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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_South_Slavs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_South_Slavs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early South Slavs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_South_Slavs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Annotations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">South Slavs</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suid-Slawi%C3%ABrs" title="Suid-Slawiërs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suid-Slawiërs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="سلاف جنوبيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلاف جنوبيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslavu_meridional" title="Eslavu meridional – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eslavu meridional" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nub_slavyanlar%C4%B1" title="Cənub slavyanları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənub slavyanları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="گونئی ایسلاولار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گونئی ایسلاولار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Паўднёвыя славяне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёвыя славяне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Паўднёвыя славяне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўднёвыя славяне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Южни славяни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Южни славяни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_Slaveni" title="Južni Slaveni – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Južni Slaveni" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslaus_meridionals" title="Eslaus meridionals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eslaus meridionals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_Slovan%C3%A9" title="Jižní Slované – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jižní Slované" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdslawen" title="Südslawen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südslawen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5unaslaavlased" title="Lõunaslaavlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõunaslaavlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%A3%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Νότιοι Σλάβοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νότιοι Σλάβοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslavos_meridionales" title="Eslavos meridionales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eslavos meridionales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegoaldeko_eslaviar" title="Hegoaldeko eslaviar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegoaldeko eslaviar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="اسلاوهای جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلاوهای جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaves_m%C3%A9ridionaux" title="Slaves méridionaux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Slaves méridionaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A2fs_dal_Sud" title="Slâfs dal Sud – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Slâfs dal Sud" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslavos_meridionais" title="Eslavos meridionais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eslavos meridionais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC%EB%B8%8C%EC%A1%B1" title="남슬라브족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남슬라브족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_Slaveni" title="Južni Slaveni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Južni Slaveni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavia_Selatan" title="Slavia Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Slavia Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavi_meridionali" title="Slavi meridionali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Slavi meridionali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidsl%C4%81vi" title="Dienvidslāvi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidslāvi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9lszl%C3%A1vok" title="Délszlávok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Délszlávok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Јужни Словени – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јужни Словени" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuidelijke_Slaven" title="Zuidelijke Slaven – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuidelijke Slaven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E4%BA%BA" title="南スラヴ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南スラヴ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88" title="جنوبی سلاو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنوبی سلاو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82owianie_po%C5%82udniowi" title="Słowianie południowi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Słowianie południowi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslavos_meridionais" title="Eslavos meridionais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eslavos meridionais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavi_sudici" title="Slavi sudici – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Slavi sudici" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Южные славяне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южные славяне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sllav%C3%ABt_e_jugut" title="Sllavët e jugut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sllavët e jugut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="South Slavs" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEn%C3%AD_Slovania" title="Južní Slovania – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Južní Slovania" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Јужни Словени – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јужни Словени" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_Slaveni" title="Južni Slaveni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južni Slaveni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4slaavit" title="Eteläslaavit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eteläslaavit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydslaver" title="Sydslaver – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydslaver" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Slavlar%C4%B1" title="Güney Slavları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Slavları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Subgroup of Slavic peoples who speak the South Slavic languages</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/South_Slavs" title="Special:EditPage/South Slavs">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22South+Slavs%22">"South Slavs"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22South+Slavs%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22South+Slavs%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22South+Slavs%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22South+Slavs%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22South+Slavs%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">South Slavs</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><br />Јужни Славени/Južni Slaveni (<a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>)<br />Южни славяни (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>)<br />Južni Slaveni (<a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>)<br />Јужни Словени (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>)<br />Južni Sloveni/Јужни Словени (<a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a>)<br /><span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr-Cyrl">Јужни Словени</span></span>/<span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr-Latn">Južni Sloveni</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>)<br />Južni Slovani (<a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Slavic_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/South_Slavic_Europe.svg/300px-South_Slavic_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/South_Slavic_Europe.svg/450px-South_Slavic_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/South_Slavic_Europe.svg/600px-South_Slavic_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid grey; background-color:#008080; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Countries where a <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Slavic language">South Slavic language</a> is the national language</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid grey; background-color:#808080; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Countries where <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic languages</a> are the national language</div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 30 million</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Slavic" title="Eastern South Slavic">Eastern South Slavic</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_South_Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western South Slavic">Western South Slavic</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OrthodoxCrossblack.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/OrthodoxCrossblack.svg/15px-OrthodoxCrossblack.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/OrthodoxCrossblack.svg/23px-OrthodoxCrossblack.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/OrthodoxCrossblack.svg/30px-OrthodoxCrossblack.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="211" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>:<br />(<a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrins (ethnic group)">Montenegrins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>:<br />(<a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okci" title="Šokci">Šokci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarians" title="Banat Bulgarians">Banat Bulgarians</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>:<br /> (<a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torbe%C5%A1i" title="Torbeši">Torbeši</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Ethnic Muslims</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>South Slavs</b> are <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic people</a> who speak <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a> and inhabit a contiguous region of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> comprising the eastern <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a>. Geographically separated from the <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, the South Slavs today include <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>. </p><p>In the 20th century, the country of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, literally meaning "South Slavia" or "South Slavdom") united a majority of the South Slavic peoples and lands—with the exception of Bulgarians and Bulgaria—into a single state. The <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavic</a> concept of <i>Yugoslavia</i> emerged in late 17th-century Croatia, at the time part of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>, and gained prominence through the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_movement" title="Illyrian movement">Illyrian movement</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>, renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, was proclaimed on 1 December 1918, following the unification of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a> with the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a> in the early 1990s, several independent sovereign states were formed. </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a>" was and sometimes is still used as a synonym for "South Slavs", but it usually excludes Bulgarians since Bulgaria never formed part of the former Yugoslavia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Slavs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South Slavs are known in Serbian, Macedonian, and Montenegrin as <i>Južni Sloveni</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">Јужни Словени</span>); in Bulgarian as <i>Yuzhni Slavyani</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">Южни славяни</span>); in Croatian and Bosnian as <i>Južni Slaveni</i>; and in Slovene as <i>Južni Slovani</i>. The Slavic root <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/jug%D1%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/jugъ">*jug-</a></i> means 'south'. The <a href="/wiki/Slavic_ethnonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic ethnonym">Slavic ethnonym</a> itself was used by 6th-century writers to describe the southern group of Early Slavs (the <i><a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a></i>); West Slavs were called <i><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Veneti" title="Vistula Veneti">Veneti</a></i> and East Slavs <i><a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKmietowicz1976_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKmietowicz1976-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South Slavs are also called <i>Balkan Slavs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another name popular in the early modern period was <i>Illyrians</i>, using the name of a pre-Slavic Balkan people, a name first adopted by Dalmatian intellectuals in the late 15th century to refer to South Slavic lands and population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEURI2000104_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEURI2000104-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then used by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">France</a>, and notably adopted by the 19th-century Croatian <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_movement" title="Illyrian movement">Illyrian movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHupchick2004199_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupchick2004199-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the idea of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a> appeared, aimed at uniting all South Slav-populated territories into a common state. From this idea emerged <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>—which, however, did not include <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Slavs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations_to_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe">Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_South_Slavs">Early South Slavs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Slavs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early South Slavs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes (people)</a></div> <p>The Proto-Slavic <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">homeland</a> is the postulated area of Slavic settlement in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> during the first millennium AD, with its precise location debated by archaeologists, ethnographers and historians.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of the proposed homelands reaches the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> in the east, over the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a> in the southwest or the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a> in the south, or past <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, scholars place it in the marshes of Ukraine, or alternatively between the <a href="/wiki/Bug_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug River">Bug</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199125_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199125-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, according to F. Curta, the homeland of the southern Slavs mentioned by 6th-century writers was just north of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Danube">Lower Danube</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200656_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200656-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little is known about the Slavs before the 5th century, when they began to spread out in all directions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">  6th century CE</span>), <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> - <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 565</span>) and other <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">late Roman</a> authors provide the probable earliest references to southern Slavs in the second half of the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200171–73_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200171–73-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procopius described the <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a> as two barbarian peoples with the same institutions and customs since ancient times, not ruled by a single <a href="/wiki/Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader">leader</a> but living under democracy,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Pseudo-Maurice called them a numerous people, undisciplined, unorganized and leaderless, who did not allow enslavement and conquest, and resistant to hardship, bearing all weathers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995524–525_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995524–525-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were portrayed by Procopius as unusually tall and strong, of dark skin and "reddish" hair (neither <a href="/wiki/Blond" title="Blond">blond</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Black_hair" title="Black hair">black</a>), leading a primitive life and living in scattered huts, often changing their residence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995524_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995524-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procopius said they were <a href="/wiki/Henotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Henotheistic">henotheistic</a>, believing in the god of lightning (<a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a>), the ruler of all, to whom they sacrificed cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995524_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995524-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They went into battle on foot, charging straight at their enemy, armed with spears and small shields, but they did not wear armour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995524_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995524-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While archaeological evidence for a large-scale migration is lacking, most present-day historians claim that Slavs invaded and settled the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199126–41_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199126–41-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this dominant narrative, up until the late 560s their main activity southward across the Danube was raiding, though with limited Slavic settlement mainly through Byzantine colonies of <i><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199129_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199129-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a> frontier was overwhelmed by large-scale Slavic settlement in the late 6th and early 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199133_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199133-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is today <a href="/wiki/Central_Serbia" title="Central Serbia">central Serbia</a> was an important geo-strategical Byzantine province, through which the <i><a href="/wiki/Via_Militaris" title="Via Militaris">Via Militaris</a></i> crossed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽivković2002187_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković2002187-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This area was frequently intruded upon by <a href="/wiki/Barbarians_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Barbarians in the Byzantine Empire">barbarians</a> in the 5th and 6th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽivković2002187_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković2002187-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the Danube, the Slavs commenced raiding the Byzantine Empire on an annual basis from the 520s, spreading destruction, taking loot and herds of cattle, seizing prisoners and capturing fortresses. Often, the Byzantine Empire was stretched, defending its rich Asian provinces from Arabs, Persians and others. This meant that even numerically small, disorganised early Slavic raids were capable of causing much disruption, but could not capture the larger, fortified cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199129_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199129-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Slavic raid south of the Danube was recorded by Procopius, who mentions an attack of the Antes, "who dwell close to the Sclaveni", probably in 518.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sclaveni are first mentioned in the context of the military policy on the Danube frontier of Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> (r. 527–565).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200176_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200176-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 6th century, Slavs raided and plundered deep into the Balkans, from Dalmatia to Greece and Thrace, and were also at times recruited as Byzantine mercenaries, fighting the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200178–86_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200178–86-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justinian seems to have used the strategy of '<a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and conquer</a>', and the Sclaveni and Antes are mentioned as fighting each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames201497_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames201497-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Antes are last mentioned as anti-Byzantine belligerents in 545, and the Sclaveni continued to raid the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-Byzantinoslavica-2003-78_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byzantinoslavica-2003-78-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 558 the <a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avars</a> arrived at the Black Sea steppe, and defeated the Antes between the Dnieper and Dniester.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995536_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995536-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Avars subsequently allied themselves with the Sclaveni,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995537–539_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995537–539-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there was an episode in which the Sclavene <a href="/wiki/Daurentius" title="Daurentius">Daurentius</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">  577–579</span>), the first Slavic chieftain recorded by name, dismissed Avar suzerainty and retorted that "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs [...] so it shall always be for us", and had the Avar envoys slain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200147,_91_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200147,_91-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 580s, as the Slav communities on the Danube became larger and more organized, and as the Avars exerted their influence, raids became larger and resulted in permanent settlement. Most scholars consider the period of 581–584 as the beginning of large-scale Slavic settlement in the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199131_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199131-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> F. Curta points out that evidence of substantial Slavic presence does not appear before the 7th century and remains qualitatively different from the "Slavic culture" found north of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2001308_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001308-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-6th century, the Byzantines re-asserted their control of the Danube frontier, thereby reducing the economic value of Slavic raiding. This growing economic isolation, combined with external threats from the Avars and Byzantines, led to political and military mobilisation. Meanwhile, the itinerant form of agriculture (lacking <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a>) may have encouraged micro-regional mobility. Seventh-century archaeological sites show earlier hamlet-collections evolving into larger communities with differentiated zones for public feasts, craftmanship, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200761_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200761-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that the Sclaveni were the ancestors of the Serbo-Croatian group while the Antes were those of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Seven_Slavic_tribes" title="Seven Slavic tribes">Slavs</a>, with much mixture in the contact zones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHupchick2004_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupchick2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199126_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199126-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diminished pre-Slavic inhabitants, also including Romanized native peoples,<sup id="ref_a_1" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> fled from the barbarian invasions and sought refuge inside fortified cities and islands, whilst others fled to remote mountains and forests and adopted a <a href="/wiki/Transhumant" class="mw-redirect" title="Transhumant">transhumant</a> lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199137_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199137-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romance-speakers within the fortified <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_city-states" title="Dalmatian city-states">Dalmatian city-states</a> managed to retain their culture and language for a long time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199135_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199135-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the numerous Slavs mixed with and assimilated the descendants of the indigenous population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199138,_41_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199138,_41-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequent information about Slavs' interaction with the Greeks and early Slavic states comes from the 10th-century text <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a></i></span> (DAI) written by Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus">Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus</a>, from the 7th-century compilations of the <i><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Saint_Demetrius" title="Miracles of Saint Demetrius">Miracles of Saint Demetrius</a></i> (MSD) and from the <i>History</i> by <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_Simocatta" title="Theophylact Simocatta">Theophylact Simocatta</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 630</span>). DAI mentions the beginnings of the Croatian, Serbian and Bulgarian states from the early 7th to the mid-10th century. MSD and Theophylact Simocatta mention the Slavic tribes in Thessaly and Macedonia at the beginning of the 7th century. The 9th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Frankish_Annals" title="Royal Frankish Annals">Royal Frankish Annals</a></i> (RFA) also mention Slavic tribes in contact with the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Slavs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></div> <p>By 700 AD, Slavs had settled in most of Central and Southeast Europe, from Austria even down to the Peloponnese of Greece, and from the Adriatic to the Black Sea, with the exception of the coastal areas and certain mountainous regions of the Greek peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199136_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199136-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>, who arrived in Europe in the late 550s and had a great impact in the Balkans, had from their base in the Carpathian plain, west of main Slavic settlements, asserted control over Slavic tribes with whom they besieged Roman cities. Their influence in the Balkans however diminished by the early 7th century and they were finally defeated and disappeared as a power at the turn of the 9th century by <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199129–43_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199129–43-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first South Slavic polity and regional power was <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>, a state formed in 681 as a union between the much numerous <a href="/wiki/Seven_Slavic_tribes" title="Seven Slavic tribes">Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">tribes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">bulgars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asparuh_of_Bulgaria" title="Asparuh of Bulgaria">Khan Asparuh</a>. The scattered Slavs in Greece, the <i>Sklavinia</i>, were Hellenized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199141_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199141-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romance-speakers lived within the fortified <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_city-states" title="Dalmatian city-states">Dalmatian city-states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199135_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199135-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional historiography, based on DAI, holds that the migration of <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> to the Balkans was part of a second Slavic wave, placed during Heraclius' reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200166_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200166-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inhabiting the territory between the Franks in the north and Byzantium in the south, the Slavs were exposed to competing influences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196990_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196990-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 863 to Christianized <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> were sent two Byzantine brothers monks <a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius">Saints Cyril and Methodius</a>, Slavs from Thessaloniki on missionary work. They created the <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a> and the first Slavic written language, <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>, which they used to translate Biblical works. At the time, the West and South Slavs still spoke a similar language. The script used, <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a>, was capable of representing all Slavic sounds, however, it was gradually replaced in Bulgaria in the 9th century, in Russia by the 11th century<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196990–92_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196990–92-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glagolitic survived into the 16th century in Croatia, used by Benedictines and Franciscans, but lost importance during the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> when Latin replaced it on the Dalmatian coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196992_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196992-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyril and Methodius' disciples found refuge in already <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christian Bulgaria</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> became the ecclesiastical language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196992_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196992-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic alphabet</a> was developed during the 9th century AD at the <a href="/wiki/Preslav_Literary_School" title="Preslav Literary School">Preslav Literary School</a> in <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest Slavic literary works were composed in <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Duklja</a> and Dalmatia. The religious works were almost exclusively translations, from Latin (Croatia, Slovenia) and especially Greek (Bulgaria, Serbia).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196992_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196992-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 10th and 11th centuries the <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> led to the creation of various regional forms like <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovenian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196992_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196992-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic, religious and political centres of <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Preslav">Preslav</a> contributed to the important <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Literary_School" title="Ohrid Literary School">literary production</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196993_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196993-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bogomil" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogomil">Bogomil</a> sect, derived from Manichaeism, was deemed heretical, but managed to spread from <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a> to Bosnia (where it gained a foothold),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196993–95_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196993–95-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and France (<a href="/wiki/Cathars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathars">Cathars</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carinthia</a> came under Germanic rule in the 10th century and came permanently under Western (Roman) Christian sphere of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196996_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196996-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is today Croatia came under Eastern Roman (Byzantine) rule after the Barbarian age, and while most of the territory was Slavicized, a handful of fortified towns, with mixed population, remained under Byzantine authority and continued to use Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196996_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196996-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalmatia, now applied to the narrow strip with Byzantine towns, came under the Patriarchate of Constantinople, while the Croatian state remained pagan until Christianization during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, after which religious allegiance was to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196996_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196996-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Croats threw off Frankish rule in the 9th century and took over the Byzantine Dalmatian towns, after which Hungarian conquest led to Hungarian suzerainty, although retaining an army and institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196996–97_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196996–97-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Croatia lost much of Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice which held it until the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196997_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196997-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hungary governed Croatia through a duke, and the coastal towns through a <i><a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia" title="Ban of Croatia">ban</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196997_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196997-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A feudal class emerged in the Croatian hinterland in the late 13th century, among whom were the <a href="/wiki/Kurjakovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurjaković">Kurjaković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ka%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Kačić">Kačić</a> and most notably the <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ubi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Šubić">Šubić</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196997–98_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196997–98-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalmatian fortified towns meanwhile maintained autonomy, with a Roman patrician class and Slavic lower class, first under Hungary and then Venice after centuries of struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196998_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196998-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Faqih" title="Ibn al-Faqih">Ibn al-Faqih</a> described two kinds of South Slavic people, the first of swarthy complexion and dark hair, living near the Adriatic coast, and the other as light, living in the hinterland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Slavs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/South_Slavs" title="Special:EditPage/South Slavs">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Through Islamization, communities of Slavic Muslims emerged, which survive until today in Bosnia, south Serbia, North Macedonia, and Bulgaria.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a> has its origins in the 17th-century Slavic Catholic clergymen in the Republic of Venice and Republic of Ragusa, it crystallized only in the mid-19th century amidst rise of nationalism in the Ottoman and Habsburg empires.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Slavs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavs#Population" title="Slavs">Slavs § Population</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Slavs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/South_Slavs" title="Special:EditPage/South Slavs">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a>, one of three branches of the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> family (the other being <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a>), form a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>. It comprises, from west to east, the official languages of <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. The South Slavic languages are geographically divided from the rest of the Slavic languages by areas where Germanic (Austria), Hungarian and Romanian languages prevail. </p><p>South Slavic <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard languages</a> are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><b>West:</b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pluricentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluricentric">pluricentric</a>)<br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a>)</span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><b>East:</b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg/280px-South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg/420px-South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg/560px-South_Slavic_dialect_continuum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>A map of geographical extension of dialects of languages that belong into South Slavic group (<a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Serbo-Croatian varieties have strong structural unity and are regarded by most linguists as constituting one language.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, <a href="/wiki/Language_secessionism#In_Serbo-Croatian" title="Language secessionism">language secessionism</a> has led to the codification of several distinct standards: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin. These Serbo-Croatian standards are all based on the <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> dialect group. Other dialect groups, which have lower intelligibility with Shtokavian, are <a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Croatia_proper" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatia proper">Croatia proper</a>. The dominance of Shtokavian across Serbo-Croatian speaking lands is due to historical westward migration during the Ottoman period. Slovene is South Slavic but has many features shared with West Slavic languages. The <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje Slovene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a> are especially close, and there is no sharp delineation between them. In southeastern Serbia, dialects enter a transitional zone with Bulgarian and Macedonian, with features of both groups, and are commonly called <a href="/wiki/Torlakian" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian">Torlakian</a>. The Eastern South Slavic languages are Bulgarian and Macedonian. Bulgarian has retained more archaic Slavic features in relation to the other languages. Bulgarian has two main <a href="/wiki/Yat" title="Yat">yat</a> splits. Macedonian was codified in Communist Yugoslavia in 1945. The northern and eastern <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian dialects">Macedonian dialects</a> are regarded as transitional to Serbian and Bulgarian, respectively. Furthermore, in Greece there is a notable Slavic-speaking population <a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">in Greek Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Western Thrace</a>. Slavic dialects in western Greek Macedonia (<a href="/wiki/Kastoria" title="Kastoria">Kastoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florina" title="Florina">Florina</a>) are usually classified as <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, those in eastern Greek Macedonia (<a href="/wiki/Serres" title="Serres">Serres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a>) and Western Thrace as <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and the central ones (<a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilkis" title="Kilkis">Kilkis</a>) as either Macedonian or transitional between Macedonian and Bulgarian.<sup id="cite_ref-Trudgill_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudgill-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balkan Slavic languages are part of a "<a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a>" with <a href="/wiki/Areal_feature" title="Areal feature">areal features</a> shared with other non-Slavic languages in the Balkans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Slavs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavs#Genetics" title="Slavs">Slavs § Genetics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plos.Balkans.2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Plos.Balkans.2.png/220px-Plos.Balkans.2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Plos.Balkans.2.png/330px-Plos.Balkans.2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Plos.Balkans.2.png/440px-Plos.Balkans.2.png 2x" data-file-width="4033" data-file-height="1581" /></a><figcaption>Admixture analysis of autosomal SNPs of the Balkan region in a global context on the resolution level of 7 assumed ancestral populations: the African (brown), South/West European (light blue), Asian (yellow), Middle Eastern (orange), South Asian (green), North/East European (dark blue) and beige Caucasus component<sup id="cite_ref-Kovacevic2014_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovacevic2014-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_genetic_atlas_of_human_admixture_history_-_East_Europe_II_and_Mediterranean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/A_genetic_atlas_of_human_admixture_history_-_East_Europe_II_and_Mediterranean.png/220px-A_genetic_atlas_of_human_admixture_history_-_East_Europe_II_and_Mediterranean.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/A_genetic_atlas_of_human_admixture_history_-_East_Europe_II_and_Mediterranean.png/330px-A_genetic_atlas_of_human_admixture_history_-_East_Europe_II_and_Mediterranean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/A_genetic_atlas_of_human_admixture_history_-_East_Europe_II_and_Mediterranean.png/440px-A_genetic_atlas_of_human_admixture_history_-_East_Europe_II_and_Mediterranean.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Autosomal analysis presenting the historical contribution of different donor groups in some European populations. Polish sample was selected to represent the Slavic influence, and it is suggesting a strong and early impact in Greece (30-37%), Romania (48-57%), Bulgaria (55-59%), and Hungary (54-84%).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> <a href="/wiki/Identity_by_descent" title="Identity by descent">IBD</a> survey "of recent genealogical ancestry over the past 3,000 years at a continental scale", the speakers of Serbo-Croatian language share a very high number of common ancestors dated to the <a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">migration period</a> approximately 1,500 years ago with Poland and Romania-Bulgaria cluster among others in Eastern Europe. It is concluded to be caused by the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic</a> and Slavic expansion, which was a "relatively small population that expanded over a large geographic area", particularly "the expansion of the Slavic populations into regions of low population density beginning in the sixth century" and that it is "highly coincident with the modern distribution of Slavic languages".<sup id="cite_ref-Ralph2013_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph2013-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kushniarevich et al. 2015, the Hellenthal et al. 2014 IBD analysis also found "multi-directional admixture events among East Europeans (both Slavic and non-Slavic), dated to around 1,000–1,600 YBP" which coincides with "the proposed time-frame for the Slavic expansion".<sup id="cite_ref-Kushniarevich2015_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushniarevich2015-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Slavic influence is "dated to 500-900 CE or a bit later with over 40-50% among Bulgarians, Romanians, and Hungarians".<sup id="cite_ref-Ralph2013_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph2013-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2015 IBD analysis found that the South Slavs have lower proximity to Greeks than with East and West Slavs and that there's an "even patterns of IBD sharing among East-West Slavs–'inter-Slavic' populations (<a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a>)–and South Slavs, i.e. across an area of assumed historic movements of people including Slavs". The slight peak of shared IBD segments between South and East-West Slavs suggests a shared "Slavonic-time ancestry".<sup id="cite_ref-Kushniarevich2015_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushniarevich2015-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2014 IBD analysis comparison of Western Balkan and Middle Eastern populations also found negligible gene flow between 16th and 19th century during the <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> of the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovacevic2014_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovacevic2014-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2014 <a href="/wiki/Genetic_admixture" title="Genetic admixture">admixture</a> analysis of Western Balkan, the South Slavs show a genetic uniformity. Bosnians and Croatians were closer to East European populations and largely overlapped with Hungarians from Central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovacevic2014_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovacevic2014-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2015 analysis, Bosnians and Croatians formed a western South Slavic cluster together with Slovenians, in opposition to an eastern cluster formed by Macedonians and Bulgarians, with Serbians in between the two. The western cluster has an inclination toward Hungarians, Czechs, and Slovaks, while the eastern ones lean toward Romanians and, to some extent, to Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Kushniarevich2015_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushniarevich2015-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modeled ancestral genetic component of Balto-Slavs among South Slavs was between 55 and 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-Kushniarevich2015_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushniarevich2015-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2018 analysis of Slovenian population, the Slovenian population clustered with Croatians, Hungarians and was close to Czech.<sup id="cite_ref-Delser2018_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delser2018-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2006 Y-DNA study results "suggest that the Slavic expansion started from the territory of present-day Ukraine, thus supporting the hypothesis that places the earliest known homeland of Slavs in the basin of the middle <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Rębała_''et_al.''_2007_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rębała_''et_al.''_2007-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to genetic studies until 2020, the distribution, variance and frequency of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-DNA haplogroups</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438#I2a-L621" title="Haplogroup I-M438">I2</a> and their subclades R-M558, R-M458 and I-CTS10228 among South Slavs are in correlation with the spreading of Slavic languages during the medieval Slavic expansion from Eastern Europe, most probably from the territory of present-day <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Southeastern Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Utevska_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utevska-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neparaczki_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neparaczki-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HorolmaTibor2019_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HorolmaTibor2019-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fóthi_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fóthi-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kassian2020_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassian2020-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Slavs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals" title="List of Slavic studies journals">List of Slavic studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Slavic_history_and_culture" title="Outline of Slavic history and culture">Outline of Slavic history and culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annotations">Annotations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Slavs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Annotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style=""><ol class="references" style="list-style-type:upper-alpha;"> <li id="cnote_a"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#ref_a_1">^</a></b></span> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">Prior to the advent of Roman rule, a number of native or autochthonous populations had lived in the Balkans since ancient times. South of the <a href="/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Jireček line">Jireček line</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>. To the north, there were <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>. They were mainly tribalistic and generally lacked awareness of any ethno-political affiliation. Over the classical ages, they were at times invaded, conquered and influenced by <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Romans</a>. Roman influence, however, was initially limited to cities concentrated along the Dalmatian coast, later spreading to a few scattered cities inside the Balkan interior, particularly along the river Danube (<a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>). Roman citizens from throughout the empire settled in these cities and in the adjacent countryside. Following the fall of Rome and numerous barbarian raids, the population in the Balkans dropped, as did commerce and general standards of living. Many people were killed or taken prisoner by invaders. This demographic decline was particularly attributed to a drop in the number of indigenous peasants living in rural areas. They were the most vulnerable to raids and were also hardest hit by the financial crises that plagued the falling empire. However, the Balkans were not desolate, and considerable numbers of indigenous people remained. Only certain areas tended to be affected by the raids (e.g. lands around major land routes, such as the Morava corridor).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine19919–12,_37_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine19919–12,_37-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the autochthons, there were remnants of previous invaders such as "<a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>" and various <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> when the Slavs arrived. <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatian tribes</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a> were still recorded as living in the <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> region of the Danube.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199157_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199157-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mixing of Slavs and other peoples is evident in <a href="#Genetics">genetic studies included in the article</a>. </div></li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Slavs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKmietowicz1976-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKmietowicz1976_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKmietowicz1976">Kmietowicz 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKmietowicz1976">Kmietowicz 1976</a>, <a href="#CITEREFVlasto1970">Vlasto 1970</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEURI2000104-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEURI2000104_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFURI2000">URI 2000</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupchick2004199-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHupchick2004199_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHupchick2004">Hupchick 2004</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKobyliński2005">Kobyliński 2005</a>, pp. 525–526, <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKobyliński2005">Kobyliński 2005</a>, p. 526, <a href="#CITEREFBarford2001">Barford 2001</a>, p. 332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199125-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199125_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200656-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200656_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurta2006">Curta 2006</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200171–73-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200171–73_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, pp. 71–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames2014">James 2014</a>, p. 95, <a href="#CITEREFKobyliński1995">Kobyliński 1995</a>, p. 524</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995524–525-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995524–525_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKobyliński1995">Kobyliński 1995</a>, pp. 524–525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995524-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995524_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995524_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995524_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKobyliński1995">Kobyliński 1995</a>, p. 524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199126–41-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199126–41_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, pp. 26–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199129-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199129_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199129_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199133-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199133_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković2002187-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽivković2002187_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽivković2002187_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŽivković2002">Živković 2002</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames2014">James 2014</a>, p. 95, <a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200176-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200176_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200178–86-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200178–86_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, pp. 78–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames201497-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames201497_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames2014">James 2014</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byzantinoslavica-2003-78-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Byzantinoslavica-2003-78_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twwrAQAAIAAJ"><i>Byzantinoslavica</i></a>. Vol. 61–62. Academia. 2003. pp. 78–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantinoslavica&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Academia&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtwwrAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995536-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995536_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKobyliński1995">Kobyliński 1995</a>, p. 536.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995537–539-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKobyliński1995537–539_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKobyliński1995">Kobyliński 1995</a>, p. 537–539.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200147,_91-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200147,_91_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, pp. 47, 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199131-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199131_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2001308-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2001308_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200761-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200761_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurta2007">Curta 2007</a>, p. 61.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFCurta2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupchick2004-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHupchick2004_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHupchick2004">Hupchick 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199126-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199126_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199137-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199137_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, pp. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199135-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199135_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199135_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199138,_41-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199138,_41_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, pp. 38, 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199136-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199136_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199129–43-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199129–43_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, pp. 29–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199141-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199141_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta200166-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta200166_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurta2001">Curta 2001</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196990-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196990_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPortal1969">Portal 1969</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196990–92-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196990–92_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPortal1969">Portal 1969</a>, pp. 90–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196992-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196992_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196992_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196992_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196992_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPortal1969">Portal 1969</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvornik1956" class="citation book cs1">Dvornik, Francis (1956). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slavstheirearlyh00dvor"><i>The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization</i></a></span>. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slavstheirearlyh00dvor/page/n184">179</a>. <q>The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernized" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches, and it was in this school that glagolitic writing was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavs%3A+Their+Early+History+and+Civilization&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Dvornik&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fslavstheirearlyh00dvor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorin_Curta2006" class="citation book cs1">Florin Curta (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt"><i>Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</i></a></span>. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt/page/221">221</a>–222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521815390" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521815390"><bdi>978-0521815390</bdi></a>. <q>Cyrillic preslav.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500%E2%80%931250&rft.series=Cambridge+Medieval+Textbooks&rft.pages=221-222&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0521815390&rft.au=Florin+Curta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheasterneuro0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._M._Hussey,_Andrew_Louth2010" class="citation book cs1">J. M. Hussey, Andrew Louth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-H9BTVHKRMC&q=+preslav+eastern&pg=PR3-IA34">"The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire"</a>. <i>Oxford History of the Christian Church</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191614880" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191614880"><bdi>978-0191614880</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006145150/https://books.google.com/books?id=J-H9BTVHKRMC&q=+preslav+eastern&pg=PR3-IA34#v=snippet&q=preslav%20eastern&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Orthodox+Church+in+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0191614880&rft.au=J.+M.+Hussey%2C+Andrew+Louth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ-H9BTVHKRMC%26q%3D%2Bpreslav%2Beastern%26pg%3DPR3-IA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196993-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196993_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPortal1969">Portal 1969</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196993–95-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196993–95_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPortal1969">Portal 1969</a>, pp. 93–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196996-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196996_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196996_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196996_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPortal1969">Portal 1969</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196996–97-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196996–97_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPortal1969">Portal 1969</a>, p. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196997-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196997_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196997_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPortal1969">Portal 1969</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196997–98-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196997–98_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPortal1969">Portal 1969</a>, p. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal196998-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal196998_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPortal1969">Portal 1969</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrieCorbett2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Comrie, Bernard</a> & Corbett, Greville G., eds. 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B.; Band, G.; Wilson, J. F.; Capelli, C.; Falush, D.; Myers, S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4209567">"Supplementary Material for "A genetic atlas of human admixture history"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>343</b> (6172): 747–751. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...343..747H">2014Sci...343..747H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1243518">10.1126/science.1243518</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4209567">4209567</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24531965">24531965</a>. <q>S7.6 "East Europe": The difference between the 'East Europe I' and 'East Europe II' analyses is that the latter analysis included the Polish as a potential donor population. The Polish were included in this analysis to reflect a Slavic language speaking source group." "We speculate that the second event seen in our six Eastern Europe populations between northern European and southern European ancestral sources may correspond to the expansion of Slavic language speaking groups (commonly referred to as the Slavic expansion) across this region at a similar time, perhaps related to displacement caused by the Eurasian steppe invaders (38; 58). Under this scenario, the northerly source in the second event might represent DNA from Slavic-speaking migrants (sampled Slavic-speaking groups are excluded from being donors in the EastEurope I analysis). To test consistency with this, we repainted these populations adding the Polish as a single Slavic-speaking donor group ("East Europe II" analysis; see Note S7.6) and, in doing so, they largely replaced the original North European component (Figure S21), although we note that two nearby populations, Belarus and Lithuania, are equally often inferred as sources in our original analysis (Table S12). Outside these six populations, an admixture event at the same time (910CE, 95% CI:720-1140CE) is seen in the southerly neighboring Greeks, between sources represented by multiple neighboring Mediterranean peoples (63%) and the Polish (37%), suggesting a strong and early impact of the Slavic expansions in Greece, a subject of recent debate (37). 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251567977">"The paternal perspective of the Slovenian population and its relationship with other populations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Biology" title="Annals of Human Biology">Annals of Human Biology</a></i>. <b>40</b> (6): 515–526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F03014460.2013.813584">10.3109/03014460.2013.813584</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23879710">23879710</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34621779">34621779</a>. <q>However, a study by Battaglia et al. (2009) showed a variance peak for I2a1 in the Ukraine and, based on the observed pattern of variation, it could be suggested that at least part of the I2a1 haplogroup could have arrived in the Balkans and Slovenia with the Slavic migrations from a homeland in present-day Ukraine... The calculated age of this specific haplogroup together with the variation peak detected in the suggested Slavic homeland could represent a signal of Slavic migration arising from medieval Slavic expansions. However, the strong genetic barrier around the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, associated with the high frequency of the I2a1b-M423 haplogroup, could also be a consequence of a Paleolithic genetic signal of a Balkan refuge area, followed by mixing with a medieval Slavic signal from modern-day Ukraine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Human+Biology&rft.atitle=The+paternal+perspective+of+the+Slovenian+population+and+its+relationship+with+other+populations&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=515-526&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34621779%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23879710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F03014460.2013.813584&rft.au=A.+Zupan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F251567977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill2015" class="citation cs2">Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>, <b>23</b> (1): 124–131, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2014.50">10.1038/ejhg.2014.50</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4266736">4266736</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24667786">24667786</a>, <q>R1a-M458 exceeds 20% in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Western Belarus. The lineage averages 11–15% across Russia and Ukraine and occurs at 7% or less elsewhere (Figure 2d). Unlike hg R1a-M458, the R1a-M558 clade is also common in the Volga-Uralic populations. R1a-M558 occurs at 10–33% in parts of Russia, exceeds 26% in Poland and Western Belarus, and varies between 10 and 23% in the Ukraine, whereas it drops 10-fold lower in Western Europe. In general, both R1a-M458 and R1a-M558 occur at low but informative frequencies in Balkan populations with known Slavonic heritage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+phylogenetic+and+geographic+structure+of+Y-chromosome+haplogroup+R1a&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=124-131&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4266736%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24667786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2014.50&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Utevska-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Utevska_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO.M._Utevska2017" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">O.M. Utevska (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrcrm.gov.ua/science/councils/dissertation/"><i>Генофонд українців за різними системами генетичних маркерів: походження і місце на європейському генетичному просторі</i></a> [<i>The gene pool of Ukrainians revealed by different systems of genetic markers: the origin and statement in Europe</i>] (PhD) (in Ukrainian). National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine">National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine</a>. pp. 219–226, 302. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717170217/http://nrcrm.gov.ua/science/councils/dissertation/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%3A+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%96+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96&rft.inst=National+Research+Center+for+Radiation+Medicine+of+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2017&rft.au=O.M.+Utevska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrcrm.gov.ua%2Fscience%2Fcouncils%2Fdissertation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neparaczki-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neparaczki_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeparáczkiMaróti2019" class="citation journal cs1">Neparáczki, Endre; et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851379">"Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a></i>. <b>9</b> (16569). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 16569. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...916569N">2019NatSR...916569N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-53105-5">10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851379">6851379</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31719606">31719606</a>. <q>Hg I2a1a2b-L621 was present in 5 Conqueror samples, and a 6th sample form Magyarhomorog (MH/9) most likely also belongs here, as MH/9 is a likely kin of MH/16 (see below). This Hg of European origin is most prominent in the Balkans and Eastern Europe, especially among Slavic speaking groups.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Y-chromosome+haplogroups+from+Hun%2C+Avar+and+conquering+Hungarian+period+nomadic+people+of+the+Carpathian+Basin&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=16569&rft.pages=16569&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6851379%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31719606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-53105-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatSR...916569N&rft.aulast=Nepar%C3%A1czki&rft.aufirst=Endre&rft.au=Mar%C3%B3ti%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6851379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorolmaTibor2019-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HorolmaTibor2019_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamjavFehérNémethKoppány_Csáji2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pamjav, Horolma; Fehér, Tibor; Németh, Endre; Koppány Csáji, László (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xq2xDwAAQBAJ"><i>Genetika és őstörténet</i></a> (in Hungarian). Napkút Kiadó. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-263-855-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-263-855-3"><bdi>978-963-263-855-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927203723/https://books.google.com/books?id=xq2xDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>Az I2-CTS10228 (köznevén „dinári-kárpáti") alcsoport legkorábbi közös őse 2200 évvel ezelőttre tehető, így esetében nem arról van szó, hogy a mezolit népesség Kelet-Európában ilyen mértékben fennmaradt volna, hanem arról, hogy egy, a mezolit csoportoktól származó szűk család az európai vaskorban sikeresen integrálódott egy olyan társadalomba, amely hamarosan erőteljes demográfiai expanzióba kezdett. Ez is mutatja, hogy nem feltétlenül népek, mintsem családok sikerével, nemzetségek elterjedésével is számolnunk kell, és ezt a jelenlegi etnikai identitással összefüggésbe hozni lehetetlen. A csoport elterjedése alapján valószínűsíthető, hogy a szláv népek migrációjában vett részt, így válva az R1a-t követően a második legdominánsabb csoporttá a mai Kelet-Európában. Nyugat-Európából viszont teljes mértékben hiányzik, kivéve a kora középkorban szláv nyelvet beszélő keletnémet területeket.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetika+%C3%A9s+%C5%91st%C3%B6rt%C3%A9net&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Napk%C3%BAt+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-963-263-855-3&rft.aulast=Pamjav&rft.aufirst=Horolma&rft.au=Feh%C3%A9r%2C+Tibor&rft.au=N%C3%A9meth%2C+Endre&rft.au=Kopp%C3%A1ny+Cs%C3%A1ji%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxq2xDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fóthi-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fóthi_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFóthiGonzalezFehér2020" class="citation cs2">Fóthi, E.; Gonzalez, A.; Fehér, T.; et al. (2020), "Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes", <i>Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences</i>, <b>12</b> (1): 31, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ArAnS..12...31F">2020ArAnS..12...31F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12520-019-00996-0">10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0</a></span>, <q>Based on SNP analysis, the CTS10228 group is 2200 ± 300 years old. The group's demographic expansion may have begun in Southeast Poland around that time, as carriers of the oldest subgroup are found there today. The group cannot solely be tied to the Slavs, because the proto-Slavic period was later, around 300–500 CE... The SNP-based age of the Eastern European CTS10228 branch is 2200 ± 300 years old. The carriers of the most ancient subgroup live in Southeast Poland, and it is likely that the rapid demographic expansion which brought the marker to other regions in Europe began there. The largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans, where the subgroup is dominant in 50.5% of Croatians, 30.1% of Serbs, 31.4% of Montenegrins, and in about 20% of Albanians and Greeks. As a result, this subgroup is often called Dinaric. It is interesting that while it is dominant among modern Balkan peoples, this subgroup has not been present yet during the Roman period, as it is almost absent in Italy as well (see Online Resource 5; ESM_5).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+and+Anthropological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Genetic+analysis+of+male+Hungarian+Conquerors%3A+European+and+Asian+paternal+lineages+of+the+conquering+Hungarian+tribes&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12520-019-00996-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ArAnS..12...31F&rft.aulast=F%C3%B3thi&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+A.&rft.au=Feh%C3%A9r%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassian2020-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kassian2020_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushniarevichKassian2020" class="citation cs2">Kushniarevich, Alena; Kassian, Alexei (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341945550">"Genetics and Slavic languages"</a>, in Marc L. Greenberg (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online</i>, Brill, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032367">10.1163/2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032367</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>, <q>The geographic distributions of the major eastern European NRY haplogroups (R1a-Z282, I2a-P37) overlap with the area occupied by the present-day Slavs to a great extent, and it might be tempting to consider both haplogroups as Slavic-specic patrilineal lineages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genetics+and+Slavic+languages&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Slavic+Languages+and+Linguistics+Online&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032367&rft.aulast=Kushniarevich&rft.aufirst=Alena&rft.au=Kassian%2C+Alexei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F341945550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine19919–12,_37-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine19919–12,_37_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, pp. 9–12, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199157-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199157_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Slavs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>Primary sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoravcsik1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Moravcsik" title="Gyula Moravcsik">Moravcsik, Gyula</a>, ed. (1967) [1949]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC"><i>Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio</i></a> (2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884020219" title="Special:BookSources/9780884020219"><bdi>9780884020219</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120171955/https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+Porphyrogenitus%3A+De+Administrando+Imperio&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Center+for+Byzantine+Studies&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780884020219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3al15wpFWiMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholz1970" class="citation book cs1">Scholz, Bernhard Walter, ed. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTzl6wFjehMC"><i>Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472061860" title="Special:BookSources/0472061860"><bdi>0472061860</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927202758/https://books.google.com/books?id=sTzl6wFjehMC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carolingian+Chronicles%3A+Royal+Frankish+Annals+and+Nithard%27s+Histories&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0472061860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTzl6wFjehMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarford2001" class="citation book cs1">Barford, Paul M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z9ItAtbJ5AC"><i>The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe</i></a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801439779" title="Special:BookSources/0801439779"><bdi>0801439779</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006145142/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z9ItAtbJ5AC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Slavs%3A+Culture+and+Society+in+Early+Medieval+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0801439779&rft.aulast=Barford&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Z9ItAtbJ5AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastellan1992" class="citation book cs1">Castellan, Georges (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1G5pAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of the Balkans: From Mohammed the Conqueror to Stalin</i></a>. East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-222-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-222-4"><bdi>978-0-88033-222-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006145151/https://books.google.com/books?id=1G5pAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%3A+From+Mohammed+the+Conqueror+to+Stalin&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-222-4&rft.aulast=Castellan&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1G5pAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC"><i>The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139428880" title="Special:BookSources/9781139428880"><bdi>9781139428880</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927203144/https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Slavs%3A+History+and+Archaeology+of+the+Lower+Danube+Region%2C+c.+500%E2%80%93700&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781139428880&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrcFGhCVs0sYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt"><i>Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0"><bdi>978-0-521-81539-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500%E2%80%931250&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81539-0&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheasterneuro0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvornik1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dvornik" title="Francis Dvornik">Dvornik, Francis</a> (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slavsineuropeanh0000dvor"><i>The Slavs in European History and Civilization</i></a></span>. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813507996" title="Special:BookSources/9780813507996"><bdi>9780813507996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavs+in+European+History+and+Civilization&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9780813507996&rft.aulast=Dvornik&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fslavsineuropeanh0000dvor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John V. A. Jr.</a> (1991) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C"><i>The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</i></a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7"><bdi>0-472-08149-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Sixth+to+the+Late+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-472-08149-7&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0NBxG9Id58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John V. A. Jr.</a> (1994) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC"><i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i></a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4"><bdi>0-472-08260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-472-08260-4&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C"><i>When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods</i></a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472025600" title="Special:BookSources/0472025600"><bdi>0472025600</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927203730/https://books.google.com/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Ethnicity+Did+Not+Matter+in+the+Balkans%3A+A+Study+of+Identity+in+Pre-Nationalist+Croatia%2C+Dalmatia%2C+and+Slavonia+in+the+Medieval+and+Early-Modern+Periods&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0472025600&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwEF5oN5erE0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHupchick2004" class="citation book cs1">Hupchick, Dennis P. (2004) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N-Dh3D_VPdwC"><i>The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6417-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6417-5"><bdi>978-1-4039-6417-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006145200/https://books.google.com/books?id=N-Dh3D_VPdwC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%3A+From+Constantinople+to+Communism&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6417-5&rft.aulast=Hupchick&rft.aufirst=Dennis+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN-Dh3D_VPdwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2014" class="citation book cs1">James, Edward (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlYSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95"><i>Europe's Barbarians AD 200-600</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86825-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86825-5"><bdi>978-1-317-86825-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006145211/https://books.google.com/books?id=zlYSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Barbarians+AD+200-600&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86825-5&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzlYSBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanković2004" class="citation journal cs1">Janković, Đorđe (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastko.rs/arheologija/delo/13047">"The Slavs in the 6th Century North Illyricum"</a>. <i>Гласник Српског археолошког друштва</i>. <b>20</b>: 39–61. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123101219/http://www.rastko.rs/arheologija/delo/13047">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.atitle=The+Slavs+in+the+6th+Century+North+Illyricum&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=39-61&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Jankovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=%C4%90or%C4%91e&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastko.rs%2Farheologija%2Fdelo%2F13047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich, Barbara</a> (1983a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qR4EeOrTm-0C"><i>History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521274586" title="Special:BookSources/9780521274586"><bdi>9780521274586</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123132943/https://books.google.com/books?id=qR4EeOrTm-0C">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%3A+Eighteenth+and+Nineteenth+Centuries&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780521274586&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqR4EeOrTm-0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich, Barbara</a> (1983b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC"><i>History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century</i></a>. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521274593" title="Special:BookSources/9780521274593"><bdi>9780521274593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%3A+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780521274593&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHd-or3qtqrsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaimakamovaSalamon2007" class="citation book cs1">Kaimakamova, Miliana; Salamon, Maciej (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=85giAQAAIAAJ"><i>Byzantium, new peoples, new powers: the Byzantino-Slav contact zone, from the ninth to the fifteenth century</i></a>. Towarzystwo Wydawnicze "Historia Iagellonica". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-88737-83-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-88737-83-1"><bdi>978-83-88737-83-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006145204/https://books.google.com/books?id=85giAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%2C+new+peoples%2C+new+powers%3A+the+Byzantino-Slav+contact+zone%2C+from+the+ninth+to+the+fifteenth+century&rft.pub=Towarzystwo+Wydawnicze+%22Historia+Iagellonica%22&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-83-88737-83-1&rft.aulast=Kaimakamova&rft.aufirst=Miliana&rft.au=Salamon%2C+Maciej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D85giAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKmietowicz1976" class="citation book cs1">Kmietowicz, Frank A. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amTxAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ancient Slavs</i></a>. Worzalla Publishing Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006145144/https://books.google.com/books?id=amTxAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Slavs&rft.pub=Worzalla+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Kmietowicz&rft.aufirst=Frank+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DamTxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobyliński1995" class="citation book cs1">Kobyliński, Zbigniew (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmwuoTsKO0C&pg=PA524"><i>The Slavs</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 524. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36291-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36291-7"><bdi>978-0-521-36291-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115221953/https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmwuoTsKO0C&pg=PA524">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavs&rft.pages=524&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36291-7&rft.aulast=Kobyli%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcmwuoTsKO0C%26pg%3DPA524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobyliński2005" class="citation book cs1">Kobyliński, Zbigniew (2005). "The Slavs". In Fouracre, Paul (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmwuoTsKO0C"><i>The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 1: c.500–c.700</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36291-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36291-7"><bdi>978-0-521-36291-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928201330/https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmwuoTsKO0C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Slavs&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%2C+Volume+1%3A+c.500%E2%80%93c.700&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36291-7&rft.aulast=Kobyli%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcmwuoTsKO0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObolensky1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Obolensky" title="Dimitri Obolensky">Obolensky, Dimitri</a> (1974) [1971]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlBoAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453</i></a>. London: Cardinal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780351176449" title="Special:BookSources/9780351176449"><bdi>9780351176449</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921093756/https://books.google.com/books?id=RlBoAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Commonwealth%3A+Eastern+Europe%2C+500-1453&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cardinal&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780351176449&rft.aulast=Obolensky&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlBoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the Byzantine State</i></a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423035501/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBt0_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortal1969" class="citation book cs1">Portal, Roger (1969) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AXMvAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Slavs</i></a>. Translated by Evans, Patrick (Translated from French ed.). Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297763130" title="Special:BookSources/9780297763130"><bdi>9780297763130</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006145144/https://books.google.com/books?id=AXMvAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavs&rft.edition=Translated+from+French&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780297763130&rft.aulast=Portal&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAXMvAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-NBAAAAYAAJ"><i>A History of the First Bulgarian Empire</i></a>. London: G. Bell & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598749222" title="Special:BookSources/9780598749222"><bdi>9780598749222</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006145648/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-NBAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+First+Bulgarian+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=G.+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=9780598749222&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-NBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamardžićDuškov1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Radovan_Samard%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Samardžić">Samardžić, Radovan</a>; Duškov, Milan, eds. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O3MtAQAAIAAJ"><i>Serbs in European Civilization</i></a>. Belgrade: Nova, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788675830153" title="Special:BookSources/9788675830153"><bdi>9788675830153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbs+in+European+Civilization&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Nova%2C+Serbian+Academy+of+Sciences+and+Arts%2C+Institute+for+Balkan+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9788675830153&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO3MtAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingleton1985" class="citation book cs1">Singleton, Fred (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofyu0000sing"><i>A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27485-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27485-2"><bdi>978-0-521-27485-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Yugoslav+Peoples&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27485-2&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryofyu0000sing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavrianos2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L._S._Stavrianos" title="L. S. Stavrianos">Stavrianos, Leften Stavros</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xcp7OXQE0FMC"><i>The Balkans Since 1453</i></a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-551-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-551-0"><bdi>978-1-85065-551-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+Since+1453&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-551-0&rft.aulast=Stavrianos&rft.aufirst=Leften+Stavros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxcp7OXQE0FMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlasto1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_P._Vlasto" title="Alexis P. Vlasto">Vlasto, Alexis P.</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521074599" title="Special:BookSources/9780521074599"><bdi>9780521074599</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120164740/https://books.google.com/books?id=fpVOAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Entry+of+the+Slavs+into+Christendom%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Medieval+History+of+the+Slavs&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780521074599&rft.aulast=Vlasto&rft.aufirst=Alexis+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfpVOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽivković2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87" title="Tibor Živković">Živković, Tibor</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oE-gAAAAMAAJ"><i>Јужни Словени под византијском влашћу 600-1025</i></a> [<i>South Slavs under the Byzantine Rule (600–1025)</i>]. Belgrade: Историјски институт САНУ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788677430276" title="Special:BookSources/9788677430276"><bdi>9788677430276</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927203640/https://books.google.com/books?id=oE-gAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%9B%D1%83+600-1025&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788677430276&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoE-gAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽivković2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87" title="Tibor Živković">Živković, Tibor</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JlIsAQAAIAAJ"><i>Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550–1150</i></a>. Belgrade: The Institute of History, Čigoja štampa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788675585732" title="Special:BookSources/9788675585732"><bdi>9788675585732</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927204207/https://books.google.com/books?id=JlIsAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forging+unity%3A+The+South+Slavs+between+East+and+West+550%E2%80%931150&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+History%2C+%C4%8Cigoja+%C5%A1tampa&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788675585732&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJlIsAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Journals</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFURI2000" class="citation book cs1">Gitelman, Zvi; Hajda, Lubomyr A.; Himka, John-Paul; Solchanyk, Roman, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2FIjAQAAIAAJ"><i>Cultures and Nations of Central and Eastern Europe: Essays in Honor of Roman Szporluk</i></a>. Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916458-93-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916458-93-5"><bdi>978-0-916458-93-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006145721/https://books.google.com/books?id=2FIjAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+and+Nations+of+Central+and+Eastern+Europe%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Roman+Szporluk&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Research+Institute%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-916458-93-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2FIjAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Slavs" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Slavs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:South_Slavs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:South Slavs">South Slavs</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Jelavich, C., 1990. South Slav nationalisms—textbooks and Yugoslav Union before 1914. Ohio State Univ Pr.</li> <li>Petkov, K., 1997. Infidels, Turks, and women: the South Slavs in the German mind; ca. 1400–1600. Lang.</li> <li>Ferjančić, B., 2009. Vizantija i južni Sloveni. Ethos.</li> <li>Kovacevic, M.G.J., 1950. Pregled materijalne kulture Juznih Slovena.</li> <li>Filipovic, M.S., 1963. Forms and functions of ritual kinship among South Slavs. In V Congres international des sciences anthropologiques et ethnologiques (pp. 77–80).</li> <li>Šarić, L., 2004. Balkan identity: Changing self-images of the South Slavs. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural development, 25(5–6), pp. 389–407.</li> <li>Ostrogorsky, G., 1963. Byzantium and the South Slavs. The Slavonic and East European Review, 42(98), pp. 1–14.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ethnic groups</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Creole_people" title="Alaskan Creole people">Alaskan Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Latvia" title="Belarusians in Latvia">Belarusian Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Lithuania" title="Belarusians in Lithuania">Belarusian Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Belarusian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Belarusian Russians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albazinians" title="Albazinians">Albazinians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baikal_Cossacks" title="Baikal Cossacks">Baikal Cossacks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekrasov_Cossacks" title="Nekrasov Cossacks">Nekrasov Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greben_Cossacks" title="Greben Cossacks">Greben Cossacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurans_(Transbaikal_people)" title="Gurans (Transbaikal people)">Gurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyms" title="Karyms">Karyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokan">Molokans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Podlashuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleshuks" title="Poleshuks">Poleshuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryuns" title="Goryuns">Goryuns</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Harbin Russians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchadals" title="Kamchadals">Kamchadals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenschik" title="Kamenschik">Kamenschiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polekhs" title="Polekhs">Polekhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeiskie" title="Semeiskie">Semeiskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberians" title="Siberians">Siberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_old-settlers" title="Russian old-settlers">Starozhily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns_of_Romania" title="Rusyns of Romania">Rusyn Romanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Podolyans" title="Podolyans">Podolyans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvin#Ethnic_group_in_Ukraine" title="Litvin">Litvins</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavic_europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/100px-Slavic_europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/150px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Slavic_europe.svg/200px-Slavic_europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chods" title="Chods">Chods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Gorals" title="Silesian Gorals">Silesian Gorals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gochy" title="Gochy">Gochans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krubans" title="Krubans">Krubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Masurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambers" title="Bambers">Bambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Poles" title="Borderlands Poles">Borderlands Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_River_Poles" title="Bug River Poles">Bug River Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_people" title="Greater Poland people">Greater Poland people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliszans" title="Kaliszans">Kaliszans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavians" title="Kuyavians">Kuyavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Btaks" title="Taśtaks">Taśtaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kociewie#Kociewians" title="Kociewie">Kociewians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurpie" title="Kurpie">Kurpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasovians" title="Lasovians">Lasovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czycans" title="Łęczycans">Łęczycans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_people" title="Lesser Poland people">Lesser Poland people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81owiczans" title="Łowiczans">Łowiczans</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Boyars" title="Międzyrzec Boyars">Międzyrzec Boyars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poborzans" title="Poborzans">Poborzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uplanders" title="Polish Uplanders">Polish Uplanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Russian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85cz_Lachs" title="Sącz Lachs">Sącz Lachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradzans" title="Sieradzans">Sieradzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmians_(ethnic_group)" title="Warmians (ethnic group)">Warmians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhrpolen" title="Ruhrpolen">Ruhrpolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Vlachs" title="Cieszyn Vlachs">Cieszyn Vlachs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends_of_Texas" title="Wends of Texas">Texas Wends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Albania" title="Bosniaks in Albania">Bosniak Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Croatia" title="Bosniaks of Croatia">Bosniak Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Kosovo" title="Bosniaks in Kosovo">Bosniak Kosovars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Montenegro" title="Bosniaks of Montenegro">Bosniak Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_of_Serbia" title="Bosniaks of Serbia">Bosniak Serbians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Bulgarians" title="Anatolian Bulgarians">Anatolian Bulgarians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarians" title="Banat Bulgarians">Banat Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Bulgarians" title="Bessarabian Bulgarians">Bessarabian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Albania" title="Bulgarians in Albania">Bulgarian Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Croatia" title="Bulgarians in Croatia">Bulgarian Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Hungary" title="Bulgarians in Hungary">Bulgarian Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Italy" title="Bulgarians in Italy">Bulgarian Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians" title="Macedonian Bulgarians">Macedonian Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Bulgarians" title="Thracian Bulgarians">Thracian Bulgarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjevci" title="Bunjevci">Bunjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croats" title="Burgenland Croats">Burgenland Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat_Muslims" title="Croat Muslims">Croat Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjevci" title="Janjevci">Janjevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krashovani" title="Krashovani">Krashovani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molise_Croats" title="Molise Croats">Molise Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okci" title="Šokci">Šokci</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Albania" title="Macedonians in Albania">Albanian Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonians_in_Bulgaria" title="Ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijaks" title="Mijaks">Mijaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Torbeši</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Ethnic Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resia,_Friuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Resia, Friuli">Resians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Kosovo Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs of North Macedonia">Macedonian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Montenegro" title="Serbs of Montenegro">Montenegrin Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Croatian Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Vojvodina" title="Serbs in Vojvodina">Vojvodina Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Muslims" title="Serb Muslims">Serb Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopi" title="Shopi">Shopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Slovenes" title="Carinthian Slovenes">Carinthian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes_of_Croatia" title="Slovenes of Croatia">Croatian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovenes" title="Hungarian Slovenes">Hungarian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy" title="Slovene minority in Italy">Italian Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovenes" title="Prekmurje Slovenes">Prekmurje Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavia_Friulana" title="Slavia Friulana">Venetian Slavs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273824#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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