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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chicano art as activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicano_art_as_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chicano_art_as_community-based" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicano_art_as_community-based"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chicano art as community-based</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicano_art_as_community-based-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chicano_art_as_identity_and_cultural_affirmation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicano_art_as_identity_and_cultural_affirmation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chicano art as identity and cultural affirmation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicano_art_as_identity_and_cultural_affirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_the_Chicano_art_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_the_Chicano_art_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Women in the Chicano art movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_the_Chicano_art_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_Virgen_De_Guadalupe_in_Chicana_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Virgen_De_Guadalupe_in_Chicana_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>La Virgen De Guadalupe in Chicana art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Virgen_De_Guadalupe_in_Chicana_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chicano_art_as_life_in_the_barrio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicano_art_as_life_in_the_barrio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Chicano art as life in the barrio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicano_art_as_life_in_the_barrio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_exhibitions_and_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_exhibitions_and_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Important exhibitions and collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_exhibitions_and_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chicano_cultural_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicano_cultural_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Chicano cultural centers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicano_cultural_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chicano_Art_Collectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicano_Art_Collectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Chicano Art Collectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicano_Art_Collectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_galleries_focusing_on_Chicano_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_galleries_focusing_on_Chicano_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Museums and galleries focusing on Chicano art</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UFW_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mexican America"><img alt="Mexican America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/UFW_Flag.svg/120px-UFW_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/UFW_Flag.svg/180px-UFW_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/UFW_Flag.svg/240px-UFW_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Identity</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholo_(subculture)" title="Cholo (subculture)">Chola/o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Raza" title="La Raza">La Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachucas" title="Pachucas">Pachuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachuco" title="Pachuco">Pachuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinto_(subculture)" title="Pinto (subculture)">Pinta/o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xicanx" title="Xicanx">Xicanx</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Anti-Mexican sentiment</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Early-American Period</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josefa_Segovia" title="Josefa Segovia">Josefa Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Gorras_Blancas" title="Las Gorras Blancas">Las Gorras Blancas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualista" title="Mutualista">Mutualista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Elizario_Salt_War" title="San Elizario Salt War">San Elizario Salt War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles" title="Sonoratown, Los Angeles">Sonoratown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Pre-Chicano Movement</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Bath_riots" title="1917 Bath riots">1917 Bath riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisbee_Deportation" title="Bisbee Deportation">Bisbee Deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Christmas_(1951)" title="Bloody Christmas (1951)">Bloody Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracero program">Bracero program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_agricultural_strikes_of_1933" title="California agricultural strikes of 1933">California agricultural strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantaloupe_strike_of_1928" title="Cantaloupe strike of 1928">Cantaloupe strike of 1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_Strike_of_1936" title="Citrus Strike of 1936">Citrus Strike of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza_(1910%E2%80%931920)" title="La Matanza (1910–1920)">La Matanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Repatriation" title="Mexican Repatriation">Mexican Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">Operation Wetback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_San_Diego" title="Plan of San Diego">Plan de San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porvenir_massacre_(1918)" title="Porvenir massacre (1918)">Porvenir Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Lagoon_murder" title="Sleepy Lagoon murder">Sleepy Lagoon trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoot_Suit_Riots" title="Zoot Suit Riots">Zoot Suit Riots</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chicano_Movement" title="Chicano Movement">Chicano Movement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Aztlán">Aztlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-brown_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-brown unity">Black-brown unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Berets" title="Brown Berets">Brown Berets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%B3licos_por_La_Raza" title="Católicos por La Raza">Católicos por La Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_Cultural_de_la_Raza" title="Centro Cultural de la Raza">Centro Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicanismo" title="Chicanismo">Chicanismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Moratorium" title="Chicano Moratorium">Chicano Moratorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Cesar_Chavez" title="Colegio Cesar Chavez">Colegio César Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Femenil_Mexicana_Nacional" title="Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional">CFMN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conferencia_de_Mujeres_por_la_Raza" title="Conferencia de Mujeres por la Raza">Conferencia de Mujeres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_Rights_Project" title="Chicana Rights Project">CRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_L.A._walkouts" title="East L.A. walkouts">East L.A. walkouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijas_de_Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Hijas de Cuauhtémoc">Hijas de Cuauhtémoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huelga_schools_(Houston)" title="Huelga schools (Houston)">Huelga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alianza_Federal_de_Mercedes" title="Alianza Federal de Mercedes">Land grant struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Adelitas_de_Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Las Adelitas de Aztlán">Las Adelitas de Aztlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Siete_de_la_Raza" title="Los Siete de la Raza">Los Siete de la Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Seis_de_Boulder" title="Los Seis de Boulder">Los Seis de Boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANA,_A_National_Latina_Organization" title="MANA, A National Latina Organization">MANA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_American_Youth_Organization" title="Mexican American Youth Organization">MAYO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEChA" title="MEChA">MEChA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Catalina_Island" title="Occupation of Catalina Island">Occupation of Catalina Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCUN" title="PCUN">PCUN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Espiritual_de_Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Plan Espiritual de Aztlán">Plan Espiritual de Aztlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_de_Santa_B%C3%A1rbara" title="Plan de Santa Bárbara">Plan de Santa Bárbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinto_Sol" title="Quinto Sol">Quinto Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_Unida_Party" title="Raza Unida Party">Raza Unida Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers" title="United Farm Workers">United Farm Workers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Post-Chicano Period</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1985%E2%80%931987_Watsonville_Cannery_strike" title="1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike">1985–1987 cannery strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_California_drywall_strike" title="Southern California drywall strike">1992 Drywall Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">2019 El Paso shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolish_ICE" title="Abolish ICE">Abolish ICE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Castro_2020_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Castro 2020 presidential campaign">Castro 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Art:_Resistance_and_Affirmation" title="Chicano Art: Resistance and Affirmation">Chicano Art Exhibit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">DACA</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_American_Boycott" title="Great American Boycott">Great American Boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">IRCA</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farah_strike" title="Farah strike">Farah strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_Janitors" title="Justice for Janitors">Justice for Janitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Selena" title="Murder of Selena">Murder of Selena</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1994_California_Proposition_187" title="1994 California Proposition 187">Proposition 187</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_Farm" title="South Central Farm">South Central Farm</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Language</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrazos,_no_balazos" title="Abrazos, no balazos">Abrazos, no balazos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_names" title="Chicano names">Chicano names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93rale" title="Órale">Órale</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Food</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_cuisine" title="Mexican-American cuisine">Mexican-American cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rap" title="Chicano rap">Chicano rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-eyed_soul" title="Brown-eyed soul">Chicano soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano music</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal-Style_VW" title="Cal-Style VW">Cal-Style VW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homies_(toy)" title="Homies (toy)">Homies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider_bicycle" title="Lowrider bicycle">Lowrider bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_folklore" title="Mexican-American folklore">Mexican-American folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Claus" title="Pancho Claus">Pancho Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoot_suit" title="Zoot suit">Zoot suit</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_literature" title="Chicana literature">Chicana literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_literature" title="Chicano literature">Chicano literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_poetry" title="Chicano poetry">Chicano poetry</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Autobiographical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Always_Running" title="Always Running">Always Running</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Living_Up_the_Street" title="Living Up the Street">Living Up the Street</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Would_Have_Thought_It%3F" title="Who Would Have Thought It?">Who Would Have Thought It?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Novels</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bless_Me,_Ultima" title="Bless Me, Ultima">Bless Me, Ultima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caballero:_A_Historical_Novel" title="Caballero: A Historical Novel">Caballero</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desert_Blood" title="Desert Blood">Desert Blood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_This_Wicked_Patch_of_Dust" title="From This Wicked Patch of Dust">From This Wicked Patch of Dust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mexican_WhiteBoy" title="Mexican WhiteBoy">Mexican WhiteBoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dirty_Girls_Social_Club" title="The Dirty Girls Social Club">The Dirty Girls Social Club</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_on_Mango_Street" title="The House on Mango Street">The House on Mango Street</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rain_God" title="The Rain God">The Rain God</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Cockroach_People" title="The Revolt of the Cockroach People">The Revolt of the Cockroach People</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/So_Far_from_God" title="So Far from God">So Far from God</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Feet_of_Jesus_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Under the Feet of Jesus (novel)">Under the Feet of Jesus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/...y_no_se_lo_trag%C3%B3_la_tierra" title="...y no se lo tragó la tierra">...y no se lo tragó la tierra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Poetry and Short Stories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Emplumada" title="Emplumada">Emplumada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Joaquin" title="I Am Joaquin">I Am Joaquin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moment_of_Silence_(poem)" title="Moment of Silence (poem)">Moment of Silence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pensamiento_Serpentino" title="Pensamiento Serpentino">Pensamiento Serpentino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moths_(short_story)" title="The Moths (short story)">The Moths</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chicano_studies" title="Chicano studies">Chicano studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Fields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicanafuturism" title="Chicanafuturism">Chicanafuturism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_American_Studies_Department_Programs,_Tucson_Unified_School_District" title="Mexican American Studies Department Programs, Tucson Unified School District">MAS Programs, Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Chicana_and_Chicano_Studies" title="National Association of Chicana and Chicano Studies">NACCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCLA_Chicano_Studies_Research_Center" title="UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center">UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Borderlands/La_Frontera:_The_New_Mestiza" title="Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza">Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown,_Not_White" title="Brown, Not White">Brown, Not White</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Church_in_the_Barrio" title="The Church in the Barrio">The Church in the Barrio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Bridge_Called_My_Back" title="This Bridge Called My Back">This Bridge Called My Back</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrioization" title="Barrioization">Barrioization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyolxauhqui_imperative" title="Coyolxauhqui imperative">Coyolxauhqui imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gringo_justice" title="Gringo justice">Gringo justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahui_Ollin" title="Nahui Ollin">Nahui Ollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepantla" title="Nepantla">Nepantla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_tribalism" title="New tribalism">New tribalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasquachismo" title="Rasquachismo">Rasquachismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_activism" title="Spiritual activism">Spiritual activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verg%C3%BCenza_(social_concept)" title="Vergüenza (social concept)">Vergüenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_control_complex" title="Youth control complex">Youth control complex</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Visual art</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Visual Art</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_art" title="Chicana art">Chicana art</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chicano art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_cinema" title="Chicano cinema">Chicano cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1o" title="Paño">Paño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortilla_art" title="Tortilla art">Tortilla art</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Art Collectives</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asco_(art_collective)" title="Asco (art collective)">Asco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Clash_(performance_troupe)" title="Culture Clash (performance troupe)">Culture Clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Los_Streetscapers" title="East Los Streetscapers">East Los Streetscapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Four" title="Los Four">Los Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujeres_Muralistas" title="Mujeres Muralistas">Mujeres Muralistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Campesino" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Campesino">Teatro Campesino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Chicano_Air_Force" title="Royal Chicano Air Force">Royal Chicano Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Art organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Arte_P%C3%BAblico" title="Centro de Arte Público">Centro de Arte Público</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galer%C3%ADa_de_la_Raza" title="Galería de la Raza">Galería de la Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Cultural_Center_for_Latino_Arts" title="Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts">Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precita_Eyes" title="Precita Eyes">Precita Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_Help_Graphics_%26_Art" title="Self Help Graphics & Art">Self Help Graphics & Art</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Locations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balmy_Alley" title="Balmy Alley">Balmy Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Park" title="Chicano Park">Chicano Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrada_Courts" title="Estrada Courts">Estrada Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Los_Angeles" title="Great Wall of Los Angeles">Great Wall of Los Angeles</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court cases</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Botiller_v._Dominguez" title="Botiller v. Dominguez">Botiller v. Dominguez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Independent_School_District_v._Rodriguez" title="San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez">San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espinoza_v._Farah_Manufacturing_Co." title="Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.">Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce">U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plyler_v._Doe" title="Plyler v. Doe">Plyler v. Doe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_v._Texas" title="Medellín v. Texas">Medellín v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flores-Figueroa_v._United_States" title="Flores-Figueroa v. United States">Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leal_Garcia_v._Texas" title="Leal Garcia v. Texas">Leal Garcia v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mendez_v._Westminster" title="Mendez v. Westminster">Mendez v. Westminster</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bernal_v._Fainter" title="Bernal v. Fainter">Bernal v. Fainter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perez_v._Brownell" title="Perez v. Brownell">Perez v. Brownell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California">DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Federal Court cases</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_v._Quilligan" title="Madrigal v. Quilligan">Madrigal v. Quilligan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Population</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Population by City</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Arizona (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Tucson" title="History of Mexican Americans in Tucson">Tucson</a>)</li> <li>California (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>)</li> <li>Illinois (<a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Chicago" title="Mexicans in Chicago">Chicago</a>)</li> <li>Michigan (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Metro_Detroit" title="History of Mexican Americans in Metro Detroit">Detroit</a>)</li> <li>Nebraska (<a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Mexicans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of Mexican Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of Mexican Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of Mexican Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Multiethnic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californio" class="mw-redirect" title="Californio">Californios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Nuevomexicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejano">Tejanos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chicano poets">Chicano poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_rappers" title="List of Chicano rappers">Chicano rappers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_Americans" title="List of Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican-American_writers" title="List of Mexican-American writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_American_bibliography" title="Mexican American bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none;font-size:97%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mexican_diaspora_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Mexican diaspora in the United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Mexican_Americans" title="Index of articles related to Mexican Americans">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chicano_and_Mexican_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:Chicano and Mexican American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chicano_and_Mexican_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Chicano and Mexican American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chicano_and_Mexican_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chicano and Mexican American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The <b>Chicano Art Movement</b> represents groundbreaking movements by Mexican-American artists to establish a unique artistic identity in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Much of the art and the artists creating Chicano Art were heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Chicano_Movement" title="Chicano Movement">Chicano Movement</a> (El Movimiento) which began in the 1960s. </p><p>Chicano art was influenced by post-<a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> ideologies, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">pre-Columbian</a> art, European painting techniques and Mexican-American social, political and cultural issues.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement worked to resist and challenge dominant social norms and stereotypes for cultural autonomy and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. Some issues the movement focused on were awareness of collective history and culture, restoration of land grants, and equal opportunity for social mobility. Women used ideologies from the feminist movement to highlight the struggles of women within the Chicano art movement. </p><p>Throughout the movement and beyond, Chicanos have used art to express their cultural values, as protest or for aesthetic value. The art has evolved over time to not only illustrate current struggles and social issues, but also to continue to inform Chicano youth and unify around their culture and histories. Chicano art is not just Mexican-American artwork: it is a public forum that emphasizes otherwise "invisible" histories and people in a unique form of American art. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chicano_movement">Chicano movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicano_art_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chicano movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The lasting significance of the Chicano Movement on contemporary Chicano/a writers and artists cannot be overstated."—Sharla Hutchinson<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicano_Park_Mural.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Chicano_Park_Mural.JPG/250px-Chicano_Park_Mural.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Chicano_Park_Mural.JPG/375px-Chicano_Park_Mural.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Chicano_Park_Mural.JPG/500px-Chicano_Park_Mural.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Park" title="Chicano Park">Chicano Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the early 1960s, the Chicano Movement, was a sociopolitical movement by Mexican-Americans organizing into a unified voice to create change for their people. The Chicano Movement was focused on a fight for civil and political rights of its people, and sought to bring attention to their struggles for equality across southwest America and expand throughout the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chicano movement was concerned with addressing police brutality, civil rights violations, lack of social services for Mexican-Americans, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, educational issues and other social issues.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chicano Movement included all Mexican-Americans of every age, which provided for a minority civil rights movement that would not only represent generational concerns, but sought to use symbols that embodied their past and ongoing struggles. Young artists formed collectives, like <a href="/wiki/Asco_(art_collective)" title="Asco (art collective)">Asco</a> in Los Angeles during the 1970s, which was made up of students who were just out of high school.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chicano movement was based around the community, an effort to unify the group and keep their community central to social progression, so they too could follow in the foot steps of others and achieve equality. From the beginning Chicanos have struggled to affirm their place in American society through their fight for communal <a href="/wiki/Land_grants" class="mw-redirect" title="Land grants">land grants</a> given to them by the Mexican government were not being honored by the U.S. government after the U.S. acquired the land from Mexico. The solidification of the Chicano/a struggles for equality into the Chicano Movement came post World War II, when discrimination towards returning Mexican-American servicemen was being questioned, for the most part these were usually instances of racial segregation/discrimination that spanned from simple dining issues to the burial rights of returning deceased servicemen. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_on_the_Sacramento_River.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sunset_on_the_Sacramento_River.JPG/220px-Sunset_on_the_Sacramento_River.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sunset_on_the_Sacramento_River.JPG/330px-Sunset_on_the_Sacramento_River.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sunset_on_the_Sacramento_River.JPG/440px-Sunset_on_the_Sacramento_River.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Sunset on the Sacramento River</i> by <a href="/wiki/Fortunato_Arriola" title="Fortunato Arriola">Fortunato Arriola</a>, 1869, Cantor Art Center, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The formation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers" title="United Farm Workers">National Farm Workers Association</a> (NFWA), co-founded by <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="César Chávez">César Chávez</a>, Dolores Huerta, and Gil Padilla, sought to unionize Mexican-American labor forces to fight for improved wages/working conditions through such forms as strikes, marches, and boycotts was a notable spike in the national awareness of El Movimiento.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using symbols, such as the black eagle and creating unique poster and union art, helped raise awareness of the social issues NFWA faced, even while the workers themselves were largely invisible.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Aztlán">Aztlán</a> is also another consistent symbol used by the Chicano Movement, the term unified the Mexican Americans under a term of inheritance of land and culture. Along with this common rhetoric of land claims and civil rights, an alternative to the peaceful protesting of César Chávez, <a href="/wiki/Reies_Lopez_Tijerina" class="mw-redirect" title="Reies Lopez Tijerina">Reies Lopez Tijerina</a> attempted to resolve the issues of communal land grants in New Mexico through the creation of Alianza Federal de Mercedes and eventually resulting in attempts to secede from the Union and form their own territory, Republic of Chama. </p><p>The union then brought in thousands more lettuce and vegetable pickers in the <a href="/wiki/Salinas_Valley" title="Salinas Valley">Salinas</a> Chicano Movement art developed out of necessity for a visual representation of the self perceived sociopolitical injustice that the movement was seeking out to change. As in any movement there is a need for signage that brings awareness to the issues at hand, starting with murals. Murals represented the main form of activism in Mexico prior to the Chicano Movement taking place in the United States. The murals depicted the lives of native Mexicans and their struggles against the oppression of the United States, as well as, native problems to Mexico's poverty and farming industry. Many of the images and symbols embodied in these classic Mexican graffiti murals were later adopted by the Chicano Movement to reaffirm and unify their collective under a specific light of activism. </p><p>The Chicano art workers wanted people to see their work in Mexico. People were against Mexican artists. Mexican women were most hated in the movement. Some Mexicans can show culture with art. Mexicans were fighting for a difference. In conclusion, The chicano arts movement helped Mexicans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chicano_art_as_activism">Chicano art as activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicano_art_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chicano art as activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orozco_-_Dartmouth_c.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Orozco_-_Dartmouth_c.JPG/250px-Orozco_-_Dartmouth_c.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Orozco_-_Dartmouth_c.JPG/375px-Orozco_-_Dartmouth_c.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Orozco_-_Dartmouth_c.JPG/500px-Orozco_-_Dartmouth_c.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Section of mural by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco" title="José Clemente Orozco">José Clemente Orozco</a> at Baker Library, <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire" title="Hanover, New Hampshire">Hanover</a>, NH. This is about 1/4 of the total mural.</figcaption></figure> <p>“El <a href="/wiki/Plan_Espiritual_de_Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Plan Espiritual de Aztlán">Plan Espiritual de Aztlán</a> understood art as a vehicle of the movement and of revolutionary culture”.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Chicano movement dissolved, Chicano art continued as an activist endeavor, challenging the social constructions of racial/ethnic discrimination, citizenship and nationality, labor exploitation, and traditional gender roles in effort to create social change. As Fields further explains, “Linked to its constitutive phased with the Chicano movement, or Movimiento, of the 1960s and 1970s, Chicano/a art articulated and mirrored a broad range of themes that had social and political significance, particularly with respect to cultural affirmation”.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activism often took form in representing alternative narratives to the dominant through the development of historical consciousness, illustrations of injustices and indignities faced by Mexican-American communities, and development of a sense of belonging of Chicanos within the United States. Chicano art in its activist endeavors has become a form of popular education, of the people and by the people, in its ability to create a dialogue about these issues while empowering Chicanos to construct their own solutions. </p><p><br /> Geography, immigration and displacement are a common themes in Chicano art.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking an activist approach, artists illustrate the historical presence of Mexicans and indigenous peoples in the Southwest, human rights abuses of undocumented immigrants, racial profiling, and the militarization of the border. “Many Chicano artists have focused on the dangers of the border, often using barbed wire as a direct metaphorical representation of the painful and contradictory experiences of Chicanos caught between two cultures”.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art provides a venue to challenge these <a href="/wiki/Xenophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophobic">xenophobic</a> stereotypes about Mexican-Americans and bring awareness to our broken immigration law and enforcement system, while simultaneously politicizing and mobilizing its audience to take action. Another common theme is the labor exploitation in agricultural, domestic work, and service industry jobs, particularly of the undocumented. Drawing from the Chicano movement, activists sought art as a tool to support social justice campaigns and voice realities of dangerous working conditions, lack of worker's rights, truths about their role in the U.S. job market, and the exploitation of undocumented workers. Using the <a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers" title="United Farm Workers">United Farm Workers</a> campaign as a guideline, Chicano artists put stronger emphasis on working-class struggles as both a labor and civil rights issue for many Chicanos and recognized the importance of developing strong symbols that represented the movement's efforts, such as the eagle flag of the UFW, now a prominent symbol of <a href="/wiki/La_Raza" title="La Raza">La Raza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often through the distribution of silk-screen posters, made on large scales, artists are able to politicize their community and make a call to mobilize in effort to stop immigration raids in the workplace and boycott exploitative and oppressive corporations, while exemplifying dignity and visibility to an often invisible working population. </p><p>The Chicano People's Park (<a href="/wiki/Chicano_Park" title="Chicano Park">Chicano Park</a>) in San Diego highlights the importance of activism to Chicano art. For many years, Barrio <a href="/wiki/Logan_Heights,_San_Diego" title="Logan Heights, San Diego">Logan Heights</a> petitioned for a park to be built in their community, but were ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1960s, the city instead tore down large sections of the barrio to construct an intersection for the Interstate 5 freeway and on-ramp for the Coronado Bridge which bisected their community and displaced 5000 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, “on April 22, 1970, the community mobilized by occupying the land under the bridge and forming human chains to halt the bulldozers” who were working to turn the area into a parking lot. The park was occupied for twelve days, during which people worked the land, planting flowers and trees and artists, like <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ochoa" title="Victor Ochoa">Victor Ochoa</a>, helped paint murals on the concrete walls.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now this park is full of murals and most of them refer to the history of the Chicanos. Some of them include Cesar Chavez, La Virgen de Guadalupe and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents raised the Chicano flag on a nearby telephone pole and began to work the land themselves, planting flowers and “re-creating and re-imagining dominant urban space as community-enabling place”.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After extensive negotiations, the city finally agreed to the development of a community park in their reclamation of their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From here, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Torres" title="Salvador Torres">Salvador Torres</a>, a key activist for the Chicano Park, developed the Chicano Park Monumental Mural Program, encouraging community members and artists to paint murals on the underpass of the bridge, transforming the space blight to beauty and community empowerment. The imagery of the murals articulated their cultural and historical identities through their connections to their indigenous Aztec heritage, religious icons, revolutionary leaders, and current life in the barrios and the fields. Some iconography included <a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coatlicue" class="mw-redirect" title="Coatlicue">Coatlicue</a> (Aztec Goddess of Earth), undocumented workers, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">La Virgen de Guadalupe</a>, community members occupying the park, and low-riders.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Berelowitz further explains, “the battle for Chicano Park was a struggle for territory, for representation, for the constitution of an expressive ideological-aesthetic language, for the recreation of a mythic homeland, for a space in which Chicano citizens of this border zone could articulate their experience and their self-understanding”.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The significance of the repossession of their territory through the Chicano People's Park is intimately connected to their community's experience, identity, and sense of belonging. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chicano_art_as_community-based">Chicano art as community-based</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicano_art_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chicano art as community-based"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1984_Olympic_Coliseum-Proof_Dollar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1984_Olympic_Coliseum-Proof_Dollar.jpg/300px-1984_Olympic_Coliseum-Proof_Dollar.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1984_Olympic_Coliseum-Proof_Dollar.jpg/450px-1984_Olympic_Coliseum-Proof_Dollar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1984_Olympic_Coliseum-Proof_Dollar.jpg/600px-1984_Olympic_Coliseum-Proof_Dollar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_commemorative_coins" title="1984 Summer Olympics commemorative coins">1984 Summer Olympics commemorative coins</a></figcaption></figure> <p>"From the words of poets, to the streets of Skid Row...murals are still storytellers with some bite."—Ed Fuentes, 2014<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As expressed through the Chicano Peoples’ Park, community-orientation and foundation is another essential element to Chicano art. Murals created by Chicano artists reclaim public spaces, encourage community participation, and aid in neighborhood development and beautification. “In communities of Mexican descent within the United States, the shared social space has often been a public space. Many families have been forced to live their private lives in public because of the lack of adequate housing and recreational areas”.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Community-based art has developed into two major mediums – muralism and cultural art centers. </p><p>Chicano art has drawn much influence from prominent muralists from the Mexican Renaissance, such as <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Orozco" class="mw-redirect" title="José Orozco">José Orozco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chicano art was also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">pre-Columbian</a> art, where history and rituals were encoded on the walls of pyramids.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, it has distinguished itself from <a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a> by keeping production by and for members of the Chicano community, representing alternative histories on the walls of the barrios and other public spaces, rather than sponsorship from the government to be painted in museums or government buildings. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Chicano_murals" title="Chicano murals">Chicano mural art</a> is not an exhibition of only one person's art, but rather a collaboration among multiple artists and community members, giving the entire community ownership of mural. Its significance lies in its accessibility and inclusivity, painted in public spaces as a form of cultural affirmation and popular education of alternative histories and structural inequalities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community decides the meaning and content of the work. “In an effort to ensure that the imagery and content accurately reflected the community, Chicano artists often entered into dialogue with community members about their culture and social conditions before developing a concept – even when the mural was to be located in the muralist’s own barrio”.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accessibility not only addresses public availability to the community, but also includes meaningful content, always speaking to the Chicano experience. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinches_Rinches_Series_on_view.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pinches_Rinches_Series_on_view.png/300px-Pinches_Rinches_Series_on_view.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pinches_Rinches_Series_on_view.png/450px-Pinches_Rinches_Series_on_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pinches_Rinches_Series_on_view.png/600px-Pinches_Rinches_Series_on_view.png 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption><i>Pinches Rinches</i> Series by <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Anciso" title="Natalia Anciso">Natalia Anciso</a>, as seen from <a href="/wiki/Galeria_de_la_Raza" class="mw-redirect" title="Galeria de la Raza">Galeria de la Raza</a>'s Studio 24, on the corner of 24th and Bryant in the <a href="/wiki/Mission_District,_San_Francisco" title="Mission District, San Francisco">Mission District</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cultural art centers are another example of community-based Chicano art, developed during the Chicano Movement out of need for alternative structures that support artistic creation, bring the community together, and disseminate information and education about Chicano art. These centers are a valuable tool that encourages community gatherings as a way to share culture, but also to meet, organize and dialogue about happenings in the local Chicano community and society as a whole. “In order to combat this lack of voice, activists decided it was essential to establish cultural, political, and economic control of their communities”.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To again ensure accessibility and relevance, cultural art centers were located in their immediate community. These spaces provided Chicanos with an opportunity to reclaim control over how their culture and history is portrayed and interpreted by society as a whole. As Jackson explains, these centers “did not take the public museum as their guide; not only did they lack the money and trained staff, they focused on those subjects denied by the public museum’s homogenized narrative and history of the United States”.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of a prominent cultural art center is <a href="/wiki/Self-Help_Graphics_and_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-Help Graphics and Art">Self-Help Graphics and Art</a> Inc., a hub for silkscreen printmaking, an exhibition location, and space for various types of civic engagement. Beginning in the 1970s, their goal to foster “Chicanismo” by educating, training and empowering young adults has continued to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-Help Graphics offered apprenticeship opportunities, work alongside an experienced silkscreen printer, or ‘master printer,’ to develop their own limited-edition silkscreen print. The center also maintained efforts to support the local community by allowing artists to exhibit their own prints and sell them to support themselves financially.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As common to successful cultural art centers, Self-Help Graphics supported the development of Chicano art, encouraged community development, and provided an opportunity for empowerment for the Chicano peoples. </p><p>Other community-based efforts include projects for youth, such as the Diamond Neighborhood murals where Victor Ochoa and Roque Barros helped teach youth to paint in an area that had once been overwhelmed with graffiti. About 150 teenagers attended daily art classes taught by Ochoa and graffiti declined significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-:change_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:change-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chicano_art_as_identity_and_cultural_affirmation">Chicano art as identity and cultural affirmation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicano_art_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chicano art as identity and cultural affirmation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McJ_World_Trade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/McJ_World_Trade.jpg/220px-McJ_World_Trade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/McJ_World_Trade.jpg/330px-McJ_World_Trade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/McJ_World_Trade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>1969, a man with a hat in front of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> under construction by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_de_Evia" title="Edgar de Evia">Edgar de Evia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chicano art affirms their cultural identity through religious iconography and key elements of their Mexican, U.S., and indigenous cultures. For example, la Virgen de Guadalupe, of whom is an important figure in Mexican culture, is used in a socio-political context by Chicano artists as a symbol of both hope in times of suffering, and empowerment, particularly when embodying an average woman or portrayed in an act of resistance. Mexican and indigenous culture is celebrated through the practices of their ancestors (shrines, dance, murals, etc.). As new generations come to pass, art plays a role in educating Chicano youth about essential histories, traditions and values of their identity. One of the most celebrated holidays in Mexican culture is the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a>. The holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember family and friends who have died. The national holiday is celebrated in connection with the Catholic holidays of All Saints’ Day on November 1 and All Souls’ Day on November 2.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since it is so central to Mexican religious and cultural traditions, Day of the Dead has become a major component of Chicano art. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Martin_Diaz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Daniel_Martin_Diaz.jpg/250px-Daniel_Martin_Diaz.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Daniel_Martin_Diaz.jpg/375px-Daniel_Martin_Diaz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Daniel_Martin_Diaz.jpg/500px-Daniel_Martin_Diaz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Cosmological Mysteries by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Martin_Diaz" title="Daniel Martin Diaz">Daniel Martin Diaz</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditions connected with the holiday include the building of private altars honoring the deceased using sugar skulls or marigolds and visiting the deceased with gifts of their favorite foods or beverages.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chicanos are able to affirm their cultural, ethnic and religious identities through daily life in the barrio, and artists draw upon these traditions, experiences and images, such as sugar skulls and La Virgen de Guadalupe, in their artwork to reflect the importance of self-determination and cultural difference to Chicanos. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, a region extending south and east from central Mexico to include parts of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and Nicaragua, is a common theme in Chicano art, expressing their shared, yet diverse culture and identity. Going back to pre-Columbian times, Mesoamericans were inhabited by highly advanced civilizations, with their own political organization, agriculture system, mythology, writing systems, and calendars. From these roots, the emergence of radiant Chicano art were traced. Indigenous heritage of Chicanos helps suffice why some activists during the Chicano Movement and beyond portrayed Mesoamerican and Aztlan imagery in their art.<sup id="cite_ref-Galindo_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galindo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “The adoption of indigenous Mesoamerican imagery allowed Chicanas/os to assert an indigenous identity and, more importantly, helped to build a communal sensibility based on spiritual and cultural concepts”.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aztlan, a mythic region expanding from the U.S. Southwest to Mexico, is common theme in Chicano art as an expression of cultural nationalism. “The powerful symbolism of Aztlan as an ancestral homeland emanated from the deep Chicana/o sense of dislocation and deterritorialization experience in the aftermath of the Mexican–American War, which resulted in the annexation by the United States of the northern territories of Mexico, as well as the earlier Spanish colonial invasion”. Demands from Chicanos for equality and social justice have roots in this long history of loss and displacement. Furthermore, Aztlan and the reclamation of their indigenous roots has become a symbol for belonging for many Chicanos, in a nation that often discriminates, demonizes and criminalizes Mexican-Americans and Latinos as a whole. “Artists, activists, and cultural workers focused on the integration of indigenous thought through the selection, reclamation, and preservation of the cultural practices considered essential to combating oppressive stance of larger society”.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Chicanos preserve their connection to their Aztec heritage by incorporating Aztec imagery (Quetzalcoatl, goddesses and gods, livelihood, temples, etc.) into their art, from murals to prints to performance dance to music, as a way for historical and cultural affirmation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_in_the_Chicano_art_movement">Women in the Chicano art movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicano_art_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Women in the Chicano art movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Wall_of_Los_Angeles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Great_Wall_of_Los_Angeles.jpg/220px-Great_Wall_of_Los_Angeles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Great_Wall_of_Los_Angeles.jpg/330px-Great_Wall_of_Los_Angeles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Great_Wall_of_Los_Angeles.jpg/440px-Great_Wall_of_Los_Angeles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3147" data-file-height="2357" /></a><figcaption>Section of <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Los_Angeles" title="Great Wall of Los Angeles"><i>The Great Wall of Los Angeles</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Judy_Baca" title="Judy Baca">Judy Baca</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Women artists in the Chicano movement highlighted not only the struggles that Chicanos faced, but struggles that were specific to Chicanas. The Chicano art movement was a platform for Chicanas to speak about their struggles even when it was difficult, with boundaries within the Chicano movement itself and being excluded from the feminist movement. </p><p>Scholars have emphasized that the sexist and patriarchal views of the 1970s had an effect on the Chicano movement. Chicanas had to face sexist ideas from men in the Chicano movement, labeling the role of women as "sub-ordinate".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The struggles of women were different than men, having to choose between family or career, and for activists, having to choose between the feminist movement and the Chicano movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_Movement_in_the_United_States_(1963%E2%80%931982)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist Movement in the United States (1963–1982)">Feminist movement</a> were making great strides for change, it did not include women of color in their fight for equality between genders. This movement funded the art of white women artists, reserving places in galleries and museums for only white women.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Juan Pablo Mercado, "ethnic artists" were relegated to creating mural art, giving them the role of "street painters".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muralists in this movement needed support and resources from politicians and people in power, thus having to stray away from “overtly political themes”, making it difficult for women create art about the struggles of women. </p><p>Artists like <a href="/wiki/Judithe_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Judithe Hernández">Judithe Hernandez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judy_Baca" title="Judy Baca">Judy Baca</a> made strides to break gender stereotypes and include themselves in the Chicano art movement. Both of these artists have spoken about the challenge of choosing to be a part of the feminist movement or the Chicano art movement. Judy Baca recalls, "I began a very long period of time straddling two lives - the feminist information and life that supported my growth as a woman, and my community life which was in the Latino community as I worked intently in the neighborhoods. And they never really met. They were constantly separated."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judy Baca along with the <a href="/wiki/Social_and_Public_Art_Resource_Center" title="Social and Public Art Resource Center">Social and Public Art Resource center (SPARC)</a>, created a mural called <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Los_Angeles" title="Great Wall of Los Angeles">The Great Wall of Los Angeles</a>, a mural that depicted the history of California from the perspective of women and minorities. Judy Baca has brought in many women artists to contribute to this mural over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judithe Hernandez was one of the artists that created art centering Chicana women, and was a part of an art collective, consisting of 4 other male artists, called <a href="/wiki/Los_Four" title="Los Four">Los Four</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_Virgen_De_Guadalupe_in_Chicana_art">La Virgen De Guadalupe in Chicana art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicano_art_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: La Virgen De Guadalupe in Chicana art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Chicana_art" title="Chicana art">Chicana</a> artists looked to <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">La Virgen de Guadalupe</a> as a dominant icon and sought to redefine her meaning. Scholars point to how ubiquitous the Virgin Mary is in Mexican households as a cultural icon and symbol of <a href="/wiki/Femininity" title="Femininity">femininity</a>. Redefining her image was controversial because some in the religious and art world took offense to the revisions Chicana artist took on La Virgen de Guadalupe. </p><p>For example, Chicana artist <a href="/wiki/Yolanda_L%C3%B3pez" title="Yolanda López">Yolanda Lopez</a> remodels the portrait of the Virgin of Guadalupe into images of working women. Yolanda transforms the Virgen Mary from a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> into a laborious-driven immigrant mother that provides for their family. Specifically in Yolanda Lopez’s artwork: “Mother: Our Lady of Guadalupe,” she portrays a wage-earning woman sewing the holy veil. Yolanda Lopez embodied La Virgen de Guadalupe as a brown working woman that brought controversy to her paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another example, <a href="/wiki/Alma_L%C3%B3pez" title="Alma López">Alma Lopez</a>’s paintings generated controversy due to the representation of queer sexuality contesting La Virgen de Guadalupe religious meaning. Alma Lopez, a queer Chicana artist, uses La Virgen de Guadalupe to create a series of depictions of La Virgen de Guadalupe as a sexual image in contrast to virginal purity. In Alma Lopez’s artwork “Encuentro” queerness is depicted by showing La Virgen and <a href="/wiki/Loter%C3%ADa" title="Lotería">La Sirena</a> in love, evoking acceptance of non-heterosexual orientation, contrary to her heterosexual symbol of innocence.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, Chicana Artist <a href="/wiki/Ester_Hernandez" title="Ester Hernandez">Ester Hernandez</a> utilizes the image of La Virgen as a political symbol fighting for the rights of Chicano/as. Hernández in “La Virgen de Guadalupe Defendiendo Los Derechos de los Xicanos” dresses La Virgen de Guadalupe in a karate Gi and poses her in an impassioned kicking stance. Ester Hernandez juxtaposes the meaning of La Virgen as a calm nonviolent peace symbol into an image that evokes force and strength.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chicano_art_as_life_in_the_barrio">Chicano art as life in the barrio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicano_art_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chicano art as life in the barrio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martinez_afternoon-in-piedmont500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Martinez_afternoon-in-piedmont500.jpg/250px-Martinez_afternoon-in-piedmont500.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Martinez_afternoon-in-piedmont500.jpg/375px-Martinez_afternoon-in-piedmont500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Martinez_afternoon-in-piedmont500.jpg/500px-Martinez_afternoon-in-piedmont500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Afternoon in Piedmont by <a href="/wiki/Elsie_Whitaker_Martinez" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsie Whitaker Martinez">Elsie Whitaker Martinez</a>, ca. 1908</figcaption></figure> <p>Another expression of Chicano identity through their art is their depictions of life in the <a href="/wiki/Barrio" title="Barrio">barrio</a> - Spanish-speaking, Latino neighborhoods in a city or town. Often the barrios, as ethnic enclaves, have long histories of dislocation, marginalization, poverty, and inequity in access social services. In the United States, barrios can also refer to the geographical “turf” claimed by Latino gangs, most commonly limited to Chicano gangs in California. However, it was in these barrios that the most interesting forms of art were made by the Chicano community, particularly <a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">lowrider</a> cars and bicycles, and <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Galindo_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galindo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A very popular style of car, even to this day, emerged from Chicano barrios, known as a “.” A lowrider is a style of car that sits lower to the ground than most other cars. Many lowriders have their suspension systems modified with hydraulic suspension so that the car can change height at the flip of a switch.<sup id="cite_ref-Arredondo_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arredondo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lowriding originated in the 1930s and blossomed in Southwestern Chicano communities during the post-war prosperity of the ‘50s. Initially, youth who were dressed in the “pachuco” style would place sandbags in the trunk of their customized cars in order to create a lowered effect. However, this method was quickly replaced by lowering blocks, cut spring coils, z’ed frames and drop spindles. The goal was to cruise as slowly as possible so that people could see what types of customizations were done to your car.<sup id="cite_ref-Arredondo_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arredondo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lowrider customizations consist of sun visors, fender skirts, bug deflectors, and swamp coolers. Expensive custom paint jobs are also common such as metal oxide flake or pearl flake, clear coat, metal leaf, airbrushed murals or script, pinstripes, and flames. Gold or chrome spoke wheels or rims such as Astro Supremes, Cragers, Tru spokes, Crowns, Daytons and Zeniths are also common.<sup id="cite_ref-Arredondo_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arredondo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many cars have the modification of having suicide doors, or doors which open in the opposite direction to a standard car door, scissor doors that open vertically, or gull-wing doors that open towards the roof, swinging up. Since the early 1990s, lowriders have become common in urban youth culture in general, primarily in West Coast hip hop.<sup id="cite_ref-Arredondo_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arredondo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lowriding scene is diverse including many different cultures, vehicle makes and visual styles; however, it remains an important part of the Chicano community and identity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solo_s_48_Fleetline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Solo_s_48_Fleetline.jpg/220px-Solo_s_48_Fleetline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Solo_s_48_Fleetline.jpg/330px-Solo_s_48_Fleetline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Solo_s_48_Fleetline.jpg/440px-Solo_s_48_Fleetline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Chicano art even embraced the vandalistic expressions of graffiti. Art in the barrio also incorporates graffiti as a form of artistic expression, often associated with subcultures that rebel against authority. Graffiti has origins in the beginnings of hip hop culture in the 1970s in New York City, alongside rhyming, b-boying, and beats. It was used to publicly display their artistic expressions with their social and political opinions in response to their lack of access to museums and art institutions, and the continuous strife, discrimination, and struggle of living in the city. Because graffiti is illegal in most cases, this form of art has flourished in the underground, requiring little money and providing an opportunity to voice what is often excluded from dominant histories and media. From here, although graffiti remains the major form of street art, other mediums have evolved - including stenciling, stickers, and wheatpasting. Graffiti often has negative associations with serving territorial purposes for gangs, displaying tags and logos that differentiate certain groups from others, therefore marking their “turf”. Within Chicano barrios, gangs use their own form of graffiti or tagging to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gang members also often use graffiti to designate membership, differentiate rivals and alliances, and mark ideological borders. Imagery of gang-related graffiti often consists of cryptic symbols and initials with unique calligraphy styles. Graffiti is arguably perceived as unacceptable, claimed to degrade the “look” or value of properties’ walls or buildings in a way that is not presentable. </p><p>On the other hand, Chicano artists also use graffiti as a tool, to express their political opinions, indigenous heritage, cultural and religious imagery, and counter-narratives to dominant portrayals of Chicano life in the barrios. Similar to other forms of art within the Chicano Movement (silk-screen printing, murals, etc.), graffiti has become another tool of resistance, reclamation, and empowerment as Chicanos make their own space for expression and popular education. Graffiti is now commonly recognized as a form of public art, embraced by museums, art critics, and art institutions. But its significance for many Chicanos remains in the barrios, reiterating the importance of accessibility and inclusion in relation to their identity and community in their artwork. In times of conflict, such murals have offered public modes communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically and racially marginalized communities, and have become effective tools in facilitating dialogue, challenging injustices and stereotypes that impact their neighborhoods and peoples, and in the end, elevating their community. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rasquache" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasquache">Rasquachismo</a> is very much a part of Chicano art. It involves doing more with less, and is a reflection of the socioeconomic and political situation that many Chicanos grew up with.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using everyday materials, such as paper plates, and elevating it into art, is one type of rasquachismo.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples contrast low and high art subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_exhibitions_and_collections">Important exhibitions and collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicano_art_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Important exhibitions and collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cheech Marin Collection: one of the largest private collections of Chicano art, collected by <a href="/wiki/Cheech_Marin" title="Cheech Marin">Cheech Marin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since June, 2022, it has been housed at <a href="/wiki/The_Cheech_Marin_Center_for_Chicano_Art,_Culture_%26_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cheech Marin Center for Chicano Art, Culture & Industry">The Cheech Marin Center for Chicano Art, Culture & Industry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside, California</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Art:_Resistance_and_Affirmation" title="Chicano Art: Resistance and Affirmation">Chicano Art: Resistance and Affirmation</a> (CARA): a touring exhibition that visited ten United States cities from 1990 to 1993.</li> <li><i>Chicano Visions: American Painters on the Verge</i>, curated by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Ya%C3%B1ez" title="René Yañez">René Yañez</a>: a touring exhibition which visited twelve cities in the United States from 2001 to 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chicano_cultural_centers">Chicano cultural centers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicano_art_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chicano cultural centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_Latina" title="Acción Latina">Acción Latina</a> in San Francisco, California.</li> <li>Avenue 50 Gallery, Highland Park, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_Cultural_de_la_Raza" title="Centro Cultural de la Raza">Centro Cultural de la Raza</a>, in San Diego's Balboa Park in California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Arte_P%C3%BAblico" title="Centro de Arte Público">Centro de Arte Público</a> in Los Angeles, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Park" title="Chicano Park">Chicano Park</a> in San Diego, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galer%C3%ADa_de_la_Raza" title="Galería de la Raza">Galería de la Raza</a>, in San Francisco, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Heritage_Plaza" title="Mexican Heritage Plaza">Mexican Heritage Plaza</a>, in San Jose, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Cultural_Center_for_Latino_Arts" title="Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts">Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts</a>, in San Francisco, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_la_Raza" title="Plaza de la Raza">Plaza de la Raza</a> Gallery, Los Angeles, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Anto_Cultural_Arts" title="San Anto Cultural Arts">San Anto Cultural Arts</a> in San Antonio, Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Help_Graphics_and_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-Help Graphics and Art">Self-Help Graphics and Art</a> Inc, in Los Angeles, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_Public_Art_Resource_Center" title="Social and Public Art Resource Center">Social and Public Art Resource Center</a> (SPARC), in Venice, California</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chicano_Art_Collectives">Chicano Art Collectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicano_art_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chicano Art Collectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mexican American Liberation Art Front (MALAF) (1968–1970) <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asco_(art_collective)" title="Asco (art collective)">ASCO</a> (1971–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Chicano_Air_Force" title="Royal Chicano Air Force">Royal Chicano Air Force</a> (RCAF) (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujeres_Muralistas" title="Mujeres Muralistas">Mujeres Muralistas</a> (1973–1977)</li> <li>Con Safos and Los Quemados <sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Four" title="Los Four">Los Four</a> (1973–1983)</li> <li>Co-Madres Artistas (1992) <sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museums_and_galleries_focusing_on_Chicano_art">Museums and galleries focusing on Chicano art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicano_art_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Museums and galleries focusing on Chicano art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galer%C3%ADa_de_la_Raza" title="Galería de la Raza">Galería de la Raza</a> in San Francisco, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexic-Arte_Museum" title="Mexic-Arte Museum">Mexic-Arte Museum</a> in Austin, Texas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_de_Arte_y_Cultura_Latino_Americana" title="Movimiento de Arte y Cultura Latino Americana">Movimiento de Arte y Cultura Latino Americana</a> (MACLA) in San Jose, California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Eduardo_Carrillo" title="Museo Eduardo Carrillo">Museo Eduardo Carrillo</a> an online museum</li> <li>Cheech Marin Center for Chicano Arts and Culture in Riverside, California</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicano_art_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Chicano art is the modern, ongoing expression of the long-term cultural, economic, and political struggle of the Mexicano people within the United States. It is an affirmation of the complex identity and vitality of the Chicano People. Chicano art arises from and is shaped by our experiences in the Americas."—Founding Statement of the CARA National Advisory Committee, July 1987<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Arte Chicano has frequently been stereotyped as being extremely political. True enough, some of it does reflect the socio-political struggle of Chicanos, but that is not exclusively what it deals with or is about. It is not the artistic arm of any particular political ideology. It is the art of a people, of Chicanos as a cultural entity."—Los Quemados, 1975<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicano_art_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_art" title="Chicana art">Chicana Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepantla" title="Nepantla">Nepantla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_Chicano_art" title="Queer Chicano art">Queer Chicano art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicano_art_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFQuirarte1973" class="citation book cs1">Quirarte, Jacinto (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icaa.mfah.org/s/en/item/809688#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-249%2C210%2C1481%2C829"><i>Mexican American Artists</i></a>. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexican+American+Artists&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Quirarte&rft.aufirst=Jacinto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficaa.mfah.org%2Fs%2Fen%2Fitem%2F809688%23%3Fc%3D%26m%3D%26s%3D%26cv%3D%26xywh%3D-249%252C210%252C1481%252C829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchinson, Sharla (October 2013). "Recoding Consumer Culture: Ester Hernandez, Helena Maria Viramontes, and the Farmworker Cause". <i>Journal of Popular Culture</i>. <b>46</b> (5): 973–990. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpcu.12063">10.1111/jpcu.12063</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3840">0022-3840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=Recoding+Consumer+Culture%3A+Ester+Hernandez%2C+Helena+Maria+Viramontes%2C+and+the+Farmworker+Cause&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=973-990&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjpcu.12063&rft.issn=0022-3840&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Sharla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldmanYbarro-Frausto1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shifra_Goldman" title="Shifra Goldman">Goldman, Shifra M.</a>; Ybarro-Frausto, Tomas (1991). "The Political and Social Contexts of Chicano Art". In Griswold del Castillo, Richard; McKenna, Teresa; Yarbro-Bejarano, Yvonne (eds.). <i>Chicano Art: Resistance and Affirmation</i>. Los Angeles, California: Wight Art Gallery, University of California Los Angeles. pp. 83–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0943739152" title="Special:BookSources/0943739152"><bdi>0943739152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+and+Social+Contexts+of+Chicano+Art&rft.btitle=Chicano+Art%3A+Resistance+and+Affirmation&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pages=83-108&rft.pub=Wight+Art+Gallery%2C+University+of+California+Los+Angeles&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0943739152&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Shifra+M.&rft.au=Ybarro-Frausto%2C+Tomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangel1997" class="citation web cs1">Rangel, Jeffrey (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-gronk-13586">"Oral history interview with Gronk, 1997 Jan. 20-23"</a>. <i>Archives of American Art</i>. Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+American+Art&rft.atitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Gronk%2C+1997+Jan.+20-23&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Rangel&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaa.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Finterviews%2Foral-history-interview-gronk-13586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamudio-Taylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Zamudio-Taylor, Virginia Fields, Victor (2001). <i>The road to Aztlan : art from a mythic homeland : [publ. ... with the exhibition "The road to Aztlan", Los Angeles County Museum of Art, May 13 - August 26, 2001 ...]</i> (1. ed.). Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2427-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2427-6"><bdi>978-0-8263-2427-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+road+to+Aztlan+%3A+art+from+a+mythic+homeland+%3A+%5Bpubl.+...+with+the+exhibition+%22The+road+to+Aztlan%22%2C+Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of+Art%2C+May+13+-+August+26%2C+2001+...%5D&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=348&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-2427-6&rft.aulast=Zamudio-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Virginia+Fields%2C+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamudio-Taylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Zamudio-Taylor, Virginia Fields, Victor (2001). <i>The road to Aztlan : art from a mythic homeland : [publ. ... with the exhibition "The road to Aztlan", Los Angeles County Museum of Art, May 13 - August 26, 2001 ...]</i> (1. ed.). Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2427-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2427-6"><bdi>978-0-8263-2427-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+road+to+Aztlan+%3A+art+from+a+mythic+homeland+%3A+%5Bpubl.+...+with+the+exhibition+%22The+road+to+Aztlan%22%2C+Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of+Art%2C+May+13+-+August+26%2C+2001+...%5D&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=342&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-2427-6&rft.aulast=Zamudio-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Virginia+Fields%2C+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesa-Bains1993" class="citation book cs1">Mesa-Bains, Amalia (1993). <i>Ceremony of Spirit: Nature and Memory in Contemporary Latino Art</i>. San Francisco, California: The Mexican Museum. pp. 9–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1880508028" title="Special:BookSources/1880508028"><bdi>1880508028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceremony+of+Spirit%3A+Nature+and+Memory+in+Contemporary+Latino+Art&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pages=9-17&rft.pub=The+Mexican+Museum&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1880508028&rft.aulast=Mesa-Bains&rft.aufirst=Amalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2009" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Carlos Francisco (2009). <i>Chicana and Chicano art : ProtestArte</i> ([Nachdr.] ed.). Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5"><bdi>978-0-8165-2647-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicana+and+Chicano+art+%3A+ProtestArte&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pages=99&rft.edition=%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2647-5&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2009" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Carlos Francisco (2009). <i>Chicana and Chicano art : ProtestArte</i> ([Nachdr.] ed.). Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5"><bdi>978-0-8165-2647-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicana+and+Chicano+art+%3A+ProtestArte&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pages=106&rft.edition=%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2647-5&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookman1986" class="citation book cs1">Brookman, Philip (1986). "El Centro Cultural de la Raza, Fifteen Years". In Brookman, Philip; Gomez-Pena, Guillermo (eds.). <i>Made in Aztlan</i>. San Diego, California: Centro Cultural de la Raza. pp. 19–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0938461001" title="Special:BookSources/0938461001"><bdi>0938461001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El+Centro+Cultural+de+la+Raza%2C+Fifteen+Years&rft.btitle=Made+in+Aztlan&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+California&rft.pages=19-21&rft.pub=Centro+Cultural+de+la+Raza&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0938461001&rft.aulast=Brookman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearLeclercBerelowitz2003" class="citation book cs1">Dear, M. J.; Leclerc, Gustavo; Berelowitz, Jo-Anne, eds. (2003). <i>Postborder city : cultural spaces of Bajalta California</i>. New York [u.a.]: Routledge. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94420-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94420-5"><bdi>978-0-415-94420-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postborder+city+%3A+cultural+spaces+of+Bajalta+California&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94420-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearLeclercBerelowitz2003" class="citation book cs1">Dear, M. J.; Leclerc, Gustavo; Berelowitz, Jo-Anne, eds. (2003). <i>Postborder city : cultural spaces of Bajalta California</i>. New York [u.a.]: Routledge. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94420-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94420-5"><bdi>978-0-415-94420-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postborder+city+%3A+cultural+spaces+of+Bajalta+California&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94420-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearLeclercBerelowitz2003" class="citation book cs1">Dear, M. J.; Leclerc, Gustavo; Berelowitz, Jo-Anne, eds. (2003). <i>Postborder city : cultural spaces of Bajalta California</i>. New York [u.a.]: Routledge. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94420-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94420-5"><bdi>978-0-415-94420-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postborder+city+%3A+cultural+spaces+of+Bajalta+California&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94420-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuentes2015" class="citation news cs1">Fuentes, Ed (5 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/columns/writing-on-the-wall/monthly-mural-wrap-a-dozen-tags-for-march-2014.html">"Monthly Mural Wrap: A Dozen Tags for March, 2014"</a>. <i>KCET</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KCET&rft.atitle=Monthly+Mural+Wrap%3A+A+Dozen+Tags+for+March%2C+2014&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft.aulast=Fuentes&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcet.org%2Fsocal%2Fdepartures%2Fcolumns%2Fwriting-on-the-wall%2Fmonthly-mural-wrap-a-dozen-tags-for-march-2014.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamudio-Taylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Zamudio-Taylor, Virginia Fields, Victor (2001). <i>The road to Aztlan : art from a mythic homeland : [publ. ... with the exhibition "The road to Aztlan", Los Angeles County Museum of Art, May 13 - August 26, 2001 ...]</i> (1. ed.). Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2427-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2427-6"><bdi>978-0-8263-2427-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+road+to+Aztlan+%3A+art+from+a+mythic+homeland+%3A+%5Bpubl.+...+with+the+exhibition+%22The+road+to+Aztlan%22%2C+Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of+Art%2C+May+13+-+August+26%2C+2001+...%5D&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=336&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-2427-6&rft.aulast=Zamudio-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Virginia+Fields%2C+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcosta2010" class="citation web cs1">Acosta, Teresa Palomo (12 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/kjc03">"Chicano Mural Movement"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online</i>. Texas State Historical Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.atitle=Chicano+Mural+Movement&rft.date=2010-06-12&rft.aulast=Acosta&rft.aufirst=Teresa+Palomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fkjc03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2009" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Carlos Francisco (2009). <i>Chicana and Chicano art : ProtestArte</i> ([Nachdr.] ed.). Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5"><bdi>978-0-8165-2647-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicana+and+Chicano+art+%3A+ProtestArte&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pages=75&rft.edition=%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2647-5&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2009" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Carlos Francisco (2009). <i>Chicana and Chicano art : ProtestArte</i> ([Nachdr.] ed.). Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5"><bdi>978-0-8165-2647-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicana+and+Chicano+art+%3A+ProtestArte&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pages=76&rft.edition=%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2647-5&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2009" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Carlos Francisco (2009). <i>Chicana and Chicano art : ProtestArte</i> ([Nachdr.] ed.). Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5"><bdi>978-0-8165-2647-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicana+and+Chicano+art+%3A+ProtestArte&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pages=156&rft.edition=%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2647-5&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2009" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Carlos Francisco (2009). <i>Chicana and Chicano art : ProtestArte</i> ([Nachdr.] ed.). Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5"><bdi>978-0-8165-2647-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicana+and+Chicano+art+%3A+ProtestArte&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pages=157&rft.edition=%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2647-5&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2009" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Carlos Francisco (2009). <i>Chicana and Chicano art : ProtestArte</i> ([Nachdr.] ed.). Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5"><bdi>978-0-8165-2647-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicana+and+Chicano+art+%3A+ProtestArte&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pages=160&rft.edition=%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2647-5&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2009" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Carlos Francisco (2009). <i>Chicana and Chicano art : ProtestArte</i> ([Nachdr.] ed.). Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5"><bdi>978-0-8165-2647-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicana+and+Chicano+art+%3A+ProtestArte&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pages=161&rft.edition=%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2647-5&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:change-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:change_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorten2009" class="citation book cs1">Korten, Alicia Epstein (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1KlXVOJY1vQC&q=%22victor%20ochoa%22%20artist&pg=PA70">"Transforming Business Structures for Communities"</a>. <i>Change Philanthropy: Candid Stories of Foundations Maximizing Results through Social Justice</i>. 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Tucson: University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2647-5"><bdi>978-0-8165-2647-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicana+and+Chicano+art+%3A+ProtestArte&rft.place=Tucson&rft.edition=%5BNachdr.%5D&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2647-5&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dayofthedeadsf.org">“The Day of the Dead”. Día de los Muertos Index. Access Mexico Connect.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galindo-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galindo_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galindo_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalindo" class="citation web cs1">Galindo, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laprensa-sandiego.org/featured/life-in-the-barrio/">"Life in the Barrio"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+in+the+Barrio&rft.aulast=Galindo&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaprensa-sandiego.org%2Ffeatured%2Flife-in-the-barrio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamudio-Taylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Zamudio-Taylor, Virginia Fields, Victor (2001). <i>The road to Aztlan : art from a mythic homeland : [publ. ... with the exhibition "The road to Aztlan", Los Angeles County Museum of Art, May 13 - August 26, 2001 ...]</i> (1. ed.). Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2427-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2427-6"><bdi>978-0-8263-2427-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+road+to+Aztlan+%3A+art+from+a+mythic+homeland+%3A+%5Bpubl.+...+with+the+exhibition+%22The+road+to+Aztlan%22%2C+Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of+Art%2C+May+13+-+August+26%2C+2001+...%5D&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=332&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-2427-6&rft.aulast=Zamudio-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Virginia+Fields%2C+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamudio-Taylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Zamudio-Taylor, Virginia Fields, Victor (2001). <i>The road to Aztlan : art from a mythic homeland : [publ. ... with the exhibition "The road to Aztlan", Los Angeles County Museum of Art, May 13 - August 26, 2001 ...]</i> (1. ed.). Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2427-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2427-6"><bdi>978-0-8263-2427-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+road+to+Aztlan+%3A+art+from+a+mythic+homeland+%3A+%5Bpubl.+...+with+the+exhibition+%22The+road+to+Aztlan%22%2C+Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of+Art%2C+May+13+-+August+26%2C+2001+...%5D&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=333&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-2427-6&rft.aulast=Zamudio-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Virginia+Fields%2C+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/82469"><i>Rewriting the Chicano Movement: New Histories of Mexican American Activism in the Civil Rights Era</i></a>. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-4297-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-4297-0"><bdi>978-0-8165-4297-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rewriting+the+Chicano+Movement%3A+New+Histories+of+Mexican+American+Activism+in+the+Civil+Rights+Era&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-4297-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F82469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VfWyZnzDDQ"><i>Culture Fix: Judithe Hernandez on the Role of Women in the Chicano Art Movement</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-12</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Fix%3A+Judithe+Hernandez+on+the+Role+of+Women+in+the+Chicano+Art+Movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D6VfWyZnzDDQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález2017" class="citation journal cs1">González, Cristina Isabel Castellano (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=513852524037">"Objects and narratives from Mexican roots artists: a Chicana experience"</a>. <i>Sincronía</i> (72): 509–521. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1562-384X">1562-384X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sincron%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=Objects+and+narratives+from+Mexican+roots+artists%3A+a+Chicana+experience&rft.issue=72&rft.pages=509-521&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1562-384X&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Cristina+Isabel+Castellano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Farticulo.oa%3Fid%3D513852524037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LaDuke, Betty. “Yolanda Lopez: Breaking Chicana Stereotypes.” <i>Feminist Studies</i>, vol. 20, no. 1, 1994, pp. 117–30. <i>JSTOR</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3178436">10.2307/3178436</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvo, Luz. “Art Comes for the Archbishop: The Semiotics of Contemporary Chicana Feminism and the Work of Alma Lopez.” <i>Meridians</i>, vol. 5, no. 1, 2004, pp. 201–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackwell, Maylei. “7. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graffiti+Art&rft.aulast=Stowers&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiphop-network.com%2Farticles%2Fgraffitiarticles%2Fgraffitiart.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarin" class="citation web cs1">Marin, Cheech. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cheechmarin.com/chicano-art/">"Chicano Art"</a>. <i>Cheech</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cheech&rft.atitle=Chicano+Art&rft.aulast=Marin&rft.aufirst=Cheech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcheechmarin.com%2Fchicano-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2009" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Carlos Francisco (2009-02-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1qwwk05"><i>Chicana and Chicano Art: ProtestArte</i></a>. University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1qwwk05">10.2307/j.ctv1qwwk05</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-4604-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-4604-6"><bdi>978-0-8165-4604-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1qwwk05">j.ctv1qwwk05</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicana+and+Chicano+Art%3A+ProtestArte&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2009-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1qwwk05%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1qwwk05&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-4604-6&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1qwwk05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriswold_del_CastilloMcKennaYarbro-Bejarano1991" class="citation book cs1">Griswold del Castillo, Richard; McKenna, Teresa; Yarbro-Bejarano, Yvonne, eds. (1991). <i>Chicano Art, Resistance and Affirmation, 1965-1985</i>. Los Angeles, California: Wight Art Gallery, University of California Los Angeles. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0943739152" title="Special:BookSources/0943739152"><bdi>0943739152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicano+Art%2C+Resistance+and+Affirmation%2C+1965-1985&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Wight+Art+Gallery%2C+University+of+California+Los+Angeles&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0943739152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icaadocs.mfah.org/icaadocs/THEARCHIVE/FullRecord/tabid/88/doc/847390/language/en-US/Default.aspx"><i>Artistas Chicanos Los Quemados</i></a>. San Antonio, Texas: Instituto Cultural Mexicano. 1975<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artistas+Chicanos+Los+Quemados&rft.place=San+Antonio%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Instituto+Cultural+Mexicano&rft.date=1975&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficaadocs.mfah.org%2Ficaadocs%2FTHEARCHIVE%2FFullRecord%2Ftabid%2F88%2Fdoc%2F847390%2Flanguage%2Fen-US%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicano_art_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldmanYbarra-Frausto1985" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Shifra M.; Ybarra-Frausto, Tomás (1985). <i>Introduction</i>. Berkeley: UC Berkeley, Chicano Studies Library Publication Unit. pp. 3–59. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13804303">13804303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=3-59&rft.pub=UC+Berkeley%2C+Chicano+Studies+Library+Publication+Unit&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13804303&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Shifra+M.&rft.au=Ybarra-Frausto%2C+Tom%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicano_art_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappaport2015" class="citation news cs1">Rappaport, Emily (2015-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-this-l-a-delivery-man-amassed-one-of">"This L.A. Delivery Man Amassed One of the World's Largest Collections of Chicano Art"</a>. <i>Artsy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artsy&rft.atitle=This+L.A.+Delivery+Man+Amassed+One+of+the+World%27s+Largest+Collections+of+Chicano+Art&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft.aulast=Rappaport&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsy.net%2Farticle%2Fartsy-editorial-this-l-a-delivery-man-amassed-one-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChicano+art+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chicano_and_Mexican_American_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chicano_and_Mexican_American_topics" title="Template:Chicano and Mexican American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chicano_and_Mexican_American_topics" title="Template talk:Chicano and Mexican American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chicano_and_Mexican_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chicano and Mexican American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chicano_and_Mexican_American_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American">Mexican American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Raza" title="La Raza">La Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholo_(subculture)" title="Cholo (subculture)">Cholo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachuco" title="Pachuco">Pachuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinto_(subculture)" title="Pinto (subculture)">Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xicanx" title="Xicanx">Xicanx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Chicano Movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Bath_riots" title="1917 Bath riots">1917 Bath riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisbee_Deportation" title="Bisbee Deportation">Bisbee Deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracero program">Bracero program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_and_Mexican_Americans_in_the_Korean_War" title="Mexicans and Mexican Americans in the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza_(1910%E2%80%931920)" title="La Matanza (1910–1920)">La Matanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Repatriation" title="Mexican Repatriation">Mexican Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">Operation Wetback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_San_Diego" title="Plan of San Diego">Plan de San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porvenir_massacre_(1918)" title="Porvenir massacre (1918)">Porvenir Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Lagoon_murder" title="Sleepy Lagoon murder">Sleepy Lagoon trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoot_Suit_Riots" title="Zoot Suit Riots">Zoot Suit Riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Movement" title="Chicano Movement">Chicano Movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Aztlán">Aztlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%B3licos_por_La_Raza" title="Católicos por La Raza">Católicos por La Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Arte_P%C3%BAblico" title="Centro de Arte Público">Centro de Arte Público</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicanismo" title="Chicanismo">Chicanismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_L.A._walkouts" title="East L.A. walkouts">Chicano Blowouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Moratorium" title="Chicano Moratorium">Chicano Moratorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Cultural_Center_for_Latino_Arts" title="Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts">Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCUN" title="PCUN">PCUN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Espiritual_de_Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Plan Espiritual de Aztlán">Plan Espiritual de Aztlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_de_Santa_B%C3%A1rbara" title="Plan de Santa Bárbara">Plan de Santa Bárbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers" title="United Farm Workers">Farm workers' rights campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alianza_Federal_de_Mercedes" title="Alianza Federal de Mercedes">Land grant struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Cesar_Chavez" title="Colegio Cesar Chavez">Colegio César Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Siete_de_la_Raza" title="Los Siete de la Raza">Los Siete de la Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Seis_de_Boulder" title="Los Seis de Boulder">Los Seis de Boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Catalina_Island" title="Occupation of Catalina Island">Occupation of Catalina Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Chicano Movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Aztlán">Aztlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985%E2%80%931987_Watsonville_Cannery_strike" title="1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike">1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_California_drywall_strike" title="Southern California drywall strike">1992 Drywall Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">2019 El Paso shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolish_ICE" title="Abolish ICE">Abolish ICE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Castro_2020_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Castro 2020 presidential campaign">Castro 2020</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">DACA</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_American_Boycott" title="Great American Boycott">Great American Boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">IRCA</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_Janitors" title="Justice for Janitors">Justice for Janitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Adam_Toledo" title="Killing of Adam Toledo">Killing of Adam Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Selena" title="Murder of Selena">Murder of Selena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_crews" title="Party crews">Party crews</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1994_California_Proposition_187" title="1994 California Proposition 187">Proposition 187</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xicanx" title="Xicanx">Xicanx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Anti-Mexican sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)">Caló</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chicano art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_cinema" title="Chicano cinema">Chicano cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_literature" title="Chicano literature">Chicano literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_names" title="Chicano names">Chicano names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_poetry" title="Chicano poetry">Chicano poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Park" title="Chicano Park">Chicano Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rap" title="Chicano rap">Chicano rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinco_de_Mayo" title="Cinco de Mayo">Cinco de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrada_Courts_murals" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrada Courts murals">Estrada Courts murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_cuisine" title="Mexican-American cuisine">Mexican-American cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_folklore" title="Mexican-American folklore">Mexican-American folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_women%27s_fashion" title="Mexican-American women's fashion">Mexican-American women's fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1o" title="Paño">Paño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Mexican" title="Regional Mexican">Regional Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skull_art" title="Skull art">Skull art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Campesino" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Campesino">Teatro Campesino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortilla_art" title="Tortilla art">Tortilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoot_suit" title="Zoot suit">Zoot suit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chicana/o Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrioization" title="Barrioization">Barrioization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyolxauhqui_imperative" title="Coyolxauhqui imperative">Coyolxauhqui imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gringo_justice" title="Gringo justice">Gringo justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepantla" title="Nepantla">Nepantla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_tribalism" title="New tribalism">New tribalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasquachismo" title="Rasquachismo">Rasquachismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_activism" title="Spiritual activism">Spiritual activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verg%C3%BCenza_(social_concept)" title="Vergüenza (social concept)">Vergüenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_control_complex" title="Youth control complex">Youth control complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Botiller_v._Dominguez" title="Botiller v. Dominguez">Botiller v. Dominguez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Independent_School_District_v._Rodriguez" title="San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez">San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espinoza_v._Farah_Manufacturing_Co." title="Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.">Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce">U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plyler_v._Doe" title="Plyler v. Doe">Plyler v. Doe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_v._Texas" title="Medellín v. Texas">Medellín v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flores-Figueroa_v._United_States" title="Flores-Figueroa v. United States">Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leal_Garcia_v._Texas" title="Leal Garcia v. Texas">Leal Garcia v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mendez_v._Westminster" title="Mendez v. Westminster">Mendez v. Westminster</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bernal_v._Fainter" title="Bernal v. Fainter">Bernal v. Fainter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California">DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By city and region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arizona <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Tucson" title="History of Mexican Americans in Tucson">Tucson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in California">California</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_San_Diego" title="Hispanics and Latinos in San Diego">San Diego</a>)</li> <li>California (<a href="/wiki/Californio" class="mw-redirect" title="Californio">Californios</a>)</li> <li>Colorado (<a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Colorado" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Colorado">Denver</a>)</li> <li>Illinois (<a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Chicago" title="Mexicans in Chicago">Chicago</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexicans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li>Maryland (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Fell%27s_Point" title="Upper Fell's Point">Baltimore</a>)</li> <li>Michigan (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Metro_Detroit" title="History of Mexican Americans in Metro Detroit">Detroit</a>)</li> <li>Nebraska (<a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Mexicans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a>)</li> <li>New Mexico (<a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Nuevomexicanos</a>)</li> <li>New York (<a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_City#Mexican" title="Demographics of New York City">New York City</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexicans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexicans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of Mexican Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of Mexican Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of Mexican Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejano">Tejanos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Utah (<a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Utah" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Utah">Salt Lake Valley</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chicano poets">Chicano poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_Hispanic-majority_populations_in_the_2010_census" title="List of U.S. communities with Hispanic-majority populations in the 2010 census">U.S. communities with Hispanic majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_Americans" title="List of Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican-American_writers" title="List of Mexican-American writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="List of Hispanic and Latino Americans">List of Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_American_bibliography" title="Mexican American bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican-American_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mexican-American communities">List of Mexican-American communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican-American_political_organizations" title="List of Mexican-American political organizations">List of Mexican-American political organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chicano" title="Category:Chicano">Category:Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Mexican_descent" title="Category:American people of Mexican descent">Category:American people of Mexican descent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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