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<span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eucharist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eucharist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Eucharist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eucharist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denial_of_sacraments_and_sacramentals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denial_of_sacraments_and_sacramentals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Denial of sacraments and sacramentals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denial_of_sacraments_and_sacramentals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Twelve_Conclusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Twelve_Conclusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Twelve Conclusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Twelve_Conclusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vernacular_scripture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vernacular_scripture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Vernacular scripture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vernacular_scripture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Catholic practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foxe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foxe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Foxe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foxe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxford_Lollards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxford_Lollards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Oxford Lollards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxford_Lollards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peasants'_Revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peasants'_Revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Peasants' Revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peasants'_Revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lollard_Knights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lollard_Knights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lollard Knights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lollard_Knights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Legal response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oldcastle_Revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldcastle_Revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Oldcastle Revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldcastle_Revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1428_Kentish_Insurrection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1428_Kentish_Insurrection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>1428 Kentish Insurrection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1428_Kentish_Insurrection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Lollardy_in_the_1500s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Lollardy_in_the_1500s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Late Lollardy in the 1500s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Lollardy_in_the_1500s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representations_in_art_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representations_in_art_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Representations in art and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representations_in_art_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9B%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Κίνημα των Λόλαρντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίνημα των Λόλαρντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolard%C3%ADa" title="Lolardía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lolardía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolardismo" title="Lolardismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lolardismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollardachas" title="Lollardachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lollardachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollardismo" title="Lollardismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lollardismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%A4%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%9C%ED%8C%8C" title="롤라드파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="롤라드파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lollardy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollardia" title="Lollardia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lollardia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="ロラード主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロラード主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Лоллардаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лоллардаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollardisme" title="Lollardisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lollardisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollardismo" title="Lollardismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Radical Christian reform movement</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/220px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/330px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/440px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>In this 19th-century illustration, <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> is shown giving the Bible translation that bore his name to his Lollard followers.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lollardy</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">proto-Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> religious movement that was active in England from the mid-14th century until the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>. It was initially led by <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> theologian who was dismissed from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in 1381 for <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>. The Lollards' demands were primarily for reform of <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>. They formulated their beliefs in the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Conclusions_of_the_Lollards" title="Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards">Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards</a>. Early it became associated with uprisings and assassinations of high government officials, and was suppressed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lollards_QE4_126.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lollards_QE4_126.jpg/220px-Lollards_QE4_126.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lollards_QE4_126.jpg/330px-Lollards_QE4_126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lollards_QE4_126.jpg/440px-Lollards_QE4_126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3193" data-file-height="2228" /></a><figcaption>Lollards' prison in <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Lollard</i>, <i>Lollardi</i>, or <i>Loller</i> was the popular derogatory nickname given to those without an academic background, educated, if at all, only in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, who were reputed to follow the teachings of <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> in particular, and were energized by the translation of the Bible into the English language. By the mid-15th century, "lollard" had come to mean a <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretic</a> in general. The alternative, "Wycliffite", is generally accepted to be a more neutral term covering those of similar opinions, but having an academic background. </p><p>The term is said to have been coined by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a> cleric <a href="/wiki/Henry_Crumpe" title="Henry Crumpe">Henry Crumpe</a>, but its origin is uncertain. The earliest official use of the name in England occurs in 1387 in a mandate of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Worcester" title="Bishop of Worcester">Bishop of Worcester</a> against five "poor preachers", <i>nomine seu ritu Lollardorum confoederatos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, it most likely derives from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> <i><span title="Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)-language text"><i lang="dum">lollaerd</i></span></i> ("mumbler, mutterer"), from a verb <i>lollen</i> ("to mutter, mumble"). The word is much older than its English use; there were Lollards in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 14th century who were akin to the <a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beguines_and_Beghards" title="Beguines and Beghards">Beghards</a>, and other sectaries similar to the recusant <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally the Dutch word was a colloquial name for a group of buriers of the dead during the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, in the 14th century, known as <a href="/wiki/Alexians" title="Alexians">Alexians</a>, Alexian Brothers or Cellites. These were known colloquially as <i><span title="Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)-language text"><i lang="dum">lollebroeders</i></span></i> (Middle Dutch for "mumbling brothers"), or <i><span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">Lollhorden</i></span></i>, from <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old High German language">Old High German</a>: <i lang="goh">lollon</i> ("to sing softly"), from their chants for the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <i><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">loller</i></span></i> (akin to the verb <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/loll" class="extiw" title="wikt:loll">loll</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lull" class="extiw" title="wikt:lull">lull</a></i>, the English cognate of Dutch <i>lollen</i> "to mutter, mumble") is recorded as an alternative spelling of <i>Lollard</i>, while its generic meaning "a lazy vagabond, an idler, a fraudulent beggar" is not recorded before 1582.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Two other possibilities for the derivation of <i>Lollard</i> are mentioned by the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lolium</i></span></i>, a weedy <a href="/wiki/Vicia_sativa" title="Vicia sativa">vetch</a> (tares), supposedly a reference to the biblical <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Tares" title="Parable of the Tares">Parable of the Tares</a> (Matthew 13:24–30);</li> <li>the surname "Lolhard" of an eminent Franciscan preacher in <a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a>, who converted to the <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a> way. The region of Guyenne was at that time under English dominion, and his preaching influenced pious lay English. He was burned at <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> in the 1370s. Earlier, another Waldensian teacher, also named "Lolhard", was tried for heresy in Austria in 1315.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lollardmap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Lollardmap.jpg/260px-Lollardmap.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Lollardmap.jpg/390px-Lollardmap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Lollardmap.jpg/520px-Lollardmap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>A map of Lollardy's influence. Areas of Lollardy's influence before the death of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> are in green. Areas where Lollardy spread in the 15th century are in red.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to scholar Margaret Aston, as Wycliffe's academic theology percolated to the masses, it changed measureably, some parts strengthening and others weakening.<sup id="cite_ref-aston_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aston-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian John Thomson is paraphrased "Rather than a specific creed of well thought out theological doctrine, Lollard beliefs are more aptly described as a set of consistent attitudes."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eucharist">Eucharist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eucharist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With regard to the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, Lollards such as <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Testimony_of_William_Thorpe" title="The Testimony of William Thorpe">William Thorpe</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Oldcastle" title="John Oldcastle">John Oldcastle</a> taught a view of the mystical real presence of Christ in Holy Communion known as "<a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">consubstantiation</a>" but did not accept the formulation of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>, which the Roman Catholic Church required the faithful not to deny.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IIHornbeck2010_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIHornbeck2010-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wycliffite teachings on the Eucharist were declared heresy at the <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Synod" title="Earthquake Synod">Blackfriars Council</a> of 1382, and later by the Pope and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a>. </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/The_Plowman%27s_Tale" title="The Plowman's Tale">The Plowman's Tale</a>", a 16th-century Lollard poem, argues that theological debate about orthodox doctrine is less important than the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real Presence</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-barr_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barr-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>I say sothe thorowe trewe rede<br /> His flesh and blode, through his mastry<br /> Is there/ in the forme of brede<br /> Howe it is there/ it nedeth not stryve<br /> Whether it be subgette or accydent<br /> But as Christ was/ when he was on-lyve<br /> So is he there verament.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <br /> [In modern English:]<br /> I say the truth through true understanding: <br /> His flesh and blood, through his subtle works, <br /> Is there in the form of bread. <br /> In what manner it is present need not be debated, <br /> Whether as subject or <a href="/wiki/Accident_(philosophy)" title="Accident (philosophy)">accident</a>, <br /> But as Christ was when he was alive, <br /> So He is truly there.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Sawtry" class="mw-redirect" title="William Sawtry">William Sawtry</a>, a priest, was reportedly burned in 1401 for his preaching that "bread remains in the same nature as before" after <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a> by a priest. A suspect in 1517 summed up the Lollards' position: "Summe folys cummyn to churche thynckyng to see the good Lorde – what shulde they see there but bredde and wyne?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1988285_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1988285-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid 15th century a priest named Richard Wyche was accused of false doctrine that corrupted the faith of Northumbrians, and left a letter detailing his version of the inquisitional proceedings, where a succession of theologians and others attempted to convince him of the Catholic position or to find some compromise wording that involved him not denying transubstantiation.<sup id="cite_ref-wyche_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wyche-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked about transubstantiation during his questioning, he repeated only his belief in the Real Presence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1988284_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1988284-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked if the host was still bread even after consecration, he answered only: "I believe that the host is the real body of Christ in the form of bread". Throughout his questioning he insisted that he was "not bound to believe otherwise than Holy Scripture says" and resorted to various loopholes. Following the questioning, he claimed he had been allowed to swear an oath on his heart;<sup id="cite_ref-wyche_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wyche-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later his inquisitors denied this, saying he had sworn a different oath, which would have actually freed him; his denial of having taken that oath was taken as a re-canting by the bishop, preventing his attempted appeal to the Pope, so he was excommunicated, defrocked, imprisoned and eventually executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1988284_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1988284-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lollard teachings on the Eucharist are attested to in numerous primary source documents. It is the fourth of the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Conclusions_of_the_Lollards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards">Twelve Conclusions</a></i> and the first of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteen_Points_on_which_the_Bishops_accuse_Lollards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixteen Points on which the Bishops accuse Lollards (page does not exist)">Sixteen Points on which the Bishops accuse Lollards</a></i>. It is discussed in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Testimony_of_William_Thorpe" title="The Testimony of William Thorpe">The Testimony of William Thorpe</a></i>, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apology_for_Lollard_Doctrines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apology for Lollard Doctrines (page does not exist)">Apology for Lollard Doctrines</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Jack_Upland" title="Jack Upland">Jack Upland</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opus_Arduum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opus Arduum (page does not exist)">Opus Arduum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1988285–286_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1988285–286-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denial_of_sacraments_and_sacramentals">Denial of sacraments and sacramentals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Denial of sacraments and sacramentals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (October 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Lollardy#Dubious" title="Talk:Lollardy">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Lollards did not believe that the church practices of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">confession</a> were necessary for <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a>. </p><p>Believing in a <a href="/wiki/Universal_priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal priesthood">universal priesthood</a>, the Lollards challenged the Church's authority to invest or to deny the divine authority to make a man a priest. Denying any special status to the priesthood, Lollards thought <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a> to a priest was unnecessary since according to them priests did not have the ability to forgive sins. However, while it is beneficial to confess to a good priest, it is perilous to confess to a bad one.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Art.9">: Art.9 </span></sup> Lollards challenged the practice of <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a> and believed priests should not hold <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">government positions</a> as such temporal matters would likely interfere with their spiritual mission. </p><p>They considered praying to saints and <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">honouring of their images</a> to be a form of idolatry. Oaths, fasting and prayers for the dead were thought to have no <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible" title="Wycliffe's Bible">scriptural basis</a>. They had a poor opinion of the trappings of the Catholic Church, including holy water, bells, organs, and church buildings. They rejected the value of <a href="/wiki/Indulgence#Early_and_medieval_beliefs" title="Indulgence">papal pardons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OER_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OER-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Twelve_Conclusions">The Twelve Conclusions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Twelve Conclusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One group of Lollards petitioned Parliament with the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Conclusions_of_the_Lollards" title="Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards">Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards</a> by posting them on the doors of Westminster Hall in February 1395. While by no means a central statement of belief of the Lollards, the Twelve Conclusions reveal certain basic Lollard ideas. </p> <ul><li>The first Conclusion rejects the acquisition of temporal wealth by Church leaders, as accumulating wealth leads them away from religious concerns and towards greed. her</li> <li>The fourth Conclusion deals with the Lollard view that the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a> of the Eucharist is a debatable doctrine that is not clearly defined in the Bible. Whether the bread remains bread or becomes the literal body of Christ is not specified uniformly in the gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1988306_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1988306-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The sixth Conclusion states that officials of the Church should not concern themselves with secular matters when they hold a position of power within the Church, since this constitutes a conflict of interest between matters of the spirit and matters of the State.</li> <li>The eighth Conclusion points out the ludicrousness, in the minds of Lollards, of the reverence that is directed toward images of Christ's suffering. "If the cross of Christ, the nails, spear, and crown of thorns are to be honoured, then why not honour Judas's lips, if only they could be found?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1988306_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1988306-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The eleventh Conclusion was that female religious vows were unsafe, given that unmarried females could not contain their lust and would fall pregnant and commit abortion.</li> <li>Expensive church artwork was seen as an excess. They believed effort should be placed on helping the needy and preaching rather than working on expensive decorations. <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a> were also seen as dangerous since many seemed to be worshipping the icons more fervently than they worshipped God.</li></ul> <p>Later, an expanded version the "Thirty Seven Conclusions" or "Remonstrances" was submitted in the late 1390s; the author is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vernacular_scripture">Vernacular scripture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vernacular scripture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lollardy was a religion of <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Bible translations in the Middle Ages">vernacular scripture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OER_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OER-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lollards opposed many practices of the Catholic church. <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hudson_(literary_historian)" title="Anne Hudson (literary historian)">Anne Hudson</a> has written that a form of <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a></i> underpinned Wycliffe's beliefs, but distinguished it from the more radical ideology that anything not permitted by scripture is forbidden. Instead, Hudson notes that Wycliffe's <i>sola scriptura</i> held the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> to be "the only valid source of doctrine and the only pertinent measure of legitimacy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1988280_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1988280-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later Lollards believed that people deserved access to a copy of their own Bible. Many attempted to distribute English copies. Due to the lack of a printing press and low literacy levels, it was difficult to accomplish this goal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, a notable feature of some Lollard inquisitions was the common claim of illiteracy, or vision impairment, as a defence against the suspicion of Lollardy raised by possession of vernacular texts.<sup id="cite_ref-aston_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aston-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 495">: 495 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_practices">Catholic practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Catholic practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lollards did not observe <a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church">fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> proceedings against <a href="/wiki/Margery_Baxter" title="Margery Baxter">Margery Baxter</a> it was presented as evidence that a servant girl found <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a> in a pot of <a href="/wiki/Oatmeal" title="Oatmeal">oatmeal</a> on the first Saturday of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>. Non-observance of dietary restrictions was used as evidence of heresy in another <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> case against Thomas Mone, where it was alleged that a piglet was eaten for <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> dinner when eating meat was forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Special vows were considered to be in conflict with the divine order established by Christ and were regarded as <a href="/wiki/Anathema#Catholicism" title="Anathema">anathema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lollards had a tendency toward <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some Lollards believed work was permissible on Sundays.<sup id="cite_ref-aston_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aston-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foxe">Foxe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foxe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sixteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Martyrologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrologist">martyrologist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Foxe" title="John Foxe">John Foxe</a> reduced the main beliefs of Lollardy to four, to an extent eliding the Wycliffite doctrine of <i>dominium</i>: </p> <ul><li>opposition to pilgrimages and saint worship,</li> <li>denial of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>, and</li> <li>a demand for <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English translation of the Scriptures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-walker_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wycliffe_John_Gospel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wycliffe_John_Gospel.jpg/260px-Wycliffe_John_Gospel.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="438" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wycliffe_John_Gospel.jpg/390px-Wycliffe_John_Gospel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wycliffe_John_Gospel.jpg/520px-Wycliffe_John_Gospel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>A late 14th-century beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, starting with a large letter ‘I’ in blue, from a pocket Wycliffe translation. It may have been used by a roving Lollard preacher</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Lollardy was denounced as a <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heresy</a> by the Catholic Church, initially Wycliffe and the Lollards were sheltered by politically-influential nobleman <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a> and other anti-clerical nobility, who may have wanted to use Lollard-advocated clerical reform to acquire new sources of revenue from England's monasteries. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> also protected Wycliffe and similar academics on the grounds of academic freedom and, initially, allowed such persons to retain their positions despite their controversial views. </p><p>Two primary religious opponents of the Wycliffites were <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay" title="William Courtenay">William Courtenay</a> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arundel" title="Thomas Arundel">Thomas Arundel</a>, assisted by bishops like <a href="/wiki/Henry_le_Despenser" title="Henry le Despenser">Henry le Despenser</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Norwich" title="Bishop of Norwich">Norwich</a>, whom the chronicler <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walsingham" title="Thomas Walsingham">Thomas Walsingham</a> praised for his zeal.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian T. Waugh suggests the Lollard movement was small with little appeal to the upper classes, who liked the anti-clerical politics but not the religious doctrines. "Notices of Lollardy after the death of Wycliffe are scattered and meagre. Sixteenth century Protestantism invested the Lollards with a posthumous renown, but there can be little doubt that, when their first energy had spent itself, they speedily became an obscure sect, destitute of living leaders, and vaguely re-echoing the teaching of a deceased founder whom they only half understood."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxford_Lollards">Oxford Lollards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oxford Lollards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial Lollards were a small group of scholars, particularly at <a href="/wiki/Merton_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton College">Merton College</a>, Oxford University, some with important positions, who came under the influence of Wycliffe in the 1360s and 1370s. After Wycliffe's natural death, all of them eventually submitted to Archbishop of Canterbury <a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay" title="William Courtenay">William Courtenay</a> to renounce Wycliffe's contentious doctrines, and none suffered long-term consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch9">: ch9 </span></sup> These notably included <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hereford" title="Nicholas Hereford">Nicholas Hereford</a>, who is usually named as the translator of most of the Old Testament of the Wycliffean <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Bible" title="Wycliffe's Bible">Middle English Bible</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peasants'_Revolt"><span id="Peasants.27_Revolt"></span>Peasants' Revolt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Peasants' Revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a></div> <p>Lollards first faced serious persecution after the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a> in 1381. While Wycliffe and other Lollards opposed the revolt, one of the peasants' leaders, <a href="/wiki/John_Ball_(priest)" title="John Ball (priest)">John Ball</a>, preached Lollardy. Prior to 1382, Wycliffite beliefs were tolerated in government as they endorsed in <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Supremacy" title="Acts of Supremacy">royal superiority</a> to bishops.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the government and royals were hesitant, as they did not want to encourage subjects to criticize religious powers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1382, royalty and nobility found Lollardy to be a threat not only to the Church, but to English society in general. The Lollards' small measure of protection evaporated. This change in status was also affected by the departure of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a> (Duke of Lancaster, patron of <a href="/wiki/Chaucer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a> and protector of <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>) who left England in 1386 to pursue the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a>. </p><p>Paul Strohm has asked: "Was the Lollard a genuine threat or a political pawn, agent of destabilising challenge, or a hapless threat of self-legitimizing Lancastrian discourse?"<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lollard_Knights">Lollard Knights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lollard Knights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A group of gentry active during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> (1377–99) were known as "Lollard Knights" either during or after their lives due to their acceptance of Wycliffe's claims. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knighton" title="Henry Knighton">Henry Knighton</a>, in his Chronicle, identifies the principal Lollard Knights as Thomas Latimer, John Trussell, Lewis Clifford, Sir John Peche (son of <a href="/wiki/John_Peche" title="John Peche">John Peche</a> of Wormleighton), Richard Storey, and Reginald Hilton. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walsingham" title="Thomas Walsingham">Thomas Walsingham</a>'s Chronicle adds William Nevil and <a href="/wiki/John_Clanvowe" title="John Clanvowe">John Clanvowe</a> to the list, and other potential members of this circle have been identified by their wills, which contain Lollard-inspired language about how their bodies are to be plainly buried and permitted to return to the soil whence they came. </p><p>There is little indication that the Lollard Knights were specifically known as such during their lifetimes. They were men of discretion, and unlike Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Oldcastle" title="John Oldcastle">John Oldcastle</a> years later, rarely gave any hint of open rebellion. However, they displayed a remarkable ability to retain important positions, without falling victim to the prosecutions of Wycliffe's followers during their lifetimes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_response">Legal response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legal response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Wyche_at_the_stake,_1440.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Richard_Wyche_at_the_stake%2C_1440.gif/170px-Richard_Wyche_at_the_stake%2C_1440.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Richard_Wyche_at_the_stake%2C_1440.gif/255px-Richard_Wyche_at_the_stake%2C_1440.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Richard_Wyche_at_the_stake%2C_1440.gif/340px-Richard_Wyche_at_the_stake%2C_1440.gif 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Lollard Richard Wyche being burnt at the stake in 1440</figcaption></figure> <p>Religious and secular authorities strongly opposed Lollardy. In eventual response to the revolting Lollards, the law <i><a href="/wiki/De_heretico_comburendo" title="De heretico comburendo">De heretico comburendo</a></i> was enacted in 1401 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a>; traditionally heresy had been defined as an error in theological belief, but this statute equated theological <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> against political rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-kelly_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kelly-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 15th century, stern measures were undertaken by Church and state which drove Lollardy underground. One such measure was the 1410 burning at the stake of <a href="/wiki/John_Badby" title="John Badby">John Badby</a>, a layman and craftsman who refused to renounce his Lollardy. He was the first layman to suffer <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> in England for the crime of heresy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oldcastle_Revolt">Oldcastle Revolt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Oldcastle Revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oldcastle_Revolt" title="Oldcastle Revolt">Oldcastle Revolt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldcastleburning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Oldcastleburning.jpg/170px-Oldcastleburning.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Oldcastleburning.jpg/255px-Oldcastleburning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Oldcastleburning.jpg/340px-Oldcastleburning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Oldcastle" title="John Oldcastle">John Oldcastle</a> being burnt for insurrection and Lollard heresy.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Oldcastle" title="John Oldcastle">John Oldcastle</a>, a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a> and the basis for <a href="/wiki/Falstaff" class="mw-redirect" title="Falstaff">Falstaff</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_history" title="Shakespearean history">Shakespearean history</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_1" title="Henry IV, Part 1">Henry IV, Part 1</a></i>, was brought to trial in 1413 after evidence of his Lollard beliefs was uncovered. Oldcastle escaped from the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> and organized an insurrection, which included an attempted kidnapping of the king. The rebellion failed, and Oldcastle was executed. <a href="/wiki/John_Oldcastle#Open_rebellion" title="John Oldcastle">Oldcastle's revolt</a> made Lollardy seem even more threatening to the state, and persecution of Lollards became more severe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1428_Kentish_Insurrection">1428 Kentish Insurrection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1428 Kentish Insurrection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An insurrection was nipped in the bud in 1428, feared to involve several thousand Lollards, intent on "destroying the English church."<sup id="cite_ref-aston_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aston-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 769">: 769 </span></sup> It was associated with Lollard missionary William White. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Lollardy_in_the_1500s">Late Lollardy in the 1500s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Late Lollardy in the 1500s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lollards were effectively absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, in which Lollardy played a role. Since Lollards had been underground for more than a hundred years, the extent of Lollardy and its ideas at the time of the Reformation is uncertain and a point of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Parry" title="Blanche Parry">Blanche Parry</a>, the closest person to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> for 56 years, and of <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Milborne" title="Blanche Milborne">Blanche Milborne</a>, who raised Edward VI and Elizabeth I, had Lollard associations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many critics of the Reformation, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, equated Protestants with Lollards. Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, including Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, referred to Lollardy as well, and <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall" title="Cuthbert Tunstall">Bishop Cuthbert Tunstall of London</a> called <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> the "foster-child" of the Wycliffite heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars debate whether Protestants actually drew influence from Lollardy, or whether they referred to it to create a sense of tradition. </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</a> for the Lollard cause were executed during the next century, including the <a href="/wiki/Amersham" title="Amersham">Amersham</a> Martyrs in the early 1500s and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harding" title="Thomas Harding">Thomas Harding</a> in 1532, one of the last Lollards to be persecuted. A gruesome reminder of this persecution is the 'Lollards Pit' in Thorpe Wood, now <a href="/wiki/Thorpe_Hamlet" title="Thorpe Hamlet">Thorpe Hamlet</a>, Norwich, Norfolk, "<i>where men are customablie burnt</i>",<sup id="cite_ref-Rackham_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rackham-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bilney" title="Thomas Bilney">Thomas Bilney</a>. </p><p>Despite the debate about the extent of Lollard influence there are ample records of the persecution of Lollards from this period. In the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_London" title="Diocese of London">Diocese of London</a>, there are records of about 310 Lollards being prosecuted or forced to abjure from 1510 to 1532. In Lincoln diocese, 45 cases against Lollardy were heard in 1506–1507. In 1521, there were 50 abjurations and 5 burnings of Lollards.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1511, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Warham" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Warham">Archbishop Warham</a> presided over the abjuration of 41 Lollards from Kent and the burning of 5.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickens_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickens-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1529, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fish" title="Simon Fish">Simon Fish</a> wrote an incendiary pamphlet <i>Supplication for the Beggars</i>, including his denial of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> and teachings that priestly <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a> was an invention of the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>. He argued that earthly rulers have the right to strip Church properties, and that <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithing</a> was against the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>, Protestant views that echo the Wycliffite/Lollard teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advocated closing of all monasteries, and notably provided economic estimates of the revenues of various monastic and church institutions. </p><p>The extent of Lollardy in the general populace at this time is unknown. The prevalence of Protestant <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a> in England suggests Lollard ideas may still have had some popular influence if <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> was not the source, as Lutheranism did not advocate iconoclasm. Lollards were persecuted again between 1554 and 1559 during the <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Heresy_Acts" title="Revival of the Heresy Acts">Revival of the Heresy Acts</a> under the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a>, which specifically suppressed heresy and Lollardy. </p><p>The similarity between Lollards and later English Protestant groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, also suggests some continuation of Lollard ideas through the Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representations_in_art_and_literature">Representations in art and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Representations in art and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fox_preaching_to_the_gullible_fowl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Misericord with a carved scene showing a fox preaching from a pulpit to a cockerel and a goose." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fox_preaching_to_the_gullible_fowl.jpg/220px-Fox_preaching_to_the_gullible_fowl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fox_preaching_to_the_gullible_fowl.jpg/330px-Fox_preaching_to_the_gullible_fowl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fox_preaching_to_the_gullible_fowl.jpg/440px-Fox_preaching_to_the_gullible_fowl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3902" data-file-height="2926" /></a><figcaption>Fox preaching to the gullible fowl, misericord (1491–1494), quire at Ripon Cathedral.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Roman Catholic Church used art as an anti-Lollard weapon. Lollards were represented on <a href="/wiki/Misericord" title="Misericord">misericords</a> as <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a> dressed as monks or priests preaching to a flock of <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These representations alluded to the story of the preaching fox found in popular medieval literature such as <i>The History of <a href="/wiki/Reynard" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynard">Reynard</a> the Fox</i> and <i>The Shifts of Raynardine</i>. The fox lured the geese closer and closer with its eloquent words, until it was able to snatch a victim to devour. The moral of the story being that foolish people are seduced by false teachers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Netter" title="Thomas Netter">Thomas Netter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Langland" title="William Langland">William Langland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Also known as <b>Lollardism</b>, or the <b>Lollard movement</b>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Chris (2006), <i>Heavy Words Lightly Thrown: The Reason Behind Rhyme</i>, Thorndike Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7862-8517-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7862-8517-6"><bdi>0-7862-8517-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heavy+Words+Lightly+Thrown%3A+The+Reason+Behind+Rhyme&rft.pub=Thorndike+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7862-8517-6&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lollards" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lollards">Lollards</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lollards&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. English <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lullaby" class="extiw" title="wikt:lullaby">lullaby</a></i>, and the modern Dutch and German <i>lallen</i> "to babble, to talk drunkenly": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwds.de/?qu=lallen">"lallen"</a>. <i>Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache</i>. November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=lallen&rft.btitle=Digitales+W%C3%B6rterbuch+der+deutschen+Sprache&rft.date=2022-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwds.de%2F%3Fqu%3Dlallen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Lollard". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lollard&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Bright1886" class="citation book cs1">van Bright, T.J. (1886) [1660]. <i>The Bloody Theater or Martyrs Mirror of the Defenseless Christians</i>. Translated by Joseph F. Sohm (Third English ed.). Scottsdale, Pennsylvania: Herald Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloody+Theater+or+Martyrs+Mirror+of+the+Defenseless+Christians&rft.place=Scottsdale%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.edition=Third+English&rft.pub=Herald+Press&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=van+Bright&rft.aufirst=T.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aston-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aston_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aston_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aston_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aston_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAston1982" class="citation journal cs1">Aston, Margaret (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25021412">"William White's Lollard Followers"</a>. <i>The Catholic Historical Review</i>. <b>68</b> (3): 469–497. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-8080">0008-8080</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25021412">25021412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=William+White%27s+Lollard+Followers&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=469-497&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25021412%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0008-8080&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25021412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman" class="citation web cs1">Freeman, Cameron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cameronfreeman.com/socio-cultural-anthropology/anthropology-religion-christian-tradition/post-wycliffe-lollards-practice-movement/">"Who were the post-Wycliffe Lollards, what did they practice and what became of their movement?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+were+the+post-Wycliffe+Lollards%2C+what+did+they+practice+and+what+became+of+their+movement%3F&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcameronfreeman.com%2Fsocio-cultural-anthropology%2Fanthropology-religion-christian-tradition%2Fpost-wycliffe-lollards-practice-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker2013-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker2013_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2013" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Greg (6 February 2013). <i>Reading Literature Historically: Drama and Poetry from Chaucer to the Reformation</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748681037" title="Special:BookSources/9780748681037"><bdi>9780748681037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Literature+Historically%3A+Drama+and+Poetry+from+Chaucer+to+the+Reformation&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013-02-06&rft.isbn=9780748681037&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IIHornbeck2010-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IIHornbeck2010_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornbeck2010" class="citation book cs1">Hornbeck, J. Patrick (10 September 2010). <i>What is a lollard?: dissent and belief in late medieval England</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199589043" title="Special:BookSources/9780199589043"><bdi>9780199589043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+a+lollard%3F%3A+dissent+and+belief+in+late+medieval+England&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft.isbn=9780199589043&rft.aulast=Hornbeck&rft.aufirst=J.+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barr-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barr_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr1994" class="citation book cs1">Barr, Helen (1994). <i>Signes and Sothe: Language in the Piers Plowman Tradition</i>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-419-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-419-2"><bdi>978-0-85991-419-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signes+and+Sothe%3A+Language+in+the+Piers+Plowman+Tradition&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-85991-419-2&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarl1997" class="citation book cs1">McCarl, Mary Rhinelander, ed. (1997). <i>The Plowman's Tale: The c. 1532 and 1606 Editions of a Spurious Canterbury Tale</i>. New York: Garland. pp. 21–40. <q>On the dating of "The Plowman's Tale", see Andrew N. Warn, "The Genesis of The Plowman's Tale, Yearbook of English Studies 2" 1972</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plowman%27s+Tale%3A+The+c.+1532+and+1606+Editions+of+a+Spurious+Canterbury+Tale&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=21-40&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardwick2011" class="citation book cs1">Hardwick, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UjODkjR1aKgC&q=Wycliffe+I+say+sothe+thorowe+trewe+rede&pg=PA59"><i>English Medieval Misericords: The Margins of Meaning</i></a>. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843836599" title="Special:BookSources/9781843836599"><bdi>9781843836599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Medieval+Misericords%3A+The+Margins+of+Meaning&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781843836599&rft.aulast=Hardwick&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUjODkjR1aKgC%26q%3DWycliffe%2BI%2Bsay%2Bsothe%2Bthorowe%2Btrewe%2Brede%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1988285-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1988285_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudson1988">Hudson 1988</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley-Holland1991" class="citation book cs1">Crossley-Holland, Nicole (1 January 1991). <i>Eternal Values in Mediaeval Life</i>. Saint David's Univ. College. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905285-31-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905285-31-3"><bdi>978-0-905285-31-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eternal+Values+in+Mediaeval+Life&rft.pub=Saint+David%27s+Univ.+College&rft.date=1991-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-905285-31-3&rft.aulast=Crossley-Holland&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wyche-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wyche_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wyche_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWycheBradley2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wyche, Richard; Bradley, Christopher G. (May 2012). "The Letter of Richard Wyche : An Interrogation Narrative". <i>Publications of the Modern Language Association of America</i>. <b>127</b> (3): 626–642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1632%2Fpmla.2012.127.3.626">10.1632/pmla.2012.127.3.626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft.atitle=The+Letter+of+Richard+Wyche+%3A+An+Interrogation+Narrative&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=626-642&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1632%2Fpmla.2012.127.3.626&rft.aulast=Wyche&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Christopher+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1988284-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1988284_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1988284_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudson1988">Hudson 1988</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2007" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Darwell (1 October 2007). <i>A History of the Doctrine of the Holy Eucharist</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59752-973-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59752-973-0"><bdi>978-1-59752-973-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Doctrine+of+the+Holy+Eucharist&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2007-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-59752-973-0&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Darwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWycliffeCamden_Society_(Great_Britain)Todd1842" class="citation book cs1">Wycliffe, John; Camden Society (Great Britain); Todd, James Henthorn (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anapologyforloll00wycluoft"><i>An Apology for Lollard Doctrines</i></a>. London: Printed for the Camden Society, by J. B. Nichols<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Apology+for+Lollard+Doctrines&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Camden+Society%2C+by+J.+B.+Nichols&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Wycliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Camden+Society+%28Great+Britain%29&rft.au=Todd%2C+James+Henthorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanapologyforloll00wycluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1988285–286-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1988285–286_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudson1988">Hudson 1988</a>, pp. 285–286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvey1851" class="citation web cs1">Purvey, John (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924088956754/page/n47/mode/2up">"Remonstrance against Romish corruptions in the Church : addressed to the people and parliament of England in 1395, 18 Ric. II., now for the first time published"</a>. London : Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remonstrance+against+Romish+corruptions+in+the+Church+%3A+addressed+to+the+people+and+parliament+of+England+in+1395%2C+18+Ric.+II.%2C+now+for+the+first+time+published&rft.pub=London+%3A+Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Purvey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924088956754%2Fpage%2Fn47%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OER-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OER_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OER_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAston1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Aston, Margaret (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195064933.001.0001/acref-9780195064933-e-0830">"Lollardy"</a>. <i>Lollardy - Oxford Reference</i>. <i>Encyclopedia of the Reformation</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506493-3"><bdi>978-0-19-506493-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lollardy+-+Oxford+Reference&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Reformation&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506493-3&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195064933.001.0001%2Facref-9780195064933-e-0830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span> – via <a href="/wiki/OUP" class="mw-redirect" title="OUP">OUP</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson1988306-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1988306_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudson1988306_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudson1988">Hudson 1988</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvey1851" class="citation web cs1">Purvey, John (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924088956754/page/n13/mode/2up">"Remonstrance against Romish corruptions in the Church : addressed to the people and parliament of England in 1395, 18 Ric. II., now for the first time published"</a>. 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JM Dent & Sons. pp. 137–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-04183-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-04183-5"><bdi>0-460-04183-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trees+and+Woodland+in+the+British+Landscape&rft.pages=137-38&rft.pub=JM+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-460-04183-5&rft.aulast=Rackham&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickens-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dickens_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._G._Dickens" title="A. G. Dickens">Dickens, A.G.</a> (1959). <i>Lollards & Protestants in the Diocese of York, 1509–58</i>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780907628057" title="Special:BookSources/9780907628057"><bdi>9780907628057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lollards+%26+Protestants+in+the+Diocese+of+York%2C+1509%E2%80%9358&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=9780907628057&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=A.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc'hadour1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Marc'hadour, Germain (1 June 1984). "Margaret Aston, "William White's Lollard Followers"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Moreana</i>. 21 (Number 82) (2): 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fmore.1984.21.2.4">10.3366/more.1984.21.2.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-8105">0047-8105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moreana&rft.atitle=Margaret+Aston%2C+%22William+White%27s+Lollard+Followers%22&rft.volume=21+%28Number+82%29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1984-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fmore.1984.21.2.4&rft.issn=0047-8105&rft.aulast=Marc%27hadour&rft.aufirst=Germain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollison2005" class="citation book cs1">Rollison, David (11 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkKIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88"><i>The Local Origins of Modern Society: Gloucestershire 1500-1800</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-91333-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-91333-6"><bdi>978-1-134-91333-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Local+Origins+of+Modern+Society%3A+Gloucestershire+1500-1800&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-08-11&rft.isbn=978-1-134-91333-6&rft.aulast=Rollison&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZkKIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpufford1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Spufford" title="Margaret Spufford">Spufford, Margaret</a>, ed. (1995). <i>The World of Rural Dissenters, 1520–1725</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521410618" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521410618"><bdi>978-0521410618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Rural+Dissenters%2C+1520%E2%80%931725&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0521410618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton1997" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Janetta (January 1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holyterrorsgargo00bent"><i>Holy Terrors: Gargoyles on Medieval Buildings</i></a></span>. Abbeville Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7892-0182-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7892-0182-9"><bdi>978-0-7892-0182-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Terrors%3A+Gargoyles+on+Medieval+Buildings&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=1997-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7892-0182-9&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Janetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholyterrorsgargo00bent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 83</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="3–37" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Arnold_(historian)" title="John H. Arnold (historian)">Arnold, John H.</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/past/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/pastj/gtz025/5540343?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Voicing Dissent: Heresy Trials in Later Medieval England"</a>. <i>Past and Present</i> (245): 3–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtz025">10.1093/pastj/gtz025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=Voicing+Dissent%3A+Heresy+Trials+in+Later+Medieval+England&rft.issue=245&rft.pages=3-37&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtz025&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpast%2Fadvance-article-abstract%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtz025%2F5540343%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAston1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Aston" title="Margaret Aston">Aston, Margaret E.</a> (1984). <i>Lollards and Reformers: Images and Literacy in Late Medieval Religion</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Hambledon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0907628187" title="Special:BookSources/978-0907628187"><bdi>978-0907628187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lollards+and+Reformers%3A+Images+and+Literacy+in+Late+Medieval+Religion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0907628187&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=Margaret+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstonRichmond1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Aston" title="Margaret Aston">Aston, Margaret E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Colin_Richmond" title="Colin Richmond">Richmond, Colin F.</a>, eds. (1997). <i>Lollardy and the Gentry in the Late Middle Ages</i>. Stroud: Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312173883" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312173883"><bdi>978-0312173883</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lollardy+and+the+Gentry+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0312173883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._G._Dickens" title="A. G. Dickens">Dickens, A. G.</a> (1989). <i>The English Reformation</i> (2nd ed.). Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_University_Press" title="Penn State University Press">Pennsylvania State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0271028682" title="Special:BookSources/978-0271028682"><bdi>978-0271028682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Reformation&rft.place=Pennsylvania&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0271028682&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy, Eamon</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/The_Stripping_of_the_Altars" title="The Stripping of the Altars"><i>The Stripping of the Altars</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300108286" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300108286"><bdi>978-0300108286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stripping+of+the+Altars&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0300108286&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrest2005" class="citation book cs1">Forrest, Ian (2005). <i>The Detection of Heresy in Late Medieval England</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199286928" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199286928"><bdi>978-0199286928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Detection+of+Heresy+in+Late+Medieval+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0199286928&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hudson_(literary_historian)" title="Anne Hudson (literary historian)">Hudson, Anne M.</a> (1988). "The Ideology of Reformation". <i>The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198227625" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198227625"><bdi>978-0198227625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ideology+of+Reformation&rft.btitle=The+Premature+Reformation%3A+Wycliffite+Texts+and+Lollard+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0198227625&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Anne+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lowe, Ben (2004). "Teaching in the 'Schole of Christ': Law, Learning, and Love in Early Lollard Pacifism". <i>Catholic Historical Review</i>. <b>90</b> (3): 405–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcat.2004.0142">10.1353/cat.2004.0142</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153795536">153795536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Teaching+in+the+%27Schole+of+Christ%27%3A+Law%2C+Learning%2C+and+Love+in+Early+Lollard+Pacifism&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=405-38&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcat.2004.0142&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153795536%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutton2006" class="citation book cs1">Lutton, Robert (2006). <i>Lollardy and Orthodox Religion in Pre-Reformation England</i>. Woodbridge and Suffolk, UK: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_and_Brewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boydell and Brewer">Boydell and Brewer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843836490" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843836490"><bdi>978-1843836490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lollardy+and+Orthodox+Religion+in+Pre-Reformation+England&rft.place=Woodbridge+and+Suffolk%2C+UK&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1843836490&rft.aulast=Lutton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarlane1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._B._McFarlane" title="K. B. McFarlane">McFarlane, K. B.</a> (1952). <i>John Wycliffe and the Beginnings of English Nonconformity</i>. London: English Universities Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340166482" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340166482"><bdi>978-0340166482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Wycliffe+and+the+Beginnings+of+English+Nonconformity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=English+Universities+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0340166482&rft.aulast=McFarlane&rft.aufirst=K.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcSheffreyTanner2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shannon_McSheffrey" title="Shannon McSheffrey">McSheffrey, Shannon</a>; Tanner, Norman P., eds. (2003). <i>Lollards of Coventry, 1486–1522</i>. Royal Historical Society, Camden, Fifth Series, 23. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521830836" title="Special:BookSources/9780521830836"><bdi>9780521830836</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/799426323">799426323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lollards+of+Coventry%2C+1486%E2%80%931522&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Royal+Historical+Society%2C+Camden%2C+Fifth+Series%2C+23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F799426323&rft.isbn=9780521830836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="47–80" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shannon_McSheffrey" title="Shannon McSheffrey">McSheffrey, Shannon</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/6400/">"Heresy, Orthodoxy and English Vernacular Religion 1480–1525"</a>. <i>Past and Present</i> (186): 47–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgti001">10.1093/pastj/gti001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600851">3600851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=Heresy%2C+Orthodoxy+and+English+Vernacular+Religion+1480%E2%80%931525&rft.issue=186&rft.pages=47-80&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgti001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3600851%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McSheffrey&rft.aufirst=Shannon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.library.concordia.ca%2F6400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRex2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rex" title="Richard Rex">Rex, Richard</a> (2002). <i>The Lollards: Social History in Perspective</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333597521" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333597521"><bdi>978-0333597521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lollards%3A+Social+History+in+Perspective&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0333597521&rft.aulast=Rex&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson1961" class="citation book cs1">Robson, John Adam (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wyclifoxfordscho00robs"><i>Wyclif and the Oxford Schools: The Relation of the "Summa de Ente" to Scholastic Debates at Oxford in the Later Fourteenth Century</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521089326" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521089326"><bdi>978-0521089326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wyclif+and+the+Oxford+Schools%3A+The+Relation+of+the+%22Summa+de+Ente%22+to+Scholastic+Debates+at+Oxford+in+the+Later+Fourteenth+Century&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0521089326&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=John+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwyclifoxfordscho00robs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpufford1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Spufford" title="Margaret Spufford">Spufford, Margaret</a>, ed. (1995). <i>The World of Rural Dissenters, 1520–1725</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521410618" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521410618"><bdi>978-0521410618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Rural+Dissenters%2C+1520%E2%80%931725&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0521410618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1965" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, John A. F. (1965). <i>The Later Lollards, 1414–1520</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198213765" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198213765"><bdi>978-0198213765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Later+Lollards%2C+1414%E2%80%931520&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0198213765&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=John+A.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALollardy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lollardy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lollards" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lollards">Lollards</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lollardsociety.org">The Lollard Society</a>—society dedicated to providing a forum for the study of the Lollards</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b011vh4k/In_Our_Time_John_Wyclif_and_the_Lollards/">"John Wyclif and the Lollards"</a> (45 mins.; discussion); episode of <i><a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(BBC_Radio_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)">In Our Time</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottschalk_of_Orbais" title="Gottschalk of Orbais">Gottschalk of Orbais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratramnus" title="Ratramnus">Ratramnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sects and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pataria" title="Pataria">Pataria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengarians" title="Berengarians">Berengarians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Wycliffe giving his bible to his Lollard followers"><img alt="John Wycliffe giving his bible to his Lollard followers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/150px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/225px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg/300px-WycliffeYeamesLollards_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1100–1400 AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanchelm" title="Tanchelm">Tanchelm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Bruys" title="Peter of Bruys">Peter of Bruys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henry of Lausanne</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Brescia" title="Arnold of Brescia">Arnold of Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mil%C3%AD%C4%8D_of_Krom%C4%9B%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BE" title="Milíč of Kroměříž">Milíč of Kroměříž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_of_Janov" title="Matthias of Janov">Matthias of Janov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius of Padua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sects and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lollardy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strigolniki" title="Strigolniki">Strigolniki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petrobrusians" title="Petrobrusians">Petrobrusians</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1400–1500 AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="People" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDi%C5%BEka" title="Jan Žižka">Jan Žižka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_of_Pelh%C5%99imov" title="Mikuláš of Pelhřimov">Mikuláš of Pelhřimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Goch" title="Johannes von Goch">Johannes von Goch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ruchrat_von_Wesel" title="Johann Ruchrat von Wesel">Johann Ruchrat von Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessel_Gansfort" title="Wessel Gansfort">Wessel Gansfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27%C3%89taples" title="Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples">Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_of_Prague" title="Luke of Prague">Luke of Prague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Sects and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utraquism" title="Utraquism">Utraquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Czech Brethren</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piagnoni" title="Piagnoni">Piagnoni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldcastle_Revolt" title="Oldcastle Revolt">Oldcastle Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compacts_of_Basel" title="Compacts of Basel">Compacts of Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_peace_of_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="Religious peace of Kutná Hora">Peace of Kutná Hora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rindol_massacre" title="Mérindol massacre">Mérindol massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard%E2%80%93Waldensian_wars" title="Savoyard–Waldensian wars">Savoyard–Waldensian wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_Easter" title="Piedmontese Easter">Piedmontese Easter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycliffe Bible">Wycliffe Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Bible" title="Hussite Bible">Hussite Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jistebnice_hymn_book" title="Jistebnice hymn book">Jistebnice hymn book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiae_Regimen" title="Ecclesiae Regimen">Ecclesiae Regimen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Conclusions_of_the_Lollards" title="Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards">Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Cross_(Girolamo_Savonarola)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumph of the Cross (Girolamo Savonarola)">Triumph of the Cross (Girolamo Savonarola)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Catharism_and_Protestantism" title="Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism">Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate their inclusion to be controversial or disputed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of heresies in the Catholic Church">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinarism" title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomoeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidicomarianite">Antidicomarianites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Euchites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_of_Cagliari" title="Lucifer of Cagliari">Luciferianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Macedonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Melchisedechians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Modalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">Modalistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novatianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patripassianism" title="Patripassianism">Patripassianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">Psilanthropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire."><img alt="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/100px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/150px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/200px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinians" title="Dulcinians">Dulcinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Free Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliati" title="Humiliati">Humiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impanation" title="Impanation">Impanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephines" title="Josephines">Josephines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migetians" title="Migetians">Migetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasagians" title="Pasagians">Pasagians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Adoptionism" title="Spanish Adoptionism">Spanish Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">Consubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quietism (Christian philosophy)">Quietism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Lady_of_All_Nations" title="Community of the Lady of All Nations">Community of the Lady of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">Indifferentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-saint" title="Narco-saint">Narco-saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%C3%B3n" title="Maximón">Maximón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnationism">Reincarnationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold;background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" 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