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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Field of applied psychology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0;padding:0.8em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/100px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/150px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/200px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subfields_of_psychology" title="Subfields of psychology">Subfields</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" title="Basic science (psychology)">Basic psychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">Affective science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_psychology" title="Theoretical psychology">Theoretical</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied psychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li>Coaching</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Research methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" title="List of psychological schools">Schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" title="Timeline of psychology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" title="Index of psychology articles">Topics</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychology_sidebar" title="Template:Psychology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychology_sidebar" title="Template talk:Psychology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Coaching psychology</b> is a field of <a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">applied psychology</a> that applies <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> theories and concepts to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Coaching" title="Coaching">coaching</a>. Its aim is to increase performance, <a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">self-actualization</a>, achievement and <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a> in individuals, teams and organisations by utilising evidence-based methods grounded in scientific research.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coaching psychology is influenced by theories in various psychological fields, such as <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">humanistic psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">positive psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Learning_theory_(education)" title="Learning theory (education)">learning theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>. </p><p>Coaching psychology formally began as psychological sub-discipline in 2000 when the first "coaching psychology" course was offered at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>. Since then, <a href="/wiki/Learned_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Learned societies">learned societies</a> dedicated to coaching psychology have been formed, and peer-reviewed journals publish research in coaching psychology. Applications of coaching psychology range from <a href="/wiki/Coach_(sport)" title="Coach (sport)">athletic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">educational</a> coaching to <a href="/wiki/Leadership_development" title="Leadership development">leadership</a> and corporate coaching. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early applications of psychological theory and practice to coaching (in particular, athletic coaching) can be traced to the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926, <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Griffith" title="Coleman Griffith">Coleman Griffith</a> published <i>The Psychology of Coaching: A Study of Coaching Methods in the Point of View of Psychology.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:22_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on observations of <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> teams, Griffith discussed a wide variety of aspects of coaching, such as spectator effects, over-coaching problems, principles of learning.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Griffith has been noted as "<a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology#Coleman_Griffith:_"America's_first_sport_psychologist"" title="Sport psychology">America's first sport psychologist</a>" and a pioneer applying the science of psychology to coaching.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later, more texts on coaching psychology began to emerge. In 1951, <a href="/wiki/John_Lawther" title="John Lawther">John Lawther</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Penn State University</a> published <i>Psychology of Coaching</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest book in <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> with the term "coaching psychology" in the title is <i>Modern Coaching Psychology</i> by Curtiss Gaylord, published in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite these early developments, contemporary coaching psychology was only formally established at the beginning of the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2000, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Grant_(footballer,_born_1987)" title="Anthony Grant (footballer, born 1987)">Anthony Grant</a> implemented the first "coaching psychology" unit of study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a> and his doctoral dissertation set the stage for further research to establish the field of coaching psychology as an evidence-based discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many coaching psychologists consider Grant as a pioneer in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Psychological_Society_(APS)_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Australian_Psychological_Society_%28APS%29_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="105" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="105" /></a><figcaption>The logo of the Australian Psychological Society (APS), which founded the Interest Group in Coaching Psychology (IGCP).</figcaption></figure> <p>Further development began in 2006 when the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Psychological_Society" title="Australian Psychological Society">Australian Psychological Society</a> (APS) held a conference that founded the Interest Group in Coaching Psychology (IGCP). Outside Australia, Stephen Palmer of the <a href="/wiki/British_Psychological_Society" title="British Psychological Society">British Psychological Society</a> (BPS) formed the Special Group in Coaching Psychology (SGCP).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the IGCP and the SGCP aimed to further develop the profession of coaching psychology in terms of theory and application by providing a platform for sharing relevant research and experiences among coaching psychologists.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the establishment of the IGCP and SGCP, more international societies dedicated to coaching psychology have been established in Europe, the Middle East and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 18, 2006, the International Society for Coaching Psychology (ISCP) was founded in order to promote the international development of the field.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, there are a number of peer-reviewed journals dedicated to literature and research on coaching psychology. For instance, <i>The Coaching Psychologist</i> (since 2005) is provided by the SGCP.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IGCP and IGCP jointly publish the <i>International Coaching Psychology Review</i> (since 2006).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Coaching Psychology International</i> (since 2009) is published by International Society of Coaching Psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_influences">Theoretical influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theoretical influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanistic_psychology">Humanistic psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Humanistic psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic Psychology">Humanistic Psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Person-centered_therapy" title="Person-centered therapy">Person-centered therapy</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">humanistic approach</a> to psychology is regarded as a large contributor to coaching psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both humanistic and coaching psychology share the common view of the human as <i><a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">self-actualising</a></i>. That is, whenever given the opportunity, humans will seize the capacity to improve themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coaching psychology looks at this development as a process consisting of concrete positive changes in one's life. Furthermore, this process of growth is undertaken by both the client and the coach who <a href="/wiki/Actualizing_tendency" title="Actualizing tendency">facilitates self-actualisation</a> in their clients.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a>' <a href="/wiki/Person-centered_therapy" title="Person-centered therapy">person-centered therapy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_relationship" title="Therapeutic relationship">client-therapist relationship</a> is a key element in facilitating growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the relationship between the coach (the facilitator) and the client (the learner) is crucial.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Rogers identified three key qualities in a good coach-client relationship: "realness" (genuineness), trust, and <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathetic</a> understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, an important distinction is made between working <i>on</i> the client and working <i>with</i> the client. A coach must be willing to collaborate and actively engage with the client in order to understand their experiences and make choices that promote <a href="/wiki/Personal_development" title="Personal development">growth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this is achieved, the coach-client relationship becomes an <i>active partnership</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, according to Rogers, growth in a client is attained through <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_positive_regard" title="Unconditional positive regard">unconditional positive regard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coaches must empathise with their clients in order to understand their experiences and viewpoints.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To achieve this, the coach must be able to understand their clients not only on an intellectual level, but also on an emotional level.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with empathy, coaches must be able to accept their clients for who they really are since individuals need to feel valued for their "<a href="/wiki/True_self_and_false_self" title="True self and false self">true selves</a>" in order to self-actualise.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive_psychology">Positive psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Positive psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_(1)cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg/259px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg/389px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg/518px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>Martin Seligman is a psychologist who studies positive psychology.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a> (developed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a> and others) dwells on the positive aspects of human characteristics such as strength and competency.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its core, coaching psychology shares this focus; effective coaching entails improving the performance and <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a> of the client.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Positive psychology thus provides a foundation for coaching.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coaching psychology has been considered a type of applied positive psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Positive emotions motivate individuals to enhance their abilities and competencies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Broaden-and-build" title="Broaden-and-build">broaden-and-build</a> theory by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Fredrickson" title="Barbara Fredrickson">Barbara Fredrickson</a> posits that positive emotions can play a role in sparking not just <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>, but also actions that are productive and beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In coaching, encouraging positive emotions is emphasised in order to inspire clients to take concrete action towards their goals.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from emotions, full engagement in activity is also a factor in maximising one's performance.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mihaly_Csikszentmihalyi" title="Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi">Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi</a> described this level of maximal involvement in a task as <a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">flow</a>. In other words, individuals experiencing flow are "in the zone".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coaches play a role in setting an environment that induces flow. This can be achieved through clear and consistent goal-setting.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Providing clear and immediate feedback also keeps the client informed about whether their actions are helping achieve their goals.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coaches also help strike a balance between challenge and skills as tasks that are too easy or too difficult for the client may hinder goal-achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories_of_learning">Theories of learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theories of learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_learning_theory" title="Social learning theory">Social learning theory</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">Operant conditioning</a> (as described by <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a>) views learning as a process involving <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement" title="Reinforcement">reinforcement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coaches are encouraged to always reinforce healthy and productive behaviours through verbal reinforcement, such as motivational words and images.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intrinsic reinforcement (i.e. reinforcement from within the individual) can also play a huge role in improving performance and encouraging goal-directed action.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though punishment can direct clients towards desired behaviours, performance may be hindered by unwarranted side effects, such as anxiety and resentment towards the coach.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_A._Kolb" title="David A. Kolb">David A. Kolb</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kolb%27s_experiential_learning" title="Kolb's experiential learning">experiential learning theory</a> posits that individuals learn through their experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experiential learning is facilitated by self-reflection, self-assessment and action.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coaches can encourage critical self-reflection of experiences through "coaching logs" wherein coachees analyse their thoughts and emotions in various incidents and circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This helps clients examine and challenge their own beliefs, attitudes and behaviours.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insight gained from this aids in <a href="/wiki/Transformative_learning" title="Transformative learning">transformative learning</a> where trainees develop an action plan for further self-improvement and increased performance based on their own experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zone_of_proximal_development.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zone_of_proximal_development.svg/253px-Zone_of_proximal_development.svg.png" decoding="async" width="253" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zone_of_proximal_development.svg/380px-Zone_of_proximal_development.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zone_of_proximal_development.svg/506px-Zone_of_proximal_development.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>The Zone of Proximal Development is located between what the learner can easily do and cannot do.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Lev Vygotsky</a> described the <a href="/wiki/Zone_of_proximal_development" title="Zone of proximal development">zone of proximal development</a> (ZPD) as a space between what a person knows (an action that can be performed easily) and what a person doesn't know (what is considered difficult).<sup id="cite_ref-:13_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vygotsky theorised that learning is most effective within this zone.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coaches facilitate effective learning by providing coachees with activities within the ZPD, which are neither too easy nor too challenging (this is a process called <a href="/wiki/Instructional_scaffolding" title="Instructional scaffolding">scaffolding</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:13_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Social_learning_theory" title="Social learning theory">Social learning theory</a> also influenced coaching psychology. According to <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Observational_learning" title="Observational learning">observational learning</a> occurs when individuals learn from the people around them (called <a href="/wiki/Modeling_(psychology)" title="Modeling (psychology)">models</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coaches should be aware of their coachee's models as this can shape their attitudes and behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, coaches should assess factors affecting observational learning in their trainees, such as attention and the frequency of the observed behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_influences">Other influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">Psychopathology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt theory</a> explains that people perceive events around us in a way that conforms to their personal ideas, beliefs and experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coachees must be guided in their awareness of their own attitudes and experiences, which shape their perception of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concepts in <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_influence" title="Interpersonal influence">interpersonal influence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compliance_(psychology)" title="Compliance (psychology)">compliance</a> emphasise the powerful role that social interactions play in shaping thinking, performance, and behaviour in coachees.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a> assists coaches in facilitating growth and learning in clients from various cultural backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Study of <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathology</a> may also be important in developing the proper methods of coaching for mentally unhealthy individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models">Models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coaching psychology has a large number of models and frameworks derived from psychological theories and evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These models are used in order to guide the practice of coaching psychology and to ensure that coaching is informed by scientifically-proven concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GROW">GROW</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: GROW"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GROW_model" title="GROW model">GROW model</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/GROW_model" title="GROW model">GROW model</a> is considered one of the most popular behavioural coaching models.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its four stages outline the process of problem-solving, goal-setting and improvement of performance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of each stage varies slightly depending on the source. This model has also been expanded upon with the inclusion of TGROW and GROWTH frameworks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PRACTICE">PRACTICE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: PRACTICE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stephen Palmer developed the PRACTICE model as a guide to problem-solving and solution-seeking.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issues are identified during first stage is <b>P</b>roblem identification.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next, <b>R</b>ealistic goals are developed with regards to the issues.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, <b>A</b>lternate solutions that work towards the goals are brainstormed.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possible outcomes of the solutions are then critically evaluated during the <b>C</b>onsideration of consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, the best options are chosen during <b>T</b>argeting the most feasible solution(s).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then comes the <b>I</b>mplementation of the <b>C</b>hosen solution(s).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final step is the <b>E</b>valuation where coaches and coachees discuss the effectiveness of the solution and any lessons learned from the experience.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SPACE">SPACE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: SPACE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPACE_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/SPACE_model.png/257px-SPACE_model.png" decoding="async" width="257" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/SPACE_model.png/386px-SPACE_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/SPACE_model.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>According to the SPACE model, actions are influenced by emotions, physiological reactions, cognitions and social contexts.</figcaption></figure> <p>The SPACE model is a bio-psycho-social framework based on cognitive-behavioural psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its purpose is to guide the coach in assessing and understanding the behaviour of their clients during specific situations.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SPACE is an acronym that stands for <b>S</b>ocial context, <b>P</b>hysiology, <b>A</b>ction, <b>C</b>ognition and <b>E</b>motion.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be further subdivided into smaller frameworks: ACE and PACE. The ACE framework examines the relationships between the action, emotions and cognitions of the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PACE framework then takes the ACE model and considers the physiological or biological response that accompanies cognitions, emotions and behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the main SPACE model takes into account the social context in which the behaviour occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_models">Other models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other approaches such as the ABCDE cognitive model for problem-solving have been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OSKAR, ACHIEVE and POSITIVE models stem from the <a href="/wiki/GROW_model" title="GROW model">GROW model</a> that focuses on goal-setting, solution-seeking, as well as nurturing coaching relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For leadership coaching, LASER (which stands for Learning, Assessing, Story-making, Enabling and Reframing) outlines a five-step process for effective coaching.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_38-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">transtheoretical model</a> of change (developed by <a href="/wiki/James_O._Prochaska" title="James O. Prochaska">James O. Prochaska</a> and others) and <a href="/wiki/Appreciative_inquiry" title="Appreciative inquiry">appreciative inquiry</a> focus on understanding the process of change and encouraging clients to act towards positive change.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coaching_education">Coaching education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Coaching education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Coaching#Applications" title="Coaching">Coaching § Applications</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athlete_coaching">Athlete coaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Athlete coaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coach_(sport)" title="Coach (sport)">Coach (sport)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology#Coaching" title="Sport psychology">Sport psychology § Coaching</a></div> <p>Coaching psychology influences training methods for <a href="/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">athlete development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It aims not only to improve performance in <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sports</a>, but also to <a href="/wiki/Holistic_education" title="Holistic education">develop athletes holistically</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, factors affecting development such as athlete motivation have been studied through cognitive, social and emotional theories.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found that athlete <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a> impacts the effectiveness of performance expectations set by the coach.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical and mental skill enhancement are also studied with <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive-behavioural theories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has shown that effective goal-setting improves performance in sport.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">self-efficacy</a> is also an important factor affecting athlete development.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, coaches are encouraged to increase self-efficacy in athletes through positive feedback and being a model of self-confidence themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even coaches' own beliefs about their skill level in coaching affect the development of self-efficacy in athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_education">In education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coaching psychology can also be applied in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It examines the most effective ways of educating students grounded in psychological theory.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, theories on motivation focus on the effects of self-efficacy and motivation on student performance.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Improving teacher confidence and self-efficacy is also an area of study for coaching psychologists.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coaching psychology also guides students, teachers and staff in effective goal-setting and goal-attainment.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, coaching methods like <a href="/wiki/Co-coaching" title="Co-coaching">reciprocal peer coaching</a> (the process of teachers evaluating each other's performance) are encouraged because they cultivate support and trust among educators.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Co-coaching" title="Co-coaching">Peer coaching</a> in the classroom also provides a collaborative environment for students, which is conducive for learning.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_ethics_and_regulation">Professional ethics and regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Professional ethics and regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coaching#Ethics_and_standards" title="Coaching">Coaching § Ethics and standards</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consulting_psychology" title="Consulting psychology">Consulting psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling psychology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllen2016" class="citation cs2">Allen, Kimberly (2016), Allen, Kimberly (ed.), <i>Theory, Research, and Practical Guidelines for Family Life Coaching</i>, Springer International Publishing, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-29331-8_2">10.1007/978-3-319-29331-8_2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319293318" title="Special:BookSources/9783319293318"><bdi>9783319293318</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory%2C+Research%2C+and+Practical+Guidelines+for+Family+Life+Coaching&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-29331-8_2&rft.isbn=9783319293318&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoaching+psychology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1926" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Coleman (1926). <i>Psychology of Coaching</i>. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology+of+Coaching&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Coleman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoaching+psychology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerWhybrow2007" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Stephen; Whybrow, Alison (2007). <i>Handbook of Coaching Psychology: A Guide for Practitioners</i>. East Sussex: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Coaching+Psychology%3A+A+Guide+for+Practitioners&rft.place=East+Sussex&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Whybrow%2C+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoaching+psychology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2016" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Mark (2016-03-17). "Coaching psychology: an approach to practice for educational psychologists". <i>Educational Psychology in Practice</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 231–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02667363.2016.1152460">10.1080/02667363.2016.1152460</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-7363">0266-7363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Psychology+in+Practice&rft.atitle=Coaching+psychology%3A+an+approach+to+practice+for+educational+psychologists&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=231-244&rft.date=2016-03-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02667363.2016.1152460&rft.issn=0266-7363&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoaching+psychology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawther1951" class="citation book cs1">Lawther, John (1951). <i>Psychology of Coaching</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology+of+Coaching&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Lawther&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoaching+psychology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaylord1967" class="citation book cs1">Gaylord, Elisha Curtiss (1967). <i>Modern Coaching Psychology</i>. Dubuque, Iowa: W. C. Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/969263">969263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Coaching+Psychology&rft.place=Dubuque%2C+Iowa&rft.pub=W.+C.+Brown&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F969263&rft.aulast=Gaylord&rft.aufirst=Elisha+Curtiss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoaching+psychology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> search, 29 September 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, A.M., 2001. Towards a psychology of coaching. 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"Teaching coaches to coach holistically: can Problem-Based Learning (PBL) help?". <i>Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 181–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17408980600708429">10.1080/17408980600708429</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1740-8989">1740-8989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Education+%26+Sport+Pedagogy&rft.atitle=Teaching+coaches+to+coach+holistically%3A+can+Problem-Based+Learning+%28PBL%29+help%3F&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-202&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17408980600708429&rft.issn=1740-8989&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Robyn+L.&rft.au=Turner%2C+Poppy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoaching+psychology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenenbaumEklund2007" class="citation book cs1">Tenenbaum, Gershon; Eklund, Robert (2007). <i>Handbook of Sport Psychology</i>. 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(1995). "Goal Setting in Sport and Exercise: A Research Synthesis to Resolve the Controversy". <i>Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 117–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1123%2Fjsep.17.2.117">10.1123/jsep.17.2.117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sport+%26+Exercise+Psychology&rft.atitle=Goal+Setting+in+Sport+and+Exercise%3A+A+Research+Synthesis+to+Resolve+the+Controversy&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-137&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1123%2Fjsep.17.2.117&rft.aulast=Blaine+Kyllo&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Landers%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoaching+psychology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeltzLirgg2001" class="citation book cs1">Feltz, Deborah; Lirgg, Cathy D. (2001). <i>Handbook of Sport Psychology</i>. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 340–361.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Sport+Psychology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=340-361&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Feltz&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft.au=Lirgg%2C+Cathy+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoaching+psychology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Niewerburgh2012" class="citation book cs1">van Niewerburgh, Christian (2012). <i>Coaching in Education</i>. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780490793" title="Special:BookSources/9781780490793"><bdi>9781780490793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coaching+in+Education&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781780490793&rft.aulast=van+Niewerburgh&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoaching+psychology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hooker, Tracey (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15663%2Fwje.v18i2.166">"Peer coaching: A review of the literature"</a>. <i>Waikato Journal of Education</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 129–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15663%2Fwje.v18i2.166">10.15663/wje.v18i2.166</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Waikato+Journal+of+Education&rft.atitle=Peer+coaching%3A+A+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-139&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15663%2Fwje.v18i2.166&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=Tracey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15663%252Fwje.v18i2.166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoaching+psychology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowersJoyce1996" class="citation journal cs1">Showers, Beverly; Joyce, Bruce (1996). "The Evolution of Peer Coaching". <i>Educational Leadership</i> – via EBSCOhost.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Leadership&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Peer+Coaching&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Showers&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft.au=Joyce%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoaching+psychology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coaching_psychology_societies">Coaching psychology societies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Coaching psychology societies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfcp.net/">International Society for Coaching Psychology (ISCP)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.psychology.org.au/igcp/">Australian Psychological Society Interest Group in Coaching Psychology (APS IGCP)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.org.uk/member-microsites/special-group-coaching-psychology">British Psychological Society Special Group in Coaching Psychology (BPS SGCP)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coachandepsykologer.se/">Swedish Coaching Psychology Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.siopsa.org.za/">Society for Industrial and Organisational Psychology of South Africa Coaching Psychology Special Interest Group (SIOPSA CPSG)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scpitaly.it/">Society for Coaching Psychology Italy (SCP Italy)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iscpresearch.org/">International Centre for Coaching Psychology Research</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coaching_psychology_periodicals">Coaching psychology periodicals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaching_psychology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Coaching psychology periodicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tidsskrift.dk/index.php/cp">Coaching Psychology: The Danish Journal of Coaching Psychology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iscpresearch.org/resources/coaching-psychology-international/">Coaching Psychology International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.org.uk/publications/international-coaching-psychology-review">International Coaching Psychology Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coaching_Psychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coaching Psychologist">The Coaching Psychologist</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coaching-at-work.com/">Coaching at Work</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.selfom.com/">Self-Coaching Practices and Meditations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijebcm.brookes.ac.uk/">The International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching & Mentoring</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112024211/http://ijebcm.brookes.ac.uk/">Archived</a> 2017-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rcoa20/current">Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emeraldgrouppublishing.com/products/journals/journals.htm?id=ijmce">International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_psychology" title="Theoretical psychology">Theoretical</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psi-stylized.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stylized letter psi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/50px-Psi-stylized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/75px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/100px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied <br />psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Methodologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_research" title="Archival research">Archival research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavior epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_psychological_research" title="Qualitative psychological research">Qualitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychological_research" title="Quantitative psychological research">Quantitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-report_inventory" title="Self-report inventory">Self-report inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Statistical surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McClelland" title="David McClelland">David McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus" title="Richard Lazarus">Richard Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Schachter" title="Stanley Schachter">Stanley Schachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zajonc" title="Robert Zajonc">Robert Zajonc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Brown_(psychologist)" title="Roger Brown (psychologist)">Roger Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mischel" title="Walter Mischel">Walter Mischel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Aronson" title="Elliot Aronson">Elliot Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McEwen" title="Bruce McEwen">Bruce McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Squire" title="Larry Squire">Larry Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Nisbett" title="Richard E. Nisbett">Richard E. Nisbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Diener" title="Ed Diener">Ed Diener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_E._Taylor" title="Shelley E. Taylor">Shelley E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">John Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._Kessler" title="Ronald C. Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. LeDoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davidson" title="Richard Davidson">Richard Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Fiske" title="Susan Fiske">Susan Fiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Baumeister" title="Roy Baumeister">Roy Baumeister</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Research methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" title="List of psychological schools">Schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" title="Timeline of psychology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" title="Index of psychology articles">Topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:psychology">Wiktionary definition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:en:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:en:Psychology">Wiktionary category</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Psychology">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Psychology">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Psychology">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Psychology">Wikinews</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Psychology">Wikibooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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