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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Adult education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adult_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adult education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adult_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_and_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Research and scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_and_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-formal_distance_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-formal_distance_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Non-formal distance 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<li id="toc-Creation_of_a_public_school_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_a_public_school_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Creation of a public school system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_a_public_school_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading_and_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading_and_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading and links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading_and_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External 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href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="განათლება მონღოლეთში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="განათლება მონღოლეთში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="モンゴル国の教育 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モンゴル国の教育" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Education_in_Mongolia" title="Special:EditPage/Education in Mongolia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Education+in+Mongolia%22">"Education in Mongolia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Education+in+Mongolia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Education+in+Mongolia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Education+in+Mongolia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Education+in+Mongolia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Education+in+Mongolia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mongolia's education system</b> has undergone colossal changes in the 20th century. The education reforms during communist times were a stark break with traditional education that was often religious and esoteric. These reforms were modeled on <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> education systems and greatly expanded access to education for Mongolian citizens. Among the changes was a transition from the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">traditional Mongolian script</a>, from 1941 to 1946, to the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> alphabet. <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> was greatly expanded as most of the population enjoyed free primary school. However, the move to <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Free markets">free markets</a> in the 1990s has had some negative impacts on education in Mongolia, though these setbacks have been ameliorated some by an improving economy and policy reforms. Many adults benefit from the non-formal <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a> programmes sponsored by the government in conjunction with foreign <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a>. Today education in Mongolia is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_and_Science_(Mongolia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science (Mongolia)">Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science</a>. </p><p>In 2020, the Ministry of Education announced its collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Assessment_International_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Assessment International Education">Cambridge Assessment International Education</a> to reform the secondary education on par with international standards. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_today">Education today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2011, <a href="/w/index.php?title=VSO_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VSO Mongolia (page does not exist)">VSO Mongolia</a> published a report on the education sector which looked at progress, challenges, and future priorities given the current socio-economic changes in Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report, which was launched to commemorate IYV+10 (10th Anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers), showed that there were numerous opportunities presented by the high level of economic growth, which has brought more resources into the sector. However, it showed that as Mongolia emerges onto the world stage, the disparity between rich and poor could leave many marginalized when it comes to benefiting from education. The report argued that the Mongolian government has made an immense effort to develop the education sector at all levels since its transition to democracy with an admirable openness and willingness to progress towards its further development. This was particularly noted in accommodating for Mongolia's unique country characteristics such as the nomadic lifestyle, low population density in remote areas, and striving toward meeting international standards. </p><p>The report also showed that Mongolian people have always valued education over other attributes and have habitually made it their priority to educate their children. Due to these efforts, the findings showed that overall the parents were satisfied with their children’s progress at school. However, there were still many challenges that remain to be tackled. The findings also showed that amongst all stakeholders, there was an overwhelming majority who gave a negative response when asked about the performance of the sector at present; this was in the quality of education (68%), access to education (83%), and the inclusiveness of the system for disadvantaged groups (76%). </p><p>In concluding what VSO Mongolia achieved in its education program over the last 20 years, the report showed that international volunteers have and continue to make a significant impact in the development of the education sector. Stakeholders who took part in this research generally held a positive view of the role and influence of the international volunteers, with 67% of respondents regarding them as having played a crucial role in education. While just over half of respondents had an experience of working with international volunteers, 94% of respondents were willing to work with them in the future. At this stage in Mongolia’s development, the relevance and impact of international volunteering were highlighted when addressing these challenges and future priorities in taking the education sector forward to achieve its ultimate goal of "Education for All." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-school_education">Pre-school education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-school education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mongolia has an extensive, state-financed pre-school education system. There are over 700 state and private kindergartens (name for daycare). During socialist times, every <a href="/wiki/Sums_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sums of Mongolia">sum</a> had at least one nursery school and a kindergarten. Currently, there are only kindergartens that enroll children over the age of 3. In <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, there are some privately run nursery schools and kindergartens; many offer language training, for example, Russian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system for lower-level education in Mongolia has been similar to the one used during communist times, though the government has begun reforms to expand it. The original system included four years of compulsory schooling followed by a further four years of compulsory lower-secondary education. There were then two years of upper-secondary non-compulsory education that either have a vocational, technical, or general education focus.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion began in 2004 with the official school entry age dropping from age 8 to 7. A further expansion was set to take place in 2008 with the entry grade level dropping one more year to age 6. The goal is to have a 12-year 6-4-2 system for primary and secondary education.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2003, there were 688 primary and secondary schools with about 528,000 students and 20,725 teachers. There were 32 vocational and technical training centers with 20,000 students and over 800 teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General education starts at age 6. In 2015, Mongolian children enroll in school at the age of six for 12 years (5-4-3) of education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools">Schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_Laptop_Per_Child_-_Ulaanbaatar,_Mongolia_(by).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/One_Laptop_Per_Child_-_Ulaanbaatar%2C_Mongolia_%28by%29.jpg/250px-One_Laptop_Per_Child_-_Ulaanbaatar%2C_Mongolia_%28by%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/One_Laptop_Per_Child_-_Ulaanbaatar%2C_Mongolia_%28by%29.jpg/375px-One_Laptop_Per_Child_-_Ulaanbaatar%2C_Mongolia_%28by%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/One_Laptop_Per_Child_-_Ulaanbaatar%2C_Mongolia_%28by%29.jpg/500px-One_Laptop_Per_Child_-_Ulaanbaatar%2C_Mongolia_%28by%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>School children in <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As in many post-socialist countries, Mongolia's school system, previously based on the ten-year school, has been shifting towards twelve-year education. The official school entrance age was lowered to six starting in 2008. Compulsory education is nine years. The school year begins on 1 September. </p><p>Schools in sum centers usually have <a href="/wiki/Boarding_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding schools">boarding schools</a> for pupils from the countryside. Many of these sum schools only go to the ninth grade. Pupils who want to complete secondary school have to attend schools in the <a href="/wiki/Aimags_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aimags of Mongolia">aimag</a> centers. </p><p>In Ulaanbaatar and cities like <a href="/wiki/Erdenet" title="Erdenet">Erdenet</a>, there are <a href="/wiki/Private_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Private schools">private schools</a>, though of mixed quality. Ulaanbaatar also has some foreign-language themed public schools, for example for <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. </p><p>In collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Assessment_International_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Assessment International Education">Cambridge Assessment International Education</a>, the Ministry of Education has undergone a major educational reform to match with <a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">international standards</a>. As a result, numerous public and private schools have been established, offering Cambridge Pathway (Primary, Checkpoint, <a href="/wiki/International_General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="International General Certificate of Secondary Education">IGCSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_A-level" class="mw-redirect" title="International A-level">AS and A levels</a>). Currently, there are three public schools with Cambridge programs, providing the opportunity for students nationwide to access international education while experimenting with and implementing the reform. </p><p>According to the ranking of Mongolia's high schools based on university entrance exam results, nine out of ten schools were private (with tuition), while three were Turkish schools.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ulaanbaatar, there are several private secondary schools that have instruction in English and Mongolian, and just a few that have English-only instruction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adult_education">Adult education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adult education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Higher education in Mongolia came with the communist revolution in the early 20th century and was based on a Soviet model. Since its inception the higher education system has seen significant growth to this day. As of 2003 there were 178 colleges and universities, though only 48 of those were public. However, there were 98,031 students at the public universities compared to 31,197 private students, indicating the continued importance of publicly funded higher education in Mongolia. Under communist rule all higher education was provided free of charge. Since the early 1990s, fees have been introduced, though the government offers grants and scholarships.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quality of education in the privately owned institutions is usually perceived as inferior.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are many <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Mongolia" title="List of universities in Mongolia">universities in Mongolia</a>. The most prominent one is the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Mongolia" title="National University of Mongolia">National University of Mongolia</a> in Ulaanbaatar, which was founded in 1942 (as Choybalsan University) with three departments: education, medicine, and veterinary medicine. The faculty was Russian, as was the language of instruction. In 1983 the university's engineering institute and Russian-language teacher training institute became separate establishments, called the Polytechnic Institute and the Institute of Russian Language, respectively. The Polytechnic Institute, with 5,000 students, concentrated on <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>. Mongolian State University, with about 4,000 students, taught <a href="/wiki/Pure_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure science">pure science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>. More than 90 percent of the faculty were Mongolian; teachers also came from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Eastern Europe, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>. Much instruction was in Russian, reflecting the lack of Mongol-language texts in advanced and specialized fields. </p><p>Besides Mongolian State University there were seven other institutions of higher learning: the Institute of Medicine, the Institute of Agriculture, the Institute of Economics, the State Pedagogical Institute, the Polytechnic Institute, the Institute of Russian Language, and the Institute of Physical Culture. In the summer, all students had a work semester, in which they helped with the harvest, formed "shock work" teams for construction projects, or went to work in the Soviet Union or another Com-econ country. In early 1989, the education authorities announced that third-year and fourth-year engineering students would be told which enterprise they would be assigned to after graduation, so that their training could be focused on practical ends in mind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research_and_scholarship">Research and scholarship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Research and scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars suffer from Mongolia’s isolation from the world's knowledge society. Mongolian scholars tend to be dissatisfied with their access to information in general and some are still uncomfortable with online databases. In many cases, university <a href="/wiki/Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries">library</a> resources are underdeveloped and not satisfactory to scholars. Furthermore, it may not be possible for scholars to subscribe to professional journals because of cost and language barriers. The most popular ways for scholars to find information are to borrow articles from colleagues, use a library copy, or get a copy from colleagues abroad. About 83% of scholars use the Internet for research, which is about the same percentage of English speakers. The increasing importance of the Internet in research and global academic exchanges has pushed more scholars to favor English over the language that used to dominate Mongolia's academia, Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science">Science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mongolia has a tradition of respect for knowledge and wisdom. Chinggis Khaan summoned scholars to The Council of Sages, highly respected helping run the state and domestic and foreign policies. Members were ranked according to function; for instance, some had to record the Khaan’s orders or announce them to the people. In 1264, Chinggis’s grandson Khubilai Khaan founded the Institute of Learned Scholars, from which came the concept of the Academy. Here, all the wise with their own tasks and duties were ranked and named. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-formal_distance_education">Non-formal distance education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-formal distance education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> through its <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_and_Science_(Mongolia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science (Mongolia)">Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science</a>, and often in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a> and outside government organizations, has implemented non-formal <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a> programs promoting basic skill development. About 100,000 of Mongolia's 1,200,000 adults are taking part in some form of distance education.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program often uses radio communications to overcome the problem of distance. This is particularly suitable to nomads, since their mobile lifestyles are not conducive to <a href="/wiki/Landline_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Landline telephone">landline communications</a>. The focus of these distance education programs is on rural populations that need more skills than their urban counterparts. The radio classes are conducted using booklets sent to the participants and video instruction at learning centres. They are designed to help adults learn about topics that they might find useful in everyday life. Subjects such as nutrition, first aid, and hygiene are taught to help improve health. Classes ranging from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wool_production&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wool production (page does not exist)">wool production</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cooking</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saddle-making&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saddle-making (page does not exist)">saddle-making</a> are taught as ways to help rural people improve skills and possibly generate income. Likewise, basic business classes on production, accounting, and marketing are taught to improve rural residents' financial situation. There are courses using classic <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy tales">fairy tales</a> to teach <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, and classes on math and current events.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-formal education is one of the only ways for students who dropped out of school to attain a primary school equivalency education. From 2000 to 2004, 28,356 students earned this equivalency through the non-formal programme.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each of Mongolia's 21 <a href="/wiki/Aimag" title="Aimag">aimags</a> has its own Education and Culture Department which administers formal and non-formal education programs within its borders. Each aimag is responsible for developing the content of their programs and implementing them. For non-formal distance education, there are two country-wide programs: "The National Program of Non-Formal Education Development" and the "National Program for Distance Education." Pedagogical training for the instructors is taken care of by the Center for Non-formal Education, which is part of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_and_Science_(Mongolia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science (Mongolia)">Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science (Mongolia)</a>. There is a National Education Inspection Service that monitors the programs, so it is not clear how much control the national-level of the Ministry of Education is compared to the aimag-level.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The non-formal distance education program makes use of "enlightenment centers," often in schools or government offices, to distribute educational materials.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Specific_projects">Specific projects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Specific projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Gobi Nomadic Women's Project</b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Funding_and_support_sources">Funding and support sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Funding and support sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>UNICEF program to help children who drop out from school.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Government of Denmark (funded the Gobi Nomadic Women’s Project)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-modern_times">Pre-modern times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pre-modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Education in Mongolia traditionally was controlled by the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> and was limited to <a href="/wiki/Monks" class="mw-redirect" title="Monks">monks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a> was the language of instruction, the canonical, and liturgical language, and it was used at the lower levels of education. Higher-level education was available in the major monasteries, and often many years were required to complete formal degrees, which included training in logic and debate. With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, which involved extensive pharmacopeia and training in herbal medicines, higher education was esoteric and unworldly. Major monasteries supported four colleges: philosophy, doctrine, and protocol; medicine; mathematics, astrology, and divination; and demonology and demon suppression. In the early 20th century, officials and wealthy families hired tutors for their children. Government offices operated informal apprenticeships that taught the intricacies of written records, standard forms, and accounting. Official Mongolian sources, which tended to depict the prerevolutionary period as one of total backwardness, probably underestimated the level of <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, but it was undoubtedly low. </p><p>The earliest example of public education in Mongolia is a secular school set up by the Buddhist monk and poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazan_Ravjaa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dazan Ravjaa (page does not exist)">Dazan Ravjaa</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Khamar_Monastery" title="Khamar Monastery">Khamar Monastery</a> in the 1820s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1911-1921_period">1911-1921 period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1911-1921 period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secular education began soon after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Manchu Qing</a> authority in 1911. A Mongol-language school under Russian auspices opened in Yihe Huree in 1912; much of the teaching of the 47 pupils was done by Buryat Mongols from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. In the same year, a military school with Russian instructors opened. By 1914 a school teaching <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> to Mongolian children were operating in the capital. Its graduates, in a pattern that was to become familiar, went to cities in Russia for further education. Perhaps in response to the challenge of the few secular schools, monasteries in the 1920s ran schools for boys who did not have to take monastic vows. Such schools used the Mongol language and the curricula had heavily religious content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_a_public_school_system">Creation of a public school system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Creation of a public school system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Education expanded slowly throughout the 1920s. As late as 1934, when 55 percent of all party members were illiterate, secular state schools enrolled only 2.7 percent of all children between the ages of eight and seventeen, while 13 percent of that age group were in monastic schools. Suppression of the monasteries in 1938 and 1939 closed the monastic schools, and the state schools expanded steadily throughout the 1940s and the 1950s. In 1941 the traditional Mongol script, based on the Uighur script, was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a>. It took from 1941 to 1946—sources differ on the date—to implement the change completely. Mongolian authorities announced that universal adult literacy had been achieved by 1968. A Russian-owned printing shop, opened in Yihe Huree in the early twentieth century, turned out Mongolian translations of Russian novels and political tracts; in 1915 it printed Mongolia's first newspaper, <i>Niysleliyn Hureeniy Sonon Bichig</i> (News of the Capital Huree). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literacy">Literacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mongolia has a high literacy rate, consistently rated around 98%.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For comparison, the World Bank, which supports the above figure, puts Mongolia’s more prosperous neighbor China’s literacy rate at 91%.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongolia benefited from compulsory primary education under the communist regime in the 20th century, continuing in a similar form today.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that 90% of the population speaks <a href="/wiki/Khalka" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalka">Khalka</a> Mongolian as their primary language may help literacy in that resources can be largely focused on one language.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongolian government's non-formal distance education programs also provide opportunities for citizens to learn to read and write.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mongolian literacy has its start near the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Empire">Mongolian Empire</a> in 1204 when <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghur</a> scribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar-Tonga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatar-Tonga (page does not exist)">Tatar-Tonga</a> to create what became the traditional <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a>, or "Mongol Bichig."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically most of the Mongolian population could not read. As late as 1934, 55% of communist party members were illiterate.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primary education has experienced some turbulence with the rise of free markets and increasing urbanization. As more families move to the cities urban schools are suffering from overcrowding while rural schools suffer from low attendance. After the communist regime stepped down and free markets were introduced, the Mongolian education system was reformed through decentralization and handing control over to local provincial governments. Before this, the government highly subsidized education, with education spending, consuming 27% of the budget in 1985<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (by 1999 this number dropped below 15% of the total budget).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every child, no matter how rural, could go to well-equipped schools that had some of the lowest student-to-teacher ratios in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This situation changed when the privatization of herds and the economic downturn of the 1990s put pressure on the financial stability of families and strained school budgets. This led to an increasing number of children being taken from school and put to work helping their families. The introduction of capitalism led 36.3% of the Mongolian population below the poverty line by 1995. At one point more than 15% of rural children were being put to work herding every year, and over 8% of urban children were working in cities rather than attending school. Some herders questioned the need for education if their children were only going to be tending flocks. The dropout phenomenon was exacerbated by the fact that many children needed to attend distant boarding schools. At one point these schools implemented a "Meat Requirement" to help cover the cost of feeding students. A family had to pay 70  kg of meat per child a year. The "Meat Requirement" was in essence a school fee that some families could not afford; it has since been rescinded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Many statistics with no evidence. Especially suspicious when supporting what is potentially opinion (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Boys suffered the most from the dropout rates because they were more likely to be needed tending herds and were often seen as problem students. Fortunately, primary education in Mongolia has largely rebounded and school dropout rates are decreasing. However, the quick growth of dropouts during the economically turbulent 1990s illustrates how fragile access to education can be in Mongolia. And while legal safeguards guarantee eight years of primary education, there is no way to enforce these laws.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/"><i>Country Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcountry-studies%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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Retrieved 24 June 2008.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930061510/http://www.mongoliacenter.org/docs/library/information.needs.mongolia.pdf">Archived</a> 30 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Del Rosario, Mercedes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002501/01/DropOut_eng.pdf">"Mongolian Dropout Study."</a> Mongolian Education Alliance Ulaanbataar, Mongolia, 2005. Retrieved 9 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/17/0d/c9.pdf">Robinson, Bernadette. "In the Green Desert: Non-Formal Distance Education Project for Women in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia." Education for All: Making it Work Innovation Series, 12. UNESCO, Paris, France (1997) 1-41.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Del Rosario, Mercedes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002501/01/DropOut_eng.pdf">"Mongolian Dropout Study."</a> Mongolian Education Alliance Ulaanbataar, Mongolia, 2005. Retrieved 9 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Del Rosario, Mercedes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002501/01/DropOut_eng.pdf">"Mongolian Dropout Study."</a> Mongolian Education Alliance Ulaanbataar, Mongolia, 2005. Retrieved 9 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, Clinton and Otgonbayar, Chultem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001448/144849e.pdf">"Surch Amidarya: Learning for Life Non-formal Basic Distance Education in Mongolia Impact Evaluation."</a> United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, New York, 2003. Retrieved 9 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/childfamily/index_23626.html">"Mongolia: Fostering Partnerships with Parents."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116043008/https://www.unicef.org/childfamily/index_23626.html">Archived</a> 16 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> UNICEF, 2004. Retrieved 9 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danzanravjaa.org/">"Biography." <i>Danzan Ravjaa: The Heritage of the "Terrible Noble Saint of the Gobi."</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917034854/http://danzanravjaa.org/">Archived</a> 17 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Danzanravjaa.org, no date. Retrieved 27 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1171296190619/3445877-1172014191219/MNG.PDF">"Mongolia" World Bank Education at a Glance.</a> No date. World Bank. 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Mongolian Education Alliance Ulaanbataar, Mongolia, 2005.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/">"Mongolia" Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. Retrieved 7 May 2008.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accu.or.jp/litdbase/literacy/lrc/mng.htm">Literacy Resource Centre of Mongolia (LRCM). National Centre for Non-Formal and Distance Education (NFDE). Retrieved 12 June 2008.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127130619/http://www.nfde.mn/index.php?lang=mn">"(Mongolian site) National Centre for Non Formal and Distance Education. Retrieved 12 June 2008"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfde.mn/index.php?lang=mn">the original</a> on 27 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28Mongolian+site%29+National+Centre+for+Non+Formal+and+Distance+Education.+Retrieved+12+June+2008.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfde.mn%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Dmn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/mongolian.htm">Omniglot, "Writing Systems and Languages of the World." Omniglot.com. Retrieved 12 June 2008.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/49.htm">Worden, Robert L., and Savada, Andrea Matles, editors. "Education" in <i>Mongolia: A Country Study.</i> Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1989. Retrieved 3 July 2008.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/49.htm">Worden, Robert L., and Savada, Andrea Matles, editors. "Education" in <i>Mongolia: A Country Study.</i> Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1989. Retrieved 3 July 2008.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711164702/http://www.tc.columbia.edu/cice/Archives/3.2/32weidman.pdf">"Weidman, John C. "Developing the Mongolia Education Sector Strategy 2000-2005: Reflections of a Consultant for the Asian Development Bank." Current Issues in Comparative Education, 2001. Retrieved 3 July 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tc.columbia.edu/CICE/Archives/3.2/32weidman.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weidman%2C+John+C.+%22Developing+the+Mongolia+Education+Sector+Strategy+2000-2005%3A+Reflections+of+a+Consultant+for+the+Asian+Development+Bank.%22+Current+Issues+in+Comparative+Education%2C+2001.+Retrieved+3+July+2008.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tc.columbia.edu%2FCICE%2FArchives%2F3.2%2F32weidman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Mongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130616110504/http://www.adb.org/features/education-all?ref=countries/mongolia/features">"Mongolia: Education for All." Asian Development Bank, 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2013.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00002501/01/DropOut_eng.pdf">Del Rosario, Mercedes. "Mongolian Dropout Study." Mongolian Education Alliance, Ulaanbataar, Mongolia, 2005. Retrieved 3 July 2008.</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading_and_links">Further reading and links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading and links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928135228/http://www.hrusa.org/workshops/HREWorkshops/usa/MongoliaSurvey.htm">Choijoo, Altangerel. "Mongolia Teacher Training Survey." Global Strategic Planning Meeting on Teacher Training in Human Rights Education, June 2005. Accessed from the University of Minnesota Human Rights Library, 9 July 2008.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en/access-by-country/asia-and-the-pacific/mongolia.html">Mongolia Dossiers. UNESCO International Bureau of Education. Retrieved 3 July 2008.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711164702/http://www.tc.columbia.edu/cice/Archives/3.2/32weidman.pdf">Developing the Mongolia Education Sector Strategy 2000-2005. John C. Weidman, 2001. Current Issues in Comparative Education. Retrieved 3 July 2008.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917201408/http://www.wes.org/ewenr/03july/Practical.htm">Education in Mongolia. World Education News and Reviews, 2003. Retrieved 3 July 2008.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/iau/onlinedatabases/index.html">Higher Education Systems. International Association of Universities online database. Retrieved 3 July 2008.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903051041/http://www.gse.buffalo.edu/org/IntHigherEdFinance/mongolia.pdf">Mongolia. Okhidoi Otgonjargal, 2003. The International Comparative Higher Education Finance and Accessibility Project. Retrieved 3 July 2008.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100719123026/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/newsletter/News15/text13.html">Mongolian Higher Education in Transition. John. C. Weidman, 1999. International Higher Education. Retrieved 3 July 2008.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928045437/http://www.wes.org/ewenr/03july/Feature.htm">The Changing Structure of Higher Education in Mongolia. World Education News and Reviews, July 2003. Retrieved 3 July 2008.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nt5.scbbs.com/cgi-bin/om_isapi.dll?clientID=104459918&depth=3&infobase=iwde.nfo&record={7D9588FF}&softpage=PL_frame">Mongolia entry in World Data on Education website: International Bureau of Education – United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (IBE-UNESCO). Retrieved 3 July 2008.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eldis.org/fulltext/disted.pdf">Robinson, B. (1995). Mongolia in transition: a role for distance education. Open Learning, 10, 3-14. Retrieved 7 July 2008.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926214015/http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp/wp126.pdf">Krätli, Saverio. Education Provision to Nomadic Pastoralists: A Literature Review. Brighton, U.K.: Institute of Development Studies, 2001. 84 p. Retrieved 5 July 2008.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130616110504/http://www.adb.org/features/education-all?ref=countries/mongolia/features">"Education for All." Asian Development Bank. Adb.org, 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2013.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwwords.co.uk/pdf/viewpdf.asp?j=eerj&vol=4&issue=1&year=2005&article=3_Steiner-Khamsi_EERJ_4_1_web&id=76.201.150.185">Steiner-Khamsi and Stolpe (2005). Non-Traveling "Best Practices" for a Traveling Population: The Case of Nomadic Education in Mongolia. European Educational Research Journal. Retrieved 9 July 2008.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in English and Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100906082132/http://www.mecs.gov.mn/english.html">Official website Ministry of Education, Culture and Science</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English and Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610095704/http://www.msue.edu.mn/en/news.php">Official website Mongolian State University of Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917201408/http://www.wes.org/ewenr/03july/Practical.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20080917201408/http://www.wes.org/ewenr/03july/Practical.htm</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.vsointernational.org/Images/mongolian-education-sector_tcm76-32635.pdf">http://www.vsointernational.org/Images/mongolian-education-sector_tcm76-32635.pdf</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.un-mongolia.mn/web/news300611.html">http://www.un-mongolia.mn/web/news300611.html</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Mongolian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.un-mongolia.mn/web/news300611mon.html">http://www.un-mongolia.mn/web/news300611mon.html</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.undp.mn/news300611.html">http://www.undp.mn/news300611.html</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110107045405/http://www.cmuc.edu.mn/cmuc_m2.htm">Consortium of Mongolian Universities and Colleges website. Retrieved 3 July 2008.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081104163438/http://www.accmon.mn/english/5.htm">Mongolian National Council for Higher Education Accreditation website. Retrieved 3 July 2008.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212162956/http://mongolianembassy.us/eng_about_mongolia/education.php">Mongolian embassy to the U.S. Education website. Retrieved 3 July 2008.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003093434/http://educationusa.state.gov/centers/index.cfm?region=EA#MONGOLIA">Education USA Mongolia Centers. Retrieved 3 July 2008.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124083220/http://portal.unesco.org/geography/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D2412%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">UNESCO in Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_Asia" title="Template:Education in Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_Asia" title="Template talk:Education in Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bahrain" title="Education in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brunei" title="Education in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Education in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Laos" title="Education in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Maldives" title="Education in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Oman" title="Education in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tajikistan" title="Education in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkmenistan" title="Education in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Education in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Education in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Education in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Macau" title="Education in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongolia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongolia_topics" title="Template:Mongolia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongolia_topics" title="Template talk:Mongolia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongolia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongolia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongolia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mongolia-related_articles" title="Index of Mongolia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongolian_history" title="Timeline of Mongolian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Mongolia" title="Prehistoric Mongolia">Prehistoric Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Medieval tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Oirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Oirat">Four Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Chinese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Soviet intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">1921 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">1990 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Mongolia" title="History of modern Mongolia">Modern Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Mongolia" title="Emblem of Mongolia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/100px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/150px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/200px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1355" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Mongolia" title="Template:Borders of Mongolia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mongolia" title="List of cities in Mongolia">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cities_and_towns_of_Mongolia" title="List of historical cities and towns of Mongolia">Historical cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mongolia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mongolia" title="Environmental issues in Mongolia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Mongolia" title="Category:Fauna of Mongolia">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Mongolia" title="List of birds of Mongolia">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Mongolia" title="List of mammals of Mongolia">Mammals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Mongolia" title="Category:Flora of Mongolia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian%E2%80%93Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian–Manchurian grassland">Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Mongolia" title="List of lakes of Mongolia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l" title="Lake Khövsgöl">Khövsgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvs_Lake" title="Uvs Lake">Uvs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Mongolia" title="List of mountains in Mongolia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khangai_Mountains" title="Khangai Mountains">Khangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khentii_Mountains" title="Khentii Mountains">Khentii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Mongolia" title="List of national parks of Mongolia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mongolia" title="List of rivers of Mongolia">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selenga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenga River">Selenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_River" title="Orkhon River">Orkhon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mongolia" title="Constitution of Mongolia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Great_Khural" title="State Great Khural">State Great Khural <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mongolia" title="President of Mongolia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia" title="Prime Minister of Mongolia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Mongolia" title="Government of Mongolia">Government <span style="font-size:85%;">(cabinet)</span></a></li> <li>Judiciary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mongolia" title="Supreme Court of Mongolia">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Mongolia" title="Constitutional Court of Mongolia">Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mongolia" title="Elections in Mongolia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mongolia" title="Foreign relations of Mongolia">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_neighbor_policy" title="Third neighbor policy">Third neighbor policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mongolia" title="Human rights in Mongolia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mongolia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mongolia" title="Law enforcement in Mongolia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Armed_Forces" title="Mongolian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Mongolia)" title="Chief of General Staff (Mongolia)">Chief of General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mongolia" title="List of political parties in Mongolia">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mongolia" title="Agriculture in Mongolia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia#Banks" title="Economy of Mongolia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Mongolia" title="List of companies of Mongolia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Stock_Exchange" title="Mongolian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tögrög">Tögrög <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mongolia" title="Telecommunications in Mongolia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mongolia" title="Tourism in Mongolia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mongolia" title="Transport in Mongolia">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mongolia" title="Category:Society of Mongolia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mongolia" title="Demographics of Mongolia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Southern Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Mongolia" title="Health in Mongolia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Mongolia" title="Prostitution in Mongolia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mongolia" title="Public holidays in Mongolia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongolians" title="List of Mongolians">List of Mongolians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Mongolia" title="Sex trafficking in Mongolia">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Writing systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mongolia" title="Architecture of Mongolia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyelgee" title="Biyelgee">Biyelgee <span style="font-size:85%;">(dance)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mongolia" title="Cinema of Mongolia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyol_Fashion_Festival" title="Goyol Fashion Festival">Goyol Fashion Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_culture_in_Mongolia" title="Horse culture in Mongolia">Horse culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_literature" title="Mongolian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mongolia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naadam" title="Naadam">Naadam <span style="font-size:85%;">(festival)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Sar" title="Tsagaan Sar">Tsagaan Sar <span style="font-size:85%;">(New Year's Day)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Mongolia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mongolia" title="Outline of Mongolia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mongolia-related_articles" title="Index of Mongolia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mongolia" title="Category:Mongolia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&oldid=1228319661">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Mongolia&oldid=1228319661</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Mongolia" 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