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href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/"><img height="30" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements logo"></a> <a class="white" href="./">Bromine - <sub>35</sub>Br</a>  <audio id="myAudio_f"> <source src="../_media/elements/snds_f/Br.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. </audio> <button class="pure-button p_button" style=" display: inline;" type="button" onclick="audf_play_pause()"> 🔊  </button> <script> function audf_play_pause() { var myAudiof = document.getElementById("myAudio_f"); if (myAudiof.paused) { myAudiof.play(); } else { myAudiof.pause(); }} </script></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main">  <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <a href="#" class="pure-menu-link pure-menu-heading">▸▸</a> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇬🇧 Bromine</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇺🇦 Бром</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇨🇳 溴</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇳🇱 Broom</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇫🇷 Brome</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇩🇪 Brom</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇱 ברום</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇹 Bromo</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇯🇵 臭素</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇵🇹 Bromo</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇪🇸 Bromo</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇸🇪 Brom</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇷🇺 Бром</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="google_navbar_positioning"> <form action="https://www.google.com" id="cse-search-box"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="partner-pub-9334432533380510:6223510783"> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="UTF-8"> <input type="text" name="q" size="28"> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search"> </div> </form> <script> </script> </div> </div> </div> <main> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <h1 class="p">Bromine - <sub><small>35</small></sub>Br: the essentials</h1> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <ul class="pure-menu-list z_menu"> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a href="../bromine/" class="pure-menu-link">▸▸ Br Essentials</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bromine/physics.html">Physical properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bromine/atoms.html">Electron shell data</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bromine/atom_sizes.html">Atom sizes</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bromine/electronegativity.html">Electronegativity</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bromine/isotopes.html" >Isotopes and NMR</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bromine/crystal_structure.html">Crystal structure</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bromine/thermochemistry.html">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bromine/history.html">History</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bromine/uses.html">Uses</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bromine/geology.html">Geology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bromine/biology.html">Biology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bromine/compounds.html">Binary compounds</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bromine/compound_properties.html" >Compound properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bromine/chemistry.html">Element reactions</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../bromine/contents.html">List all Br properties</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-2">  <ul class="ul_facts_table"> <li><a href="../periodicity/name_english/" title="Element names">Name</a>: bromine</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/name_english/" title="Element symbol">Symbol</a>: Br</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/atomic_number/" title="Element atomic number">Atomic number</a>: 35 </li> <li><a href="../periodicity/atomic_weight/" title="Element atomic weight">Relative atomic mass (<i>A</i><sub>r</sub>)</a>: 79.904 range: [79.901, 79.907] </li> <li><a href="../periodicity/standard_state/" title="Element standard state">Standard state</a>: liquid at 298 K</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/standard_state/" title="Element colour">Appearance</a>: red-brown, metallic lustre when solid</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/classification/" title="Classification of bromine as metal, non-metal, or semi-metal">Classification</a>: Non-metallic </li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-2"> <ul class="ul_facts_table"> <li><a href="../periodicity/group_number/" title="The group within which bromine is located">Group in periodic table</a>: 17</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/group_number/" title="The name of the group (if there is one) within which bromine is located">Group name</a>: Halogen</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/group_number/" title="The period within which bromine is located">Period in periodic table</a>: 4</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/group_number/" title="The block within which bromine is located">Block in periodic table</a>: p</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/electron_shell_structure/" title="Shell structure">Shell structure</a>: 2.8.18.7 </li> <li><a href="../periodicity/cas_registry_id/" title="Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry numbers for the elements">CAS Registry</a>: 7726-95-6</li> </ul> </div> </div> <p class="p_first"> Bromine atoms have 35 electrons and the <strong><a href="../periodicity/electron_shell_structure/">shell structure</a></strong> is 2.8.18.7. The <strong> <a href="../periodicity/electronic_configuration/">ground state electronic configuration of neutral bromine is</a></strong> [<strong>Ar</strong>].<strong>3d</strong><sup>10</sup>.<strong>4s</strong><sup>2</sup>.<strong>4p</strong><sup>5</sup> and the <strong><a href="../periodicity/term_symbol/">term symbol of bromine </a> is</strong> <sup>2</sup><strong>P</strong><sub>3/2</sub>. </p> <h2 class="p">Bromine: description  <audio id="myAudio_desc"> <source src="../_media/elements/snds_description/Br.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. </audio> <button class="pure-button p_button" style="display: inline;" type="button" onclick="auddesc_play_pause()">🔊</button> <script> function auddesc_play_pause() { var myAudiodesc = document.getElementById("myAudio_desc"); if (myAudiodesc.paused) { myAudiodesc.play(); } else { myAudiodesc.pause(); }} </script> </h2> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <p class="p_first">Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element. It is a member of the halogen group. It is a heavy, volatile, mobile, dangerous reddish-brown liquid. The red vapour has a strong unpleasant odour and the vapour irritates the eyes and throat. It is a bleaching. When spilled on the skin it produces painful sores. It is a serious health hazard, and maximum safety precautions should be taken when handling it.</p> <p class="pure-img"><img src="../_media/elements/cartoons/Br.jpg" alt="Science and Ink cartoon for bromine" /><br/>Cartoon by Nick D Kim (<a href="http://www.lab-initio.com">[Science and Ink]</a>, used by permission).</p> </div> </div>  <div class="pure-g display_table"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bromine: physical properties</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/density/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity for density of elemental solids"><img alt="Density of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFAAAAAwCAIAAAF+gFo2AAAABGdBTUEAANkDQtZPoQAAAAlwSFlzAAALEwAACxMBAJqcGAAAACR0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUAUXVpY2tUaW1lIDcuNy4zIChNYWMgT1MgWCkABF83UwAAAAd0SU1FB+IBDBMwKBR9BQEAAATcSURBVHic7VrPTxNBFH5bEUSwkBpMKonh4JWTMSEEDhD4G/0PuHHw3oQDN+NFL3iAoEElNgRQqkX5sX5vvtnt225LSwpddPtl3SyzszNv3o9v5j0rciUC/AuPj4PJSdsaHhzIyEj0+uREvnyRb9/k9FQvdJ2YkPv3pVwe0s6Hh/L6tbx9K58+SbEoi4vy9Kk8fixDQ1dP7QbX8V+9ko0N+fNH5ubkx4/K0hIaV1dXO3wt4fl5c0u1Gtbr4ffveB6Si4vw61f5/Fkgf62m7yFgoaDC6+tfv2RzU68PHzCrPHsmy8sqNh46wqllbU3evZP372VhQep1GR+vvHjREDsMw87jNIl/eRmN7TTdZJTm3jAIVgM7YCZc9+4FExORvbC4oyO1DC6o4+dPNRw6wSYwEcYdH9cxhoe1ZWwMfwYzM85e+PjwsLK/v7K+LltbqpmdHW1EP/SenpaVFXWNUklGR3Wg58/VcrExdf43b+TsjDoQ2Ah3qHV/X7C8i4vGvVwO5uevq6PbQG+mwgprtQ6mqlbVVNAzOuPLQiF49MhpO+XCLcXT6/dv/+DgZkYTVA/bwEi44IMYDhdMTUCohw/VQ6DwBw9otqBUcjPjSzgJPmvnJBDYLVLNTiuiswYOxUZXeP/Hj7K3p9QAb3OvvXvNzsrUlM6MPx1T6N1/DDlPTiql0gqCvqWHPXkix8fqYRAKY+EBovWIntzTENn2tkqFZe/uqsxQ6cuXCD0lGHxTLIIDtFvvAt8NhA63PsvlJQNKGpsCI8Px9tXB1WFohB4AZwYQgBLFHOdz7QhGaRi5m5DsauawcUekNrUYRCtmJ0em6loAI4p3RE0sHO9xmMegnhDygIs3dWUAsQ+4DV2jCVO6e7RiTgk2iCcDIcR3t5t6h+aUXAG3d8S3ROqNTKhAJMeCsj9HdkiqmoOCTAAEFgBKAcAqAIgl+bGfkmsFzwCgmnjFfMtn0E78nJiYynRKrjhVKBcBoKN4MpBS1MevlWsCQQHgKAA0JV6lXk8Uiy13gQSCdJMSIEAO9E3OQtZaoEQArCiRXelK6Wen5PRO3urwB/KUSFG0NFhUIiXTP0GnABhVfPT7aZxdPbsSd0G9A0gWm0Thtidrh8x2p8xWnNm2mLmN+74fZ27jvh8EMl9x308gma+470efzFacP2R22Mvcqy36csocePUAA9wQErxlU4kgaEFp/xBCcxIKCg3OyB17JC1scwmyLzv1kEn1Ap+FEcZKPiMjrMz2fGv6M1PzzTcp4L+A5E58U9niTcFml/aZOd7VfdogdxZOxrDVHPNGgqcswuZM9pk5CGE9xT6ns+k0LF8wyyZMvuVPrwTzboLnQII5i0NgnnNn4WQMW6uyJkBYS7IykH7m6ZuwJ2hrVRtj9rcCzJ8Jy8aWdS2YmxLWg+z4VmaDnFu4XbyxEkIwgyJYFSFYGyFYISHaaDphVRu3rJ8QrKIQNobtt7ad1ZV0u0HOLWyZ1jBzxbCcr/8QrAIR1pKsCKXGScStjUNWigjWiwhWjQgjQ4IvrHfYPoNMfIB8oKuk11f2CFvfS3Qye2C7vZHVP4I1QMLut/YU1U27YeZufuSVuxju9NNIgpVMwjKk3ZNZ2yQsM9vzLaudBGuehMm9E9Yz+22iFmpxzf99z52FB/jf8RerYQepH/YmgwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" /> Density of solid</a>: 4050 kg m<sup>-3</sup></li> <li><a href="../periodicity/molar_volume/" title="view definition and images showing periodicity for molar volumes of the elements"><img alt="Molar volume of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Molar volume</a>: 19.78 cm<sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="../periodicity/thermal_conduct/" title="show definition and view pictures showing periodicity of thermal conductivity in the periodic table"><img alt="Thermal conductivity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Thermal conductivity</a>: 0.12 W m<sup>‑1</sup> K<sup>‑1</sup></li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./physics.html">More physical properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bromine: heat properties</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/melting_point/" title="show definition and view pictures showing periodicity of melting point in the periodic table"><img alt="Melting point on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Melting point</a>: 265.8 [‑7.3 °C (19 °F)] K</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/boiling_point/" title="show definition and view pictures showing periodicity of boiling point in the periodic table"><img alt="Boiling point on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFAAAAAwCAIAAAF+gFo2AAAABGdBTUEAANkDQtZPoQAAAAlwSFlzAAALEwAACxMBAJqcGAAAACR0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUAUXVpY2tUaW1lIDcuNS41IChNYWMgT1MgWCkADDxZHwAAAAd0SU1FB9kBEhYYElecZzAAAATMSURBVHic7ZrNSxRxGMef2VYtEo0yKBM0IToEXvLSi9JhF7x19dKl0D/Ak3+BhNA/0B/QzWNQ7GC3kA5JFyHJg4dABBEUe7fp+/y+M7PPzqrTurmTu/tBxnHm9/68/H7PM4qkEjx9mnxSLAa/fgW/f+f1r1u3gqkpuXZNvn6V/X2ZnJSFBfn4UW7ccK+3t+XtW1lZkStX5PZtuXpVRkZkb0+LHo0Xdnb9uty8KYOD0tHhP3zIh8ViMXXYr18nn0xMBPv7GDnu89LfH8zOysaG3L0rq6v6fmhIPn3SYYrkJJ/Xdy9eyPS0vHkjZ87o65UV/927tI458uDJE39ysjA/L2Nj/p07yWFj8dLbSQw/CKK237/HYnv37h1Vem5Ol35mRn78kL4+6ery8nknkK4u2dwMHj+WDx9kZwerKr29er18Wac4PCzj4yoxLNPSkorr/HlxFbXnUqlU2NryL12qaeSYtlce2KNH2h5+MBB0Ozoq3d3y8qV4ngwM6GjxA4EPD3sPHtS6RifBsUWV09tSqdp+kqWhl7Aop5qqna6yExVEMjaW0hekBTlvbsZyjipjbT9/Vh3f2pKfP1W2/f2ytlY2PFgqJLy7q1qAbi9c0Cph5VxO/0CrVBJofUJJKLxz59SyoSTo4OxZUxk1sWzfvsn6ur7DlFAIVv/9u0r+4kX1Fz09LOwvLxfu35c6Naym8knqUs98uZ3OTllc9J8/Lzx7puv85YvOs7Mz9lshWJGmAKZxDOuouRcH76NNgc59eVkfQcWP3fTEhP6iSbx6xd7Kr3Nqwp67RkKGAYBUq0wFZitucwQwFgC9AjBhEVoxiTp2tgmL1iFyxrBriXQJRglg4AA2Hs/JAnsHMHkAqwewbOA2RDX/uJeKjt30wxccKXxCXJn7IZxDXIYrxAHBUcSz4Vt4DACnAeAS4gk473FQx+ySWgZ/AuBS4mqUFhuCewHwMNqGawR+BsAEAb2Nadl32kPPQ0LlggvSF255a3VEtVKv46oTr/qROkCJFjA+MUgkP/hDAJcI4BW1DdcIfKNEOswrnKSEGlC9k+elGjhPsLiIC1worupFJdJk+FKJZOlKJp1qgmbxsaeexm8SuZPu7DAy250ym3Fm22LmM274fpz5jBt+EPhPZtzAE0jWnqvxR5/MZtx6ZHbYy9yOLQ05Zba1uk2bf0SF37KhBM++p5fAnOY9rzzN0z2rY1ApYfvhxp2QwkJ1RFL1EEZhxJ7iGZGFhUxcZjEaarW15SRcuRMzMiD1x4z1w6iTMPYkPPkTnnMIo1FiYlJLi0vYxK2MkUlgbZjxMrHnKEaMhBE0YRxNUr8eSxRfE0bZhLE2YexKGHcTRt/EzsXQ4hK2e69dIWszzA8Qu9L2IzozBtXtWB9hNYKZBGJtz9ZlboEww0AYpROrcSbnYGlLOMZK1SZzmQ8hzIoQu7p2b7QSYLaEMGcSjsIMg/kTwqiM2FzKIWP2zdnB5lgqih/cSvNScdJitocUjDc+6czPSWM/qrWchNs0Owfk8aoJM3vEelR7f9j+ybwfYfaPMAcYjsIMg/lAYs/J9p4ZQmL28L/5J6+Ws+GD8pbVMJNJXD6TMKtJwtwmsWdm5jmJ3VdNmymZz6Op8et7y0m4TbPzBw8fIodZfXOWAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" /> Boiling point</a>: 332 [59 °C (138 °F)] K</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/enthalpy_fusion/" title="show definition and view pictures showing periodicity of fusion enthalpy in the periodic table"><img alt="Enthalpy of fusion on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Enthalpy of fusion</a>: 20.5 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup></li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./thermochemistry.html">More thermochemical properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bromine: atom sizes</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/atom_radius_emp/" title="View atomic radius data for the elements"><img alt="Atomic radius (empirical) of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Atomic radius (empirical)</a>: 115 pm</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/rad_cov_single/" title="View molecular single bond covalent radii data for the elements"><img alt="Covalent (single bond) radius on a periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Molecular single bond covalent radius</a>: 114 (coordination number 1) ppm</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/van_der_waals_rad/" title="View van der Waals' radius data for the elements"><img alt="van der Waals radius on a periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> van der Waals radius</a>: 186 ppm</li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./atom_sizes.html">More atomc size properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bromine: electronegativities</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/eneg_pauling/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Pauling electronegativity"><img alt="Pauling electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Pauling electronegativity</a>: 2.96 (Pauling units)</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/eneg_allred_rochow/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Allred Rochow electronegativity"><img alt="Allred-Rochow electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />Allred Rochow electronegativity</a>: 2.74 (Pauling units)</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/eneg_mulliken_j/" title="View definition and pictures showing periodicity of Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity"><img alt="Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />Mulliken-Jaffe electronegativity</a>: 2.95 (14.3% s orbital)</li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./electronegativity.html">More electronegativity properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bromine: orbital properties</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_1/" title="View definition and pictures showing first ionisation energies"><img alt="First ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> First ionisation energy</a>: 1139.86 kJ mol<sup>‑1</sup></li> <li><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_2/" title="View definition and pictures showing second ionisation energies"><img alt="Second ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Second ionisation energy</a>: 2083.2 kJ mol<sup>‑1</sup></li> <li><a href="../periodicity/ionis_energy_3/" title="View definition and pictures showing third ionisation energies"><img alt="Third ionization energy the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Third ionisation energy</a>: 3364.5 kJ mol<sup>‑1</sup></li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./atoms.html">More orbital properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bromine: abundances</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/abund_universe/" title="Definitions and pictures showing periodicity of element abundances in the universe"><img alt="Chemical elements abundance by weight in the universe on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />Universe</a>: 7 ppb by weight</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/abund_crust/" title="Definitions and pictures showing periodicity of element abundances in the earth's crust"><img alt="Chemical elements abundance by weight in the earth's crust on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFAAAAAwCAIAAAF+gFo2AAAABGdBTUEAANkDQtZPoQAAAAlwSFlzAAALEwAACxMBAJqcGAAAACR0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUAUXVpY2tUaW1lIDcuNS41IChNYWMgT1MgWCkADDxZHwAAAAd0SU1FB9kBEhYYBk1Gs00AAAJBSURBVHic7ZkxssIgEEAhWngIK8+il3G8joVn0Utor42WzmihE4t8+ZA1P5BAgKDwDXkFxmjYXXY3yyYIaSGEVM88nyQ/n7BvpxPJMvqF7PckB2GM8muw9GrKZrPRy8W8+MoVs9mshdoF9HiIHg+pakCCRiPpD8aar9fr6XSqVJsuoX4eEVA3X/L7nVwumn9vt2Q+500up6lAVa2frIDYkuXm160yWhOp/GbJFpN+ktauKsMfY6z5N2TNX+JgnPv5dkPXq0bWbocWC5hGnDVNyfHI1hGyEyhyVLPmTkFSh8aMSn0+eJQR5pEW4VnaDMrzX73q7h1WCOyzw1oKt9xCUXidakwu7dTwAROVY23+wsk0JSlZ1lrkC5q2lNWKjctlRSRPYXGaso/zmY3jMRt/ftg4GFSvOBzYOJm01g0sliy1Cgj0hiy3Eiy/h0hpJ1KVl0P+Z5i64yksyRyVv118XE9RiY+bBXTcER3Gf5FIPi1MRbDqFMziYGUxuI+91+PgFnvfCASPagPeuwMJbbH/rU8wi+Mj2GYvdFTz+Nll9lHd0/MmhNsJ30rg5LvzTNUnfLdVLRA9rHoQ5tBJuUDEtyflMa8Pf2ygf3QeFisxdIuAe8/oDnSdAPSeAHSggOX7qOg8LOYwdMcA9MgAdMoA9MtAvWuuA3004NBNuxB1DhvdpW3hd9zuzw3cidrDFs89zPHpVdv+LW4Pq3KvS+9aovNwT9cxaoNs63OoOmzS1UWXw0Z12MVj/+0OH52He7rOL9sdOIdwz2GuAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" />Crustal rocks</a>: 3000 ppb by weight</li> <li><a href="../periodicity/abund_humans/" title="Abundance in humans of the chemical elements displayed graphically"><img alt="Chemical elements abundance by weight in humans on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" />Human</a>: 2900 ppb by weight</li> </ul> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./geology.html">More geological data...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bromine: crystal structure</h2> <figure><img class="pure-img" src="../_media/elements/crystal_structure_image/Br-sf.jpg" alt="Br crystal structure"><figcaption>The solid state structure of bromine is: orthorhombic.</figcaption></figure> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./crystal_structure.html">More crystallographic data...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bromine: biological data</h2> <ul class="spark_table_list"> <li><a href="../periodicity/abund_humans/" title="View definition and pictures showing human abundance by weight"><img alt="Human abundance by weight of the chemical elements on a miniature periodic table spark table" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> Human abundance by weight</a>: 2900 ppb by weight</li> </ul> <p class="p_first">Bromine may be an essential trace element for red algae and possibly mammals. It is found in the mollusc pigment "royal purple", although its role is not understood. Excessive bromide intake leads to depression and of weight loss.</p> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./biology.html">More biological data...</a></p> <div> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9334432533380510" data-ad-slot="2897369985"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bromine: uses</h2> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./uses.html">Uses...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bromine: reactions</h2> <p> Reactions of bromine as the element with air, water, halogens, acids, and bases where known. </p> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./chemistry.html">View reactions of bromine...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bromine: binary compounds</h2> <p> Binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and other compounds of bromine where known. </p> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./compounds.html">View binary compounds...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bromine: compound properties</h2> <p> Bond strengths; lattice energies of bromine halides, hydrides, oxides (where known); and reduction potentials where known. </p> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./compound_properties.html">View compound properties...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bromine: history</h2> <strong>Bromine</strong> was <a href="../periodicity/discovery/" title="Further information on element discoveries">discovered</a> by Antoine-J. Balard in 1826 at France. <a href="../periodicity/discovery/" title="Further information on element discoveries">Origin of name</a>: from the Greek word "<em>bromos</em>" meaning "<em>stench</em>". <p><a class="pure-button" href="./history.html">More history...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-2"> <h2 class="p">Bromine: isotopes</h2> <div><figure><img class="pure-img" src="../_media/elements/isotopes/isotope_abundance_Br.png" alt="Isotope abundances of bromine" /><figcaption>Isotope abundances of bromine with the most intense signal set to 100%.</figcaption></figure></div> <p class="p_first">Both Bromine isotopes are used in nuclear medicine. Br-81 is used for the production of the radioisotope Kr-81m which is used for diagnostics. Br-79 can be used for the cyclotron production of Kr-77 which decays to the radioisotope Br-77 although the most common production route for Br-77 is via Se-77. Br-77 has been suggested for radiotherapy because of it electron capture decay and ease of labeling.</p> <p><a class="pure-button" href="./isotopes.html">More isotope and NMR data...</a></p> </div> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-md-1-1 pure-u-lg-1-1"> <h2 class="p">Bromine: isolation</h2> <p class="p_first"> <a href="../periodicity/isolation/" title="literature sources referring to isolation of pure bromine">Isolation</a>: bromine is available commercially so it is not normally necessary to make it in the laboratory. Bromine also occurs in seawater as the sodium salt but in much smaller quantities than chloride. It is recovered commercially through the treatment of seawater with chlorine gas and flushing through with air. In this treatment, bromide is oxidized to bromine by the chlorine gas. The principle of oxidation of bromide to bromine is shown by the addition of a little chlorine water to aqueous solutions of bromide. These become brown as elemental bromine forms. </p> <p class="equation">2Br<sup>-</sup> + Cl<sub>2</sub> → 2Cl<sup>-</sup> + Br<sub>2</sub></p> <p>Small amounts of bromine can also be made through the reaction of solid sodium bromide, NaBr, with concentrated sulphuric acid, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. The first stage is formation of HBr, which is a gas, but under the reaction conditions some of the HBr is oxidized by further H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> to form bromine and sulphur dioxide. This reaction does not work with the corresponding chlorides and fluorides.</p> <p>NaBr (s) + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (l) → HBr (g) + NaHSO<sub>4</sub> (s)</p> <p>2HBr (g) + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (l) → Br<sub>2</sub> (g) + SO<sub>2</sub> (g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (l)</p> </div> </div>  </main> <div id="footer"> <footer> <div class="footer"> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Key properties</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/eneg_pauling/">Electronegativity </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/melting_point/">Melting point</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/density/">Density </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/molar_volume/">Molar volume</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/ionis_energy_1/">Ionization energy (1st)</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/covalent_radius/">Covalent radius</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/metallic_radius/">Metallic radius</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/abund_crust/">Abundance: earth's crust</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Shop</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">Sorry, shop closed</li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Social</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/webelements.periodic.table">Facebook</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://twitter.com/periodic_table">Twitter</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.pinterest.com/periodictable/">Pinterest</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Administration</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/your-privacy/" title="Your privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/about-webelements/" title="About WebElements">About</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/webelements-and-copyright/" title="Copyright information about WebElements">Copyright</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/acknowledgements/" title="Acknowledgements">Thanks...</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <address> <p> <a href="https://www.webelements.com/"><img class="logo_m" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements home" /></a><br /> <strong>WebElements:</strong> THE periodic table on the WWW [<a href="https://www.webelements.com/">www.webelements.com</a>]<br /> <a href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/webelements-and-copyright/">Copyright </a> 1993-2024 <a href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/">Mark Winter</a> [ <a href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/chemistry/">The University of Sheffield </a> and WebElements Ltd, UK]. 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