.73185729 12.8346454,9.78085819 12.6336252,9.84525936 C12.5253836,9.54285385 12.432605,9.23484824 12.3046831,8.94224291 C12.9724074,9.1172461 13.638726,9.29924941 14.3289421,9.41965161 L14.3289421,9.43505189 C14.1869628,9.44905214 14.0309262,9.49805304 13.8931641,9.551254 L13.8931641,9.57645446 C14.2853643,9.77105801 14.8293839,10.0944639 14.8336011,10.6068732 C14.7422283,11.2270845 14.0604466,11.5098897 13.5501647,11.7058933 L13.5501647,11.7058933 Z" id="Fill-8" fill="#FEFEFE"></path><path d="M14.1946944,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.1646691 L14.3141819,19.1646691 C14.3788457,19.1646691 14.467407,19.1716693 14.467407,19.2528707 C14.467407,19.3410724 14.4224235,19.3564726 14.3465138,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.3564726 Z M14.1946944,19.4922751 L14.2748213,19.4922751 L14.4603783,19.8268812 L14.6613985,19.8268812 L14.4575669,19.4782749 C14.562997,19.4698747 14.6501526,19.4166737 14.6501526,19.2710711 C14.6501526,19.0890678 14.5278536,19.0302667 14.3226163,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.4922751 Z M15.0620331,19.429274 C15.0620331,18.9630655 14.7105992,18.6900605 14.3183991,18.6900605 C13.9233874,18.6900605 13.5719536,18.9630655 13.5719536,19.429274 C13.5719536,19.8954825 13.9233874,20.1670874 14.3183991,20.1670874 C14.7105992,20.1670874 15.0620331,19.8954825 15.0620331,19.429274 L15.0620331,19.429274 Z M14.8483613,19.429274 C14.8483613,19.7694802 14.6051691,19.9976843 14.3183991,19.9976843 L14.3183991,19.9962843 C14.0231946,19.9976843 13.7856254,19.7694802 13.7856254,19.429274 C13.7856254,19.0890678 14.0231946,18.8622636 14.3183991,18.8622636 C14.6051691,18.8622636 14.8483613,19.0890678 14.8483613,19.429274 L14.8483613,19.429274 Z" id="Fill-10" fill="#FEFEFE"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></div></div></div></div><div class="topbar-sticky announcement-show" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_16_0_1"><div id="sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_16_0_1_0" class="js-hidden-panel" data-offset="0"></div><div class="rebelbar-wrapper_static announcement-show" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_16_0_1_1"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Announcement Bar"></span><div class="announcement-bar" id="sAnnouncement_Bar_0_0_0_0_0_0_1_0"><script> if (sessionStorage.getItem('anbarclose') || window.location.pathname == '/st/join') { document.querySelector('.rebelbar-wrapper_static').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').style.height = '64px'; document.querySelector('.section-frontpage .topbar-sticky ').style.height = '111px'; } </script><div class="formatted-text ql-editor"><p><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/reinventing-invention/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">See our latest special report, “Reinventing Invention: Stories From Innovation’s Edge”</a> →</p></div><div class="button-view button-view-hidden" id="sAnnouncement_Bar_0_0_0_0_0_0_1_0_2_1_1"><div class="text-element" id="sAnnouncement_Bar_0_0_0_0_0_0_1_0_2_1_1_0"><a class="color-inherit" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/reinventing-invention/" target="_blank">View →</a></div></div><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="icon-close announcement-close" onclick="sessionStorage.setItem('anbarclose',true); document.querySelector('.rebelbar-wrapper_static').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').style.height = '64px'; document.querySelector('.section-frontpage .topbar-sticky ').style.height = '111px';"> Close bar </a></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__TopBar Second Bar"></span><div class="" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0"><div class="site_logo" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_0"><div class="rm-lcp-element" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_0_0_1_0"><a href="/" title="Spectrum Logo"><svg width="214px" height="30px" viewbox="0 0 214 30" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-Sticky-Site-Header-/-1376" transform="translate(-33.000000, -17.000000)" fill="#0D0D0D" fill-rule="nonzero"><g id="IEEE-Spectrum-Logo" transform="translate(32.000000, 15.000000)"><g id="IEEESpectrum-LogoFinal-Black" transform="translate(1.454545, 2.909091)"><path d="M67.5731087,15.3769418 C67.7375958,17.1915012 68.9067885,18.8411007 71.9786975,18.8411007 C74.7749795,18.8411007 75.8285865,17.851341 75.8285865,16.3310345 C75.8285865,14.882062 74.9750314,14.1553466 73.3301597,13.923511 L68.5600317,13.3974225 C64.6123396,12.9515848 62.3361928,10.6911877 62.3361928,6.96398467 C62.3361928,2.83552769 65.4481122,6.3357346e-15 71.7475264,6.3357346e-15 C78.4915004,6.3357346e-15 81.1899792,3.23232323 81.4833887,7.133403 L75.7485657,7.133403 C75.5173945,5.38126088 74.2014972,4.22654127 71.7475264,4.22654127 C69.5247267,4.22654127 68.191047,5.11821665 68.191047,6.57164751 C68.191047,7.6907001 68.8489957,8.51549983 70.5294322,8.71612679 L74.7082955,9.16196447 C79.5095427,9.60780216 81.6834407,11.8994079 81.6834407,15.8495298 C81.6834407,20.1741553 78.984962,23.0765587 71.8764488,23.0765587 C64.6701324,23.0765587 62.1717056,19.3136886 61.9405344,15.390317 L67.5731087,15.3769418 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M101.439684,14.266806 C101.439684,18.8544758 99.3013506,23.0141414 93.8821651,23.0141414 C91.0858831,23.0141414 89.2098403,21.9575061 88.102886,20.1741553 L88.102886,29.0909091 L82.456975,29.0909091 L82.456975,6.00543365 L88.1162228,6.00543365 L88.1162228,8.23462208 C89.2320682,6.48693835 91.1081111,5.46597005 93.8955019,5.46597005 C99.3013506,5.47934518 101.439684,9.53646813 101.439684,14.266806 Z M95.7804359,14.266806 C95.7804359,11.1994427 94.7935129,9.91097179 91.997231,9.91097179 C89.1031459,9.91097179 88.1162228,11.3287356 88.1162228,14.266806 C88.1162228,17.2048763 89.1031459,18.6226402 91.997231,18.6226402 C94.7935129,18.6092651 95.7804359,17.3207941 95.7804359,14.266806 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M114.367486,17.5214211 L119.862247,17.5214211 C119.302102,20.3569488 117.065965,23.0319749 111.077743,23.0319749 C104.364888,23.0319749 101.995384,18.7430164 101.995384,14.2222222 C101.995384,9.43838384 104.760546,5.47934518 111.077743,5.47934518 C117.790598,5.47934518 119.928931,9.73263671 119.928931,14.3203065 C119.934228,14.7845667 119.900021,15.2484337 119.826682,15.7068617 L107.490144,15.7068617 C107.819119,18.3462208 109.103897,19.2378962 111.211111,19.2378962 C112.887102,19.2378962 113.905144,18.5111808 114.367486,17.5214211 Z M107.556828,12.4076628 L114.563093,12.4076628 C114.367486,10.3256008 113.349444,9.20654824 111.144427,9.20654824 C109.103897,9.20654824 107.921368,10.031348 107.556828,12.4076628 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M129.811498,5.47934518 C135.764156,5.47934518 138.662686,8.84096134 138.791609,12.9649599 L133.247946,12.9649599 C133.083459,11.0211076 132.096536,9.89759666 129.895965,9.89759666 C127.52646,9.89759666 126.174998,10.954232 126.174998,14.2534309 C126.174998,17.5526297 127.459776,18.6092651 129.793716,18.6092651 C132.127655,18.6092651 133.119024,17.3207941 133.31463,15.4884013 L138.876075,15.4884013 C138.742707,19.4162313 136.013109,23.0141966 129.895965,23.0141966 C123.085307,23.0319749 120.520196,18.7251829 120.520196,14.266806 C120.520196,9.80842912 123.018623,5.47934518 129.811498,5.47934518 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M141.77016,16.0011146 L141.77016,10.2542668 L138.876075,10.2542668 L138.876075,7.62382445 L142.228057,6.13472658 L144.566442,2.01072797 L147.429408,2.01072797 L147.429408,6.02326715 L151.901681,6.02326715 L151.901681,10.2542668 L147.429408,10.2542668 L147.429408,18.0163009 L151.3771,18.0163009 L151.3771,22.5014281 L148.380766,22.5014281 C143.348348,22.5014281 141.77016,20.2588645 141.77016,16.0011146 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M164.304903,5.74238941 L164.304903,11.2529432 L162.299938,11.2529432 C159.565894,11.2529432 158.414484,12.5904563 158.414484,15.9030303 L158.414484,22.5014281 L152.755236,22.5014281 L152.755236,6.00543365 L158.263333,6.00543365 L158.263333,9.36259143 C158.921282,7.0174852 160.272744,5.73347266 162.935658,5.73347266 L164.304903,5.74238941 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M182.989757,6.00543365 L182.989757,22.5014281 L177.330509,22.5014281 L177.330509,19.5009404 C176.281347,21.6454197 174.405304,23.0319749 171.511219,23.0319749 C167.198988,23.0319749 165.256261,20.3569488 165.256261,16.0367816 L165.256261,6.00543365 L170.915509,6.00543365 L170.915509,15.0470219 C170.915509,17.2762104 171.804629,18.4443051 173.81404,18.4443051 C176.014611,18.4443051 177.330509,16.9239986 177.330509,13.758551 L177.330509,6.00543365 L182.989757,6.00543365 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M213.090909,12.4834552 L213.090909,22.5148032 L207.431661,22.5148032 L207.431661,13.3305468 C207.431661,11.2172762 206.613671,10.0625566 204.737628,10.0625566 C202.514828,10.0625566 201.479004,11.5159875 201.479004,14.7483107 L201.479004,22.5014281 L195.917559,22.5014281 L195.917559,13.3305468 C195.917559,11.2172762 195.095123,10.0625566 193.223526,10.0625566 C191.000726,10.0625566 189.964902,11.5159875 189.964902,14.7483107 L189.964902,22.5014281 L184.305654,22.5014281 L184.305654,6.00543365 L189.964902,6.00543365 L189.964902,8.8097527 C190.982944,6.76335772 192.725619,5.47934518 195.557466,5.47934518 C198.389312,5.47934518 200.163106,6.81685824 200.985542,9.13967259 C202.003585,6.91048415 203.812943,5.47934518 206.809277,5.47934518 C211.117063,5.47934518 213.090909,8.14991292 213.090909,12.4834552 Z" id="Path"></path><polygon id="Path" points="11.9408796 7.10219436 11.9408796 3.0450714 0 3.0450714 0 7.10219436 3.14303867 7.10219436 3.14303867 18.4086381 0 18.4086381 0 22.4702194 11.9408796 22.4702194 11.9408796 18.4086381 8.80228652 18.4086381 8.80228652 7.10219436"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="18.8537864 18.4086381 18.8537864 14.467433 26.0378748 14.467433 26.0378748 10.6956461 18.8537864 10.6956461 18.8537864 7.10219436 26.9136579 7.10219436 26.9136579 3.0450714 18.8537864 3.0450714 13.1945386 3.0450714 13.1945386 22.4613027 13.1945386 22.4702194 27.0025699 22.4702194 27.0025699 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="33.6487408 18.4086381 33.6487408 14.467433 40.8372748 14.467433 40.8372748 10.6956461 33.6487408 10.6956461 33.6487408 7.10219436 41.7086122 7.10219436 41.7086122 3.0450714 33.6487408 3.0450714 27.9939385 3.0450714 27.9939385 22.4613027 27.9939385 22.4702194 41.7975242 22.4702194 41.7975242 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="48.4481407 18.4086381 48.4481407 14.467433 55.6322291 14.467433 55.6322291 10.6956461 48.4481407 10.6956461 48.4481407 7.10219436 56.5080121 7.10219436 56.5080121 3.0450714 48.4481407 3.0450714 42.7888928 3.0450714 42.7888928 22.4613027 42.7888928 22.4702194 56.5924785 22.4702194 56.5924785 18.4086381"></polygon></g></g></g></g></svg></a></div><div class="topbar__sticky-headline topbar__sticky-headline--section" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_0_1_1_0"><div class="text-element" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_0_1_1_0_0">Audio</div></div><div class="topbar__static-headline" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_0_2"><div class="text-element" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_0_2_0">FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER</div></div></div><div class="" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_60_0_0_0_1"><div class="search-form"><form action="/search/"><label for="q" class="hide-text">Search: </label><input placeholder="Type to search" type="text" name="q" id="q" class="search-form__text-input"/><button aria-label="Search" type="submit" class="search-form__submit" value="Search"><svg width="18px" height="19px" viewbox="0 0 18 19" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Page-1" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="1376---Sample-Front-Page" transform="translate(-826.000000, -102.000000)" stroke="#0D0D0D" stroke-width="1.5"><g id="Light-/-Nav" transform="translate(816.857864, 96.000000)"><g id="Search-Icon" transform="translate(7.307612, 5.000000)"><path d="M11.631728,14.6819805 C15.2215789,14.6819805 18.131728,11.7718314 18.131728,8.18198052 C18.131728,4.59212964 15.2215789,1.68198052 11.631728,1.68198052 C8.04187711,1.68198052 5.13172798,4.59212964 5.13172798,8.18198052 C5.13172798,11.7718314 8.04187711,14.6819805 11.631728,14.6819805 Z M11.631728,14.5814755 L11.631728,21.5814755" id="Combined-Shape" transform="translate(11.631728, 11.631728) rotate(-45.000000) translate(-11.631728, -11.631728) "></path></g></g></g></g></svg></button></form></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Element Menu"></span><div class="main-menu-el" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_11_0_0_0"><div class="menu-item" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_11_0_0_0_0"><div class="menu-item__title">Explore by topic</div><div class="menu-dropdown" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_11_0_0_0_0_1"><div class="list" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_11_0_0_0_0_1_0"><a class="list__item" href="/topic/aerospace/" target="_self">Aerospace</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/artificial-intelligence/" target="_self">Artificial Intelligence</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/biomedical/" target="_self">Biomedical</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/climate-tech/" target="_self">Climate Tech</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/computing/" target="_self">Computing</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/consumer-electronics/" target="_self">Consumer Electronics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/energy/" target="_self">Energy</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/tech-history/" target="_self">History of Technology</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/robotics/" target="_self">Robotics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/semiconductors/" target="_self">Semiconductors</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/telecommunications/" target="_self">Telecommunications</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/transportation/" target="_self">Transportation</a></div></div></div></div><div data-share-status-id="huge-menu-toggle" data-toggle-class="huge-menu-opened" class="rebelbar__menu-toggle js-toggle hambg-btn" data-target="body"><svg width="32px" height="18px" viewbox="0 0 32 18" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Page-1" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="992---Search---Open-filters---selected" transform="translate(-928.000000, -75.000000)"><g id="Light-/-Collapsed-Site-Header" transform="translate(0.000000, 56.000000)"><g id="Light-/-Nav" transform="translate(432.857864, 12.000000)"><g id="Group" transform="translate(495.142136, 7.000000)"><rect id="Rectangle" x="0" y="0" width="32" height="2"></rect><rect id="Rectangle-Copy" x="0" y="8" width="32" height="2"></rect><rect id="Rectangle-Copy-2" x="0" y="16" width="32" height="2"></rect></g></g></g></g></g></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="huge-menu" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_40_0_0_17"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Huge Menu Links"></span><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1" class="dark_layout row-wrapper clearfix content sm-cp-2 md-cp-4"><div class="row px20"><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_0" class="Top_hugeMenu col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l12"><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_0_0"><a href="/" class="hide-text">IEEE Spectrum<svg width="214px" height="30px" class="site_logo_menu" viewbox="0 0 214 30" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-Sticky-Site-Header-/-1376" transform="translate(-33.000000, -17.000000)" fill="#F2F2F2" fill-rule="nonzero"><g id="IEEE-Spectrum-Logo" transform="translate(32.000000, 15.000000)"><g id="IEEESpectrum-LogoFinal-Black" transform="translate(1.454545, 2.909091)"><path d="M67.5731087,15.3769418 C67.7375958,17.1915012 68.9067885,18.8411007 71.9786975,18.8411007 C74.7749795,18.8411007 75.8285865,17.851341 75.8285865,16.3310345 C75.8285865,14.882062 74.9750314,14.1553466 73.3301597,13.923511 L68.5600317,13.3974225 C64.6123396,12.9515848 62.3361928,10.6911877 62.3361928,6.96398467 C62.3361928,2.83552769 65.4481122,6.3357346e-15 71.7475264,6.3357346e-15 C78.4915004,6.3357346e-15 81.1899792,3.23232323 81.4833887,7.133403 L75.7485657,7.133403 C75.5173945,5.38126088 74.2014972,4.22654127 71.7475264,4.22654127 C69.5247267,4.22654127 68.191047,5.11821665 68.191047,6.57164751 C68.191047,7.6907001 68.8489957,8.51549983 70.5294322,8.71612679 L74.7082955,9.16196447 C79.5095427,9.60780216 81.6834407,11.8994079 81.6834407,15.8495298 C81.6834407,20.1741553 78.984962,23.0765587 71.8764488,23.0765587 C64.6701324,23.0765587 62.1717056,19.3136886 61.9405344,15.390317 L67.5731087,15.3769418 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M101.439684,14.266806 C101.439684,18.8544758 99.3013506,23.0141414 93.8821651,23.0141414 C91.0858831,23.0141414 89.2098403,21.9575061 88.102886,20.1741553 L88.102886,29.0909091 L82.456975,29.0909091 L82.456975,6.00543365 L88.1162228,6.00543365 L88.1162228,8.23462208 C89.2320682,6.48693835 91.1081111,5.46597005 93.8955019,5.46597005 C99.3013506,5.47934518 101.439684,9.53646813 101.439684,14.266806 Z M95.7804359,14.266806 C95.7804359,11.1994427 94.7935129,9.91097179 91.997231,9.91097179 C89.1031459,9.91097179 88.1162228,11.3287356 88.1162228,14.266806 C88.1162228,17.2048763 89.1031459,18.6226402 91.997231,18.6226402 C94.7935129,18.6092651 95.7804359,17.3207941 95.7804359,14.266806 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M114.367486,17.5214211 L119.862247,17.5214211 C119.302102,20.3569488 117.065965,23.0319749 111.077743,23.0319749 C104.364888,23.0319749 101.995384,18.7430164 101.995384,14.2222222 C101.995384,9.43838384 104.760546,5.47934518 111.077743,5.47934518 C117.790598,5.47934518 119.928931,9.73263671 119.928931,14.3203065 C119.934228,14.7845667 119.900021,15.2484337 119.826682,15.7068617 L107.490144,15.7068617 C107.819119,18.3462208 109.103897,19.2378962 111.211111,19.2378962 C112.887102,19.2378962 113.905144,18.5111808 114.367486,17.5214211 Z M107.556828,12.4076628 L114.563093,12.4076628 C114.367486,10.3256008 113.349444,9.20654824 111.144427,9.20654824 C109.103897,9.20654824 107.921368,10.031348 107.556828,12.4076628 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M129.811498,5.47934518 C135.764156,5.47934518 138.662686,8.84096134 138.791609,12.9649599 L133.247946,12.9649599 C133.083459,11.0211076 132.096536,9.89759666 129.895965,9.89759666 C127.52646,9.89759666 126.174998,10.954232 126.174998,14.2534309 C126.174998,17.5526297 127.459776,18.6092651 129.793716,18.6092651 C132.127655,18.6092651 133.119024,17.3207941 133.31463,15.4884013 L138.876075,15.4884013 C138.742707,19.4162313 136.013109,23.0141966 129.895965,23.0141966 C123.085307,23.0319749 120.520196,18.7251829 120.520196,14.266806 C120.520196,9.80842912 123.018623,5.47934518 129.811498,5.47934518 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M141.77016,16.0011146 L141.77016,10.2542668 L138.876075,10.2542668 L138.876075,7.62382445 L142.228057,6.13472658 L144.566442,2.01072797 L147.429408,2.01072797 L147.429408,6.02326715 L151.901681,6.02326715 L151.901681,10.2542668 L147.429408,10.2542668 L147.429408,18.0163009 L151.3771,18.0163009 L151.3771,22.5014281 L148.380766,22.5014281 C143.348348,22.5014281 141.77016,20.2588645 141.77016,16.0011146 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M164.304903,5.74238941 L164.304903,11.2529432 L162.299938,11.2529432 C159.565894,11.2529432 158.414484,12.5904563 158.414484,15.9030303 L158.414484,22.5014281 L152.755236,22.5014281 L152.755236,6.00543365 L158.263333,6.00543365 L158.263333,9.36259143 C158.921282,7.0174852 160.272744,5.73347266 162.935658,5.73347266 L164.304903,5.74238941 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M182.989757,6.00543365 L182.989757,22.5014281 L177.330509,22.5014281 L177.330509,19.5009404 C176.281347,21.6454197 174.405304,23.0319749 171.511219,23.0319749 C167.198988,23.0319749 165.256261,20.3569488 165.256261,16.0367816 L165.256261,6.00543365 L170.915509,6.00543365 L170.915509,15.0470219 C170.915509,17.2762104 171.804629,18.4443051 173.81404,18.4443051 C176.014611,18.4443051 177.330509,16.9239986 177.330509,13.758551 L177.330509,6.00543365 L182.989757,6.00543365 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M213.090909,12.4834552 L213.090909,22.5148032 L207.431661,22.5148032 L207.431661,13.3305468 C207.431661,11.2172762 206.613671,10.0625566 204.737628,10.0625566 C202.514828,10.0625566 201.479004,11.5159875 201.479004,14.7483107 L201.479004,22.5014281 L195.917559,22.5014281 L195.917559,13.3305468 C195.917559,11.2172762 195.095123,10.0625566 193.223526,10.0625566 C191.000726,10.0625566 189.964902,11.5159875 189.964902,14.7483107 L189.964902,22.5014281 L184.305654,22.5014281 L184.305654,6.00543365 L189.964902,6.00543365 L189.964902,8.8097527 C190.982944,6.76335772 192.725619,5.47934518 195.557466,5.47934518 C198.389312,5.47934518 200.163106,6.81685824 200.985542,9.13967259 C202.003585,6.91048415 203.812943,5.47934518 206.809277,5.47934518 C211.117063,5.47934518 213.090909,8.14991292 213.090909,12.4834552 Z" id="Path"></path><polygon id="Path" points="11.9408796 7.10219436 11.9408796 3.0450714 0 3.0450714 0 7.10219436 3.14303867 7.10219436 3.14303867 18.4086381 0 18.4086381 0 22.4702194 11.9408796 22.4702194 11.9408796 18.4086381 8.80228652 18.4086381 8.80228652 7.10219436"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="18.8537864 18.4086381 18.8537864 14.467433 26.0378748 14.467433 26.0378748 10.6956461 18.8537864 10.6956461 18.8537864 7.10219436 26.9136579 7.10219436 26.9136579 3.0450714 18.8537864 3.0450714 13.1945386 3.0450714 13.1945386 22.4613027 13.1945386 22.4702194 27.0025699 22.4702194 27.0025699 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="33.6487408 18.4086381 33.6487408 14.467433 40.8372748 14.467433 40.8372748 10.6956461 33.6487408 10.6956461 33.6487408 7.10219436 41.7086122 7.10219436 41.7086122 3.0450714 33.6487408 3.0450714 27.9939385 3.0450714 27.9939385 22.4613027 27.9939385 22.4702194 41.7975242 22.4702194 41.7975242 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="48.4481407 18.4086381 48.4481407 14.467433 55.6322291 14.467433 55.6322291 10.6956461 48.4481407 10.6956461 48.4481407 7.10219436 56.5080121 7.10219436 56.5080121 3.0450714 48.4481407 3.0450714 42.7888928 3.0450714 42.7888928 22.4613027 42.7888928 22.4702194 56.5924785 22.4702194 56.5924785 18.4086381"></polygon></g></g></g></g></svg></a><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_0_0_1">FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER</div><div data-share-status-id="huge-menu-toggle" data-toggle-class="huge-menu-opened" class="rebelbar__menu-toggle js-toggle hm__close js--active" data-target="body" data-loaded="true"></div></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1" class="top-menu top-menu--big-links col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l6"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Topics</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_1_1"><a class="list__item" href="/topic/aerospace/" target="_self">Aerospace</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/artificial-intelligence/" target="_self">Artificial Intelligence</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/biomedical/" target="_self">Biomedical</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/climate-tech/" target="_self">Climate Tech</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/computing/" target="_self">Computing</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/consumer-electronics/" target="_self">Consumer Electronics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/energy/" target="_self">Energy</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/tech-history/" target="_self">History of Technology</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/robotics/" target="_self">Robotics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/semiconductors/" target="_self">Semiconductors</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/telecommunications/" target="_self">Telecommunications</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/transportation/" target="_self">Transportation</a></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2" class="top-menu top-menu--sm-links col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s6 m12 l3"><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_0"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Sections</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_0_1"><a class="list__item" href="/type/feature/" target="_self">Features</a><a class="list__item" href="/type/news/" target="_self">News</a><a class="list__item" href="/type/opinion/" target="_self">Opinion</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/careers/" target="_self">Careers</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/diy/" target="_self">DIY</a><a class="list__item" href="/engineering-resources/" target="_self">Engineering Resources</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_1"><h3 class="module-headline__text">More</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_1_1"><a class="list__item" href="/newsletters/" target="_self">Newsletters</a><a class="list__item" href="/podcasts/" target="_self">Podcasts</a><a class="list__item" href="/special-reports/" target="_self">Special Reports</a><a class="list__item" href="/collections/" target="_self">Collections</a><a class="list__item" href="/type/explainer/" target="_self">Explainers</a><a class="list__item" href="/top-programming-languages" target="_self">Top Programming Languages</a><a class="list__item" href="https://robotsguide.com" target="_blank">Robots Guide ↗</a><a class="list__item" href="https://jobs.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE Job Site ↗</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_2"><h3 class="module-headline__text">For IEEE Members</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_2_2_1"><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/current-issue" target="_self">Current Issue</a><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/" target="_self">Magazine Archive</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/" target="_self">The Institute</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/ti-archive/" target="_self">The Institute Archive</a></div></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3" class="top-menu top-menu--sm-links col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s6 m12 l3"><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_0"><h3 class="module-headline__text">For IEEE Members</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_0_1"><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/current-issue" target="_self">Current Issue</a><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/" target="_self">Magazine Archive</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/" target="_self">The Institute</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/ti-archive/" target="_self">The Institute Archive</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_1"><h3 class="module-headline__text">IEEE Spectrum</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_1_1"><a class="list__item" href="/st/about" target="_self">About Us</a><a class="list__item" href="/st/contact" target="_self">Contact Us</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.parsintl.com/publications/ieee-media/" target="_blank">Reprints & Permissions ↗</a><a class="list__item" href="https://advertise.ieee.org/ " target="_blank">Advertising ↗</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_2"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Follow IEEE Spectrum</h3><div class="sm-mb-2" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_2_1"><div class="social-links"><a class="social-links__link share-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ieeespectrum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open twitter"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-twitter"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/IEEE.Spectrum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open facebook"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-facebook"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/ieeespectrum/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open instagram"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-instagram"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-threads" href="https://www.threads.net/@ieeespectrum " target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open threads"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-threads"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ieee-spectrum/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open linkedin"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-linkedin"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ieeespectrum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open youtube"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-youtube"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-tiktok" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ieeespectrum " target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open tiktok"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-tiktok"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-tumblr" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/customfeeds/feed/all-topics/rss" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open tumblr"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-tumblr"></span></a></div></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Support IEEE Spectrum</h3><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3_1"><i>IEEE Spectrum</i> is the flagship publication of the IEEE — the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences. Our articles, podcasts, and infographics inform our readers about developments in technology, engineering, and science.</div><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3_2"><a class="color-inherit" href="/st/join" target="_self" rel="orange_button">Join IEEE</a></div><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_3_3_3"><a class="color-inherit" href="https://ieee.omeda.com/ieee/r-main.do" target="_blank" rel="orange_button">Subscribe</a></div></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_4" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l12"></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_55_0_0_1_5" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l12"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Footer"></span><div class="footer containerHidden" id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0"><div class="" id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0"><div id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0" class=" row-wrapper clearfix content sm-cp-2 md-cp-4"><div class="row "><div id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m10 l10"><div class="bottom_menu_links" id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0"><div class="list" id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/" target="_blank">About IEEE</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/contact.html" target="_blank">Contact & Support</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/accessibility-statement.html" target="_blank">Accessibility</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p9-26.html" target="_blank">Nondiscrimination Policy</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/help/site-terms-conditions.html" target="_blank">Terms</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/security-privacy.html" target="_blank">IEEE Privacy Policy</a><a class="list__item" href="#" target="_self" rel="cookie-preferences">Cookie Preferences</a><a class="list__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/st/ppid-info" target="_self">Ad Privacy Options</a></div></div><div class="ftr-copy" id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_0_1">© Copyright 2024 IEEE — All rights reserved. A public charity, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.</div></div><div id="sFooter_0_0_12_0_0_0_0_0_1" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m2 l2"><svg viewbox="0 0 70 21" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><polygon id="path-1" points="0 0 21.3639449 0 21.3639449 21 0 21"></polygon></defs><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-IEEE-Bar-/-Signed-out-/-1376" transform="translate(-1274.000000, -14.000000)"><g id="Group-13" transform="translate(1274.000000, 14.000000)"><polygon id="Fill-1" fill="#FEFEFE" points="23.4111174 18.6889405 27.8363724 18.6889405 27.8363724 2.77905063 23.4111174 2.77905063"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-2" fill="#FEFEFE" points="29.7536549 18.6881005 29.7536549 2.77821061 41.9217005 2.77821061 41.9217005 5.8624668 34.17891 5.8624668 34.17891 9.14692664 41.3017712 9.14692664 41.3017712 12.2311828 34.17891 12.2311828 34.17891 15.6024442 41.9217005 15.6024442 41.9217005 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-3" fill="#FEFEFE" points="43.7923126 18.6881005 43.7923126 2.77821061 55.9603583 2.77821061 55.9603583 5.8624668 48.2175677 5.8624668 48.2175677 9.14692664 55.3418347 9.14692664 55.3418347 12.2311828 48.2175677 12.2311828 48.2175677 15.6024442 55.9603583 15.6024442 55.9603583 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-4" fill="#FEFEFE" points="57.8305486 2.77793061 57.8305486 18.6878205 70 18.6878205 70 15.6021642 62.2558037 15.6021642 62.2558037 12.2323028 69.3800707 12.2323028 69.3800707 9.14664663 62.2558037 9.14664663 62.2558037 5.8621868 70 5.8621868 70 2.77793061"></polygon><g id="Group-12"><g id="Group-7"><mask id="mask-2" fill="white"><use xlink:href="#path-1"></use></mask><g id="Clip-6"></g><path d="M20.9520644,9.85449953 L20.8930235,9.84469935 C19.0838421,8.61967703 17.3983653,7.23365178 15.8098843,5.66142314 L14.0555265,3.83578988 C13.3442244,3.05037557 12.6540084,2.18095973 11.9961242,1.35074461 L11.1976665,0.22232405 C11.099265,0.164923005 10.976966,0.0669212192 10.8687244,0.0375206836 C10.6339666,-0.0646811784 10.3795285,0.0571210406 10.1883485,0.202723693 L8.74184673,2.07875787 C6.42378906,4.93900998 3.67838782,7.60885862 0.684171419,9.65429588 C0.448007872,9.84049927 0.0951682866,10.0211026 0.0220700458,10.3235081 C-0.0566511366,10.596513 0.0853281388,10.8219172 0.256827858,10.9913202 C2.65360672,12.6363502 4.94776689,14.5907858 6.98748895,16.8168264 C7.35016869,17.1962333 7.64396739,17.5728401 7.99680697,17.9284466 C8.59424452,18.719461 9.29570648,19.5160755 9.84534902,20.364491 C10.0168487,20.5450943 10.0463692,20.8390996 10.3148646,20.9259012 C10.525725,20.9987026 10.785786,21.0477034 10.9868062,20.9259012 L11.1878263,20.7256976 C13.6675436,17.2256338 16.8149851,14.0825766 20.3293236,11.5429303 C20.6821632,11.2321246 21.3541047,11.1145225 21.3639449,10.5335119 C21.3386417,10.264707 21.182605,10.0015022 20.9520644,9.85449953 M18.5496626,10.7911166 C18.1476223,11.7879348 17.3337015,12.5831492 16.6238051,13.4525651 C15.0845249,15.1017951 13.4623062,16.6992242 11.6432846,17.9718474 C11.2763877,18.2322522 10.7815688,18.4702565 10.3401679,18.2658528 C9.00190778,17.56724 7.87450799,16.4248192 6.7035304,15.3860003 C5.34559001,14.1301774 3.98202667,12.6713508 2.95302836,11.142523 C2.80120893,10.9283191 2.75763114,10.6651143 2.76184834,10.3823091 C2.89398747,9.85449953 3.2566672,9.42049162 3.60107238,8.97668354 C4.81562776,7.43385543 6.30570729,5.96942875 7.80984416,4.63240439 C7.84498755,4.59740376 7.90824564,4.5232024 7.96306932,4.48960179 C8.60970761,3.93379167 9.25212869,3.44098269 9.92828741,2.95657386 C10.6339666,2.41056392 11.5209856,2.86417218 12.114206,3.36678134 C12.7369467,3.83998996 13.383585,4.37759975 13.9529079,4.9236097 L14.0555265,4.98241077 C15.6285445,6.43703727 17.0891035,8.05406673 18.2910073,9.76209785 C18.4864045,10.0603033 18.6579042,10.3963094 18.5496626,10.7911166" id="Fill-5" fill="#FEFEFE" mask="url(#mask-2)"></path></g><path d="M17.8685838,9.92786087 C16.3152462,7.68782006 14.2755241,5.70538394 12.1135031,3.97215236 C11.5554261,3.58154525 10.9087879,2.8983328 10.1876456,3.3869417 C7.9483091,4.92836978 5.79050526,7.01860786 4.05582778,9.15084671 C3.70298819,9.66885615 3.08587035,10.1616651 3.3656117,10.8504777 C3.56663186,11.3586869 4.01646719,11.7240936 4.30604868,12.1735018 C6.00698851,14.2091389 8.01719014,16.1089735 10.1145474,17.6364013 C11.0367098,18.221612 11.6931882,17.2751947 12.4087075,16.8397868 C13.8734838,15.6875658 15.2314242,14.2875403 16.5162664,12.9253155 L16.5162664,12.8917149 C17.0307655,12.2715036 17.5747851,11.6610924 17.9768254,10.9918802 C18.1525424,10.6642743 18.0653868,10.2162661 17.8685838,9.92786087 L17.8685838,9.92786087 Z M10.4477066,5.41697869 L10.6431039,4.79256731 L10.6684071,4.79256731 C11.0704474,5.9391882 11.4865451,7.08300904 11.9181059,8.21422965 L11.0549843,8.22962993 L11.0367098,8.33183179 L11.163226,11.4020877 L11.163226,11.4510886 C10.844124,11.5042896 10.4533296,11.4902893 10.1384449,11.4608888 L10.1145474,11.4258882 L10.2565266,8.26323054 L10.2565266,8.23943011 C10.0161459,8.21422965 9.71250703,8.23943011 9.46790907,8.21422965 L10.4477066,5.41697869 Z M9.93742469,15.6203646 C10.0217688,14.491944 10.0358262,13.4531251 10.0948671,12.3289046 C10.4912844,12.3695053 10.8356896,12.3541051 11.1969636,12.3401048 L11.2222668,12.4913076 L11.3642461,15.6301648 C10.8891076,15.698766 10.3844486,15.6595653 9.93742469,15.6203646 L9.93742469,15.6203646 Z M13.5501647,11.7058933 C11.492168,12.3443049 8.90420917,12.3149044 6.95304844,11.4608888 C6.60020885,11.2900857 6.15459073,11.0268809 6.03650896,10.6166734 C5.94794763,9.86485972 6.75624548,9.44905214 7.30588802,9.17604717 C7.62920717,9.03464459 7.95814925,8.87924176 8.31520604,8.8596414 C8.64836533,9.10324584 8.99698771,9.29924941 9.33998715,9.51765339 C8.67366857,9.69405661 7.87380512,9.84525936 7.56594907,10.5718726 C7.61936702,11.1248827 8.24632501,11.2998859 8.68350872,11.4370884 C10.2565266,11.8514959 11.9574665,11.7968949 13.4672263,11.250885 C13.7511848,11.0842819 14.2024259,10.8840783 14.1630653,10.4752708 C14.1138646,10.0356628 13.6092056,9.84105928 13.256366,9.70245676 C13.0412885,9.73185729 12.8346454,9.78085819 12.6336252,9.84525936 C12.5253836,9.54285385 12.432605,9.23484824 12.3046831,8.94224291 C12.9724074,9.1172461 13.638726,9.29924941 14.3289421,9.41965161 L14.3289421,9.43505189 C14.1869628,9.44905214 14.0309262,9.49805304 13.8931641,9.551254 L13.8931641,9.57645446 C14.2853643,9.77105801 14.8293839,10.0944639 14.8336011,10.6068732 C14.7422283,11.2270845 14.0604466,11.5098897 13.5501647,11.7058933 L13.5501647,11.7058933 Z" id="Fill-8" fill="#FEFEFE"></path><path d="M14.1946944,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.1646691 L14.3141819,19.1646691 C14.3788457,19.1646691 14.467407,19.1716693 14.467407,19.2528707 C14.467407,19.3410724 14.4224235,19.3564726 14.3465138,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.3564726 Z M14.1946944,19.4922751 L14.2748213,19.4922751 L14.4603783,19.8268812 L14.6613985,19.8268812 L14.4575669,19.4782749 C14.562997,19.4698747 14.6501526,19.4166737 14.6501526,19.2710711 C14.6501526,19.0890678 14.5278536,19.0302667 14.3226163,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.4922751 Z M15.0620331,19.429274 C15.0620331,18.9630655 14.7105992,18.6900605 14.3183991,18.6900605 C13.9233874,18.6900605 13.5719536,18.9630655 13.5719536,19.429274 C13.5719536,19.8954825 13.9233874,20.1670874 14.3183991,20.1670874 C14.7105992,20.1670874 15.0620331,19.8954825 15.0620331,19.429274 L15.0620331,19.429274 Z M14.8483613,19.429274 C14.8483613,19.7694802 14.6051691,19.9976843 14.3183991,19.9976843 L14.3183991,19.9962843 C14.0231946,19.9976843 13.7856254,19.7694802 13.7856254,19.429274 C13.7856254,19.0890678 14.0231946,18.8622636 14.3183991,18.8622636 C14.6051691,18.8622636 14.8483613,19.0890678 14.8483613,19.429274 L14.8483613,19.429274 Z" id="Fill-10" fill="#FEFEFE"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Gated_Popup"></span><div class="gated-popup" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0"><div class="gated-popup__contents" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0"><a href="javascript:;" class="js--close-gated gated-popup__close icon-close"></a><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_pdf" style="display:none"> Enjoy more free content and benefits by creating an account </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_save" style="display:none"> Saving articles to read later requires an IEEE Spectrum account </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_member_content" style="display:none"> The Institute content is only available for members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_pdf_issues" style="display:none"> Downloading full PDF issues is exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_ebooks" style="display:none"> Downloading this e-book is exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_nxtbook" style="display:none"> Access to <i>Spectrum</i> 's Digital Edition is exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_follow_topics" style="display:none"> Following topics is a feature exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_comments" style="display:none"> Adding your response to an article requires an IEEE Spectrum account </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 for_pdf for_save for_comments" style="display:none"> Create an account to access more content and features on <i>IEEE Spectrum</i> , including the ability to save articles to read later, download Spectrum Collections, and participate in conversations with readers and editors. For more exclusive content and features, consider <a class="ieee_link" href="/st/join">Joining IEEE</a> . </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 for_pdf_issues for_nxtbook for_follow_topics for_member_content" style="display:none"> Join the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences and get access to all of Spectrum’s articles, archives, PDF downloads, and other benefits. <a href="/st/join">Learn more about IEEE →</a></h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 for_ebooks" style="display:none"> Join the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences and get access to this e-book plus all of <em>IEEE Spectrum’s</em> articles, archives, PDF downloads, and other benefits. <a href="/st/join">Learn more about IEEE →</a></h2><div class="popup_links for_pdf for_save for_comments create_account" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_2"><div class="list" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_2_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fsaml%2Fmain%2Flogin%3Fnext_url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fintegrations%2Fieee%2Fchanges%0A&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum" target="_self">CREATE AN ACCOUNT</a><a class="list__item" href="/core/saml/main/login?next_url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes" target="_self">SIGN IN</a></div></div><div class="popup_links for_pdf_issues for_nxtbook for_follow_topics for_member_content for_ebooks" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_3"><div class="list" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_54_0_0_0_0_3_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/membership-application/public/join.html?promo=JOINLITE&style=SPECTRUM&joinlite=TRUE" target="_self">JOIN IEEE</a><a class="list__item" href="/core/saml/main/login?next_url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes" target="_self">SIGN IN</a></div></div></div></div><script> var popupGatedElement=document.querySelector('.gated-popup'), closeGated, gatedCloseBtn = '.js--close-gated', gatedShownClass = 'gated-popup--shown'; closeGated = function () { popupGatedElement.classList.remove(gatedShownClass); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_save'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_pdf'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_ebooks'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_pdf_issues'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_nxtbook'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_follow_topics'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_comments'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_member_content'); }; function openGatedPopup(type){ document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.create_account .list__item")[0].href = "https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum"; // update popups for_member_content document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.for_member_content .list__item")[1].href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); // update popups for_pdf for_save for_comments document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.for_save .list__item")[1].href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); popupGatedElement.classList.add(type); popupGatedElement.classList.add(gatedShownClass); } document.querySelector(gatedCloseBtn).onclick= closeGated; </script><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Session_Popup"></span><div class="lightbox-popup" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_58_0_0_0"><div class="lightbox-popup__contents" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_58_0_0_0_0"><a href="javascript:;" class="js--close-lightbox lightbox-popup__close icon-close hide-text">Close</a><h2 class="popup-ligtbox-h2 popup-heading-h2">Access Thousands of Articles — Completely Free</h2><h2 class="popup-ligtbox-h2"> Create an account and get exclusive content and features: <strong>Save articles, download collections,</strong> and <strong>talk to tech insiders</strong> — all free! For full access and benefits, <a class="ieee_link" target="_blank" href="https://www.ieee.org/membership-application/public/join.html?promo=JOINLITE&style=SPECTRUM&joinlite=TRUE">join IEEE</a> as a paying member. </h2><div class="popup_links signin_button" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_58_0_0_0_0_2"><div class="list" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_58_0_0_0_0_2_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum3c&signinurl=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fsaml%2Fmain%2Flogin%3Fnext_url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fintegrations%2Fieee%2Fchanges%0A&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum" target="_self">CREATE AN ACCOUNT</a><a class="list__item" href="/core/saml/main/login?next_url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes" target="_self">SIGN IN</a></div></div></div></div><script> function addPopSave(){ var save_post_links = document.querySelectorAll(".like-btn:not(.proc)"); for (i = 0; i < save_post_links.length; i++) { save_post_links[i].removeAttribute("href"); save_post_links[i].addEventListener("click", function(event){ openGatedPopup('for_save'); }); save_post_links[i].classList.add('proc'); } } </script><div class="rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial"></div><div class="page_headline_container page_headline_container--with-follow-btn" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_3"><h1 class="headline__h1">Audio</h1><div class="text-element" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_3_1">Listen to radio special programs produced by Spectrum in partnership with NPR and PRX</div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Element Follow Button"></span><div class="container-for-follow-topic-button" id="sElement_Follow_Button_0_0_10_0_0_0"></div></div><div id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4" class="featured_columns row-wrapper clearfix "><div class="row "><div id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0" class="section_column bigger-teaser-headline col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l9"><div class="mb-2 featured_post" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_0_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_1" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current-section" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="true" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_0_1_0" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[section_default]/abtests/abtest[1]/row[1]/column[1]/choose[1]/otherwise/posts-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-source_id="current-section" data-attr-from_regular_sections="audio" data-attr-from_regular_sections_other_than="sponsored,webinar,whitepaper,podcast,video" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,primary_tag,section,community_name,body,badges_sponsored,photo_credit,author,snark_line,badges,photo_caption,follow_button,community_comments,post_shares,page_views,tags,source_link,main_author,collection_button,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,date_modified,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-layout_headline="top" data-attr-data-rm-device-crops="true" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="3x2" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-limit="1" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-element_classes="featured_post" data-attr-layout_subheadline="top" data-attr-layout_date="top" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-layout_like_button="top" data-attr-layout_all_sections="top" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="top" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-careers tag-future-of-work tag-workplace tag-workforce post-section--topic/careers" elid="2656896878" data-category="Careers"><article elid="2656896878" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2656896878"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/careers/">Careers</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/audio/">Audio</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/futurework-how-technology-will-redefine-the-culture-of-work" aria-label="Futurework: How Technology Will Redefine the Culture of Work" data-type="text"> Futurework: How Technology Will Redefine the Culture of Work </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text"><p>What the future may bring to your work life</p></h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">23 Jun 2014</span></div><div class="time-to-read">30 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2656896878" class="post-context post-context-2656896878"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"IEEE Spectrum","11":2656896878,"7":"careers, future of work, workplace, workforce","10":"careers","6":"careers","8":"06/23/2014"}, "post": {"id": 2656896878, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539628627, 559809288, 544169516], "authors": [20265425], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div class="" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_1"><div class="rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard"></div></div><div class="mb-2 story_teaser not_infinite" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_2_1_0"></div><div class="mb-2 story_teaser not_infinite" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_2_1_1"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_3" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current-section" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="true" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_2_1_1" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[section_default]/abtests/abtest[1]/row[1]/column[1]/choose[2]/otherwise/posts[2]-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-source_id="current-section" data-attr-from_regular_sections="audio" data-attr-from_regular_sections_other_than="sponsored,webinar,whitepaper,podcast,video,slideshow" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,primary_tag,section,tags,community_name,badges_sponsored,body,photo_caption,snark_line,author,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,source_link,collection_button,badges,photo_credit,main_author,page_views,date_modified,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-layout_headline="right" data-attr-layout_date="right" data-attr-layout_subheadline="right" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-element_classes="story_teaser not_infinite" data-attr-layout_like_button="right" data-attr-layout_all_sections="right" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="right" data-attr-limit="1" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-bionics tag-bionic-eye tag-vaccines" elid="2656874574" data-category="Audio"><article elid="2656874574" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2656874574"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/becoming-bionic" aria-label="Becoming Bionic: Engineering Beyond Biology"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Becoming Bionic: Engineering Beyond Biology" aria-label="Becoming Bionic: Engineering Beyond Biology" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 620 465'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=29502031&width=1200&height=900" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="620" height="465"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/audio/">Audio</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/biomedical/">Biomedical</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/becoming-bionic" aria-label="Becoming Bionic: Engineering Beyond Biology" data-type="text"> Becoming Bionic: Engineering Beyond Biology </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text"><p>Transmuting nature to hardware that can repair or strengthen human capabilities</p></h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">12 Aug 2013</span></div><div class="time-to-read">25 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2656874574" class="post-context post-context-2656874574"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"IEEE Spectrum","11":2656874574,"7":"bionics, bionic eye, vaccines","10":"bionics","6":"audio","8":"08/12/2013"}, "post": {"id": 2656874574, "providerId": 0, "sections": [559809288, 497728257, 544169516, 539266149], "authors": [20265425], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div class="mb-2 story_teaser not_infinite" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_2_1_2"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_4" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="sponsored-webinar-whitepaper" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="true" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_2_1_2" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[section_default]/abtests/abtest[1]/row[1]/column[1]/choose[2]/otherwise/posts[3]-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-from_regular_sections="sponsored,webinar,whitepaper" data-attr-source_id="sponsored-webinar-whitepaper" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,date,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,primary_tag,section,tags,community_name,badges_sponsored,body,photo_caption,snark_line,author,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,source_link,collection_button,badges,photo_credit,main_author,page_views,date_modified,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,words_count,time_to_read,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-limit="1" data-attr-layout_headline="right" data-attr-layout_date="right" data-attr-layout_subheadline="right" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-element_classes="story_teaser not_infinite" data-attr-layout_like_button="right" data-attr-layout_all_sections="right" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-sustainable-tech tag-artificial-intelligence tag-machine-learning tag-robotics tag-innovation tag-type-sponsored tag-amazon post-section--topic/artificial-intelligence" elid="2669872256" data-category="AI"><article elid="2669872256" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669872256"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/packaging-and-robots" aria-label="Packaging and Robots"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="A woman in a safety vest operates a packaging machine at Amazon. " aria-label="A woman in a safety vest operates a packaging machine at Amazon. " src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 5000 3333'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-woman-in-a-safety-vest-operates-a-packaging-machine-at-amazon.jpg?id=54496133&width=1200&height=799" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="5000" height="3333"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/artificial-intelligence/">AI</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/sponsored/">Sponsored Article</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/packaging-and-robots" aria-label="Packaging and Robots" data-type="text"> Packaging and Robots </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text"><p>How AI and sustainability are transforming the journey from click to delivery at Amazon</p></h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">19 Nov 2024</span></div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669872256" class="post-context post-context-2669872256"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Dexter Johnson","11":2669872256,"7":"sustainable tech, artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics, innovation, type:sponsored, amazon","10":"sustainable tech","6":"artificial-intelligence","8":"11/19/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669872256, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 497728259, 544169516, 544169535], "authors": [21075884], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Widget CTA Single Newsletter Robotics"></span><div class="newsletterCTA__wrapper" id="sWidget_CTA_Single_Newsletter_Robotics_0_0_46_0_0_1"><div id="sWidget_CTA_Single_Newsletter_Robotics_0_0_46_0_0_1_0_5_0"><div class="module-headline"><h2 class="module-headline__text h2"> Get Tech Alert in your inbox </h2></div></div><div class="text-element" id="sWidget_CTA_Single_Newsletter_Robotics_0_0_46_0_0_1_0_5_1">Sign up for our FREE weekly newsletter featuring groundbreaking technology and science news from the editors of IEEE Spectrum</div><div class="cta-newsletter__left-column newsletter_inputs_single" id="sWidget_CTA_Single_Newsletter_Robotics_0_0_46_0_0_1_1"><input type="email" id="singleNewsletter_email_input" class="newsletter_email" placeholder="Your email"/><label for="singleNewsletter_email_input" class="hide-hide hidden">Your email</label><div class="checkbox_container"><input type="checkbox" id="check_pp_new_single"/><label for="check_pp_new_single">I agree to the <a href="https://www.ieee.org/security-privacy.html" target="_blank">IEEE Privacy Policy</a></label></div><div class="text-element" id="sWidget_CTA_Single_Newsletter_Robotics_0_0_46_0_0_1_1_2"><a class="color-inherit" href="" target="_blank" rel="orange_button" aria-label="Subscribe">Subscribe</a></div><div class="error-message-container-single"><span id="error_msj_fields_single">Please enter a valid email address, and accept the Privacy Policy.</span></div><div class="success-message-container-single"><span id="success_msj_fields_single">Thank you for your subscription!</span></div></div></div><script> function emailIsValidsingleNewsletter(email) { return /^[^\s@]+@[^\s@]+\.[^\s@]+$/.test(email); } function subscriptionsingleNewsletter(){ var news_email_input = document.getElementById("singleNewsletter_email_input").value; var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); var url = "/core/mail_lists/marketo/access"; xhr.open("POST", url, true); xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/json"); xhr.onreadystatechange = function () { if (xhr.readyState === 4 && xhr.status === 200) { var json = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText); document.getElementById("success_msj_fields_single").style.display = "flex"; } }; var data = JSON.stringify({ "email": news_email_input, "fields":{"subscriptionTechAlert":true,"iEEEPrivacyPolicyConsent":true}, "iEEEPrivacyPolicyConsent":true }); xhr.send(data); } document.querySelector(".newsletter_inputs_single .text-element a").addEventListener('click', event => { event.preventDefault(); var news_email_input = document.getElementById("singleNewsletter_email_input").value; var markedCheckPP = document.getElementById('check_pp_new_single').checked; if(emailIsValidsingleNewsletter(news_email_input) && markedCheckPP){ subscriptionsingleNewsletter(); console.log("calling the function"); }else{ document.getElementById("error_msj_fields_single").style.display = "block"; setTimeout(function(){ document.getElementById("error_msj_fields_single").style.display = "none"; },3000); } }); </script><div class="mb-2 story_teaser not_infinite" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_2_1_4"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_5" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current-section" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="true" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_2_1_4" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[section_default]/abtests/abtest[1]/row[1]/column[1]/choose[2]/otherwise/posts[4]-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-source_id="current-section" data-attr-from_regular_sections="audio" data-attr-from_regular_sections_other_than="sponsored,webinar,whitepaper,podcast,video,slideshow" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,primary_tag,section,tags,community_name,badges_sponsored,body,photo_caption,snark_line,author,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,source_link,collection_button,badges,photo_credit,main_author,page_views,date_modified,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-limit="2" data-attr-layout_headline="right" data-attr-layout_date="right" data-attr-layout_subheadline="right" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-element_classes="story_teaser not_infinite" data-attr-layout_like_button="right" data-attr-layout_all_sections="right" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="right" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-innovation tag-life-in-2030 tag-smart-textiles" elid="2652902513" data-category="Life in 2030"><article elid="2652902513" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2652902513"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/engineering-textiles-to-keep-us-healthier-and-happier" aria-label="Engineering Textiles to Keep Us Healthier and Happier"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Engineering Textiles to Keep Us Healthier and Happier" aria-label="Engineering Textiles to Keep Us Healthier and Happier" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 1240 930'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=26143654&width=1200&height=900" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="1240" height="930"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/life-in-2030/">Life in 2030</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/audio/">Audio</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/computing/">Computing</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/engineering-textiles-to-keep-us-healthier-and-happier" aria-label="Engineering Textiles to Keep Us Healthier and Happier" data-type="text"> Engineering Textiles to Keep Us Healthier and Happier </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">Using new technologies, researchers are creating smart fabrics that could protect us from disease and make our lives better</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">25 Jan 2013</span></div><div class="time-to-read">6 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2652902513" class="post-context post-context-2652902513"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Mia Lobel","11":2652902513,"7":"innovation, life in 2030, smart textiles","10":"smart textiles","6":"life-in-2030","8":"01/25/2013"}, "post": {"id": 2652902513, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 560054485, 559809288, 544169516, 539617903], "authors": [21753877], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-innovation tag-robotics tag-life-in-2030 tag-robots tag-humanoid-robots" elid="2652902445" data-category="Robotics"><article elid="2652902445" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2652902445"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-will-humans-and-robots-coexist" aria-label="How Will Humans and Robots Coexist?"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="How Will Humans and Robots Coexist?" aria-label="How Will Humans and Robots Coexist?" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 1240 930'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=26143612&width=1200&height=900" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="1240" height="930"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/robotics/">Robotics</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/life-in-2030/">Life in 2030</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/robotics/humanoid-robots/">Humanoid Robots</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/audio/">Audio</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-will-humans-and-robots-coexist" aria-label="How Will Humans and Robots Coexist?" data-type="text"> How Will Humans and Robots Coexist? </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">Robots will be everywhere in 2030, but not necessarily as humanoid domestic help</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">25 Jan 2013</span></div><div class="time-to-read">5 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2652902445" class="post-context post-context-2652902445"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Lisa Raffensperger","11":2652902445,"7":"innovation, robotics, life in 2030, robots, humanoid robots","10":"humanoid robots","6":"robotics","8":"01/25/2013"}, "post": {"id": 2652902445, "providerId": 20, "sections": [539266128, 497728257, 560054485, 554864534, 559809288, 544169516], "authors": [21753683], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Widget CTA Ebook 140th Anniversary Book"></span><div id="sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1" class="cta-download-collection row-wrapper clearfix "><div class="row px20"><div id="sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_0" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m7 l7"><div id="sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_0_0"><div class="module-headline"><h2 class="module-headline__text h2"> Download IEEE’s 140th Anniversary Book </h2></div></div><div class="text-element" id="sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_0_1">This 144-page e-book features 34 vital breakthroughs in electrotechnology, ranging from Maxwell’s Equations in 1864 to modern day Transformer Neural Networks. Sign in or create a FREE account to get your copy now!</div><div class="" id="sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_0_2"><div class="cta_collection_button ebook_button ebook_button_nonmember" id="sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_0_2_0_1_0"><div class="text-element" id="sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_0_2_0_1_0_0"><a class="color-inherit" href="#" target="" rel="orange_button">View book →</a></div></div><script> var buttons = document.querySelectorAll(".ebook_button .text-element"); for (var i = 0; i < buttons.length; i++) { buttons[i].addEventListener("click", function(event){ event.preventDefault(); openGatedPopup('for_pdf'); }); } </script></div></div><div id="sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_1" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m5 l5"><a id="sWidget_CTA_Ebook_140th_Anniversary_Book_0_0_45_0_0_1_1_0" class="display-block image-element"><img class="image-element__img" alt="" width="600" height="776" type="lazy-image" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 600 776'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy81MTQxOTgxNC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc3MTc2NzQzM30.jiDtKFk4Z4T2I2SPvpvthOFI_dX_vbLri7bjMht_p7k/image.png?width=600&height=776"/></a></div></div></div><div class="mb-2 story_teaser not_infinite" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_4_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_6" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current-section" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="true" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_4_1_0" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[section_default]/abtests/abtest[1]/row[1]/column[1]/choose[3]/otherwise/posts-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-source_id="current-section" data-attr-from_regular_sections="audio" data-attr-from_regular_sections_other_than="sponsored,webinar,whitepaper,podcast,video,slideshow" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,section,primary_tag,tags,community_name,badges_sponsored,body,photo_caption,snark_line,author,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,source_link,collection_button,badges,photo_credit,main_author,page_views,date_modified,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-limit="2" data-attr-layout_headline="right" data-attr-layout_date="right" data-attr-layout_subheadline="right" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-element_classes="story_teaser not_infinite" data-attr-layout_like_button="right" data-attr-layout_all_sections="right" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="right" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-innovation tag-self-driving-cars tag-self-driving tag-autonomous-vehicles tag-life-in-2030 post-section--topic/transportation" elid="2652902514" data-category="Transportation"><article elid="2652902514" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2652902514"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/selfdriving-cars-heading-our-way" aria-label="Self-driving Cars Heading Our Way"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Self-driving Cars Heading Our Way" aria-label="Self-driving Cars Heading Our Way" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 480 360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=26143655&width=1200&height=900" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="480" height="360"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/transportation/">Transportation</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/robotics/">Robotics</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/life-in-2030/">Life in 2030</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/audio/">Audio</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/selfdriving-cars-heading-our-way" aria-label="Self-driving Cars Heading Our Way" data-type="text"> Self-driving Cars Heading Our Way </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">Smart vehicles could make the roads safer and ease congestion.</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">25 Jan 2013</span></div><div class="time-to-read">5 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2652902514" class="post-context post-context-2652902514"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Laurie Howell","11":2652902514,"7":"innovation, self-driving cars, self driving, autonomous vehicles, life in 2030","10":"self driving","6":"transportation","8":"01/25/2013"}, "post": {"id": 2652902514, "providerId": 20, "sections": [539266128, 497728257, 539622579, 560054485, 559809288, 544169516], "authors": [21753692], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-innovation tag-life-in-2030 tag-smart-grid" elid="2652902435" data-category="Energy"><article elid="2652902435" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2652902435"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/danish-island-tests-smart-grid" aria-label="Danish Island Tests Smart Grid"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Danish Island Tests Smart Grid" aria-label="Danish Island Tests Smart Grid" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 1699 1130'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=26143608&width=1200&height=798" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="1699" height="1130"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/energy/">Energy</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/life-in-2030/">Life in 2030</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/audio/">Audio</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/danish-island-tests-smart-grid" aria-label="Danish Island Tests Smart Grid" data-type="text"> Danish Island Tests Smart Grid </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">In a key step toward going fossil fuel-free, Bornholm is building the power grid of the future.</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">25 Jan 2013</span></div><div class="time-to-read">4 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2652902435" class="post-context post-context-2652902435"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"IEEE Spectrum","11":2652902435,"7":"innovation, life in 2030, smart grid","10":"smart grid","6":"energy","8":"01/25/2013"}, "post": {"id": 2652902435, "providerId": 20, "sections": [497728257, 539619077, 560054485, 559809288, 544169516], "authors": [20265425], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Collection Module Journal Watch"></span><div id="sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0" class="featured_columns collection row-wrapper clearfix "><div class="row "><div id="sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_0" class="sticky_column col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l6"><div id="sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_0_0"><div class="module-headline"><h2 class="module-headline__text h2"> Journal Watch </h2></div></div><div class="text-element" id="sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_0_1">The latest engineering and computer science advances in context from <i>IEEE Spectrum</i> and the <i>Xplore</i> Digital Library</div><div class="list" id="sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_0_2"><a class="list__item" href="/tag/journal-watch" target="_self">All Journal Watch stories → </a></div></div><div id="sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_1" class="scroll_column collection col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l6"><div class="mb-2 " id="sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_7" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="tag-jw" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="false" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="true" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sCollection_Module_Journal_Watch_0_0_6_0_0_1_1_0_1_0" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="7" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[collection_module_journal_watch]/abtests/abtest/choose/otherwise/row/column[2]/posts-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-source_id="tag-jw" data-attr-order="newest" data-attr-limit="6" data-attr-from_regular_tags="journal watch" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,date,custom_field_TimeofRead,time_to_read,like_button,section,primary_tag,author,badges,badges_sponsored,photo_credit,community_name,subheadline,snark_line,page_views,photo_caption,follow_button,community_comments,body,collection_button,tags,source_link,main_author,post_shares,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,date_modified,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_access,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_publication_date,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version" data-attr-layout_headline="left" data-attr-data-rm-device-crops="true" data-attr-layout_desktop_image_crop="original" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="56" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-element_classes="" data-attr-allow_duplicates="true" data-attr-layout_date="left" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-layout_like_button="left" data-attr-layout_all_sections="left" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="left" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-carbon-emissions tag-semiconductor-design tag-semiconductor-manufacturing tag-climate-change tag-climate-tech tag-journal-watch post-section--topic/semiconductors" elid="2669632595" data-category="Semiconductors"><article elid="2669632595" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-MD post-2669632595"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-left col" style="width:44.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/semiconductors/">Semiconductors</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/artificial-intelligence/">AI</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/climate-tech/">Climate Tech</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/journal-watch/">Journal Watch</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/climate-change/">Climate Change</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductor-manufacturing" aria-label="Is Virtualization Greener Than Lab Work for Chips?" data-type="text"> Is Virtualization Greener Than Lab Work for Chips? </a></h2><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">09 Nov 2024</span></div><div class="time-to-read">3 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="1"></div></div></div><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:56.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductor-manufacturing" aria-label="Is Virtualization Greener Than Lab Work for Chips?"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="3D rendering of a grass microchip with a globe icon in the center, being used on a circuit board." aria-label="3D rendering of a grass microchip with a globe icon in the center, being used on a circuit board." src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 4951 3094'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/3d-rendering-of-a-grass-microchip-with-a-globe-icon-in-the-center-being-used-on-a-circuit-board.jpg?id=54417165&width=600&height=374" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="4951" height="3094"/></a></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669632595" class="post-context post-context-2669632595"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Michelle Hampson","11":2669632595,"7":"carbon emissions, semiconductor design, semiconductor manufacturing, climate change, climate tech, journal watch","10":"carbon emissions","6":"semiconductors","8":"11/09/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669632595, "providerId": 0, "sections": [497728257, 497728259, 544169516, 539621009, 544169523, 2221589049, 559931002, 598415773], "authors": [21075168], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-wireless-power tag-solar-power tag-space tag-space-based-solar tag-journal-watch post-section--topic/energy" elid="2669586635" data-category="Energy"><article elid="2669586635" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-MD post-2669586635"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-left col" style="width:44.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/energy/">Energy</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/aerospace/">Aerospace</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/journal-watch/">Journal Watch</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/space-based-solar-power-2669586635" aria-label="One Way That Could Improve Space-Based Power: Relays" data-type="text"> One Way That Could Improve Space-Based Power: Relays </a></h2><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">07 Nov 2024</span></div><div class="time-to-read">3 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="2"></div></div></div><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:56.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/space-based-solar-power-2669586635" aria-label="One Way That Could Improve Space-Based Power: Relays"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Illustration of a space satellite reflecting a signal in a zig-zag towards planet Earth. " aria-label="Illustration of a space satellite reflecting a signal in a zig-zag towards planet Earth. " src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 1790 1343'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/illustration-of-a-space-satellite-reflecting-a-signal-in-a-zig-zag-towards-planet-earth.jpg?id=54285280&width=600&height=450" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="1790" height="1343"/></a></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669586635" class="post-context post-context-2669586635"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Michelle Hampson","11":2669586635,"7":"wireless power, solar power, space, space-based solar, journal watch","10":"wireless power","6":"energy","8":"11/07/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669586635, "providerId": 0, "sections": [497728257, 497728258, 544169523, 539619077, 559931002, 544169516], "authors": [21075168], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-microscopy tag-wireless tag-bluetooth tag-living-cells tag-journal-watch post-section--topic/biomedical" elid="2669367312" data-category="Biomedical"><article elid="2669367312" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-MD post-2669367312"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-left col" style="width:44.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/biomedical/">Biomedical</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/journal-watch/">Journal Watch</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/telecommunications/">Telecommunications</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/bluetooth-microscope" aria-label="Bluetooth Microscope Reveals the Inner Workings of Mice" data-type="text"> Bluetooth Microscope Reveals the Inner Workings of Mice </a></h2><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">13 Oct 2024</span></div><div class="time-to-read">3 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="4"></div></div></div><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:56.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/bluetooth-microscope" aria-label="Bluetooth Microscope Reveals the Inner Workings of Mice"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="An abstract scan of brightly colored vein-like lines connected to each other against a black background." aria-label="An abstract scan of brightly colored vein-like lines connected to each other against a black background." src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 1200 900'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/an-abstract-scan-of-brightly-colored-vein-like-lines-connected-to-each-other-against-a-black-background.jpg?id=53799173&width=600&height=450" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="1200" height="900"/></a></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669367312" class="post-context post-context-2669367312"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Michelle Hampson","11":2669367312,"7":"microscopy, wireless, bluetooth, living cells, journal watch","10":"microscopy","6":"biomedical","8":"10/13/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669367312, "providerId": 0, "sections": [497728257, 544169523, 539266149, 559931002, 544169516, 539622110], "authors": [21075168], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-data-rates tag-internet-of-things tag-journal-watch tag-lora tag-wi-fi tag-wireless-communication post-section--topic/telecommunications" elid="2669283347" data-category="Telecommunications"><article elid="2669283347" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-MD post-2669283347"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-left col" style="width:44.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/telecommunications/">Telecommunications</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/journal-watch/">Journal Watch</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/wi-fi-lora-hybrid" aria-label="Wi-Fi Goes Long Range on New WiLo Approach" data-type="text"> Wi-Fi Goes Long Range on New WiLo Approach </a></h2><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">05 Oct 2024</span></div><div class="time-to-read">2 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="13"></div></div></div><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:56.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/wi-fi-lora-hybrid" aria-label="Wi-Fi Goes Long Range on New WiLo Approach"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="A digital rendering of colorful lines running through an aerial view of trees and sparse houses in a rural community." aria-label="A digital rendering of colorful lines running through an aerial view of trees and sparse houses in a rural community." src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 4500 3375'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-digital-rendering-of-colorful-lines-running-through-an-aerial-view-of-trees-and-sparse-houses-in-a-rural-community.jpg?id=53723827&width=600&height=450" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="4500" height="3375"/></a></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669283347" class="post-context post-context-2669283347"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Michelle Hampson","11":2669283347,"7":"data rates, internet of things, journal watch, lora, wi-fi, wireless communication","10":"wireless communication","6":"telecommunications","8":"10/05/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669283347, "providerId": 0, "sections": [497728257, 544169523, 559931002, 544169516, 539622110], "authors": [21075168], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-gamma-rays tag-hafnium-oxide tag-memristors tag-radiation-hardening tag-semiconductors tag-journal-watch post-section--topic/semiconductors" elid="2669280762" data-category="Semiconductors"><article elid="2669280762" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-MD post-2669280762"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-left col" style="width:44.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/semiconductors/">Semiconductors</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/aerospace/">Aerospace</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/journal-watch/">Journal Watch</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/memristor-2669280762" aria-label="Even Gamma Rays Can’t Stop This Memory" data-type="text"> Even Gamma Rays Can’t Stop This Memory </a></h2><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">01 Oct 2024</span></div><div class="time-to-read">4 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="3"></div></div></div><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:56.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/memristor-2669280762" aria-label="Even Gamma Rays Can’t Stop This Memory"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="A green circuit board, connected by wires to an orange external chip and a display showing voltage, current and radiation levels." aria-label="A green circuit board, connected by wires to an orange external chip and a display showing voltage, current and radiation levels." src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 2048 1536'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-green-circuit-board-connected-by-wires-to-an-orange-external-chip-and-a-display-showing-voltage-current-and-radiation-levels.jpg?id=53696857&width=600&height=450" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="2048" height="1536"/></a></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669280762" class="post-context post-context-2669280762"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Kohava Mendelsohn","11":2669280762,"7":"gamma rays, hafnium oxide, memristors, radiation hardening, semiconductors, journal watch","10":"memristors","6":"semiconductors","8":"10/01/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669280762, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 497728258, 539621009, 544169523, 559931002, 544169516], "authors": [26759880], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-twitter tag-journal-watch tag-machine-learning tag-predictive-modeling post-section--topic/artificial-intelligence" elid="2669181158" data-category="AI"><article elid="2669181158" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-MD post-2669181158"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-left col" style="width:44.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/artificial-intelligence/">AI</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/">Magazine</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2024/november/">November 2024</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/computing/">Computing</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/journal-watch/">Journal Watch</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/fight-misinformation" aria-label="Predicting Malicious Behavior on X Before It Happens" data-type="text"> Predicting Malicious Behavior on X Before It Happens </a></h2><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">18 Sep 2024</span></div><div class="time-to-read">2 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="4"></div></div></div><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:56.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/fight-misinformation" aria-label="Predicting Malicious Behavior on X Before It Happens"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Illustration of a man holding a mobile phone with flames coming out of the screen" aria-label="Illustration of a man holding a mobile phone with flames coming out of the screen" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 5600 4200'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/illustration-of-a-man-holding-a-mobile-phone-with-flames-coming-out-of-the-screen.jpg?id=53638813&width=600&height=450" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="5600" height="4200"/></a></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669181158" class="post-context post-context-2669181158"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Michelle Hampson","11":2669181158,"7":"twitter, journal watch, machine learning, predictive modeling","10":"twitter","6":"artificial-intelligence","8":"09/18/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669181158, "providerId": 0, "sections": [497728257, 497728259, 539626628, 2241528964, 544169516, 539617903, 544169523, 2241528953, 559931002], "authors": [21075168], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_0_6"><div class="rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard"></div></div></div><div id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_1" class="widget_column col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l3"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Widget CTA Newsletter"></span><div id="sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1" class="cta-newsletter row-wrapper clearfix content"><div class="row px20"><div id="sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_0" class="cta-newsletter__left-column col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m6 l6"><div id="sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_0_0"><div class="module-headline"><h2 class="module-headline__text h2"> Get the latest technology news in your inbox </h2></div></div><div class="text-element" id="sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_0_1">Subscribe to IEEE Spectrum’s newsletters by selecting from the list.</div></div><div id="sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_1" class="cta-newsletter__right-column col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m6 l6"><div class="news_container_cta" id="sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_1_0"><div class="" id="sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_1_0_0"><div class="checkbox_line" style="border-left: 1px solid #404040; border-top: 1px solid #404040;"><input type="checkbox" id="subscription_tech_alert" name="subscription_tech_alert" value="subscriptionTechAlert"/><label for="subscription_tech_alert">Tech Alert</label></div><div class="checkbox_line" style="border-left: 1px solid #404040; border-top: 1px solid #404040;"><input type="checkbox" id="subscription_ai_alert" name="subscription_ai_alert" value="subscriptionAIAlert"/><label for="subscription_ai_alert">AI Alert</label></div><div class="checkbox_line" style="border-left: 1px solid #404040; border-top: 1px solid #404040;"><input type="checkbox" id="subscription_energywise" name="subscription_energywise" value="subscriptionEnergywise"/><label for="subscription_energywise">Climate Tech Alert</label></div><div class="checkbox_line" style="border-left: 1px solid #404040; border-top: 1px solid #404040;"><input type="checkbox" id="subscription_career_alert" name="subscription_career_alert" value="subscriptionCareerAlert"/><label for="subscription_career_alert">Career Alert</label></div></div><div class="" id="sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_1_0_1"><div class="checkbox_line"><input type="checkbox" id="subscription_robotic_news" name="subscription_robotic_news" value="subscriptionRoboticsNews"/><label for="subscription_robotic_news">Robotics News</label></div><div class="checkbox_line" style="border-left: 1px solid #404040; border-top: 1px solid #404040;"><input type="checkbox" id="subscription_cars_that_think" name="subscription_cars_that_think" value="subscriptionCarsThatThink"/><label for="subscription_cars_that_think">The Future Lane</label></div><div class="checkbox_line" style="border-left: 1px solid #404040; border-top: 1px solid #404040;"><input type="checkbox" id="subscription_university_spotlight" name="subscription_university_spotlight" value="subscriptionUniversitySpotlight"/><label for="subscription_university_spotlight">University Spotlight</label></div><div class="checkbox_line" style="border-left: 1px solid #404040; border-top: 1px solid #404040;"><input type="checkbox" id="subscription_new_product_spotlight" name="subscription_new_product_spotlight" value="subscriptionNewProductSpotlight"/><label for="subscription_new_product_spotlight">Product Spotlight</label></div></div></div></div><div id="sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_2" class="cta-newsletter__left-column newsletter_inputs_multi col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m6 l6"><label for="newsletter_email_input" class="hide-text">Email input</label><input type="email" id="newsletter_email_input" class="newsletter_email" placeholder="Your email"/><div class="checkbox_container"><input type="checkbox" id="check_pp_new"/><label for="check_pp_new">I agree to the <a href="https://www.ieee.org/security-privacy.html" target="_blank">IEEE Privacy Policy</a></label><div class="error-message-container"><span id="error_msj_fields">Please select one or more newsletters, enter a valid email address and accept Privacy Policy</span></div></div><div class="text-element" id="sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_2_1"><a class="color-inherit" href="" target="_blank" rel="orange_button" aria-label="Subscribe">Subscribe</a></div></div><div id="sWidget__CTA_Newsletter_0_0_52_0_0_1_3" class="cta-newsletter__msg-column col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m6 l6"></div></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Newsletter_Popup"></span><div class="newsletter-popup" id="s__Newsletter_Popup_0_0_56_0_0_0"><div class="newsletter-popup__contents" id="s__Newsletter_Popup_0_0_56_0_0_0_0"><a href="javascript:;" class="js--close-newsletter newsletter-popup__close icon-close hide-text">Close</a><div class="cta_news_success" id="s__Newsletter_Popup_0_0_56_0_0_0_0_1"><h2 class="popup-newsletter-h2 popup-heading-h2">You have succesfully subscribed to the newsletters below:</h2><h2 class="popup-newsletter-h2"><ul id="newsletter_list"></ul>Thank your for your subscription.</h2></div></div></div><style> .newsletter-popup { position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; z-index: 10000; background: rgba(20,20,20,.9); align-items: center; justify-content: center; display: none; margin: 0px !important; padding:20px ; } .newsletter-popup a{ text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: #ff4c00; text-underline-position: under; color: inherit; } .newsletter-popup a:hover{ color: #ff4c00; } .popup-newsletter-h2 { color: #BFBFBF; font-family: 'Favorit-Pro',sans-serif; font-weight: 300; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.2px; line-height: 22px; } .popup-heading-h2 { font-size: 32px; font-family: 'Favorit-Pro-Light', sans-serif; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 36px; color: #F2F2F2; margin: 0; max-width: 500px; text-align: left; } .newsletter-popup__contents { position: relative; overflow: hidden; padding: 20px 40px 40px 25px; max-width: 480px; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; } .newsletter-popup__close { position: absolute; color: #000; font-size: 23px; border-radius: 50%; width: 40px; height: 40px; line-height: 40px; text-align: center; right: 10px; top: 13px; } .newsletter-popup--shown { display: block; display: -webkit-box; display: -moz-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; } #newsletter_list li { text-transform: capitalize; } #newsletter_list li::marker { color: #ff4c00; font-size: 24px; } .newsletter-popup.cta_news_success .cta_news_success, .newsletter-popup.cta_news_fail .cta_news_fail, .newsletter-popup.cta_news_pp .cta_news_pp{ display: block !important; } </style><script> var popupNewsletterElement=document.querySelector('.newsletter-popup'), closeNewsletter, newsletterCloseBtn = '.js--close-newsletter', newsletterShownClass = 'newsletter-popup--shown'; closeNewsletter = function () { popupNewsletterElement.classList.remove(newsletterShownClass); popupNewsletterElement.classList.remove('cta_news_success'); document.getElementById("newsletter_list").innerHTML = ""; }; function openNewsletterPopup(result){ popupNewsletterElement.classList.add(result); popupNewsletterElement.classList.add(newsletterShownClass); } document.querySelector(newsletterCloseBtn).onclick= closeNewsletter; </script><script> function emailIsValid(email) { return /^[^\s@]+@[^\s@]+\.[^\s@]+$/.test(email); } function subscription(item_news){ var news_email_input = document.getElementById("newsletter_email_input").value; var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); var url = "/core/mail_lists/marketo/access"; xhr.open("POST", url, true); xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/json"); xhr.onreadystatechange = function () { if (xhr.readyState === 4 && xhr.status === 200) { var json = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText); for (var news_name of item_news) { var node_li = document.createElement("li"); if(news_name.split("subscription")[1].replace(/([A-Z])/g, " $1").trim() == "Robotic News"){ node_li.innerHTML = "Robotics News"; } else if(news_name.split("subscription")[1].replace(/([A-Z])/g, " $1").trim() == "New Product Spotlight"){ node_li.innerHTML = "Product Spotlight"; } else { node_li.innerHTML = news_name.split("subscription")[1].replace(/([A-Z])/g, " $1").replace("A I", "AI").replace("Energywise", "Climate Tech Alert").replace("Cars That Think", "The Future Lane").trim(); // node_li.innerHTML = news_name.split("subscription")[1].replace(/([A-Z])/g, " $1").replace("Energywise", "Climate Tech Alert").trim(); } document.getElementById("newsletter_list").appendChild(node_li); } openNewsletterPopup('cta_news_success'); } }; var fields_content = {}; for (var item of item_news) { fields_content[item] = true; } fields_content['iEEEPrivacyPolicyConsent'] = true; var data = JSON.stringify({ "email": news_email_input, "fields": fields_content, "iEEEPrivacyPolicyConsent":true }); xhr.send(data); } document.querySelector(".newsletter_inputs_multi .text-element a").addEventListener('click', event => { event.preventDefault(); var news_email_input = document.getElementById("newsletter_email_input").value; if(emailIsValid(news_email_input)){ var all_newsletters = new Array(), count = 0; var markedCheckPP = document.getElementById('check_pp_new').checked; var markedCheckbox = document.querySelectorAll('.checkbox_line input[type="checkbox"]:checked'); for (var checkbox of markedCheckbox) { all_newsletters[count] = checkbox.value; count++; } if(count > 0 && markedCheckPP){ subscription(all_newsletters); }else{ document.getElementById("error_msj_fields").style.display = "block"; document.querySelector(".error-message-container").style.zIndex = "100"; setTimeout(function(){ document.getElementById("error_msj_fields").style.display = "none"; document.querySelector(".error-message-container").style.zIndex = "90"; },3000); } }else{ document.getElementById("error_msj_fields").style.display = "block"; document.querySelector(".error-message-container").style.zIndex = "100"; setTimeout(function(){ document.getElementById("error_msj_fields").style.display = "none"; document.querySelector(".error-message-container").style.zIndex = "90"; },3000); } }); </script><div class="" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_4_1_0_1"><div class="sidebar_sticky_parent"><div class="stick_in_parent"><div class="sidebar_repeat_ad rblad-ieee_sidebar"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5" class="featured_columns row-wrapper clearfix "><div class="row "><div id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0" class="section_column bigger-teaser-headline col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l9"><div class="mb-2 story_teaser not_infinite" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0_0_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_8" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current-section" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="true" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0_0_1_0" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[section_default]/abtests/abtest[1]/row[2]/column[1]/choose[1]/otherwise/posts-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-source_id="current-section" data-attr-from_regular_sections="audio" data-attr-from_regular_sections_other_than="sponsored,webinar,whitepaper,podcast,video,slideshow" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,section,primary_tag,tags,community_name,badges_sponsored,body,photo_caption,snark_line,author,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,source_link,collection_button,badges,photo_credit,main_author,page_views,date_modified,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids" data-attr-limit="3" data-attr-layout_headline="right" data-attr-layout_date="right" data-attr-layout_subheadline="right" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-element_classes="story_teaser not_infinite" data-attr-layout_like_button="right" data-attr-layout_all_sections="right" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="right" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-innovation tag-solar-power tag-space-based-solar tag-life-in-2030" elid="2652902511" data-category="Aerospace"><article elid="2652902511" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2652902511"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/solar-power-from-space" aria-label="Solar Power From Space"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Solar Power From Space" aria-label="Solar Power From Space" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 978 960'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=26143653&width=1200&height=1177" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="978" height="960"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/aerospace/">Aerospace</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/life-in-2030/">Life in 2030</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/audio/">Audio</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/solar-power-from-space" aria-label="Solar Power From Space" data-type="text"> Solar Power From Space </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">The idea of solar panels circling Earth and beaming down power is gaining traction</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">25 Jan 2013</span></div><div class="time-to-read">5 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2652902511" class="post-context post-context-2652902511"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Eliza Strickland","11":2652902511,"7":"innovation, solar power, space based solar, life in 2030","10":"solar power","6":"aerospace","8":"01/25/2013"}, "post": {"id": 2652902511, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 497728258, 560054485, 559809288, 544169516], "authors": [21075161], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-innovation tag-life-in-2030 tag-nanotechnology" elid="2652902458" data-category="Life in 2030"><article elid="2652902458" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2652902458"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-impact-of-the-invisible" aria-label="The Impact of Invisible Nanotechnology"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="The Impact of Invisible Nanotechnology" aria-label="The Impact of Invisible Nanotechnology" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 1000 750'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=26143623&width=980&quality=85" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="1000" height="750"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/life-in-2030/">Life in 2030</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/audio/">Audio</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/computing/">Computing</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-impact-of-the-invisible" aria-label="The Impact of Invisible Nanotechnology" data-type="text"> The Impact of Invisible Nanotechnology </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">Nanotechnology will shape society, but scientists and the public have a say in just how much.</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">25 Jan 2013</span></div><div class="time-to-read">4 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="1"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2652902458" class="post-context post-context-2652902458"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Laurie Howell","11":2652902458,"7":"innovation, life in 2030, nanotechnology","10":"nanotechnology","6":"life-in-2030","8":"01/25/2013"}, "post": {"id": 2652902458, "providerId": 20, "sections": [497728257, 560054485, 559809288, 544169516, 539617903], "authors": [21753692], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-fastest-on-earth post-section--topic/energy" elid="2652902055" data-category="Energy"><article elid="2652902055" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2652902055"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/fastest-sailboat-alain-thebaults-hydroptere" aria-label="Fastest Sailboat: Alain Thébault’s Hydroptère"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Fastest Sailboat: Alain Thébault’s Hydroptère" aria-label="Fastest Sailboat: Alain Thébault’s Hydroptère" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 640 360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=26143493&width=1200&height=675" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="640" height="360"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/energy/">Energy</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/">Special Reports</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/audio/">Audio</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/fastest-on-earth/">Fastest on Earth</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/fastest-sailboat-alain-thebaults-hydroptere" aria-label="Fastest Sailboat: Alain Thébault’s Hydroptère" data-type="text"> Fastest Sailboat: Alain Thébault’s Hydroptère </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">A French trimaran flies above the water</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">01 Jun 2012</span></div><div class="time-to-read">3 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2652902055" class="post-context post-context-2652902055"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Giselle Weiss","11":2652902055,"7":"fastest on earth","6":"energy","8":"06/01/2012"}, "post": {"id": 2652902055, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539633585, 539619077, 559809288, 544169516, 559702175], "authors": [21078898], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Widget Wide Collection Vertical"></span><div class="" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0_2"><div class="rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard"></div></div><div class="mb-2 featured_post" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0_3"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_9" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current-section" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="true" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0_3" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[section_default]/abtests/abtest[1]/row[2]/column[1]/posts-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-source_id="current-section" data-attr-from_regular_sections="audio" data-attr-from_regular_sections_other_than="sponsored,webinar,whitepaper,podcast,video,slideshow" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,primary_tag,section,community_name,body,badges_sponsored,photo_credit,author,snark_line,badges,photo_caption,follow_button,community_comments,post_shares,page_views,tags,source_link,main_author,collection_button,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,date_modified,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-layout_headline="top" data-attr-data-rm-device-crops="true" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="3x2" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-limit="1" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-element_classes="featured_post" data-attr-layout_subheadline="top" data-attr-layout_date="top" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-layout_like_button="top" data-attr-layout_all_sections="top" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="top" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-environment tag-fastest-on-earth post-section--topic/energy" elid="2652902041" data-category="Energy"><article elid="2652902041" data-frozen-sections="[559702175]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2652902041"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/energy/">Energy</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/">Special Reports</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/audio/">Audio</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/fastest-on-earth/">Fastest on Earth</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/fastest-swimmer-sailfish" aria-label="Fastest Swimmer: Sailfish" data-type="text"> Fastest Swimmer: Sailfish </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">Dave Kerstetter tags sailfish for Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">01 Jun 2012</span></div><div class="time-to-read">2 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/fastest-swimmer-sailfish" aria-label="Fastest Swimmer: Sailfish"><div class="widget__img rm-crop-custom"><span class="rm-crop-spacer" style="padding-bottom: 66.66666666666666%;"></span><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Photo of a sailfish" aria-label="Photo of a sailfish" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/photo-of-a-sailfish.jpg?id=26143491&width=980&quality=85" style="object-fit: cover;" class="widget__img--tag"/></div></a></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2652902041" class="post-context post-context-2652902041"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Ari Daniel Shapiro","11":2652902041,"7":"environment, fastest on earth","10":"environment","6":"energy","8":"06/01/2012"}, "post": {"id": 2652902041, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539633585, 539619077, 559809288, 544169516, 559702175], "authors": [21079453], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div class="mb-2 story_teaser not_infinite" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0_4_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_10" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current-section" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="true" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0_4_1_0" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[section_default]/abtests/abtest[1]/row[2]/column[1]/choose[2]/otherwise/posts[1]-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-source_id="current-section" data-attr-from_regular_sections="audio" data-attr-from_regular_sections_other_than="sponsored,webinar,whitepaper,podcast,video,slideshow" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,primary_tag,section,tags,community_name,badges_sponsored,body,photo_caption,snark_line,author,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,source_link,collection_button,badges,photo_credit,main_author,page_views,date_modified,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-layout_headline="right" data-attr-layout_date="right" data-attr-layout_subheadline="right" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-element_classes="story_teaser not_infinite" data-attr-layout_like_button="right" data-attr-layout_all_sections="right" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="right" data-attr-limit="2" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-lockheed-martin tag-jet-fighter tag-f-22-raptor tag-military tag-aviation tag-f-22 tag-boeing tag-fastest-on-earth post-section--topic/aerospace" elid="2652902048" data-category="Aerospace"><article elid="2652902048" data-frozen-sections="[559702175]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2652902048"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/fastest-jet-fighter-lockheed-martins-f22-raptor" aria-label="Fastest Jet Fighter: Lockheed Martin’s F-22 Raptor"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Lockheed Martin’s F-22 Raptor" aria-label="Lockheed Martin’s F-22 Raptor" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 640 360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/lockheed-martins-f-22-raptor.jpg?id=26143492&width=1200&height=675" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="640" height="360"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/aerospace/">Aerospace</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/">Special Reports</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/audio/">Audio</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/fastest-on-earth/">Fastest on Earth</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/fastest-jet-fighter-lockheed-martins-f22-raptor" aria-label="Fastest Jet Fighter: Lockheed Martin’s F-22 Raptor" data-type="text"> Fastest Jet Fighter: Lockheed Martin’s F-22 Raptor </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">Robert Novotny on Lockheed Martin’s F-22 Raptor</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">01 Jun 2012</span></div><div class="time-to-read">3 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2652902048" class="post-context post-context-2652902048"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Susan Karlin","11":2652902048,"7":"lockheed martin, jet fighter, f-22 raptor, military, aviation, f-22, boeing, fastest on earth","10":"aviation","6":"aerospace","8":"06/01/2012"}, "post": {"id": 2652902048, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 497728258, 539633585, 559809288, 544169516, 559702175], "authors": [21078856], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-military tag-aviation tag-sikorsky-aircraft tag-helicopters tag-fastest-on-earth post-section--topic/aerospace" elid="2652902042" data-category="Aerospace"><article elid="2652902042" data-frozen-sections="[559702175]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2652902042"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/fastest-helicopter-sikorsky-aircrafts-x2" aria-label="Fastest Helicopter: Sikorsky Aircraft’s X2"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Fastest Helicopter: Sikorsky Aircraft’s X2" aria-label="Fastest Helicopter: Sikorsky Aircraft’s X2" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 640 360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=29479710&width=1200&height=675" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="640" height="360"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/aerospace/">Aerospace</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/">Special Reports</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/audio/">Audio</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/fastest-on-earth/">Fastest on Earth</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/fastest-helicopter-sikorsky-aircrafts-x2" aria-label="Fastest Helicopter: Sikorsky Aircraft’s X2" data-type="text"> Fastest Helicopter: Sikorsky Aircraft’s X2 </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">Kevin Bredenbeck explains the Advancing Blade Concept of coaxial rotors</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">01 Jun 2012</span></div><div class="time-to-read">4 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2652902042" class="post-context post-context-2652902042"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"David Schneider","11":2652902042,"7":"military, aviation, sikorsky aircraft, helicopters, fastest on earth","10":"aviation","6":"aerospace","8":"06/01/2012"}, "post": {"id": 2652902042, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 497728258, 539633585, 559809288, 544169516, 559702175], "authors": [21075175], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div class="mb-2 story_teaser not_infinite" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0_4_1_1"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_11" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="sponsored-webinar-whitepaper" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="true" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0_4_1_1" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[section_default]/abtests/abtest[1]/row[2]/column[1]/choose[2]/otherwise/posts[2]-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-from_regular_sections="sponsored,webinar,whitepaper" data-attr-source_id="sponsored-webinar-whitepaper" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,date,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,primary_tag,section,tags,community_name,badges_sponsored,body,photo_caption,snark_line,author,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,source_link,collection_button,badges,photo_credit,main_author,page_views,date_modified,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,words_count,time_to_read,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-limit="1" data-attr-layout_headline="right" data-attr-layout_date="right" data-attr-layout_subheadline="right" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-element_classes="story_teaser not_infinite" data-attr-layout_like_button="right" data-attr-layout_all_sections="right" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-type-webinar post-section--topic/transportation" elid="2669948606" data-category="Transportation"><article elid="2669948606" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669948606"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://engineeringresources.spectrum.ieee.org/free/w_math29/prgm.cgi" target="_blank" aria-label="Leveraging Reduced-Order Models for Analysis of Onboard Battery Chargers"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Leveraging Reduced-Order Models for Analysis of Onboard Battery Chargers" aria-label="Leveraging Reduced-Order Models for Analysis of Onboard Battery Chargers" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 235 47'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/leveraging-reduced-order-models-for-analysis-of-onboard-battery-chargers.gif?id=54750378&width=1200&height=240" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="235" height="47"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/transportation/">Transportation</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/webinar/">Webinar</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://engineeringresources.spectrum.ieee.org/free/w_math29/prgm.cgi" target="_blank" aria-label="Leveraging Reduced-Order Models for Analysis of Onboard Battery Chargers" data-type="text"> Leveraging Reduced-Order Models for Analysis of Onboard Battery Chargers </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">Now available on-demand</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">19 Nov 2024</span></div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="1"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669948606" class="post-context post-context-2669948606"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"MathWorks","11":2669948606,"7":"type:webinar","6":"transportation","8":"11/19/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669948606, "providerId": 27, "sections": [539622579, 544169534], "authors": [21508092], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div class="mb-2 story_teaser not_infinite" id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0_4_1_2"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_12" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current-section" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="true" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_0_4_1_2" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="4" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[section_default]/abtests/abtest[1]/row[2]/column[1]/choose[2]/otherwise/posts[3]-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-source_id="current-section" data-attr-from_regular_sections="audio" data-attr-from_regular_sections_other_than="sponsored,webinar,whitepaper,podcast,video,slideshow" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,primary_tag,section,tags,community_name,badges_sponsored,body,photo_caption,snark_line,author,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,source_link,collection_button,badges,photo_credit,main_author,page_views,date_modified,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-limit="2" data-attr-layout_headline="right" data-attr-layout_date="right" data-attr-layout_subheadline="right" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="33" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-element_classes="story_teaser not_infinite" data-attr-layout_like_button="right" data-attr-layout_all_sections="right" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="right" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-peregrine-falcon tag-aviation tag-fastest-on-earth post-section--topic/aerospace" elid="2652902045" data-category="Aerospace"><article elid="2652902045" data-frozen-sections="[559702175]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2652902045"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/fastest-natural-flier-peregrine-falcon" aria-label="Fastest Natural Flier: Peregrine Falcon"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Fastest Natural Flier: Peregrine Falcon" aria-label="Fastest Natural Flier: Peregrine Falcon" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 640 360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=29479762&width=1200&height=675" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="640" height="360"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/aerospace/">Aerospace</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/">Special Reports</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/audio/">Audio</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/fastest-on-earth/">Fastest on Earth</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/fastest-natural-flier-peregrine-falcon" aria-label="Fastest Natural Flier: Peregrine Falcon" data-type="text"> Fastest Natural Flier: Peregrine Falcon </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">Ken Franklin’s peregrine falcon, Frightful, at 242 miles per hour</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">01 Jun 2012</span></div><div class="time-to-read">3 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2652902045" class="post-context post-context-2652902045"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Ari Daniel Shapiro","11":2652902045,"7":"peregrine falcon, aviation, fastest on earth","10":"aviation","6":"aerospace","8":"06/01/2012"}, "post": {"id": 2652902045, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 497728258, 539633585, 559809288, 544169516, 559702175], "authors": [21079453], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-environment tag-fastest-on-earth tag-cheetah-robot post-section--topic/energy" elid="2652902057" data-category="Energy"><article elid="2652902057" data-frozen-sections="[559702175]" class="clearfix page-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2652902057"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:33.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/fastest-land-animal-cheetah" aria-label="Fastest Land Animal: Cheetah"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Fastest Land Animal: Cheetah" aria-label="Fastest Land Animal: Cheetah" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 640 360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/image.jpg?id=29479757&width=1200&height=675" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="640" height="360"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:67.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/energy/">Energy</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/">Special Reports</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/audio/">Audio</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/fastest-on-earth/">Fastest on Earth</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text " href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/fastest-land-animal-cheetah" aria-label="Fastest Land Animal: Cheetah" data-type="text"> Fastest Land Animal: Cheetah </a></h2><div class="widget__subheadline"><h3 class="widget__subheadline-text h3" data-type="text">Patricia Tricorache helps protect the cheetah</h3></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">01 Jun 2012</span></div><div class="time-to-read">2 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2652902057" class="post-context post-context-2652902057"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Ari Daniel Shapiro","11":2652902057,"7":"environment, fastest on earth, cheetah robot","10":"environment","6":"energy","8":"06/01/2012"}, "post": {"id": 2652902057, "providerId": 20, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539633585, 539619077, 559809288, 544169516, 559702175], "authors": [21079453], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Widget Explore Topics"></span><div class="exploreTopics__container" id="sWidget_Explore_Topics_0_0_47_0_0_1"><div class="exploreTopics__wrapper" id="sWidget_Explore_Topics_0_0_47_0_0_1_0"><div id="sWidget_Explore_Topics_0_0_47_0_0_1_0_0"><div class="module-headline"><h2 class="module-headline__text h2"> Explore topics </h2></div></div><div class="text-element" id="sWidget_Explore_Topics_0_0_47_0_0_1_0_1">IEEE Spectrum reports on developments in each of these categories</div></div><div id="sWidget_Explore_Topics_0_0_47_0_0_1_1"><ul class="sections-container" data-has-more="false"><li class="sections-item-container"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/aerospace/" class="sections-item"> Aerospace</a><p class="sections-item-description">The latest developments in aviation, satellites, astrophysics, space flight, and space exploration</p></li><li class="sections-item-container"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/artificial-intelligence/" class="sections-item"> AI</a><p class="sections-item-description">The latest advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, generative AI, ChatGPT, LLMs, deepfakes, and more</p></li><li class="sections-item-container"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/biomedical/" class="sections-item"> Biomedical</a><p class="sections-item-description">The latest developments in biomedical devices, prosthetics, imaging, and diagnostics</p></li><li class="sections-item-container"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/climate-tech/" class="sections-item"> Climate Tech</a><p class="sections-item-description">The latest developments in renewables, carbon capture, emissions monitoring, geoengineering, and electrifying everything</p></li><li class="sections-item-container"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/computing/" class="sections-item"> Computing</a><p class="sections-item-description">The latest developments in embedded systems, hardware, software, quantum computers, and IT</p></li><li class="sections-item-container"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/consumer-electronics/" class="sections-item"> Consumer Electronics</a><p class="sections-item-description">The latest developments in gadgets, gaming, smart phones, virtual reality, and audio/video</p></li><li class="sections-item-container"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/energy/" class="sections-item"> Energy</a><p class="sections-item-description">The latest developments in power generation, batteries, renewables, smart grid, and nuclear energy</p></li><li class="sections-item-container"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/tech-history/" class="sections-item"> History of Technology</a><p class="sections-item-description">A look back at key moments in the history of cyberspace, electronics, and the space age</p></li><li class="sections-item-container"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/robotics/" class="sections-item"> Robotics</a><p class="sections-item-description">The latest developments in consumer robots, humanoids, drones, and automation</p></li><li class="sections-item-container"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/semiconductors/" class="sections-item"> Semiconductors</a><p class="sections-item-description">The latest developments in processors, memory, nanotechnology, optoelectronics, and integrated circuit design and materials</p></li><li class="sections-item-container"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/sensors/" class="sections-item"> Sensors</a><p class="sections-item-description">The latest developments in computer vision, lidar, chemical sensors, and remote sensing</p></li><li class="sections-item-container"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/telecommunications/" class="sections-item"> Telecommunications</a><p class="sections-item-description">The latest developments in wireless networks, Internet standards, 5G, IoT, security, and information theory</p></li><li class="sections-item-container"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/transportation/" class="sections-item"> Transportation</a><p class="sections-item-description">The latest developments in electric vehicles, advanced aircraft, and self-driving cars</p></li><li class="sections-item-container"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/diy/" class="sections-item"> DIY</a><p class="sections-item-description">Reviews, hands-on projects, and the latest on the maker movement from Spectrum's DIY editor Stephen Cass</p></li><li class="sections-item-container"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/careers/" class="sections-item"> Careers</a><p class="sections-item-description">Profiles and interviews with engineers, tech industry news, and the latest trends on the job market</p></li><li class="sections-item-container"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/the-institute/" class="sections-item"> The Institute</a><p class="sections-item-description">The latest news about IEEE, its members, tech history, and new offerings</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="wrapper-lazy-loading rm-lazy-load-post-lcp-wrapper next-page-wrapper" data-skl-id="/root/blocks/block[section_default]/abtests/abtest[1]/row[2]/column[1]/lazyload-" data-has-more="true" data-more-posts-exists="true" data-posts-sources="current-section,sponsored-webinar-whitepaper" data-ignore-page-number="true"></div></div><div id="sSection_default_0_0_28_0_0_5_1" class="widget_column col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l3"></div></div></div></div></div><script class="rm-i-script" defer="defer" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-747464-1"></script><script class="rm-i-script"> (function (i, s, o, g, r, a, m) { i["GoogleAnalyticsObject"] = r; (i[r] = i[r] || function () { (i[r].q = i[r].q || []).push(arguments);}),(i[r].l = 1 * new Date()); })(window, document, "script", "/", "ga"); ga('create', 'UA-747464-1', 'auto', {'name': 'b'}); window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.gtag = function(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); var utmCampaignData = null;// ADD REFERRER AS SOURCE IF SOURCE IS NOT PRESENT OR IF ISN'T URL UTM if(utmCampaignData && (utmCampaignData.dataSource != "url" || !utmCampaignData['campaignSource'])) { var referrerAnchor = document.createElement('a'); referrerAnchor.setAttribute('href', document.referrer); if(referrerAnchor.href && referrerAnchor.host) { var splitHost = referrerAnchor.host.split("."); var nakedDomain = splitHost.length < 3 ? splitHost[0] : splitHost[1]; if (nakedDomain) { nakedDomain = nakedDomain[0].toUpperCase() + nakedDomain.substring(1); utmCampaignData['campaignSource'] = nakedDomain; } } } var configParams = { transport: 'beacon', send_page_view: false }; // DEFAULTS if (utmCampaignData) { configParams.campaignName = utmCampaignData.campaignName; configParams.campaignSource = utmCampaignData.campaignSource; configParams.campaignMedium = utmCampaignData.campaignMedium; configParams.campaignContent = utmCampaignData.campaignContent; if (utmCampaignData.campaignKeyword) { configParams.campaignKeyword = utmCampaignData.campaignKeyword; } } gtag('config', 'UA-747464-1', configParams);gtag('config', 'G-DPQFLXZCWN', configParams); window._ga_cd_params = window._ga_cd_params || {}; window._ga_cd_params["dimension9"] = 'test,140'; if(window._ga_cd_params && Object.keys(window._ga_cd_params).length){ gtag('event', 'page_view', window._ga_cd_params); }else{ gtag('event', 'page_view'); } </script><script class="lazy-style" type="css"> .menu-item__title:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.dark_layout .menu-item__title:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,PD94bWwgdmVyc2lvbj0iMS4wIiBlbmNvZGluZz0iVVRGLTgiPz4KPHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMTNweCIgaGVpZ2h0PSI4cHgiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMyA4IiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgeG1sbnM6eGxpbms9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzE5OTkveGxpbmsiPgogICAgPGcgaWQ9IlN5bWJvbHMiIHN0cm9rZT0ibm9uZSIgc3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoPSIxIiBmaWxsPSJub25lIiBmaWxsLXJ1bGU9ImV2ZW5vZGQiPgogICAgICAgIDxnIGlkPSJEYXJrLS8tTmF2IiB0cmFuc2Zvcm09InRyYW5zbGF0ZSgtNDUxLjAwMDAwMCwgLTEzLjAwMDAwMCkiIHN0cm9rZT0iI0Q5RDlEOSIgc3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoPSIxLjUiPgogICAgICAgICAgICA8ZyBpZD0iR3JvdXAtMyIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMzE0LjAwMDAwMCwgNi4wMDAwMDApIj4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDxwb2x5bGluZSBpZD0iUmVjdGFuZ2xlLUNvcHktOSIgdHJhbnNmb3JtPSJ0cmFuc2xhdGUoMTQzLjQ4NTI4MSwgOC4zMTM3MDgpIHNjYWxlKC0xLCAxKSByb3RhdGUoMTM1LjAwMDAwMCkgdHJhbnNsYXRlKC0xNDMuNDg1MjgxLCAtOC4zMTM3MDgpICIgcG9pbnRzPSIxMzkuNDg1MjgxIDQuMzEzNzA4NSAxNDcuNDg1MjgxIDQuMzEzNzA4NSAxNDcuNDg1MjgxIDEyLjMxMzcwODUiPjwvcG9seWxpbmU+CiAgICAgICAgICAgIDwvZz4KICAgICAgICA8L2c+CiAgICA8L2c+Cjwvc3ZnPg==")}#mobile_search_icon.fa-search:before{content:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/26018263/origin.png)}.like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23404040'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.like-btn.unlike .heart,.like-btn.like .heart:active,.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:active,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart:active{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23FF4C00'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23BFBFBF'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.like-btn.like .heart:hover,.like-btn.unlike .heart:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23404040'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23404040'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23bfbfbf'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23bfbfbf'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.dark_layout .widget__subheadline-text:before,.podcast_collection .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget__subheadline-text:before,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:before{content:"";background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='7px'%20height='13px'%20viewBox='0%200%207%2013'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20id='Typography'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-1152.000000,-384.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='1376'%20height='1600'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(1146.136039,384.000000)'%20stroke='%23A6A6A6'%20stroke-width='1.5'%3E%3Cpolyline%20transform='translate(6.363961,6.500000)%20rotate(45.000000)%20translate(-6.363961,-6.500000)'%20points='1.86396103%202%2010.863961%202%2010.863961%2011'%3E%3C/polyline%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.fullwidth_post .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23A6A6A6'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .like-btn.like .heart,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23404040'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a{background-image:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/26705823/origin.jpg)}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a{background-image:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/46469974/origin.jpg)}#notification .success{color:white!important;font-family:"Favorit-Mono"!important;font-size:12px!important;background:#ff4c00!important;text-transform:uppercase!important}.fa-twitter{-webkit-mask-box-image:url(#xLogoMask);-webkit-mask-image:url(#xLogoMask);-webkit-mask-repeat:space;-webkit-mask-position:20px;-webkit-mask-origin:content-box;-webkit-mask-size:24px;background-color:currentColor} </script><script class="rm-i-script" id="parsely-cfg" src="//cdn.parsely.com/keys/spectrum.ieee.org/p.js"></script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-medium-normal"> window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function loadFonts(){}); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://htlbid.com/v3/spectrum.ieee.org/rblbid.js", function() { rblbid.addHook("beforePbjsAuction", (hbConfig, auctionInfo) => { window.auction = {}; var d = { key: "adxbid", val: function (e) { var realPrice = e.pbHg; if (e.pbHg == 0.0 || e.pbHg == 0.01) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":"0.01" , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return 0.01; } e.pbHg = parseFloat((e.pbHg - 0.01).toFixed(2)); if (e.pbHg >= 0.01 && e.pbHg < 1.02) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":e.pbHg.toFixed(2) , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return e.pbHg.toFixed(2); } else if (e.pbHg >= 1.02 && e.pbHg < 2.0) { var temp = e.pbHg.toString(); if (/\d+(\.\d+)?/.test(temp)) { var lastNum = parseInt(temp[temp.length - 1]); if (lastNum % 2 == 1) { e.pbHg = parseFloat(e.pbHg.toFixed(2)) - 0.01; } } window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":e.pbHg.toFixed(2) , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return e.pbHg.toFixed(2); } else if (e.pbHg >= 2 && e.pbHg < 5) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":e.pbHg.toFixed(1) + 0 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return e.pbHg.toFixed(1) + 0; } else if (e.pbHg >= 5 && e.pbHg < 10) { function roundDown(number) { var decimalPart = number % 1; if (decimalPart < 0.5) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":number - decimalPart , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return number - decimalPart} else { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":number - decimalPart + 0.5 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return number - decimalPart + 0.5}; } window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":roundDown(e.pbHg).toFixed(1) + 0 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return roundDown(e.pbHg).toFixed(1) + 0; } else { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":10.00 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return (e.pbHg = "10.00"); } }, }; auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting.push(d); let adUnits = auctionInfo.adUnits.map(item=>{return item.code}); let slotRendered = function (event) { var slot = event.slot; auctionInfo.adUnits.filter((adUnit) => { if (adUnit.code == slot.getSlotElementId()) { console.group( "Moravac: ", slot.getSlotElementId(), "finished rendering." ); console.log("Is empty:", event.isEmpty); console.log("Prebid price?: ", window.auction[slot.getSlotElementId()]?.price || 0); console.log("AdxBid price?: ", window.auction[slot.getSlotElementId()]?.adxbid) if(event.isEmpty && window.auction[slot.getSlotElementId()]?.price){ //console.log("HB price is set but ad is empty"); //console.log("Reloading ad without AdXBID"); //slot.setTargeting('adxbid', '0.01'); //console.log("set: ", slot.getTargetingKeys()) //console.log("Refresh unit") //googletag.pubads().refresh([slot], {changeCorrelator: true}) //console.log("Refreshed") } adUnits = adUnits.filter(function(item) { return item !== slot.getSlotElementId() }) console.groupEnd(); } }); if (adUnits.length == 0){ googletag.pubads().removeEventListener("slotRenderEnded", slotRendered); console.group( "Moravac: ", ); console.log("Listener removed for this auction") console.groupEnd(); } }; googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotRenderEnded", slotRendered); }); return auctionInfo; }); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ REBELMOUSE_STDLIB .createElementChangeListener('.rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]', function(pdfLink){ pdfLink.href = 'javascript:void(0);'; pdfLink.classList.add('pdf-link-nonmember'); pdfLink.addEventListener('click', function(){ openGatedPopup('for_pdf_issues'); }); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ //var ssoValidatorUrl = 'https://oamssoqae.ieee.org/ieeevendorsso/rest/auth/validatePFToken?_=' + (+ new Date()); var ssoValidatorUrl = 'https://securesso.ieee.org/ieeevendorsso/rest/auth/validatePFToken?_=' + (+ new Date()); function getCookie(name) { const value = `; ${document.cookie}`; const parts = value.split(`; ${name}=`); if (parts.length === 2) return parts.pop().split(';').shift(); } fetch(ssoValidatorUrl, { method: 'GET', mode: 'cors', credentials: 'include', }).then(function (response) { // The API call was successful! if (response.ok) { response.json().then(function(result) { if (typeof result == 'object' && result.cookieValid && getCookie('user_logged_in') !== "1") { //SSO console.log('we should be logged in, redirect to SSO iDP'); //window.location.href = 'https://spectrumtest.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=' + window.location.href; window.location.href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); } else if (typeof result == 'object' && !result.cookieValid) { //SLO console.log('we should be logged out, remove cookie and do not show user'); //document.cookie = "sessionid= ; expires = Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"; } }); } else { return Promise.reject(response); } }).then(function (data) { // This is the JSON from our response console.log(data); }).catch(function (err) { // There was an error console.warn('Something went wrong.', err); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function changeDateFormat(widget){ var dates_toChange=widget.querySelectorAll('.widget .social-date__text:not(.processed),.widget .social-date-modified__text:not(.processed)'); if(dates_toChange){ dates_toChange.forEach(function(date) { if(!date.innerHTML.trim()==""){ date.classList.add('processed') var date_string=date.innerHTML.toString(); var slpit_dateText=date_string.split(" "); if(slpit_dateText.length==1){ let plural=true; if(slpit_dateText[0].length==2){ if(slpit_dateText[0].charAt(0)=="1"){ plural=false; } } let modifier=plural ? 'hours ago':'hour ago'; if(slpit_dateText[0].substr(-1)=='m'){ modifier=plural ? 'minutes ago':'minute ago'; } if(slpit_dateText[0].substr(-1)=='s'){ modifier=plural ? 'seconds ago':'second ago'; } var new_dateText=slpit_dateText[0].slice(0,-1); date.innerHTML= new_dateText+" "+ modifier; date.classList.add("modified"); } } }); } } _createElementChangeListener= function (selector, callback) { const initializedNodes = new Set([]); document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((node) => { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); }); const mutationObserver = new MutationObserver(() => { const nodes = document.querySelectorAll(selector); nodes.forEach((node) => { if (!initializedNodes.has(node)) { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); } }); }); mutationObserver.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, }); } _createElementChangeListener(".widget",changeDateFormat); });</script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-active" type="text"> window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function bootRpm(){ const INTERNAL_CLASS_PREFIXES = ["tag-", "post-section-", "rm-fl-"]; function filterOutNoisyClassNames(className) { function doesClassNameStartWithPrefix(badPrefix) { return className.indexOf(badPrefix) === 0; } return !INTERNAL_CLASS_PREFIXES.some(doesClassNameStartWithPrefix); } function signatureMaker(id, tagName, classList) { const cleanClassList = classList.filter(filterOutNoisyClassNames).sort(); return [id, tagName, cleanClassList]; } window.__rpmOptions = window.__rpmOptions || { lcpTrackerOptions: { signatureMaker: signatureMaker, }, clsTrackerOptions: { signatureMaker: signatureMaker, }, }; window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://www.rebelmouse.com/pharos/client/v1/mjs/web.mjs", function(){}) }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ localStorage.setItem("userMembershipStatus", 'anonymous'); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5WJB5X2'); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("//app-ab24.marketo.com/js/forms2/js/forms2.min.js", function() { }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://s3.amazonaws.com/ieee-mkto-cross-domain/enterprise-page-code.js", function() { }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let favoritProBook = new FontFace("Favorit-Pro-Book", "url(https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Book.woff2)", { style: 'normal' }); favoritProBook.load().then(function() { document.fonts.add(favoritProBook); }); let telegrafFont = new FontFace("Telegraf", "url(https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/Telegraf/Telegraf-UltraBold-800.otf)", { style: 'normal' }); telegrafFont.load().then(function() { document.fonts.add(telegrafFont); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ document.querySelector(".access_links .list__item").href = "https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum"; }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ /* add tracking links */ const announcementsLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.announcement-bar .text-element > a, .announcement-bar .formatted-text > a'); for (const links of announcementsLinks) { links.classList.add('announcement-link'); } /* if close announcement bar, don't show again for same session */ function anbarclosedFunc() { sessionStorage.setItem('anbarclose',true); } document.querySelector(".button-learn-more-ebook").addEventListener("click",anbarclosedFunc); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ document.querySelector('.button-view').addEventListener('click', function() { PARSELY.conversions.trackLinkClick('Announcement Bar Invention - View Clicked'); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ const cookieButton = document.querySelectorAll('a[rel="cookie-preferences"]'); for (let i = 0; i < cookieButton.length; i++) { cookieButton[i].addEventListener('click', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); Osano.cm.showDrawer('osano-cm-dom-info-dialog-open') }); } }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function otherPopupsNotOpen() { if (document.querySelector('.gated-popup--shown') == null && document.querySelector('.stop-scrolling') == null) return true; else return false; } function showLightBox() { return document.querySelector('.lightbox-popup').classList.add('lightbox-popup--shown'); } function trackClicks() { const titleLinks = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('a')); const handler = function() { if (sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) + 1); } titleLinks.map(item => item.addEventListener('click', handler)); } function countClicks() { if (sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) { if (parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) == 3) { if (otherPopupsNotOpen()) { showLightBox(); updateSigninButtons(); } else sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) - 1); } } else { sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", 0); } trackClicks(); } setTimeout(countClicks, 1000); var popupLightBoxElement=document.querySelector('.lightbox-popup'), closeLightbox, lightboxCloseBtn = '.js--close-lightbox', lightboxShownClass = 'lightbox-popup--shown'; closeLightbox = function () { popupLightBoxElement.parentNode.removeChild(popupLightBoxElement); }; document.querySelector(lightboxCloseBtn).onclick = closeLightbox; function setCookie() { var now = new Date(); now.setTime(now.getTime() + 72 * 3600 * 1000); var expires = "pop_expires="+now; document.cookie = expires + ";path=/"; } function checkCookie() { var today = new Date(); var cookieset = document.cookie.split(';'); var value_expires = ""; cookieset.forEach((e) => { if(e.includes("pop_expires")) { value_expires = e; } }) var time_expire = new Date(value_expires.split("=")[1]); if(today <= time_expire){ return false; }else{ return true; } } var checkPage = true; if(window.location.href.indexOf("the-great-ai-reckoning") > -1) { //console.log("AI Special Report"); checkPage = false; } function updateSigninButtons() { document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.signin_button .list__item")[0].href = "https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum"; document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.signin_button .list__item")[1].href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); } function checkPopup() { var checkClickCount = true; if (sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) { if (parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) > 2) checkClickCount = false; } if (checkCookie() && checkPage && otherPopupsNotOpen() && checkClickCount) { popupLightBoxElement.classList.add(lightboxShownClass); setCookie(); sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", 4); updateSigninButtons(); } } setTimeout(checkPopup, 15000); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener(".widget", (el) => { addPopSave(); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ document.querySelector('.ebook_button_nonmember').addEventListener('click', function() { PARSELY.conversions.trackLinkClick('140th Anniversary Book - Module - Logged-out User'); console.log('140th Anniversary Book - Logged-out User'); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener(".sections-container", function onElementHasRendered(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.rebelSlider({ selector: '.sections-container', dots: true, slidesToShow: 3, slidesToScroll: 1, nextArrow: '<span class="section-slider_next"></span>', prevArrow: '<span class="section-slider_prev"></span>', responsive: [{ breakpoint: 768, settings: { slidesToShow: 1, slidesToScroll: 1 } }] }); }); });</script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-lowest" type="text"> window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let page_section = "559809288" if(page_section === "2267441711"){ } else { window.RM_AD_LOADER.push({ options: { threshold: 500, }, staticSelectors: [], dynamicSelectors: [], dependencies: ["https://htlbid.com/v3/spectrum.ieee.org/rblbid.js"], onDependanciesLoaded: function() { window.rblbid = window.rblbid || {}; rblbid.cmd = rblbid.cmd || []; rblbid.cmd.push(function() { rblbid.layout('universal'); rblbid.setTargeting("is_testing", "no"); rblbid.setTargeting("is_home", "no"); rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_page_type", "section"); rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_category", window.category); }); }, onInit: function() { }, }); } }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function menuClick() { document.getElementsByClassName('huge-menu')[0].style.display = 'block'; document.getElementsByClassName('hambg-btn')[0].classList.add('js--active'); document.body.classList.add("huge-menu-opened"); document.body.classList.remove("menu-opened"); } function close(){ document.getElementsByClassName('huge-menu')[0].style.display = 'none'; document.getElementsByClassName('hambg-btn')[0].classList.remove('js--active'); document.body.classList.remove("huge-menu-opened"); document.body.classList.remove("menu-opened"); } function addMenuClickListener() { var rebelMenu_first = document.getElementsByClassName('rebelbar__menu-toggle')[0]; var rebelMenu_second = document.getElementsByClassName('rebelbar__menu-toggle')[1]; var menuClose = document.getElementsByClassName('hm__close')[0]; rebelMenu_first.addEventListener('click', menuClick); rebelMenu_second.addEventListener('click', menuClick); menuClose.addEventListener('click', close); } addMenuClickListener(); }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function createIdleScrollListener(callback) { let ticking = false; return function onScrollIdle() { if (ticking) { return; } ticking = true; requestAnimationFrame(function A() { callback(); ticking = false; }); }; } var stickyEl = document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky'); var startPosition = stickyEl.offsetTop; var darkTopbarHeight = document.querySelector('.topbar .dark_top_bar').offsetHeight; var currentPosition; stickyEl.style.height = stickyEl.offsetHeight + 'px'; document.addEventListener("scroll", createIdleScrollListener(function B() { currentPosition = stickyEl.getBoundingClientRect().top + darkTopbarHeight; if( currentPosition < startPosition ) { if( !stickyEl.classList.contains('active') ) { stickyEl.classList.add('active'); } } else { if( stickyEl.classList.contains('active') ) { stickyEl.classList.remove('active'); } } })); }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ var section = window.location.pathname; document.querySelector(".menu-dropdown").querySelector(".list").querySelector(".list__item[href*='"+section+"']").classList.add("active"); document.querySelector(".top-menu").querySelector(".list").querySelector(".list__item[href*='"+section+"']").classList.add("active"); }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let scnt=1; let options = { // threshhold for intersection observer, so it triggers before or after element in viewport dependinng upon value rootMargin: '0px 0px 400px 0px' } function handleIntersection(entries) { entries.map((entry) => { if (entry.isIntersecting) { if(!entry.target.classList.contains('sidebar_sticky_parent')){ processAd(entry.target) //your call back here with the element that is intersected or in viewport } else { sidebar_ad_repeat(entry.target) } observer.unobserve(entry.target); // if you want to run it only once unobserve it } }); } window.IcreateElementChangeListener=function(selector, callback) { // look for elements that are injected later in the page. const initializedNodes = new Set([]); document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((node) => { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); }); const mutationObserver = new MutationObserver(() => { const nodes = document.querySelectorAll(selector); nodes.forEach((node) => { if (!initializedNodes.has(node)) { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); } }); }); mutationObserver.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, }); } const observer = new IntersectionObserver(handleIntersection,options); IcreateElementChangeListener(".sidebar_sticky_parent",function(item){ //looks for item in the dom even if they are lazy laoded observer.observe(item); // observe item }) function sidebar_ad_repeat(sidebar_div){ let ad_id="ieee_sidebar_"+scnt; rblbid.cmd.push(function() { sidebar_div.querySelector(".sidebar_repeat_ad").id=ad_id; sidebar_div.style.height="1800px"; scnt++; sidebar_div.insertAdjacentHTML('afterend','<div class="sidebar_sticky_parent"><div class="stick_in_parent"><div class="sidebar_repeat_ad rblad-ieee_sidebar"></div></div></div>') }); } });</script></body></html>