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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestant_Reformation" title="Category:Protestant Reformation">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png/250px-95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png/375px-95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png/500px-95Thesen_facsimile_colour.png 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="488" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> in 1517</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Precursors</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piagnoni" title="Piagnoni">Piagnoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Brescia" title="Arnold of Brescia">Arnold of Brescia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottschalk_of_Orbais" title="Gottschalk of Orbais">Gottschalk of Orbais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratramnus" title="Ratramnus">Ratramnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_of_Turin" title="Claudius of Turin">Claudius of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berengarians" title="Berengarians">Berengarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessel_Gansfort" title="Wessel Gansfort">Wessel Gansfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ruchrat_von_Wesel" title="Johann Ruchrat von Wesel">Johann Ruchrat von Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Goch" title="Johannes von Goch">Johannes von Goch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pataria" title="Pataria">Pataria</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#The_start_of_the_Reformation" title="Martin Luther">Beginning</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radicals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contributing factors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theologies of seminal figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology of Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Theology of Huldrych Zwingli">Theology of Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_John_Calvin" title="Theology of John Calvin">Theology of John Calvin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr Vermigli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">William Farel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hotman" title="François Hotman">François Hotman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Languet" title="Hubert Languet">Hubert Languet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_Reformers" title="List of Protestant Reformers"><b>Many others</b></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By location</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Geneva#Reformation" title="History of Geneva">Geneva</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Reformation in Zürich">Zürich</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands#The_Reformation" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Czech Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Romania#Reformation" title="History of Christianity in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia#Early_modern_period" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein" title="Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein">Denmark–Norway and Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Sweden" title="Reformation in Sweden">Sweden and Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Reformation" title="Icelandic Reformation">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia#The_Reformation" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia#German_period,_1185–1561" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria#Austria_in_the_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation_(1517–1564)" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Italy" title="Reformation in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation in Poland">Poland-Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland" title="Reformation in Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major political leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny" title="Gaspard II de Coligny">Gaspard II de Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne d'Albret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bocskai" title="Stephen Bocskai">Stephen Bocskai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen" title="Gabriel Bethlen">Gabriel Bethlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustav II Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_V_of_the_Palatinate" title="Frederick V of the Palatinate">Frederick V, Elector Palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse" title="Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse">Philip I of Hesse</a></li></ul> <p><b>Electors of Saxony</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">John Frederick I</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Counter-Reformation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation § Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_the_Bible#16th_century" title="Censorship of the Bible">Censorship of the Bible § 16th century</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Holy Roman Emperors</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Political and religious conflicts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">War of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Kappel" title="Wars of Kappel">Wars of Kappel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">Schmalkaldic War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Art and literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Painting and sculpture</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism#Northern_Mannerism,_politics_and_religion" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art#Reformation_era" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance#Art" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_art#Renaissance_and_Baroque_art" title="Swedish art">Swedish art</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_art#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="English art">English art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_master_print#The_North_after_Dürer" title="Old master print">Woodcuts</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeldenstorm" title="Beeldenstorm">Beeldenstorm</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Building</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture#The_Reformation_and_its_influence_on_church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Influence on church architecture</a></li></ul> <p><b>Literature</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_literature" title="Elizabethan literature">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation" title="Propaganda during the Reformation">Propaganda</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature#Early_modern_era" title="Scottish literature">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature#The_manuscript_tradition" title="Irish literature">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature#German_Renaissance_and_Reformation" title="German literature">German</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_literature#Reformation" title="Czech literature">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature#Emergence_of_vernacular_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_literature#1500-1650" title="Slovak literature">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_literature" title="Sorbian literature">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_literature#Beginnings" title="Romanian literature">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_literature#16th_and_17th_centuries" title="Danish literature">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohori%C4%8D_alphabet" title="Bohorič alphabet">Bohorič alphabet</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_literature#Reformation_era" title="Faroese literature">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_literature#"Four_Hundred_Years_of_Darkness"" title="Norwegian literature">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_literature#Reformation_literature" title="Swedish literature">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature#Pre-Nineteenth_century" title="Finnish literature">Finnish</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature#Middle_Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Renaissance_and_Golden_Age_literature" title="Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature">Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Low_Countries#In_folk_tales" title="Folklore of the Low Countries">Folklore of the Low Countries</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism#Sixteenth_century_and_beyond" title="Renaissance humanism">16th century Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_poetry" title="16th century in poetry">16th century in poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_literature" title="16th century in literature">16th century in literature</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Theater</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral#Pastoral_plays" title="Pastoral">Pastoral</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)#Early_Modern_Origins" title="History (theatrical genre)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy#Britain" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_play" title="Revenge play">Revenge</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Music</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Forms</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe#Reformation" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles#Reformation" title="Early music of the British Isles">Music of the British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune#The_Reformation" title="Hymn tune">Hymn tune</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_chorale" title="Lutheran chorale">Lutheran chorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymn</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music#History" title="Anglican church music">Anglican church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_psalmody" title="Exclusive psalmody">Exclusive psalmody</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_music_in_Scotland#Impact_of_the_Reformation" title="Church music in Scotland">Scottish church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_principle_of_worship" title="Normative principle of worship">Normative principle</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_chant" title="Anglican chant">Anglican chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">Homophony</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Polyphony#European_polyphony" title="Polyphony">Polyphony</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsobordone" title="Falsobordone">Falsobordone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_anthem" title="Verse anthem">Verse anthem</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Liturgies</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_worship#General_principles_and_historical_overview" title="Reformed worship">Reformed worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship#John_Calvin's_Liturgy" title="Regulative principle of worship">Calvin's liturgy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formula_missae" title="Formula missae">Formula missae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Messe" title="Deutsche Messe">Deutsche Messe</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_struggle" title="Liturgical struggle">Liturgical Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)#Renaissance" title="Mass (music)">Lutheran and Anglican Mass</a> in music</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_mass" title="Cyclic mass">Cyclic mass</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Paraphrase_mass" title="Paraphrase mass">Paraphrase mass</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Roman</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum</a> Rites</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_(musical_form)" title="Sequence (musical form)">Sequence</a> (retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent)</li></ul></div> <p><b>Hymnals</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Lutheran_hymnal" title="First Lutheran hymnal">First</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Enchiridion" title="Erfurt Enchiridion">Second</a></i> Lutheran hymnals</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyn_geystlich_Gesangk_Buchleyn" title="Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn">First Wittenberg hymnal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Swenske_songer_eller_wisor_1536" title="Swenske songer eller wisor 1536">Swenske songer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomiss%C3%B8n%27s_hymnal" title="Thomissøn's hymnal">Thomissøn's hymnal</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Order" title="Book of Common Order">Book of Common Order</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Souterliedekens" title="Souterliedekens">Souterliedekens</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genevan_Psalter" title="Genevan Psalter">Genevan Psalter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hymnbooks_of_the_Church_of_Scotland#Scottish_Psalter_(1564)" title="Hymnbooks of the Church of Scotland">Scottish Psalter</a></i></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Whole_Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole Book of Psalms">Whole Book of Psalms</a></i></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Conclusion and commemorations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Conclusion</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creed#Christian_confessions_of_faith" title="Creed">Confessionalization</a> with subsequent <a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Century_Scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:17th Century Scholasticism">Protestant orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li>Simultaneous rise of <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism#Classical_rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Monuments</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Wall" title="Reformation Wall">Reformation Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument" title="Luther Monument">Luther Monuments</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Calendrical commemoration</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day" title="Reformation Day">Reformation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Anglican</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation" title="Template:Reformation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reformation" title="Template talk:Reformation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reformation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reformation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_John_Wycliffe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portrait_of_John_Wycliffe.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_John_Wycliffe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portrait_of_John_Wycliffe.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_John_Wycliffe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portrait_of_John_Wycliffe.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_John_Wycliffe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2789" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> is called the "Morning Star of the Reformation" by Andy Thomson.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutherdenkmal_Worms_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lutherdenkmal_Worms_01.jpg/294px-Lutherdenkmal_Worms_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lutherdenkmal_Worms_01.jpg/441px-Lutherdenkmal_Worms_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lutherdenkmal_Worms_01.jpg/588px-Lutherdenkmal_Worms_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="1313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Worms)" title="Luther Monument (Worms)">Luther Monument</a> in Worms, including Protestant forerunners such as <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Proto-Protestantism</b>, also called <b>pre-Protestantism</b>, refers to individuals and movements that propagated various ideas later associated with <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> before 1517, which <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a> usually regard as the starting year for the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> era. The relationship between medieval sects and Protestantism is an issue that has been debated by historians.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successionism is the further idea that these proto-Protestants are evidence of a continuous hidden church of true believers, despite their manifest differences in belief. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Protestantism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, some leaders tried to reform <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. The main forerunners of the Protestant Reformation were <a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martin Luther himself saw it important to have forerunners of his views, and thus he praised people like <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wessel_Gansfort" title="Wessel Gansfort">Wessel Gansfort</a> and other groups as prefiguring some of his views.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Claimed_to_have_prefigured_Protestantism">Claimed to have prefigured Protestantism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Protestantism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Claimed to have prefigured Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pre-reformation movements that have been argued, with differing degrees of anachronism and accuracy, as having individual ideas later espoused by some Protestant groups include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarians" title="Antidicomarians">Antidicomarians</a>: An active Christian sect from the 3rd to 5th century. They believed that Mary's virginity was not perpetual. Their radical opponents were <a href="/wiki/Collyridians" class="mw-redirect" title="Collyridians">Collyridians</a>, those who worshipped Mary as though she was equated to the Trinity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovinian" title="Jovinian">Jovinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jovinianism" title="Jovinianism">Jovinianism</a> (died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 405</span>): Jovinian was a 4th-century theologian who challenged the wave of ascetism in the 4th century, challenged the exaltation of virginity, denied the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">perpetual virginity of Mary</a>, and he believed that there is no difference between abstaining from food and enjoying it with thanksgiving. Jovinian taught a perseverance doctrine similar to John Calvin, as he taught the truly regenerate will persevere to the end.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some also have argued Jovinian held grace oriented salvation views, similar to the Reformation. Jovinian is sometimes praised as an early forerunner of the reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that Jovinian believed in a distinction between the visible and <a href="/wiki/Church_invisible" title="Church invisible">invisible churches</a>, based on his statement that the Church is founded on faith, and that all in the Church are taught by God and that no "unripe" members exist within the Church and no one can enter the church "by fraud".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a>: this was a movement within the Eastern Church that gained imperial support in the 8th century from <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III the Isaurian</a> (685 – 741) and some later emperors. They eliminated religious <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>, with some violence, possibly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestant Iconoclasts looked back to the Byzantine iconoclasts to justify their assault on religious image.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestants in the reformation used the same Biblical and <a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristic</a> texts used by the Byzantines in the 8th and 9th centuries, to condemn religious images.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_of_Turin" title="Claudius of Turin">Claudius of Turin</a>: Claudius of Turin was the Bishop of Turin; because of his <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a>, he is often seen as proto-Protestant.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Galatians" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistle to Galatians">Epistle to Galatians</a> shows some of his views prefigure those expressed by both the <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> centuries later. Claudius, in his writings, maintained that faith is the only requirement for salvation, denies the supremacy of Peter, sees praying for the dead to be useless, attacked practices of the church and held the church to be fallible.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottschalk_of_Orbais" title="Gottschalk of Orbais">Gottschalk of Orbais</a>: Gottschalk was a 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a> theologian who was condemned for heresy, due to his teachings on <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a> and that Christ's redemption was only for the elect. The grace views of Gottschalk mirror the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">sola fide</a> doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratramnus" title="Ratramnus">Ratramnus</a>: Ratramus was a theologian who died in 868. Ratramus believed that the Eucharist is merely symbolic, thus rejecting the real presence of the Eucharist. Ratramnus also believed in single <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>. The writings of Ratramus influenced Protestant theologians and contributed to the later <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham" title="Ælfric of Eynsham">Ælfric of Eynsham</a>: Protestants have appealed to Ælfric of Eynsham as evidence for the English church not believing transubstantiation, because of his book: <i>Sermo de sacrificio in die pascae</i> where he defines the Eucharist.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a>: Berengar of Tours (c.1005-1088), was a forerunner of the reformation. Berengar of Tours argued against <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>, saying that it is against logic and the Bible, and taught that the body and blood were not "<a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">real</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Albigenses</a>: the Albigenses were a religious group, that first appeared in Western Europe around the first half of the 11th century, and were earlier called Cathars.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cathars denied the Incarnation, Resurrection, Trinity and held to <a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">dualist</a> ideas. The inclusion of the Cathars or Albigenses as a Protestant forerunner has been a matter of controversy, some people in the past attempting to justify the Albigensians as Protestants have even argued against them being dualist, however without much evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a degree of confusion about the Albigensians, as they are sometimes lumped with their contemporaries the Waldensians, an unrelated movement. Further, centuries later, "Albigensian" was used as a slur for the unrelated <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a>: Also called <i>Krstjani,</i> they denied the power of the Pope and were excommunicated by both the eastern and western churches. Some have claimed that the Bosnian church is an early pre-reformist church.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pataria" title="Pataria">Pataria</a>: The Pataria were an 11th-century group in northern Italy, that was against corruption in the church.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchelm" title="Tanchelm">Tanchelm</a>: Tanchelm was a 12th-century preacher who rejected the structure of the Catholic church.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a>: Peter Abelard was a Frenchman in around the year 1100, he sought to include human reason as one of the ways to understand the meaning of scripture, instead of believing everything the church declares without question. He was condemned as a heretic, and his books were burned.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novelist and Abelard scholar George Moore referred to Abelard as the "first <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">protestant</a>" prior to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Bruys" title="Peter of Bruys">Peter of Bruys</a>: was a French reformer who fought against the Catholic church, he rejected <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a> and religious images.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henry of Lausanne</a>: Henry of Lausanne preached in France and his followers were called Henricans, Henry condemned Catholic clergy for their wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Brescia" title="Arnold of Brescia">Arnold of Brescia</a>: Arnold of Brescia attacked the Catholic bishops for their wealth, he was hanged in 1155.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a>: Waldensians were a 12th-century movement often viewed as a precursor to the Reformation. The Waldensians did not practice infant baptism and they rejected the use of <a href="/wiki/Indulgences" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgences">indulgences</a>; the Waldensians also denied <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>. The Waldensians wanted to follow Jesus in poverty and simplicity. The Waldensians later joined the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Waldensian movement was started by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a>, they contested the institution of the papacy and the wealth of the church, however they still took part in the sacraments of the Catholic church.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a>: the Fraticelli or Spiritual Franciscans were an extreme group of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> in the 13th century. The Fraticelli influenced later Protestant <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius of Padua</a>: Marsilius (born in 1270) is sometimes called a forerunner of the reformation. Marsilius believed that the only source of truth for a Christian are the scriptures, and he rejected the ultimate authority of the church. Marsilius believed that obedience to papal decrees is not necessary for salvation, and he believed the Papal system to be of human arrangement and not divine. The beliefs of Marsilius were largely in agreement with the Protestant reformers.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a>: Ockhamite philosophy influenced Luther and Protestant philosophy. Luther conveyed the ethnical philosophy of Ockham into Protestantism.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ockham's stress on scripture anticipates Protestant views and some see him as a proto-Protestant.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine">Thomas Bradwardine</a>: Thomas was an English man and a teacher at Oxford. Bradwardine believed in the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>, Thomas died in 1349.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Rimini" title="Gregory of Rimini">Gregory of Rimini</a>: Gregory of Rimini (1300 – November 1358) was an Italian theologian; his teachings influenced later Protestant Reformers. Rimini believed in the human inability to lead a moral life without divine grace, and in <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Predestination in Christianity">predestination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a>: Friends of God or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gottesfreunde</i></span> were a 14th-century Christian group in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, some of the leaders of the movement were executed for their criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic church</a>, the movement foreshadowed the Protestant reformation. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gottesfreunde</i></span> movement was a democratic lay movement that stressed piety, devotion and holiness.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>: Many Scholars have regarded Petrarch as a proto-Protestant who challenged the Pope's dogma.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strigolniki" title="Strigolniki">Strigolniki</a></i>: The <i>strigolniki</i> were a 14th-century movement in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> that were against monasteries, the upper clergy and they perhaps were <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclastic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some debate if the <i>strigolniki</i> were similar to Protestantism or more "heretical".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a>: Lollardy was a 14th-century movement that stressed the importance of scripture, denied <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a> and rejected the system of the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a>. They were said to have taught the absolute sufficiency of scripture, maintaining it as the ultimate authority. They provided the view as an alternative to viewing the Church as an authority.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement was started by <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> and its doctrine anticipated those found in the Protestant Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>: Hussites were a 15th-century group in Bohemia, founded by Jan Hus, who was influenced by the writings of <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jan Hus attacked indulgences and believed the scriptures to be the only authority for every man.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a>: Taborites were a faction of the Hussite movement, they denied transubstantiation, veneration of saints, prayers for the dead, indulgences, confession to clergy and renounced oaths.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utraquism" title="Utraquism">Utraquists</a>: Utraquists insisted on <a href="/wiki/Communion_under_both_kinds" title="Communion under both kinds">communion under two kinds</a>, apostolic poverty, "free preaching of the gospel" and the use of <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> in scripture reading.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a>: Lorenzo Valla broke loose from an infallible church tradition and thus some call him a Protestant forerunner and prefigured some teachings of the reformation. Luther himself praised Lorenzo Valla.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Goch" title="Johannes von Goch">Johannes von Goch</a>: Goch asserted that the Bible is the supreme authority on doctrine, perhaps taught that faith alone is enough for salvation and questioned monasticism.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ruchrat_von_Wesel" title="Johann Ruchrat von Wesel">Johann Ruchrat von Wesel</a>: Johann attacked indulgences and rejected priesty celibacy and papal authority; he believed in predestination and in the <a href="/wiki/Church_invisible" title="Church invisible">church invisibile</a>, and believed that the Scriptures are the only trustworthy authority.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessel_Gansfort" title="Wessel Gansfort">John of Wessel</a>: John of Wessel attacked indulgences, rejected the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> doctrine of transubstantiation, Wessel believed that the pope and councils can err and laid stress on the faith of the recipient of the sacraments.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some Catholics have claimed that the identification of John of Wessel with Protestantism "exaggerates the similarities".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Geiler_von_Kaysersberg" title="Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg">Johannes Geiler von Kaysersverg</a>: Born in 1445, Johannes was concerned for moral reform in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, and preached about God's justice. His reforms laid groundwork for the later Protestant reform in Strasbourg.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a> was an Italian preacher and reformer, he was born in 1452 and died in 1498. Historians believe that Girolamo Savonarola influenced <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a>, and possibly also <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite having many beliefs that align with Roman Catholicism, Savonarola believed in divine grace, such as Protestants do. Savonarola declared, that good works are not a cause of predestination but result of predestination.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His followers were called the <a href="/wiki/Piagnoni" title="Piagnoni">Piagnoni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Savonarola never abandoned the dogmas of the Roman Catholic church, however his protests against papal corruption, reliance on the Bible as the main guide link Savonarola with the reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some dispute the inclusion of Girolamo Savonarola as a proto-Protestant.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a>: Pico della Mirandola published 900 theses against Rome, where he argued that "this is my body" must be seen symbolically and that no images should be adored. Pico was also an admirer of Girolamo Savonarola.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a>: Johann Reuchlin was a scholar, who got his master's decree in 1477, and later went through other studies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the reformation had begun, he never left the Catholic church but was suspected of leaning towards reformation ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-amer_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amer-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later his grandnephew, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a> joined the Protestant reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Staupitz" title="Johann von Staupitz">Johannes von Staupitz</a>: Johannes was born in 1460 and served as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther's</a> superior in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Augustine" title="Order of Saint Augustine">Augustinian order</a>, Staupitz stressed the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_election" title="Unconditional election">unconditional election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27%C3%89taples" title="Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples">Faber Stapulensis</a>: Faber was a forerunner of Luther in France, and anticipated the doctrine of justification by faith.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples wrote commentaries on the Bible which influenced Martin Luther.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>: Erasmus was born only 20 years before Luther in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and produced the <a href="/wiki/Novum_Instrumentum_omne" title="Novum Instrumentum omne">Latin and Greek New Testament</a> that the Reformers used for their vernacular translations. He sought thorough-going moral and institutional reform, and doctrinal tolerance through simplification, education and biblicism, though not doctrinal revolution or violence. Erasmus initially defended Luther when Luther was in trouble with authorities; yet he felt that the doctrine of <i>sola fide</i> was not supported in the Bible in the simplistic way Luther proposed and that Luther's reforms verged on extremism and were thus unbiblical. Erasmus' contemporaries charged him with "laying the egg that Luther hatched".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Successionism">Successionism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Protestantism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Successionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Foxe" title="John Foxe">John Foxe</a> (c. 1563) was the first English Protestant author to defend Protestantism from charges of novelty by claiming, in S.J. Barnett's words, "the continuity of a proto-Protestant piety since apostolic times": in England's case this included a national first-century conversion to Christianity from a visiting <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-barnett_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnett-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has no historical basis. </p><p>According to Brethren missionary <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hamer_Broadbent" title="Edmund Hamer Broadbent">Edmund Hamer Broadbent</a> in <i>The Pilgrim Church</i> (1531), over much of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian era">Christian era</a>, many Christian <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cults</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociological_classifications_of_religious_movements" title="Sociological classifications of religious movements">movements</a> foreshadowed the teachings of what later became the Non-conformist Protestant movements.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptist_successionism">Baptist successionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Protestantism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Baptist successionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Trail_of_Blood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Trail_of_Blood.jpg/600px-The_Trail_of_Blood.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Trail_of_Blood.jpg/900px-The_Trail_of_Blood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/The_Trail_of_Blood.jpg/1200px-The_Trail_of_Blood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4656" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Timeline from <i> '<a href="/wiki/The_Trail_of_Blood" title="The Trail of Blood">The Trail of Blood</a>' </i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Baptist_successionism" title="Baptist successionism">Baptist successionism</a> postulates an unbroken lineage of churches which have held beliefs similar to those of current Baptists. Groups often included in this lineage include the <a href="/wiki/Montanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Montanists">Montanists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novationists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donatists" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatists">Donatists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulicians">Paulicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albigenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Albigenses">Albigenses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waldenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldenses">Waldenses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrobrusians" title="Petrobrusians">Petrobrusians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henricians" class="mw-redirect" title="Henricians">Henricians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a> (partly), <a href="/wiki/Lollards" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollards">Lollards</a> (partly) and <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a>. Baptist successionism proposes that groups such as <a href="/wiki/Bogomils" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogomils">Bogomils</a> or Paulicians were Baptist in doctrine instead of Gnostic.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Protestantism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of proto-protestants has been criticized as a diverse category whose only commonality is a perceived anti-Catholicism rather than any adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">five <i>solae</i></a>; the idea of successionism (or the hidden church) has further been criticized as lacking historical evidence, linking unrelated groups (e.g. the Manichaean <a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomil "Cathars"</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Albigensians" class="mw-redirect" title="Albigensians">Albigensian "Cathars"</a>, the semi-monastic <a href="/wiki/Beguines_and_Beghards" title="Beguines and Beghards">Beguine movement</a>, the antipapal <i><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">fraticelli</a></i> friars, the Trinitarian and eucharistic <a href="/wiki/Waldenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldenses">Waldenses</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lollards" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollards">Lollards</a>) and as fabricated to serve a polemical need.<sup id="cite_ref-barnett_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnett-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For the Catholic denial of the antiquity of the Waldensians and assertion of <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Petrine</a> apostolicity, "the ideal parry to Rome would have been to identify apostolic origins for the Waldenses, but the evidence for such a claim was thin to nonexistent, a factor often necessarily limiting arguments in favor of apostolic origins to rather vague assertions."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>S.J.Barnett<sup id="cite_ref-barnett_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnett-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Protestantism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_soteriology" title="Augustinian soteriology">Augustinian soteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Catharism_and_Protestantism" title="Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism">Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History of Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmarkism" title="Landmarkism">Landmarkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preachership" title="Preachership">Preachership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trail_of_Blood" title="The Trail of Blood">The Trail of Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church#Influence_on_the_Reformation" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Protestantism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomson1988" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Andy (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0IAAAACAAJ"><i>Morning Star of the Reformation</i></a>. Bob Jones University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89084-453-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89084-453-3"><bdi>978-0-89084-453-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morning+Star+of+the+Reformation&rft.pub=Bob+Jones+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-89084-453-3&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqt0IAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fotoeins.com/2017/05/15/worms-worlds-largest-luther-reformation-monument-lutherdenkmal/">"Worms: world's largest Reformation Monument"</a>. <i>Fotoeins Fotografie</i>. 2017-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fotoeins+Fotografie&rft.atitle=Worms%3A+world%27s+largest+Reformation+Monument&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffotoeins.com%2F2017%2F05%2F15%2Fworms-worlds-largest-luther-reformation-monument-lutherdenkmal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalther1968" class="citation journal cs1">Walther, Daniel (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/auss/vol6/iss2/5/">"Were the Albigenses and Waldenses Forerunners of the Reformation?"</a>. <i>Andrews University Seminary Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Andrews+University+Seminary+Studies&rft.atitle=Were+the+Albigenses+and+Waldenses+Forerunners+of+the+Reformation%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Walther&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.andrews.edu%2Fauss%2Fvol6%2Fiss2%2F5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/forerunners-of-the-reformation/">"Forerunners of the Reformation"</a>. <i>Musée protestant</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mus%C3%A9e+protestant&rft.atitle=Forerunners+of+the+Reformation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseeprotestant.org%2Fen%2Fnotice%2Fforerunners-of-the-reformation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels" class="citation web cs1">Daniels, David D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/opinion/contributors/2017/10/21/honor-reformations-african-roots/783252001/">"Honor the Reformation's African roots"</a>. <i>The Commercial Appeal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commercial+Appeal&rft.atitle=Honor+the+Reformation%27s+African+roots&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commercialappeal.com%2Fstory%2Fopinion%2Fcontributors%2F2017%2F10%2F21%2Fhonor-reformations-african-roots%2F783252001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://divinity.uchicago.edu/sightings/articles/martin-luther-and-ethiopian-christianity-historical-traces">"Martin Luther and Ethiopian Christianity: Historical Traces | The University of Chicago Divinity School"</a>. <i>divinity.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=divinity.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+and+Ethiopian+Christianity%3A+Historical+Traces+%7C+The+University+of+Chicago+Divinity+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdivinity.uchicago.edu%2Fsightings%2Farticles%2Fmartin-luther-and-ethiopian-christianity-historical-traces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6/hcc6.iii.x.iv.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+VI%3A+The+Middle+Ages.+A.D.+1294-1517+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc6%2Fhcc6.iii.x.iv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span>(test 3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6/hcc6.iii.x.v.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+VI%3A+The+Middle+Ages.+A.D.+1294-1517+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc6%2Fhcc6.iii.x.v.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6.all.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+VI%3A+The+Middle+Ages.+A.D.+1294-1517+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc6.all.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc3.iii.vii.xix.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311-600 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+III%3A+Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Christianity.+A.D.+311-600+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc3.iii.vii.xix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Hunter1987" class="citation journal cs1">G. Hunter, David (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221093951/http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/48/48.1/48.1.3.pdf">"Resistance to the Virginal Ideal in Late-Fourth-Century Rome: The Case of Jovinian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Theological Studies</i>. <b>48</b>: 45–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004056398704800103">10.1177/004056398704800103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54891999">54891999</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/48/48.1/48.1.3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Resistance+to+the+Virginal+Ideal+in+Late-Fourth-Century+Rome%3A+The+Case+of+Jovinian&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=45-64&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004056398704800103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54891999%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=G.+Hunter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdn.theologicalstudies.net%2F48%2F48.1%2F48.1.3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeander1849" class="citation book cs1">Neander, August (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DC0PAAAAYAAJ&dq=Jovinian+invisible+church&pg=PA275"><i>General History of the Christian Religion and Church</i></a>. Crocker & Brewster. <q>It is plainly evident that Jovinian could only have understood by the church , here , the invisible church</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+History+of+the+Christian+Religion+and+Church&rft.pub=Crocker+%26+Brewster&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Neander&rft.aufirst=August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDC0PAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3DJovinian%2Binvisible%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorner1890" class="citation book cs1">Dorner, Isaac August (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4mdCAAAAIAAJ&dq=Jovinian+invisible+church&pg=PA348"><i>A System of Christian Doctrine</i></a>. T. & T. Clark.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+System+of+Christian+Doctrine&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Dorner&rft.aufirst=Isaac+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4mdCAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3DJovinian%2Binvisible%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM_́Clintock2020" class="citation book cs1">M ́Clintock, John Strong, James (2020-04-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g7rdDwAAQBAJ&dq=Jovinian+invisible+church&pg=PA326"><i>Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature: Volume II</i></a>. BoD – Books on Demand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8460-5024-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8460-5024-8"><bdi>978-3-8460-5024-8</bdi></a>. <q>As Jovinian taught the Pauline doctrine of faith, so he did the Pauline idea of the invisible Church</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclopaedia+of+Biblical%2C+Theological%2C+and+Ecclesiastical+Literature%3A+Volume+II&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2020-04-17&rft.isbn=978-3-8460-5024-8&rft.aulast=M+%CC%81Clintock&rft.aufirst=John+Strong%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg7rdDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DJovinian%2Binvisible%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2016" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Warren Felt (2016-12-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lT-GDQAAQBAJ&dq=Jovinian+invisible+church&pg=PA69"><i>The Spiritual Journals of Warren Felt Evans: From Methodism to Mind Cure</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02255-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02255-4"><bdi>978-0-253-02255-4</bdi></a>. <q>Jovinian (a <i>choice spirit</i> who differentiated the invisible from the visible church</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spiritual+Journals+of+Warren+Felt+Evans%3A+From+Methodism+to+Mind+Cure&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.isbn=978-0-253-02255-4&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Warren+Felt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlT-GDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DJovinian%2Binvisible%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2016" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Warren Felt (2016-12-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lT-GDQAAQBAJ&dq=Jovinian+invisible+church&pg=PA69"><i>The Spiritual Journals of Warren Felt Evans: From Methodism to Mind Cure</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02255-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02255-4"><bdi>978-0-253-02255-4</bdi></a>. <q>But there is an invisible Church, which has existed in every century, which is pure and spotless. ... This whole train of thought has been suggested by reading the words of Jovinian, in Neander</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spiritual+Journals+of+Warren+Felt+Evans%3A+From+Methodism+to+Mind+Cure&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2016-12-19&rft.isbn=978-0-253-02255-4&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Warren+Felt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlT-GDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DJovinian%2Binvisible%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire">"Byzantine Empire – The age of Iconoclasm: 717–867"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Empire+%E2%80%93+The+age+of+Iconoclasm%3A+717%E2%80%93867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FByzantine-Empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchildgen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schildgen, Brenda Deen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/51197136">"Destruction: Iconoclasm and the Reformation in Northern Europe"</a>. <i>Heritage or Heresy</i>: 39–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230613157_3">10.1057/9780230613157_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-37162-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-37162-4"><bdi>978-1-349-37162-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heritage+or+Heresy&rft.atitle=Destruction%3A+Iconoclasm+and+the+Reformation+in+Northern+Europe&rft.pages=39-56&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230613157_3&rft.isbn=978-1-349-37162-4&rft.aulast=Schildgen&rft.aufirst=Brenda+Deen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F51197136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrin2009" class="citation book cs1">Herrin, Judith (2009-09-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n2aYDwAAQBAJ&dq=Byzantine+iconoclasm+protestant&pg=PR20"><i>Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14369-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14369-9"><bdi>978-0-691-14369-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%3A+The+Surprising+Life+of+a+Medieval+Empire&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14369-9&rft.aulast=Herrin&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn2aYDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DByzantine%2Biconoclasm%2Bprotestant%26pg%3DPR20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaaijmakers2017" class="citation journal cs1">Raaijmakers, Janneke (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312369882">"Claudius. Self-styling in early medieval debate: Self-styling in early medieval debate"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Claudius.+Self-styling+in+early+medieval+debate%3A+Self-styling+in+early+medieval+debate&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Raaijmakers&rft.aufirst=Janneke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F312369882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner" class="citation book cs1">Milner, Joseph. <i>The History of the Church of Christ Volume 3</i>. <q>A comment on the epistle to the Galatians, is his only work which was committed to the press. In it he every where asserts the equality of all the apostles with St. Peter. And, indeed, he always owns Jesus Christ to be the only proper head of the church. He is severe against the doctrine of human merits, and of the exaltation of traditions to a height of credibility equal to that of the divine word. He maintains that we are to be saved by faith alone; holds the fallibility of the church, exposes the futility of praying for the dead, and the sinfulness of the idolatrous practices then supported by the Roman see. Such are the sentiments found in his commentary on the epistle to the Galatians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Church+of+Christ+Volume+3&rft.aulast=Milner&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODCC-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._L._CrossE._A._Livingstone1997" class="citation book cs1">F. L. Cross; E. A. Livingstone, eds. (13 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late/page/359"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition</i></a>. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late/page/359">359</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-211655-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-211655-X"><bdi>0-19-211655-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+3rd+edition&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997-03-13&rft.isbn=0-19-211655-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00late%2Fpage%2F359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gottschalk-of-Orbais">"Gottschalk Of Orbais | Roman Catholic theologian"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Gottschalk+Of+Orbais+%7C+Roman+Catholic+theologian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGottschalk-of-Orbais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcaryslmbrown2017" class="citation web cs1">caryslmbrown (2017-07-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doinghistoryinpublic.org/2017/07/18/reformation-parallels-the-case-of-gottschalk-of-orbais/">"Reformation parallels: the case of Gottschalk of Orbais"</a>. <i>Doing History in Public</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doing+History+in+Public&rft.atitle=Reformation+parallels%3A+the+case+of+Gottschalk+of+Orbais&rft.date=2017-07-18&rft.au=caryslmbrown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoinghistoryinpublic.org%2F2017%2F07%2F18%2Freformation-parallels-the-case-of-gottschalk-of-orbais%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockridge" class="citation journal cs1">Lockridge, Kenneth R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11213309">"Gottschalk "Fulgentius" of Orbais"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gottschalk+%22Fulgentius%22+of+Orbais&rft.aulast=Lockridge&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11213309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus">"Ratramnus | Benedictine theologian | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ratramnus+%7C+Benedictine+theologian+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRatramnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ælfric"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/%C3%86lfric">"Ælfric" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86lfric&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=255&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinton2014" class="citation book cs1">Minton, Gretchen E. (2014-01-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oejHBAAAQBAJ&dq=Berengar+of+Tours&pg=PA448"><i>John Bale's 'The Image of Both Churches'<span></span></i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7296-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7296-0"><bdi>978-94-007-7296-0</bdi></a>. <q>Berengar of Tours was an 11th-century theologian who argued that the doctrine of transubstantiation was contrary to reason and unsupported by scripture</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Bale%27s+%27The+Image+of+Both+Churches%27&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2014-01-26&rft.isbn=978-94-007-7296-0&rft.aulast=Minton&rft.aufirst=Gretchen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoejHBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBerengar%2Bof%2BTours%26pg%3DPA448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiebeck2016" class="citation book cs1">Siebeck, Mohr (11 March 2016). <i>Prophecy, Piety, and the Problem of Historicity: Interpreting the Hebrew</i>. Germany. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-154270-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-154270-1"><bdi>978-3-16-154270-1</bdi></a>. <q>Berengar of Tours (c. 1005-1088), Bernand of Clairvaux, the Waldensians in the twelfth century, the Albigensians in the thirteenth century and John Wycliffe (x. 1330-1385) and Jan Hus (c. 1370-1415) in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, are all prefigured in the poetic images of Solomon's Songs. They all become forerunners of Luther and Calvin</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophecy%2C+Piety%2C+and+the+Problem+of+Historicity%3A+Interpreting+the+Hebrew&rft.place=Germany&rft.pages=372&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft.isbn=978-3-16-154270-1&rft.aulast=Siebeck&rft.aufirst=Mohr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJungFranz1998" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Emma; Franz, Marie-Luise von (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w15tJYbQgBwC&dq=Berengar+of+Tours+forerunner&pg=PA225"><i>The Grail Legend</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00237-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00237-8"><bdi>978-0-691-00237-8</bdi></a>. <q>Berengar of Tours (first half og the eleventh century), whose views occasioned the dispute known as the Second Eucharistic Controversy. Berengar aught that the body and the blood of the Lord were no "real" in the Eucharist but a specific image or likeleness ("figuram quandam similitudinem"). He was thus a forerunner of the Reformers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grail+Legend&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00237-8&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Franz%2C+Marie-Luise+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw15tJYbQgBwC%26dq%3DBerengar%2Bof%2BTours%2Bforerunner%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cathari">"Cathari | Christian sect"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Cathari+%7C+Christian+sect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCathari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkowitz2010" class="citation book cs1">Markowitz, AvFran (2010). <i>Sarajevo: A Bosnian Kaleidoscope</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarajevo%3A+A+Bosnian+Kaleidoscope&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Markowitz&rft.aufirst=AvFran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDedijer1961" class="citation book cs1">Dedijer, Vladimir (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3cEMAAAAIAAJ&q=Bosnian+church+forerunner"><i>The Beloved Land</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <q>But within a short time both Rome and Constantinople had excommunicated the Bosnian Church , which claimed to represent the true form of Christianity . ... The Bosnian faith was , in a way , the forerunner of the great Reformation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beloved+Land&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Dedijer&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3cEMAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DBosnian%2Bchurch%2Bforerunner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringa2020" class="citation book cs1">Bringa, Tone (2020-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGDwDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bosnian+church+forerunner&pg=PA234"><i>Being Muslim the Bosnian Way: Identity and Community in a Central Bosnian Village</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5178-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5178-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-5178-2</bdi></a>. <q>The Bosnian Church has, however, been described primarily as a heretic Catholic sect. It has furthermore been seen as a forerunner to the Protestants</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Muslim+the+Bosnian+Way%3A+Identity+and+Community+in+a+Central+Bosnian+Village&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5178-2&rft.aulast=Bringa&rft.aufirst=Tone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGDwDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBosnian%2Bchurch%2Bforerunner%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy2017" class="citation journal cs1">Reddy, Mike Megrove (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pharosjot.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_25_vol_98_2017.pdf">"The forms of communication employed by the Protestant Reformers and especially Luther and Calvin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pharos Journal of Theology</i>. <b>98</b>. <q>The Pre-Reformers: All groups that spoke out against the church were regarded as "heretical" groups. In the same light, the present-day church considers those individuals that questioned the church "doctrine" and "teachings" as heretics. McCallum (2002:n.p.) states that there were eight heretical groups of pre-reformers between the 12th and 15th centuries during the various European regions. McCallum 2002:n.p. mentions them as follows:<div><ul><li>Flagellants were in 1259. They marched with only loincloths through the streets crying out to God to show mercy on them (McCallum 2002:n.p.). In 1349 they were condemned.</li><li>Then there was a variety of lay groups known as Beguines who had no specific set of forms (McCallum, 2002;n.p.). They were followers of Lambert le Begue who was a stammerer.</li><li>In the 12th century Tanchelm preached in the diocese of Utrecht. He denied the author of the pope and the church and attacked the structure of the Catholic Church (McCallum, 2002:n.p.).</li><li>Peter of Bruys in the 12th century also rejected christening of infants. He rejected prayers for the dead, the Eucharist veneration of the cross and ecclesiastical ceremonies (McCallum, 2002:n.p.).</li><li>In the first half of 12th century Henry of Lausanne preached in what is known as France. His followers were known as the Henricans. The clergy were condemned for the love of wealth and power by Henry of Lausanne (McCallum, 2002:n.p.).</li><li>The Adamists engaged in behaviour that was socially unacceptable and indulged in the practice of nude worship.</li><li>Arnold of Brescia wanted the church to follow Christian ideals (McCallum 2002:n.p.). He attacked the bishops for their dishonest gains. He was hanged in 1155 and his body was burned.</li><li>The Pataria, in Northern Italy were in reaction to the corruption which was taking place in the church. McCallum (2002:n.p.) states that the self-indulgent practices within the Roman Catholic Church were also opposed by other smaller movements.</li></ul></div></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharos+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=The+forms+of+communication+employed+by+the+Protestant+Reformers+and+especially+Luther+and+Calvin&rft.volume=98&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=Mike+Megrove&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharosjot.com%2Fuploads%2F7%2F1%2F6%2F3%2F7163688%2Farticle_25_vol_98_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdePrater2015" class="citation book cs1">dePrater, William A. (2015-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXLDCAAAQBAJ&dq=Peter+Abelard+reformation&pg=PA37"><i>God Hovered Over the Waters: The Emergence of the Protestant Reformation</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0454-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0454-5"><bdi>978-1-4982-0454-5</bdi></a>. <q>(Chapter name: Forerunners of the Protestant Reformation) Despite the failure of the efforts atr a reformation of the church's governance, there were efforts to reform the church's theology and manner of faith. Yet the church was slow to change, Peter Aberlard, a Frenchmand sought to include human reason as one of the means of understanding the meanings of scripture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Hovered+Over+the+Waters%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+Protestant+Reformation&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-0454-5&rft.aulast=dePrater&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrXLDCAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPeter%2BAbelard%2Breformation%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien" class="citation news cs1">O'Brien, Peggy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/heloise-and-abelard-the-more-the-story-is-retold-the-deeper-their-grave-in-paris-grows-1.3855724">"Heloise and Abelard: the more the story is retold, the deeper their grave in Paris grows"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Heloise+and+Abelard%3A+the+more+the+story+is+retold%2C+the+deeper+their+grave+in+Paris+grows&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fheloise-and-abelard-the-more-the-story-is-retold-the-deeper-their-grave-in-paris-grows-1.3855724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2012" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Elijah Jong Fil (2012-04-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tl5NAwAAQBAJ&dq=Peter+of+Bruys+reformation&pg=PA201"><i>The Rise of the Global South: The Decline of Western Christendom and the Rise of Majority World Christianity</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-970-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-970-2"><bdi>978-1-61097-970-2</bdi></a>. <q>Peter bruys became one of the earliest leaders of the Reformation, rejecting images, infant baptism,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Global+South%3A+The+Decline+of+Western+Christendom+and+the+Rise+of+Majority+World+Christianity&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2012-04-06&rft.isbn=978-1-61097-970-2&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Elijah+Jong+Fil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTl5NAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPeter%2Bof%2BBruys%2Breformation%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Waldenses">"Waldenses | Description, History, & Beliefs"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Waldenses+%7C+Description%2C+History%2C+%26+Beliefs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FWaldenses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/pierre-valdo-1140-1217-and-the-waldenses/">"Pierre Valdo (1140-1217) and the Waldenses"</a>. <i>Musée protestant</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mus%C3%A9e+protestant&rft.atitle=Pierre+Valdo+%281140-1217%29+and+the+Waldenses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseeprotestant.org%2Fen%2Fnotice%2Fpierre-valdo-1140-1217-and-the-waldenses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Spirituals">"Spiritual | religious order"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Spiritual+%7C+religious+order&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSpirituals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6/hcc6.iii.ii.vii.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+VI%3A+The+Middle+Ages.+A.D.+1294-1517+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc6%2Fhcc6.iii.ii.vii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCovingtonMcGrawWatson2012" class="citation book cs1">Covington, Jesse; McGraw, Bryan T.; Watson, Micah (2012-11-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vSAsAwAAQBAJ&dq=William+of+Ockham+protestant&pg=PA125"><i>Natural Law and Evangelical Political Thought</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7323-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7323-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-7323-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Law+and+Evangelical+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012-11-16&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7323-7&rft.aulast=Covington&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft.au=McGraw%2C+Bryan+T.&rft.au=Watson%2C+Micah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvSAsAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DWilliam%2Bof%2BOckham%2Bprotestant%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOckham)2021" class="citation book cs1">Ockham), William (of (2021-05-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTorEAAAQBAJ&dq=William+of+Ockham+protestant&pg=PR23"><i>William of Ockham: Questions on Virtue, Goodness, and the Will William Ockham: Qstns Virt Gdn Will</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49838-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49838-8"><bdi>978-1-108-49838-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+of+Ockham%3A+Questions+on+Virtue%2C+Goodness%2C+and+the+Will+William+Ockham%3A+Qstns+Virt+Gdn+Will&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49838-8&rft.aulast=Ockham%29&rft.aufirst=William+%28of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnTorEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DWilliam%2Bof%2BOckham%2Bprotestant%26pg%3DPR23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregorRowland2022" class="citation book cs1">McGregor, Peter John; Rowland, Tracey (2022-01-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zOFaEAAAQBAJ&dq=William+of+Ockham+protestant&pg=PT101"><i>Healing Fractures in Contemporary Theology</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-6610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-6610-0"><bdi>978-1-7252-6610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+Fractures+in+Contemporary+Theology&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft.isbn=978-1-7252-6610-0&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Peter+John&rft.au=Rowland%2C+Tracey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzOFaEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DWilliam%2Bof%2BOckham%2Bprotestant%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdePrater2015" class="citation book cs1">dePrater, William A. (2015-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXLDCAAAQBAJ&dq=Peter+Abelard+reformation&pg=PA37"><i>God Hovered Over the Waters: The Emergence of the Protestant Reformation</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0454-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0454-5"><bdi>978-1-4982-0454-5</bdi></a>. <q>(Chapter name: Forerunners of the Protestant reformation) Bradwardine in his study of Augustinian theology came to an understanding of the doctrine of predestination as a positive affirmation of Gd's benevolent grace unto us.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Hovered+Over+the+Waters%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+Protestant+Reformation&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-0454-5&rft.aulast=dePrater&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrXLDCAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPeter%2BAbelard%2Breformation%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gregory-of-Rimini">"Gregory Of Rimini | Italian philosopher"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Gregory+Of+Rimini+%7C+Italian+philosopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGregory-of-Rimini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Friends-of-God">"Friends of God | religious group | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Friends+of+God+%7C+religious+group+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FFriends-of-God&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulina_Kewes2006" class="citation book cs1">Paulina Kewes, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VqIeLaN_HYC&dq=%22petrarch%22+%22proto-protestant%22&pg=PA143"><i>The Uses of History in Early Modern England</i></a>. Huntington Library. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873282192" title="Special:BookSources/9780873282192"><bdi>9780873282192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uses+of+History+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Huntington+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780873282192&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VqIeLaN_HYC%26dq%3D%2522petrarch%2522%2B%2522proto-protestant%2522%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_J._Kennedy2004" class="citation book cs1">William J. Kennedy (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vww9sIBSG6cC&dq=%22petrarch%22+%22proto-protestant%22&pg=PA3"><i>The Site of Petrarchism Early Modern National Sentiment in Italy, France, and England</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801881268" title="Special:BookSources/9780801881268"><bdi>9780801881268</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Site+of+Petrarchism+Early+Modern+National+Sentiment+in+Italy%2C+France%2C+and+England&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780801881268&rft.au=William+J.+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVww9sIBSG6cC%26dq%3D%2522petrarch%2522%2B%2522proto-protestant%2522%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlessandra_Petrina2020" class="citation book cs1">Alessandra Petrina, ed. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CrL1DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22petrarch%22+%22proto-protestant%22&pg=PA6"><i>Petrarch's 'Triumphi' in the British Isles</i></a>. Modern Humanities Research Association. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781888827" title="Special:BookSources/9781781888827"><bdi>9781781888827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petrarch%27s+%27Triumphi%27+in+the+British+Isles&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Modern+Humanities+Research+Association&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781781888827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCrL1DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522petrarch%2522%2B%2522proto-protestant%2522%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnrica_ZaninRémi_VuilleminLaetitia_SansonettiTamsin_Badcoe2020" class="citation book cs1">Enrica Zanin; Rémi Vuillemin; Laetitia Sansonetti; Tamsin Badcoe, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aufeDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22petrarch%22+%22proto-protestant%22&pg=PT109"><i>The Early Modern English Sonnet</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526144416" title="Special:BookSources/9781526144416"><bdi>9781526144416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Modern+English+Sonnet&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781526144416&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaufeDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522petrarch%2522%2B%2522proto-protestant%2522%26pg%3DPT109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbigail_Brundin2016" class="citation book cs1">Abigail Brundin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JQaOCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22petrarch%22+%22proto-protestant%22&pg=PA10"><i>Vittoria Colonna and the Spiritual Poetics of the Italian Reformation</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317001065" title="Special:BookSources/9781317001065"><bdi>9781317001065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vittoria+Colonna+and+the+Spiritual+Poetics+of+the+Italian+Reformation&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317001065&rft.au=Abigail+Brundin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJQaOCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522petrarch%2522%2B%2522proto-protestant%2522%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichalski2013" class="citation book cs1">Michalski, Sergiusz (2013-01-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PM2sDPFP9dEC&q=Reformation+and+the+Visual+Arts%3A+The+Protestant+Image+Question+in+Western"><i>Reformation and the Visual Arts: The Protestant Image Question in Western and Eastern Europe</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92102-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92102-7"><bdi>978-1-134-92102-7</bdi></a>. <q>in the middle of the fourteenth century the Strigolniki heresy broke out in Russia, chiefly in the cities in the north of the country, which gave this movement a proto-Reformation character</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformation+and+the+Visual+Arts%3A+The+Protestant+Image+Question+in+Western+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.isbn=978-1-134-92102-7&rft.aulast=Michalski&rft.aufirst=Sergiusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPM2sDPFP9dEC%26q%3DReformation%2Band%2Bthe%2BVisual%2BArts%253A%2BThe%2BProtestant%2BImage%2BQuestion%2Bin%2BWestern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelich2022" class="citation book cs1">Belich, James (2022-07-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FytaEAAAQBAJ&dq=Strigolniki+reformation&pg=PA218"><i>The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22287-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22287-5"><bdi>978-0-691-22287-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+the+Plague+Made%3A+The+Black+Death+and+the+Rise+of+Europe&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft.isbn=978-0-691-22287-5&rft.aulast=Belich&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFytaEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DStrigolniki%2Breformation%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09333a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Lollards"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Lollards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F09333a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lollards">"Lollard | English religious history"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Lollard+%7C+English+religious+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FLollards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hussite">"Hussite | religious movement"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Hussite+%7C+religious+movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHussite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jan-Hus">"Jan Hus | Biography, Reforms, Beliefs, Death, & Facts"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Jan+Hus+%7C+Biography%2C+Reforms%2C+Beliefs%2C+Death%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJan-Hus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/jan-hus-1369-1415-and-the-hussite-wars-1419-1436/">"Jan Hus (1369-1415) and the Hussite wars (1419-1436)"</a>. <i>museéprotestant</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muse%C3%A9protestant&rft.atitle=Jan+Hus+%281369-1415%29+and+the+Hussite+wars+%281419-1436%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseeprotestant.org%2Fen%2Fnotice%2Fjan-hus-1369-1415-and-the-hussite-wars-1419-1436%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6.ii.vi.x.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+VI%3A+The+Middle+Ages.+A.D.+1294-1517+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc6.ii.vi.x.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6.ii.vi.x.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+VI%3A+The+Middle+Ages.+A.D.+1294-1517+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc6.ii.vi.x.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lorenzo-Valla">"Lorenzo Valla | Italian humanist | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Lorenzo+Valla+%7C+Italian+humanist+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FLorenzo-Valla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6/hcc6.iii.x.iv.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294–1517 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-14</span></span>. <q>John Pupper, 1400–1475, usually called John of Goch from his birthplace, a hamlet on the lower Rhine near Cleves, seems to have been trained in one of the schools of the Brothers of the Common Life, and then studied in Cologne and perhaps in Paris. He founded a house of Augustinians near Mecheln, remaining at its head till his death. His writings were not published till after the beginning of the Reformation. He anticipated that movement in asserting the supreme authority of the Bible. The Fathers are to be accepted only so far as they follow the canonical Scriptures. In contrast to the works of the philosophers and the Schoolmen, the Bible is a book of life; theirs, books of death.1167 He also called in question the merit of monastic vows and the validity of the distinction between the higher and lower morality upon which monasticism laid stress. What is included under the higher morality is within the reach of all Christians and not the property of monks only. He renounced the Catholic view of justification without stating with clearness the evangelical theory These three German theologians, Goch, Wesel and Wessel, were quietly searching after the marks of the true Church and the doctrine of justification by faith in Christ alone. Without knowing it, they were standing on the threshold of the Reformation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+VI%3A+The+Middle+Ages.+A.D.+1294%E2%80%931517+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc6%2Fhcc6.iii.x.iv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6/hcc6.iii.x.iv.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294–1517 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-14</span></span>. <q>John Ruchrath von Wesel, d. 1481, attacked the hierarchy and indulgences and was charged on his trial with calling in question almost all the distinctive Roman Catholic tenets. He was born in Oberwesel on the Rhine between Mainz and Coblentz. He taught at the University of Erfurt and, in 1458, was chosen its vice-rector. Luther bore testimony to his influence when he said, "I remember how Master John Wesalia ruled the University of Erfurt by his writings through the study of which I also became a master."1169 Leaving Erfurt, he was successively professor in Basel and cathedral preacher in Mainz and Worms. In 1479, Wesel was arraigned for heresy before the Inquisition at Mainz.1170 Among the charges were that the Scriptures are alone a trustworthy source of authority; the names of the predestinate are written in the book of life and cannot be erased by a priestly ban; indulgences do not profit; Christ is not pleased with festivals of fasting, pilgrimages or priestly celibacy; Christ's body can be in the bread without any change of the bread's substance: pope and councils are not to be obeyed if they are out of accord with the Scriptures; he whom God chooses will be saved irrespective of pope and priests, and all who have faith will enjoy as much blessedness as prelates. Wesel also made the distinction between the visible and the invisible Church and defined the Church as the aggregation of all the faithful who are bound together by love—collectio omnium fidelium caritate copulatorum. In his trial, he was accused of having had communication with the Hussites. In matters of historical criticism, he was also in advance of his age, casting doubt upon some of the statements of the Athanasian Creed, abandoning the application of the term Catholic to the Apostles' Creed and pronouncing the addition of the filioque clause—and from the Son—unwarranted. The doctrines of indulgences and the fund of merit he pronounced unscriptural and pious frauds. The elect are saved wholly through the grace of God—sola Dei gratia salvantur electi. These three German theologians, Goch, Wesel and Wessel, were quietly searching after the marks of the true Church and the doctrine of justification by faith in Christ alone. Without knowing it, they were standing on the threshold of the Reformation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+VI%3A+The+Middle+Ages.+A.D.+1294%E2%80%931517+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc6%2Fhcc6.iii.x.iv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pharosjot.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_25_vol_98_2017.pdf">"The forms of communication employed by the Protestant Reformers and especially Luther and Calvin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pharos Journal of Theology</i>. <b>98</b>. 2016. <q>John of Wessel was one member in the group who attacked indulgences (Reddy 2004:115). The doctrine of justification by faith alone was the teaching of John of Wessel (Kuiper 1982:151). He rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation where it is believed when the priest pronounces the sacraments then the wine and bread in turned into the real body and blood of Christ</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharos+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=The+forms+of+communication+employed+by+the+Protestant+Reformers+and+especially+Luther+and+Calvin&rft.volume=98&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharosjot.com%2Fuploads%2F7%2F1%2F6%2F3%2F7163688%2Farticle_25_vol_98_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15590a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: John Wessel Goesport (Gansfort)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+John+Wessel+Goesport+%28Gansfort%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15590a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdePrater2015" class="citation book cs1">dePrater, William A. (2015-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXLDCAAAQBAJ&dq=Peter+Abelard+reformation&pg=PA37"><i>God Hovered Over the Waters: The Emergence of the Protestant Reformation</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0454-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0454-5"><bdi>978-1-4982-0454-5</bdi></a>. <q>(Chapter name: forerunners of the Protestant reformation) Yet his modest ethnical reforms would lay the grounwork for the later Protestant Reformation movement at Strasbourg.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Hovered+Over+the+Waters%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+Protestant+Reformation&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-0454-5&rft.aulast=dePrater&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrXLDCAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPeter%2BAbelard%2Breformation%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailyhistory.org/How_did_Savonarola_influence_the_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation?">"How did Savonarola influence the Reformation and Counter-Reformation – DailyHistory.org"</a>. <i>dailyhistory.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dailyhistory.org&rft.atitle=How+did+Savonarola+influence+the+Reformation+and+Counter-Reformation+%E2%80%93+DailyHistory.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailyhistory.org%2FHow_did_Savonarola_influence_the_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/Savonarola">"Italy - Savonarola | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Italy+-+Savonarola+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FItaly%2FSavonarola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Savonarola, Girolamo"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Savonarola,_Girolamo">"Savonarola, Girolamo" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Savonarola%2C+Girolamo&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13490a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Girolamo Savonarola"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Girolamo+Savonarola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F13490a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdePrater2015" class="citation book cs1">dePrater, William A. (2015-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXLDCAAAQBAJ&dq=Peter+Abelard+reformation&pg=PA37">"Forerunners of the Protestant reformation"</a>. <i>God Hovered Over the Waters: The Emergence of the Protestant Reformation</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0454-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0454-5"><bdi>978-1-4982-0454-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forerunners+of+the+Protestant+reformation&rft.btitle=God+Hovered+Over+the+Waters%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+Protestant+Reformation&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-0454-5&rft.aulast=dePrater&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrXLDCAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPeter%2BAbelard%2Breformation%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amer-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amer_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRines1920" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Reuchlin, Johann"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Reuchlin,_Johann">"Reuchlin, Johann" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reuchlin%2C+Johann&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdePrater2015" class="citation book cs1">dePrater, William A. (2015-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rXLDCAAAQBAJ&dq=Peter+Abelard+reformation&pg=PA37"><i>God Hovered Over the Waters: The Emergence of the Protestant Reformation</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0454-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0454-5"><bdi>978-1-4982-0454-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Hovered+Over+the+Waters%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+Protestant+Reformation&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-0454-5&rft.aulast=dePrater&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrXLDCAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPeter%2BAbelard%2Breformation%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museeprotestant.org/en/notice/jacques-lefevre-detaples-1450-1537-2/">"Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples (1450-1537)"</a>. <i>Musée protestant</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mus%C3%A9e+protestant&rft.atitle=Jacques+Lef%C3%A8vre+d%27Etaples+%281450-1537%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseeprotestant.org%2Fen%2Fnotice%2Fjacques-lefevre-detaples-1450-1537-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2019" class="citation web cs1">Little, Katherine (29 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/before-martin-luther-there-was-erasmus-a-dutch-theologian-who-paved-the-way-for-the-protestant-reformation-124861">"Before Martin Luther, there was Erasmus – a Dutch theologian who paved the way for the Protestant Reformation"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Before+Martin+Luther%2C+there+was+Erasmus+%E2%80%93+a+Dutch+theologian+who+paved+the+way+for+the+Protestant+Reformation&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fbefore-martin-luther-there-was-erasmus-a-dutch-theologian-who-paved-the-way-for-the-protestant-reformation-124861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barnett-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barnett_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barnett_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barnett_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1999" class="citation journal cs1">Barnett, S. J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3170108">"Where Was Your Church before Luther? Claims for the Antiquity of Protestantism Examined"</a>. <i>Church History</i>. <b>68</b> (1): 14–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3170108">10.2307/3170108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407">0009-6407</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3170108">3170108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Where+Was+Your+Church+before+Luther%3F+Claims+for+the+Antiquity+of+Protestantism+Examined&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-41&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0009-6407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3170108%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3170108&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3170108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadbent1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hamer_Broadbent" title="Edmund Hamer Broadbent">Broadbent, E.H.</a> (1931). <i>The Pilgrim Church</i>. Basingstoke: Pickering & Inglis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7208-0677-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7208-0677-1"><bdi>0-7208-0677-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pilgrim+Church&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Pickering+%26+Inglis&rft.date=1931&rft.isbn=0-7208-0677-1&rft.aulast=Broadbent&rft.aufirst=E.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHisel2017" class="citation book cs1">Hisel, Berlin (2017). <i>Baptist History Notebook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptist+History+Notebook&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Hisel&rft.aufirst=Berlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Protestantism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1999" class="citation journal cs1">Barnett, S. J. (1999). "Where Was Your Church before Luther? Claims for the Antiquity of Protestantism Examined". <i>Church History</i>. <b>68</b> (1). Cambridge University Press: 14–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3170108">10.2307/3170108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407">0009-6407</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3170108">3170108</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154764488">154764488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Where+Was+Your+Church+before+Luther%3F+Claims+for+the+Antiquity+of+Protestantism+Examined&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-41&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0009-6407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154764488%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3170108%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3170108&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProto-Protestantism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stephen D. Bowd: <i>Reform before the Reformation : Vincenzo Querini and the religious Renaissance in Italy</i>, Leiden [et al.], 2002.</li> <li>Walter Rügert: <i>John Wyclif, Jan Hus, Martin Luther: Wegbereiter der Reformation</i> Konstanz, 2017.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Broadbent" class="mw-redirect" title="E. H. Broadbent">E. H. Broadbent</a>: <i>The Pilgrim Church</i>, Pickering & Inglis, 1937.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Proto-Protestantism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Proto-Protestantism" title="Template:Proto-Protestantism"><abbr title="View this 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0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jovinian" title="Jovinian">Jovinian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_of_Turin" title="Claudius of Turin">Claudius of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottschalk_of_Orbais" title="Gottschalk of Orbais">Gottschalk of Orbais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratramnus" title="Ratramnus">Ratramnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sects and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pataria" title="Pataria">Pataria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengarians" title="Berengarians">Berengarians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Wycliffe giving his bible to his Lollard followers"><img alt="John Wycliffe giving his bible to his Lollard followers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/150px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/225px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/300px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1100–1400 AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanchelm" title="Tanchelm">Tanchelm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Bruys" title="Peter of Bruys">Peter of Bruys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henry of Lausanne</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Brescia" title="Arnold of Brescia">Arnold of Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mil%C3%AD%C4%8D_of_Krom%C4%9B%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BE" title="Milíč of Kroměříž">Milíč of Kroměříž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_of_Janov" title="Matthias of Janov">Matthias of Janov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius of Padua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sects and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strigolniki" title="Strigolniki">Strigolniki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petrobrusians" title="Petrobrusians">Petrobrusians</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1400–1500 AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="People" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDi%C5%BEka" title="Jan Žižka">Jan Žižka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_of_Pelh%C5%99imov" title="Mikuláš of Pelhřimov">Mikuláš of Pelhřimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Goch" title="Johannes von Goch">Johannes von Goch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ruchrat_von_Wesel" title="Johann Ruchrat von Wesel">Johann Ruchrat von Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessel_Gansfort" title="Wessel Gansfort">Wessel Gansfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27%C3%89taples" title="Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples">Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_of_Prague" title="Luke of Prague">Luke of Prague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sects and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utraquism" title="Utraquism">Utraquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Czech Brethren</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piagnoni" title="Piagnoni">Piagnoni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldcastle_Revolt" title="Oldcastle Revolt">Oldcastle Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compacts_of_Basel" title="Compacts of Basel">Compacts of Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_peace_of_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="Religious peace of Kutná Hora">Peace of Kutná Hora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rindol_massacre" title="Mérindol massacre">Mérindol massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard%E2%80%93Waldensian_wars" title="Savoyard–Waldensian wars">Savoyard–Waldensian wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Easter" title="Piedmontese Easter">Piedmontese Easter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycliffe Bible">Wycliffe Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Bible" title="Hussite Bible">Hussite Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jistebnice_hymn_book" title="Jistebnice hymn book">Jistebnice hymn book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiae_Regimen" title="Ecclesiae Regimen">Ecclesiae Regimen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Conclusions_of_the_Lollards" title="Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards">Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Cross_(Girolamo_Savonarola)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumph of the Cross (Girolamo Savonarola)">Triumph of the Cross (Girolamo Savonarola)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Catharism_and_Protestantism" title="Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism">Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate their inclusion to be controversial or disputed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intermediates_between_Catholicism_and_Protestantism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: linear-gradient(to right, gold, #DFFFFF);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intermediates_between_Catholicism_and_Protestantism" title="Template:Intermediates between Catholicism and Protestantism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intermediates_between_Catholicism_and_Protestantism" title="Template talk:Intermediates between Catholicism and Protestantism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intermediates_between_Catholicism_and_Protestantism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intermediates between Catholicism and Protestantism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intermediates_between_Catholicism_and_Protestantism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Intermediates between Catholicism and Protestantism</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: linear-gradient(to bottom, gold, #DFFFFF);">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Movements predating Luther: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proto-Protestantism</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_evangelism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaissance evangelism (page does not exist)">Renaissance evangelism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vang%C3%A9lisme_de_la_Renaissance" class="extiw" title="fr:Évangélisme de la Renaissance">fr</a>]</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Preachership" title="Preachership">preachership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Articles_(1539)" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Articles (1539)">Six Articles (1539)</a> (Anglican)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Regensburg_(1541)" title="Diet of Regensburg (1541)">Diet of Regensburg (1541)</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Interim" title="Augsburg Interim">Augsburg Interim</a> (Lutheran and crypto-Calvinist)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France#Conciliation_policy" title="Francis II of France">Assembly of Notables at Fontainebleau</a> (1560)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_struggle" title="Liturgical struggle">Liturgical struggle</a> (Lutheran and crypto-Calvinist)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: linear-gradient(to bottom, gold, #DFFFFF);">Individuals with hidden beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Papist">Crypto-Catholic or Crypto-Papist</a> (pejorative)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Protestantism" title="Crypto-Protestantism">Crypto-Protestant</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemite</a> (pejorative)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: linear-gradient(to bottom, gold, #DFFFFF);">Movements within Catholicism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: linear-gradient(to bottom, gold, #DFFFFF);">Present-day</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church_Lutheranism" title="High church Lutheranism">High Church Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiz%C3%A9_Community" title="Taizé Community">Taizé Community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of heresies in the Catholic Church">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinarism" title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomoeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidicomarianite">Antidicomarianites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Euchites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_of_Cagliari" title="Lucifer of Cagliari">Luciferianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Macedonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Melchisedechians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Modalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">Modalistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novatianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patripassianism" title="Patripassianism">Patripassianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">Psilanthropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire."><img alt="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/100px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/150px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/200px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinians" title="Dulcinians">Dulcinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Free Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliati" title="Humiliati">Humiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impanation" title="Impanation">Impanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephines" title="Josephines">Josephines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migetians" title="Migetians">Migetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasagians" title="Pasagians">Pasagians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Adoptionism" title="Spanish Adoptionism">Spanish Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">Consubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quietism (Christian philosophy)">Quietism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Lady_of_All_Nations" title="Community of the Lady of All Nations">Community of the Lady of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">Indifferentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-saint" title="Narco-saint">Narco-saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%C3%B3n" title="Maximón">Maximón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnationism">Reincarnationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold;background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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