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<div class="pure-menu pure-menu-open pure-menu-horizontal centre" role="navigation" style="background: #000 url(../../_media/elements/discharge/blank.png) repeat-y center; background-size:contain;"> <span><a class="pure-menu-heading" href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/"><img height="30" src="../../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements logo" /></a> <span style="color:white;">Abundance in Earth's crust (by weight)</span></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main">  <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="google_navbar_positioning"> <form action="https://www.google.com" id="cse-search-box"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="partner-pub-9334432533380510:6223510783" /> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="UTF-8" /> <input type="text" name="q" size="28" /> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search" /> </div> </form> <script> </script> </div> </div> </div> <main> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <h1 class="z">Abundance in Earth's crust (by weight)</h1> </div> </div> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal">   <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item pure-menu-selected z_menu"><a href="./" class="pure-menu-link">Abundance in Earth's crust (by weight)</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item pure-menu-has-children pure-menu-allow-hover z_menu"><a href="./" class="pure-menu-link">Gallery of images</a> <ul class="pure-menu-children"> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="index.html">Periodic table gallery</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="heatscape.html">Heatscapes</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="bar_chart.html">Bar chart </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_1.html">Group 1</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_2.html">Group 2</a></li> <li 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href="group_13.html">Group 13</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_14.html">Group 14</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_15.html">Group 15</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_16.html">Group 16</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_17.html">Group 17</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="group_18.html">Group 18</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_2sp.html">Period 2</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_3sp.html">Period 3</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_4sp.html">Period 4sp</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_4spd.html">Period 4</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_4d.html">Period 4d</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_5sp.html">Period 5sp</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_5spd.html">Period 5spd</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_5d.html">Period 5d</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_6sp.html">Period 6sp</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_6spd.html">Period 6spd</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_6spdf.html">Period 6</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_6d.html">Period 6d</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_6f.html">Period 6f</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_7spdf.html">Period 7</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="period_7f.html">Period 7f</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="block_sp.html">s- and p-Block</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="block_d.html">d-Block</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item, z_menu_item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="block_f.html">f-Block</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul>     </div> <p>These data reflect the average composition of continental crustal rocks. Units are parts per billion by weight.</p> <p>Data given in different sources vary quite widely, reflecting the difficulty in assessing these numbers. Values given here are estimates of the average composition of continental crust and are derived by a consensus and averaging process for data abstracted from references 1-8. Values for the more rare elements are probably accurate to within an order of magnitude. Values in any particular location may be very different from those given here.</p> <figure><img class="pure-img" src= "../../_media/periodicity/tables/periodicity_cityscape_white/abund_crust_city_w.png" alt="Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for abundance in Earth's crust (by weight) in a periodic table cityscape style." /><figcaption>Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for abundance in Earth's crust (by weight) in a periodic table cityscape style.</figcaption></figure> <figure><img class="pure-img" src= "../../_media/periodicity/tables/periodicity_heatscape_white/abund_crust_heat_w.png" alt="Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for abundance in Earth's crust (by weight) in a periodic table heatscape style." /><figcaption>Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for abundance in Earth's crust (by weight) in a periodic table heatscape style.</figcaption></figure> <figure><img class="pure-img" src= "../../_media/periodicity/tables/periodicity_spiral_heatscape_black/abund_crust_sp_h_b.png" alt="Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for abundance in Earth's crust (by weight) in a spiral periodic table heatscape style." /><figcaption>Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for abundance in Earth's crust (by weight) in a spiral periodic table heatscape style.</figcaption></figure> <figure><img class="pure-img" src= "../../_media/periodicity/tables/periodicity_spiral_columns_white/abund_crust_sp_c_w.png" alt="Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for abundance in Earth's crust (by weight) in a 3D spiral periodic table column style." /><figcaption>Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for abundance in Earth's crust (by weight) in a 3D spiral periodic table column style.</figcaption></figure> <figure><img class="pure-img" src= "../../_media/periodicity/tables/periodicity_columns_white/abund_crust_col_w.png" alt="Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for abundance in Earth's crust (by weight) in a 3D periodic table column style." /><figcaption>Image showing periodicity of the chemical elements for abundance in Earth's crust (by weight) in a 3D periodic table column style.</figcaption></figure> <figure></figure> <figure></figure> <div class="adsense_responsive"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9334432533380510" data-ad-slot="4479092381" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div> <h2 class="z">Units</h2> <p>ppb by weight</p> <h2 class="heading2">Notes</h2> <p>The units used in WebElements for all abundance data are ppb by weight which means <strong>parts per billion by weight</strong>, that is mg tonne<sup>-3</sup> or mg per 1000 kg. All abundance data are <em>also</em> presented as ppb by atoms, which means atoms of the element per billion atoms.</p> <p>The reason for rescaling all data is as follows. It is common to see, say, solar abundances expressed as the number of atoms of the element relative to a scale upon which the abundance of hydrogen is defined as 10<sup>12</sup>. This makes comparison with, say, crustal abundances difficult, since crustal abundances are often expressed in terms of parts per million by weight. Hence a common scale is used throughout and I chose ppb as this gives manageable numbers for most elements.</p> <p>For access to other abundance data as ppb by weight, select from:</p> <ul> <li><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../abund_universe/">universe</a></li> <li><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../abund_sun/">solar</a></li> <li><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../abund_met_stony/">carbonaceous meteorites</a></li> <li><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../abund_met_iron/">iron meteorites</a></li> <li><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../abund_crust/">earth's crustal rocks</a></li> <li><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../abund_seawater/">oceans</a></li> <li><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../abund_stream/">stream</a></li> <li><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../abund_humans/">humans</a></li> </ul> <p>For access to other abundance data as ppb by atoms, select from:</p> <ul> <li><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../abund_universe_a/">universe</a></li> <li><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../abund_sun_a/">solar</a></li> <li><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../abund_met_stony_a/">carbonaceous meteorites</a></li> <li><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../abund_met_iron_a/">iron meteorites</a></li> <li><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../abund_crust_a/">earth's crustal rocks</a></li> <li><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../abund_seawater_a/">oceans</a></li> <li><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../abund_stream_a/">stream</a></li> <li><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../abund_humans_a/">humans</a></li> </ul> <h2 class="z">Literature sources</h2> <ol> <li>W.W. Porterfield in <em>Inorganic chemistry, a unified approach</em>, Addison Wesley Publishing Co., Reading Massachusetts, USA, 1984.</li> <li>I.S. Butler and J.F. Harrod in <em>Inorganic Chemistry, Principles and Applications</em>, Benjamin Cummings, California, USA, 1989.</li> <li>G.W.C. Kaye and T.H. Laby in <em>Tables of physical and chemical constants</em>, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.</li> <li>N.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw in <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0750633654/webelements">Chemistry of the Elements</a></em>, 2nd edition, Butterworth, UK, 1997.</li> <li>J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keiter, and R.L. Keiter in <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/006042995X/webelements">Inorganic Chemistry : Principles of Structure and Reactivity</a></em>, 4th edition, HarperCollins, New York, USA, 1993.</li> <li>P.A. Cox in <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/019855298X/webelements">The Elements : Their Origin, Abundance, and Distribution</a></em>, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1989.</li> <li><em>McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology</em>, 7th ed., 1992, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.</li> <li>A.M. James and M.P. Lord in <em>Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data</em>, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.</li> </ol> </main> <div class="table-responsive"> <table class="pure-table periodic-table"> <caption class="periodic_table_caption">Explore the element of your choice through this periodic table.</caption> <thead> <tr> <th class="w5">1</th> <th class="w5">2</th> <th class="w2"> </th> <th class="w5">3</th> <th class="w5">4</th> <th class="w5">5</th> <th class="w5">6</th> <th class="w5">7</th> <th class="w5">8</th> <th class="w5">9</th> <th class="w5">10</th> <th class="w5">11</th> <th class="w5">12</th> <th class="w5">13</th> <th class="w5">14</th> <th class="w5">15</th> <th class="w5">16</th> <th class="w5">17</th> <th class="w5">18</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">1</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../hydrogen/" title="Hydrogen">H</a></div> </td> <td class="v"></td> <td colspan="16" class="v"></td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">2</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../helium/" title="Helium">He</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">3</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../lithium/" title="Lithium">Li</a></div> </td> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">4</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../beryllium/" title="Beryllium">Be</a></div> </td> <td colspan="11"></td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">5</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../boron/" title="|title_5">B</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">6</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../carbon/" title="|title_6">C</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">7</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../nitrogen/" title="Nitrogen">N</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">8</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../oxygen/" title="Oxygen">O</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">9</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../fluorine/" title="Fluorine">F</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">10</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../neon/" title="Neon">Ne</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">11</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../sodium/" title="Sodium">Na</a></div> </td> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">12</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../magnesium/" title="Magnesium">Mg</a></div> </td> <td colspan="11" class="void"></td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">13</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../aluminium/" title="Aluminium">Al</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">14</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../silicon/" title="Silicon">Si</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">15</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../phosphorus/" title="Phosphorus">P</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">16</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../sulfur/" title="Sulfur">S</a> </div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">17</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../chlorine/" title="Chlorine">Cl</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">18</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../argon/" title="Argon">Ar</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">19</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../potassium/" title="Potassium">K</a></div> </td> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">20</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../calcium/" title="Calcium">Ca</a></div> </td> <td class="void"></td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">21</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../scandium/" title="Scandium">Sc</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">22</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../titanium/" title="Titanium">Ti</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">23</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../vanadium/" title="Vanadium">V</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">24</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../chromium/" title="Chromium">Cr</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">25</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../manganese/" title="Manganese">Mn</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">26</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../iron/" title="Iron">Fe</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">27</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../cobalt/" title="Cobalt">Co</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">28</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../nickel/" title="Nickel">Ni</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">29</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../copper/" title="Copper">Cu</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">30</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../zinc/" title="Zinc">Zn</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">31</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../gallium/" title="Gallium">Ga</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">32</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../germanium/" title="Germanium">Ge</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">33</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../arsenic/" title="Arsenic">As</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">34</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../selenium/" title="Selenium">Se</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">35</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../bromine/" title="Bromine">Br</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">36</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../krypton/" title="Krypton">Kr</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">37</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../rubidium/" title="Rubidium">Rb</a></div> </td> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">38</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../strontium/" title="Strontium">Sr</a></div> </td> <td class="void"></td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">39</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../yttrium/" title="Yttrium">Y</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">40</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../zirconium/" title="Zirconium">Zr</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">41</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../niobium/" title="Niobium">Nb</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">42</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../molybdenum/" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">43</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../technetium/" title="Technetium">Tc</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">44</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../ruthenium/" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">45</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../rhodium/" title="Rhodium">Rh</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">46</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../palladium/" title="Palladium">Pd</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">47</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../silver/" title="Silver">Ag</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">48</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../cadmium/" title="Cadmium">Cd</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">49</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../indium/" title="Indium">In</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">50</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../tin/" title="Tin">Sn</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">51</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../antimony/" title="Antimony">Sb</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">52</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../tellurium/" title="Tellurium">Te</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">53</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../iodine/" title="Iodine">I</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">54</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../xenon/" title="Xenon">Xe</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">55</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../caesium/" title="Caesium">Cs</a></div> </td> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">56</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../barium/" title="Barium">Ba</a></div> </td> <th class="asterisk">*</th> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num xd">71</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../lutetium/" title="Lutetium">Lu</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">72</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../hafnium/" title="Hafnium">Hf</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">73</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../tantalum/" title="Tantalum">Ta</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">74</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../tungsten/" title="Tungsten">W</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">75</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../rhenium/" title="Rhenium">Re</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">76</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../osmium/" title="Osmium">Os</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">77</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../iridium/" title="Iridium">Ir</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">78</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../platinum/" title="Platinum">Pt</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">79</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../gold/" title="Gold">Au</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">80</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../mercury/" title="Mercury">Hg</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">81</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../thallium/" title="Thallium">Tl</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">82</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../lead/" title="Lead">Pb</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">83</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../bismuth/" title="Bismuth">Bi</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">84</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../polonium/" title="Polonium">Po</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">85</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../astatine/" title="Astatine">At</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">86</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../radon/" title="Radon">Rn</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">87</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../francium/" title="Francium">Fr</a></div> </td> <td class="s"> <div class="at_num">88</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../radium/" title="Radium">Ra</a></div> </td> <th class="v">**</th> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">103</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../lawrencium/" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">104</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../rutherfordium/" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">105</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../dubnium/" title="Dubnium">Db</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">106</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../seaborgium/" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">107</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../bohrium/" title="Bohrium">Bh</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">108</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../hassium/" title="Hassium">Hs</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">109</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../meitnerium/" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">110</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../darmstadtium/" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">111</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../roentgenium/" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a></div> </td> <td class="d"> <div class="at_num">112</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../copernicium/" title="Copernicium">Cn</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">113</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../nihonium/" title="Nihonium">Nh</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">114</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../flerovium/" title="Flerovium">Fl</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">115</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../moscovium/" title="Moscovium">Mc</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">116</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../livermorium/" title="Livermorium">Lv</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">117</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../tennessine/" title="Tennessine">Ts</a></div> </td> <td class="p"> <div class="at_num">118</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../oganesson/" title="Oganesson">Og</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="19" class="v"> </td> </tr> <tr> <th class="lbl" colspan="2">*Lanthanoids</th> <th class="v">*</th> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">57</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../lanthanum/" title="Lanthanum">La</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">58</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../cerium/" title="Cerium">Ce</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">59</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../praseodymium/" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">60</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../neodymium/" title="Neodymium">Nd</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">61</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../promethium/" title="Promethium">Pm</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">62</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../samarium/" title="Samarium">Sm</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">63</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../europium/" title="Europium">Eu</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">64</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../gadolinium/" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">65</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../terbium/" title="Terbium">Tb</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">66</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../dysprosium/" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">67</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../holmium/" title="Holmium">Ho</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">68</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../erbium/" title="Erbium">Er</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">69</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../thulium/" title="Thulium">Tm</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">70</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../ytterbium/" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a></div> </td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="lbl" colspan="2">**Actinoids</th> <th class="v">**</th> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">89</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../actinium/" title="Actinium">Ac</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">90</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../thorium/" title="Thorium">Th</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">91</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../protactinium/" title="Protactinium">Pa</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">92</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../uranium/" title="Uranium">U</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">93</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../neptunium/" title="Neptunium">Np</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">94</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../plutonium/" title="Plutonium">Pu</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">95</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../americium/" title="Americium">Am</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">96</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../curium/" title="Curium">Cm</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">97</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../berkelium/" title="Berkelium">Bk</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">98</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../californium/" title="Californium">Cf</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">99</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../einsteinium/" title="Einsteinium">Es</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">100</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../fermium/" title="Fermium">Fm</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">101</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../mendelevium/" title="Mendelevium">Md</a></div> </td> <td class="f"> <div class="at_num">102</div> <div class="sym"><a class="sym" href="../../nobelium/" title="Nobelium">No</a></div> </td> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div id="footer"> <footer> <div class="footer"> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Key properties</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/eneg_pauling/">Electronegativity </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/melting_point/">Melting point</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" 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