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Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Techné" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techne" title="Techne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Techne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekn%C3%A9" title="Tekné – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tekné" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%86%D9%87" title="تخنه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تخنه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techn%C3%A8" title="Technè – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Technè" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekn%C3%A9" title="Tekné – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tekné" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%94" title="טכנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טכנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Philosophical term referring to "making" or "doing"</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Techne_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Techne (disambiguation)">Techne (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophy</a>, <b>techne</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:τέχνη">τέχνη</a></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">tékhnē</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'art, skill, craft'; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[tékʰnɛː]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ˈtexni]</a></span>) is a philosophical concept that refers to making or doing.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, while the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> definition of techne is similar to the modern definition and use of "<a href="/wiki/Procedural_knowledge" title="Procedural knowledge">practical knowledge</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> techne can include various fields such as <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngier201033_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngier201033-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichterJohnson2017374_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichterJohnson2017374-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">shoemaking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichterJohnson2017374_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichterJohnson2017374-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the definitions of techne led by Aristotle, for example, is "a state involving true <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> concerned with production".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohoe20223_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohoe20223-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_term">History of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techne&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Ancient Greek philosophers, such as <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, had difficulty coming up with a single definition for techne and there is differentiation between the ways that these philosophers used the term.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word techne comes from the Greek word for art, skill, craft, and technique. The modern-day English word <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> techne and the <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> <a href="/wiki/%27ology" class="mw-redirect" title="'ology">ology</a>; both words are of Greek origin combined to mean "the practical application of knowledge".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Techne in Ancient Greece was thought of as dangerous in its <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtues</a> by many <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophers</a>, including Plato.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arts such as <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">paintings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptures</a> were particularly thought to be unvirtuous because of their "third-hand [representation] of "true" reality and absolute beauty".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other philosophers, such as Aristotle, believed that techne was virtuous because it uses natural materials "to create objects unknown in nature" and therefore it "completes nature".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Greek_Philosophers">Ancient Greek Philosophers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techne&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Greek Philosophers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socrates">Socrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techne&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Socrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ancient Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> wrote down conversations he had with <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> in the Socratic works <a href="/wiki/Memorabilia_(Xenophon)" title="Memorabilia (Xenophon)">Memorabilia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oeconomicus" title="Oeconomicus">Oeconomicus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both of these works, Socrates uses <a href="/wiki/Episteme" title="Episteme">episteme</a> and techne interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crafts that Socrates classifies as techne include <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a> playing, <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a> playing, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dancing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpentry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">generalship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_construction" title="Home construction">housebuilding</a>, running a <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">farming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plato">Plato</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techne&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_physician_and_patient,_plaster_cast_in_W.H.M.M._Wellcome_M0001578.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Plaster cast of Ancient Greek physician and patient from Wellcome Historical Medical Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_physician_and_patient%2C_plaster_cast_in_W.H.M.M._Wellcome_M0001578.jpg/220px-Greek_physician_and_patient%2C_plaster_cast_in_W.H.M.M._Wellcome_M0001578.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_physician_and_patient%2C_plaster_cast_in_W.H.M.M._Wellcome_M0001578.jpg/330px-Greek_physician_and_patient%2C_plaster_cast_in_W.H.M.M._Wellcome_M0001578.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_physician_and_patient%2C_plaster_cast_in_W.H.M.M._Wellcome_M0001578.jpg/440px-Greek_physician_and_patient%2C_plaster_cast_in_W.H.M.M._Wellcome_M0001578.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>Plaster cast of Ancient Greek physician and patient from Wellcome Historical Medical Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ancient Greek Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> often used episteme and techne interchangeably, much like Socrates.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because Plato was a student of Socrates and also wrote Socratic works.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plato's works define techne as activities such as medicine, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a>, carpentry, and generalship.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plato's dialogues introduce the idea of a practitioner connected to a craft, such as a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> with medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plato introduced the idea of techne as a way to explain aspects of life such as virtue.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increased the complexity of the definition of techne, adding that crafts are separated by what the end product will be or what the activity accomplishes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plato's writings also reveal that he believed the most important job of the practitioner was to be able to explain what they were doing and why they were doing it.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aristotle">Aristotle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techne&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aristotle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_of_ancient_greek_trireme,_Athens,_Greece_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Model of Ancient Greek Trireme in Athens, Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Model_of_ancient_greek_trireme%2C_Athens%2C_Greece_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Model_of_ancient_greek_trireme%2C_Athens%2C_Greece_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Model_of_ancient_greek_trireme%2C_Athens%2C_Greece_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Model_of_ancient_greek_trireme%2C_Athens%2C_Greece_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Model_of_ancient_greek_trireme%2C_Athens%2C_Greece_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Model_of_ancient_greek_trireme%2C_Athens%2C_Greece_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Model of Ancient Greek Trireme in Athens, Greece</figcaption></figure> <p>Aristotle does not use techne and episteme interchangeably as Socrates and Plato did before him. He distinguishes clearly between the two terms.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle includes techne and episteme in his five <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtues</a> of intellect: episteme, techne, <a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">phronesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">sophia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">nous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a>, Aristotle wrote that techne not only meant craft but also <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a> (for example: the production of a ship).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard Parry wrote that Aristotle believed techne aims for good and forms an end, which could be the activity itself or a product formed from the activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle used health as an example of an end that is produced by the techne of medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Plato's beliefs about the importance of a practitioner being able to explain their craft, Aristotle believed that the practitioner with the knowledge of techne could teach their skill because they not only had the wisdom of the craft but also understood the outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techne&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHonderich1995" class="citation book cs1">Honderich, Ted, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Aristotle%2C+Metaphysics%2C+Book+1%2C+section+981b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0052%3Abook%3D1%3Asection%3D981b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techne&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngier2010" class="citation book cs1">Angier, Tom (2010). <i>Techne in Aristotle's Ethics: Crafting the Moral Life</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441134714" title="Special:BookSources/9781441134714"><bdi>9781441134714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Techne+in+Aristotle%27s+Ethics%3A+Crafting+the+Moral+Life&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781441134714&rft.aulast=Angier&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohoe2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cohoe, Caleb Murray (2022-01-07). "Knowing in Aristotle part 2: Technē, phronēsis, sophia, and divine cognitive activities". <i>Philosophy Compass</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fphc3.12799">10.1111/phc3.12799</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245055959">245055959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+Compass&rft.atitle=Knowing+in+Aristotle+part+2%3A+Techn%C4%93%2C+phron%C4%93sis%2C+sophia%2C+and+divine+cognitive+activities&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2022-01-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fphc3.12799&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245055959%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cohoe&rft.aufirst=Caleb+Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichterJohnson2017" class="citation book cs1">Richter, Daniel S.; Johnson, William A. (2017). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Second Sophistic</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199837489" title="Special:BookSources/9780199837489"><bdi>9780199837489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Second+Sophistic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780199837489&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATechne" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techne&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Dunne, Joseph. 1997. <i>Back to the Rough Ground: 'Phronesis' and 'Techne' in Modern Philosophy and in Aristotle.</i> Notre Dame, IN: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Press" title="University of Notre Dame Press">University of Notre Dame Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2095894#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2095894#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh98003145">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="T́échnī (le mot grec)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137363371">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="T́échnī (le mot grec)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137363371">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541560705171">Israel</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007530096405171">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="T́échnī (le mot grec)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/059300612">IdRef</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Techne&oldid=1255572280">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Techne&oldid=1255572280</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: 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