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class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Corsets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corsets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorale" title="Gorale – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gorale" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qorallar" title="Qorallar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qorallar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Гуралі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гуралі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goral%C3%A9" title="Goralé – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Goralé" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goraler" title="Goraler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Goraler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goralen" title="Goralen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Goralen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Γκουράλοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκουράλοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Гуралить – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Гуралить" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3rales" title="Górales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Górales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="گورال‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گورال‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3rali" title="Górali – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Górali" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գուրալներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գուրալներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guraliai" title="Guraliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Guraliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gor%C3%A1lok_(n%C3%A9pcsoport)" title="Gorálok (népcsoport) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gorálok (népcsoport)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goralen" title="Goralen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Goralen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="グラル人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラル人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goralar" title="Goralar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Goralar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goralen" title="Goralen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Goralen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3rale" title="Górale – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Górale" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorali" title="Gorali – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gorali" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Гурали – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гурали" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorali_(po%C4%BEsko-slovensk%C3%A9_pomedzie)" title="Gorali (poľsko-slovenské pomedzie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gorali (poľsko-slovenské pomedzie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goraler_(folkgrupp)" title="Goraler (folkgrupp) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Goraler (folkgrupp)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Гуралі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гуралі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q498700#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group of Central Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Central European ethnic group. For the genus of ungulates, see <a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">Goral</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gorale" redirects here. For Polish place names, see <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B3rale_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Górale (disambiguation)">Górale (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillati_A_highlander_with_bagpipes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pillati_A_highlander_with_bagpipes.jpg/250px-Pillati_A_highlander_with_bagpipes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pillati_A_highlander_with_bagpipes.jpg/330px-Pillati_A_highlander_with_bagpipes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pillati_A_highlander_with_bagpipes.jpg/500px-Pillati_A_highlander_with_bagpipes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>A Goral with <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipes</a> from the region of <a href="/wiki/Podhale" title="Podhale">Podhale</a> in Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Gorals</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Górale</i>; Goral ethnolect: <i>Górole</i>; <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">Gorali</i>; <a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">Cieszyn Silesian</a>: <i>Gorole</i>), also anglicized as the <b>Highlanders</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_group" title="Ethnographic group">ethnographic group</a> with historical ties to the <a href="/wiki/Vlach" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlach">Vlachs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kubika2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kubika2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Goral people are primarily found in their traditional area of southern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the region of <a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesia" title="Cieszyn Silesia">Cieszyn Silesia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, where they are known as the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Gorals" title="Silesian Gorals">Silesian Gorals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a significant Goral diaspora in the area of <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> which is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Highlanders_Alliance_of_North_America" title="Polish Highlanders Alliance of North America">Polish Highlanders Alliance of North America</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The Gorals as a separate ethnographic subgroup began to form in the 14th century<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the arrival of the first <a href="/wiki/Polish_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish People">Polish</a> settlers from <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who would settle and farm the lands around what is today <a href="/wiki/Nowy_Targ" title="Nowy Targ">Nowy Targ</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Dunajec" title="Dunajec">Dunajec</a> valley beginning in the early twelve hundreds. Prior to that, <a href="/wiki/Podhale" title="Podhale">Podhale</a> was an uninhabited region sparsely populated by bandits who chose the inaccessible mountainous terrain to hide from justice.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then between the late 13th and 15th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlach</a> shepherds migrated to the region, gradually moving northwest from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan peninsula</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> and settling on <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Polish lands</a> there.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial contact of the locals with the Vlachs was difficult. The medieval chronicler <a href="/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz" title="Jan Długosz">Jan Długosz</a> described the nomadic shepherds as brutish.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the newcomers brought with them a distinct method of raising livestock in the mountains, which was different from the one practiced by the settlers from the lowlands of Lesser Poland and thus with the merging of the two cultures, a new local way of life began to emerge,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the subsequent assimilation of the Vlachs.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksander_Kotsis_Pogrzeb_g%C3%B3rala_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Aleksander_Kotsis_Pogrzeb_g%C3%B3rala_1860.jpg/250px-Aleksander_Kotsis_Pogrzeb_g%C3%B3rala_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Aleksander_Kotsis_Pogrzeb_g%C3%B3rala_1860.jpg/330px-Aleksander_Kotsis_Pogrzeb_g%C3%B3rala_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Aleksander_Kotsis_Pogrzeb_g%C3%B3rala_1860.jpg/500px-Aleksander_Kotsis_Pogrzeb_g%C3%B3rala_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>The funeral of a Goral, 1860</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wladyslaw_Skoczylas_-_Pochod_zbojnikow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wladyslaw_Skoczylas_-_Pochod_zbojnikow.jpg/250px-Wladyslaw_Skoczylas_-_Pochod_zbojnikow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wladyslaw_Skoczylas_-_Pochod_zbojnikow.jpg/330px-Wladyslaw_Skoczylas_-_Pochod_zbojnikow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wladyslaw_Skoczylas_-_Pochod_zbojnikow.jpg/500px-Wladyslaw_Skoczylas_-_Pochod_zbojnikow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbojniks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zbojniks (page does not exist)">Zbojniks</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zb%C3%B3jnicy" class="extiw" title="pl:Zbójnicy">pl</a>]</span></i>, colored wood engraving by <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Skoczylas" title="Władysław Skoczylas">Władysław Skoczylas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 16th and 17th centuries, Gorals settled the upper <a href="/wiki/Kysuca" title="Kysuca">Kysuca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orava_(river)" title="Orava (river)">Orava</a> rivers and part of northern <a href="/wiki/Spi%C5%A1" title="Spiš">Spiš</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LoczyStankoviansky2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoczyStankoviansky2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which at the time were part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KocsisHodosi2001_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KocsisHodosi2001-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to various rights and privileges, including the <a href="/wiki/Vlach_law" title="Vlach law">Vlach law</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gorals enjoyed freedom from <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> and held a substantial amount of autonomy. Also, distinct within the Goral culture were <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbojniks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zbojniks (page does not exist)">zbojniks</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zb%C3%B3jnicy" class="extiw" title="pl:Zbójnicy">pl</a>]</span></i>, members of local robber bands in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Carpathians" title="Western Carpathians">western Carpathians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In folk tradition, they were recognized as heroes who helped the exploited Gorals by stealing from the rich and giving back to the poor. The most famous of these was <a href="/wiki/Juraj_J%C3%A1no%C5%A1%C3%ADk" title="Juraj Jánošík">Juraj Jánošík</a> from the village of <a href="/wiki/Terchov%C3%A1" title="Terchová">Terchová</a> in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDilina_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Žilina region">Žilina region</a> on the Slovak side of the Carpathian mountains. As a youngster, he fought with the <a href="/wiki/Kuruc" title="Kuruc">Kuruc</a> insurgents against the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> and later formed his own band of <i>zbojniks</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-terchova-info.sk_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terchova-info.sk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phenomenon became widespread in the mid-16th century and disappeared in the 19th century with the death of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wojtek_Mateja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wojtek Mateja (page does not exist)">Wojtek Mateja</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojtek_Mateja" class="extiw" title="pl:Wojtek Mateja">pl</a>]</span> who was considered as the last <i>zbójnik</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1651, the Gorals and <a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Poland" title="Serfdom in Poland">local peasantry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Podhale" title="Podhale">Podhale</a> rebelled against the Polish nobles (<i><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a></i>) in what became the <a href="/wiki/Kostka-Napierski_uprising" title="Kostka-Napierski uprising">Kostka-Napierski uprising</a>, led by the adventurer and officer from the Polish army captain <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kostka_Napierski" title="Aleksander Kostka Napierski">Aleksander Kostka Napierski</a>. A film was produced about the uprising (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Podhale_w_ogniu" title="Podhale w ogniu">Podhale w ogniu</a></i></span>) in 1956, and distributed in many languages across the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another <a href="/wiki/Peasant_rebellion_in_Podhale" title="Peasant rebellion in Podhale">peasant rebellion in Podhale</a> occurred in 1669, when Gorals and local peasants rebelled against high taxes and oppressive rule imposed on them by the local nobility. The first Polish national <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, titled <i><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakowiacy_i_G%C3%B3rale" class="extiw" title="pl:Krakowiacy i Górale">Krakowiacy i Górale</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cracovians_(ethnic_group)" title="Cracovians (ethnic group)">Cracovians</a> and Gorals) composed by <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Bogus%C5%82awski" title="Wojciech Bogusławski">Wojciech Bogusławski</a> premiered in 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, between 1803 and 1819, the Gorals migrated to <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> sought to <a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">Germanize</a> the Gorals.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Nazi racial laws, the majority of Poland's population and its minorities were viewed as "undesirable" and subject to special statutes, slave labour and martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-Majer2003_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majer2003-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Nazi racial theorists considered the 27,000 strong Goral population as a separate ethnic group from the Poles.<sup id="cite_ref-Levene2013_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levene2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Termed <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Goralenvolk" title="Goralenvolk">Goralenvolk</a></i></span>, they were deemed part of the greater Germanic race and given milder treatment from other Poles.<sup id="cite_ref-podhale24.pl/_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-podhale24.pl/-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-podgiewontem-Apostoł_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-podgiewontem-Apostoł-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1939 and 1945, local Gorals of Podhale joined the <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">resistance movement</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Tatra_Confederation" title="Tatra Confederation">Tatra Confederation</a> and the IV Batalion Nowy Targ of the <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Pu%C5%82k_Strzelc%C3%B3w_Podhala%C5%84skich_Armii_Krajowej" class="extiw" title="pl:1 Pułk Strzelców Podhalańskich Armii Krajowej">1st Regiment of Home Army Podhale Rifles</a> and fought against Nazi occupation of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorals_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gorals_map.png/500px-Gorals_map.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Gorals_map.png/960px-Gorals_map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="7015" data-file-height="3897" /></a><figcaption>Map of areas inhabited by the Gorals</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_ps_0006311_Fuhrwerke_%5E_Pferdefuhrwerke_%5E_Kutschen_%5E_sonstige_Kutsche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Fotothek_df_ps_0006311_Fuhrwerke_%5E_Pferdefuhrwerke_%5E_Kutschen_%5E_sonstige_Kutsche.jpg/250px-Fotothek_df_ps_0006311_Fuhrwerke_%5E_Pferdefuhrwerke_%5E_Kutschen_%5E_sonstige_Kutsche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Fotothek_df_ps_0006311_Fuhrwerke_%5E_Pferdefuhrwerke_%5E_Kutschen_%5E_sonstige_Kutsche.jpg/330px-Fotothek_df_ps_0006311_Fuhrwerke_%5E_Pferdefuhrwerke_%5E_Kutschen_%5E_sonstige_Kutsche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Fotothek_df_ps_0006311_Fuhrwerke_%5E_Pferdefuhrwerke_%5E_Kutschen_%5E_sonstige_Kutsche.jpg/500px-Fotothek_df_ps_0006311_Fuhrwerke_%5E_Pferdefuhrwerke_%5E_Kutschen_%5E_sonstige_Kutsche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Gorals from <a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a> (1967)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grojcowianie_15-08-2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Grojcowianie_15-08-2016.jpg/250px-Grojcowianie_15-08-2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Grojcowianie_15-08-2016.jpg/330px-Grojcowianie_15-08-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Grojcowianie_15-08-2016.jpg/500px-Grojcowianie_15-08-2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4707" data-file-height="3454" /></a><figcaption>Young Gorals of the <a href="/wiki/Beskid_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Beskid Mountains">Beskid Mountains</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%BBywiec_Beskids" title="Żywiec Beskids">Żywiec</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Gorals inhabit a number of regions collectively referred to as the "Goral lands" (Goral: <i>Góralscýzna,</i> Polish: <i>Góralszczyzna</i>) split between Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, the community inhabits the geographical region of <a href="/wiki/Podhale" title="Podhale">Podhale</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tatra_Mountains" title="Tatra Mountains">Tatra Mountains</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Beskids" title="Beskids">Beskids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesia" title="Cieszyn Silesia">Cieszyn Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Beskids" title="Silesian Beskids">Silesian Beskids</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBywiec_Beskids" title="Żywiec Beskids">Żywiec Beskids</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1945, some Gorals from <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Podhale" title="Podhale">Podhale</a> regions found new homes in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a> in villages such as <a href="/wiki/Krajan%C3%B3w" title="Krajanów">Krajanów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czarny_B%C3%B3r" title="Czarny Bór">Czarny Bór</a>, and Borówna in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Sudetes" title="Central Sudetes">Central Sudete</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountains">Mountains</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82otnik" title="Złotnik">Złotnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%BAnica,_%C5%BBaga%C5%84_County" title="Brzeźnica, Żagań County">Brzeźnica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lubomy%C5%9Bl" title="Lubomyśl">Lubomyśl</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Lubusz Voivodeship">Lubusz Voivodeship</a>. </p><p>In present-day <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> they live in several separate groups: in northern <a href="/wiki/Spi%C5%A1" title="Spiš">Spiš</a> (34 villages subdivided into two groups), <a href="/wiki/Orava_(region)" title="Orava (region)">Orava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kysuce" title="Kysuce">Kysuce</a> (2 villages) and smaller groups in 7 other enclave villages in northern Slovakia. </p><p>The main towns of Goral lands include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_Targ" title="Nowy Targ">Nowy Targ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBywiec" title="Żywiec">Żywiec</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Goral_ethnolect" title="Goral ethnolect">Goral ethnolect</a></div> <p>The various dialects spoken by the Gorals belong to the <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic family</a> with influence from other surrounding linguistic groups, notably the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Romance">Eastern Romance languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the dialect spoken in <a href="/wiki/Podhale" title="Podhale">Podhale</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Podhale_dialect" title="Podhale dialect">Podhale dialect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">gwara podhalańska</i>), is of <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> origin and part of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_dialect_group" title="Lesser Poland dialect group">Lesser Poland dialect group</a>, but it has been considerably influenced by <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> in recent centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Wijk1931_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wijk1931-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Slovak, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goral_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goral dialect (page does not exist)">Goral dialects</a> contain some vocabulary from <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Balkans" title="Languages of the Balkans">Balkan languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Dobrowolski_(socjolog)" class="extiw" title="pl:Kazimierz Dobrowolski (socjolog)">Kazimierz Dobroslowski</a> asserted that the <a href="/wiki/Podhale_dialect" title="Podhale dialect">Podhale dialect</a> had loan-words from <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, as well as similar belief system elements, music and material culture.<sup id="cite_ref-BertrandKarsenty1995_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BertrandKarsenty1995-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Podhale dialect is the <i>de facto</i> standard literary Goral ethnolect due to Podhale being the most widely known region. However, the majority of Gorals speak closely related dialects. Gorals themselves rarely differentiate between their dialects and just refer to them as <i>Górolski</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_identity">National identity</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22A_Goral_Wedding%22_at_Dom_Ludowy_Theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%22A_Goral_Wedding%22_at_Dom_Ludowy_Theatre.jpg/330px-%22A_Goral_Wedding%22_at_Dom_Ludowy_Theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%22A_Goral_Wedding%22_at_Dom_Ludowy_Theatre.jpg/500px-%22A_Goral_Wedding%22_at_Dom_Ludowy_Theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%22A_Goral_Wedding%22_at_Dom_Ludowy_Theatre.jpg/960px-%22A_Goral_Wedding%22_at_Dom_Ludowy_Theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2955" data-file-height="1819" /></a><figcaption>Gorals of <a href="/wiki/Podhale" title="Podhale">Podhale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B3ralka-Zakopane-17.07.1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/G%C3%B3ralka-Zakopane-17.07.1938.jpg/170px-G%C3%B3ralka-Zakopane-17.07.1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/G%C3%B3ralka-Zakopane-17.07.1938.jpg/255px-G%C3%B3ralka-Zakopane-17.07.1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/G%C3%B3ralka-Zakopane-17.07.1938.jpg/340px-G%C3%B3ralka-Zakopane-17.07.1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Goral from <a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a>, Poland (1938)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_KRWP_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Warsaw_KRWP_12.JPG/250px-Warsaw_KRWP_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Warsaw_KRWP_12.JPG/330px-Warsaw_KRWP_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Warsaw_KRWP_12.JPG/500px-Warsaw_KRWP_12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Podhale_Rifles" title="Podhale Rifles">Podhale Rifles</a> (<i>Podhalańczycy</i>), are a mountain infantry formation of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish Army</a> formed in 1918 out of volunteers of the region of <a href="/wiki/Podhale" title="Podhale">Podhale</a>. They wear the traditional Goral cap and are one of only two infantry units wearing non-standard uniforms based on traditional Polish folk garment.</figcaption></figure> <p>For most Gorals today, the decisive factor in their self-identification with nationality is not ethnic but territorial.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, those living in areas under a long tradition of belonging to the Polish state identify themselves as Polish,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while those living in Slovakia have identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with notable exceptions to this rule on both sides of the border. While the origin of the Goral ethnolect is Polish,<sup id="cite_ref-Hannan-Krissakova_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannan-Krissakova-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the language of Gorals in Slovakia and in the Czech Republic is gradually shifting and increasingly becoming more similar to the literary standard in their respective countries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Gorals" title="Silesian Gorals">Silesian Gorals</a> of the Czech Republic identify themselves on the nationality level as Poles and are members of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Polish minority in the Czech Republic">Polish minority in the Czech Republic</a>, which is proved by their communal activity: the annual <a href="/wiki/Gorolski_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to" title="Gorolski Święto">Gorolski Święto</a> festival held in <a href="/wiki/Jablunkov" title="Jablunkov">Jablunkov</a> is a showcase of a local Polish Goral traditions and is organized by the <a href="/wiki/PZKO" class="mw-redirect" title="PZKO">PZKO</a> (Polish Cultural and Educational Union). This Goral festival preserves the traditions of the Polish nationality group in <a href="/wiki/Trans-Olza" title="Trans-Olza">Trans-Olza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the largest cultural and folklore festival in Trans-Olza gathering thousands of spectators each day of festivities. However, the Poles do not form a majority in any of the municipalities of the area, and some local Gorals identify themselves on the nationality level as <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>. In this respect, the village of <a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%8Dava" title="Hrčava">Hrčava</a> (the second easternmost village in the Czech Republic), with the vast majority of citizens declaring Czech nationality, can be noted. In this village, the Poles form only a 2% minority.<sup id="cite_ref-czso_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-czso-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local Silesian Gorals formed a majority in the past and they speak the <a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesian_dialect" title="Cieszyn Silesian dialect">regional Cieszyn Silesian dialect</a> in everyday communication. In Slovakia, Gorals sought formal recognition as a distinct minority,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> something the Slovakian government approved in January 2025; the status means the group will gain representation in the government's Council for National Minorities, and get more access to cultural support funding.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the issue of their ethnic identity has been controversial and resulted in claims and counterclaims by both Poland and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. Gorals, like many other peasant communities in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, determined their own ethnic identities within the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation-state</a> system during the 19th and early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although nationalist <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> was generated by both Poles and Slovaks, this process of the Gorals' identification with a nationality was still not complete when the <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Poland" title="Borders of Poland">border</a> was finalized in 1924. A notable example was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdynand_Machay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdynand Machay (page does not exist)">Ferdynand Machay</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a> born in <a href="/wiki/Jab%C5%82onka,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Jabłonka, Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Jabłonka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orava_(region)" title="Orava (region)">Orava</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Borowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piotr Borowy (page does not exist)">Piotr Borowy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rab%C4%8Da" title="Rabča">Rabča</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orava_(region)" title="Orava (region)">Orava</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wojciech_Halczyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wojciech Halczyn (page does not exist)">Wojciech Halczyn</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lendak" title="Lendak">Lendak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spi%C5%A1" title="Spiš">Spiš</a>, who went to the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> and, during a personal audience, lobbied U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> to sign these lands over to Poland. </p><p>The Gorals have a similar belief system elements, music and material culture as that of the <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> and related groups (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Wallachia" title="Moravian Wallachia">Moravian Vlachs</a>), from whom it has been argued they originate.<sup id="cite_ref-kubika2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kubika2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Carleton_Coon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carleton Coon">Carleton Coon</a> grouped Gorals with the <a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a>, who dwelled in what was then the southeastern corner of <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> and is now southwestern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, Polish scholars viewed the Gorals as linguistically close to the Poles, but having close ties with <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovakia" title="Culture of Slovakia">Slovak folk culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornis-PopeNeubauer2010_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornis-PopeNeubauer2010-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was noted that Gorals' social and economic life resembled that of Vlach shepherd culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornis-PopeNeubauer2010_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornis-PopeNeubauer2010-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zakopane_Style_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakopane Style architecture">Zakopane Style architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorolsko_drzewionka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gorolsko_drzewionka.jpg/250px-Gorolsko_drzewionka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gorolsko_drzewionka.jpg/330px-Gorolsko_drzewionka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gorolsko_drzewionka.jpg/500px-Gorolsko_drzewionka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Goral wooden house (<i>drzewionka</i>) near Filipka mountain meadow in <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Beskids" title="Silesian Beskids">Silesian Beskids</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Zakopane_Style" title="Zakopane Style">Zakopane Style architecture</a>, established at the end of the 19th century, is held as a Goral tradition. The architectural style draws on local architecture and <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture_of_the_Carpathians" title="Vernacular architecture of the Carpathians">Vernacular architecture of the Carpathians</a>, and is widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Podhale" title="Podhale">Podhale</a> region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Festiwal_pzko_1078.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Festiwal_pzko_1078.jpg/250px-Festiwal_pzko_1078.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Festiwal_pzko_1078.jpg/330px-Festiwal_pzko_1078.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Festiwal_pzko_1078.jpg/500px-Festiwal_pzko_1078.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><i>Gorol</i> men's choir from <a href="/wiki/Jablunkov" title="Jablunkov">Jablunkov</a> during the parade at the beginning of the Jubileuszowy Festiwal <a href="/wiki/PZKO" class="mw-redirect" title="PZKO">PZKO</a> 2007 in <a href="/wiki/Karvin%C3%A1" title="Karviná">Karviná</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:43._TKB_-_Trebunie-Tutki_07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/43._TKB_-_Trebunie-Tutki_07.JPG/250px-43._TKB_-_Trebunie-Tutki_07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/43._TKB_-_Trebunie-Tutki_07.JPG/330px-43._TKB_-_Trebunie-Tutki_07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/43._TKB_-_Trebunie-Tutki_07.JPG/500px-43._TKB_-_Trebunie-Tutki_07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2372" data-file-height="1780" /></a><figcaption>Goral of Podhale – member of Trebunie-Tutki folk band from <a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Zakopower" title="Zakopower">Zakopower</a> is a popular folk-pop musical group from Zakopane. The <a href="/wiki/Trebunie-Tutki" title="Trebunie-Tutki">Trebunie-Tutki</a> folk musical group from Zakopane blend traditional Goral music with <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_costume">Folk costume</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clasps">Clasps</h4></div> <p>For centuries clasps have been an important element of Goral traditional costumes. Originally used for fastening shirts, they fell out of use when <a href="/wiki/Button" title="Button">buttons</a> became popular, remaining only as <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornaments</a>. In the early 20th century they were already rare, used only by senior and young <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherds</a>, who grazed their sheep on mountain pastures. In the 1920s and the 1930s, they were considered collector's items and sought after by tourists. In <a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a>, they were often worn as ornaments for the "cucha" (outerwear), sweaters, or occasionally on leather bags. Today the clasps are a popular element of highlanders from the <a href="/wiki/Podhale" title="Podhale">Podhale</a> region, but the way they are worn differs from the original one: instead of fastening shirts they are usually attached to them or sewed on.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parzenica_(embroidery)"><span id="Parzenica_.28embroidery.29"></span><i>Parzenica</i> (embroidery)</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Parzenica" class="mw-redirect" title="Parzenica">parzenica</a> embroidery dates back to the mid-19th century. Initially, they were simple string loops, used for reinforcing cuts in front of cloth trousers. They had practical functions and protected the cloth from fraying. The modern look <i>parzenica</i> got from those tailors who began using red or navy blue string, simultaneously increasing the number of loops. Later the <a href="/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9" title="Appliqué">appliqué</a> design was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a>. Using woollen yarn allowed the parzenica to become more colourful and eventually it became a stand-alone trouser ornamentation, developed by talented tailors and embroiderers.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corsets">Corsets</h4></div> <p>In the second half of the 19th century, it became fashionable in the <a href="/wiki/Podhale" title="Podhale">Podhale</a> region to adorn <a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">corsets</a> with depictions of <a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">thistle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leontopodium_nivale" title="Leontopodium nivale">edelweiss</a>. These motifs were the most popular in the early 20th century. When "<a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> style" came into fashion, highlanders of the Podhale region began ornamenting the corsets with shiny <a href="/wiki/Sequin" title="Sequin">sequins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glass_bead_making" title="Glass bead making">glass beads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesia" title="Cieszyn Silesia">Cieszyn Silesia</a> and northern Slovakia, the <a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_axe" title="Shepherd's axe">shepherd's axe</a> and elements of the folk costume are termed <i>Vlach</i> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">wałaska, wałaszczaki</i>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">valaška</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hannan1996_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannan1996-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goral folk costumes can be found in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ethnography" title="National Museum of Ethnography">National Museum of Ethnography</a> in Warsaw,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Tatra_Museum_in_Zakopane" title="The Tatra Museum in Zakopane">The Tatra Museum in Zakopane</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_Museum_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Ethnographic Museum of Kraków">Ethnographic Museum of Kraków</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=City_Museum_of_%C5%BBywiec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City Museum of Żywiec (page does not exist)">City Museum of Żywiec</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <p>Most Gorals are adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and are often noted for their staunch religiosity. The <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Lud%C5%BAmierz" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Ludźmierz">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Ludźmierz</a> is of particular significance to the Gorals, being the oldest shrine in the Podhale region. Also, there are numerous Catholic religious cults and traditions connected to the church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Polish Gorals also hold a particular reference for Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>, who they consider as their own, even though Karol Wojtyła was born in <a href="/wiki/Wadowice" title="Wadowice">Wadowice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a> and was not a Goral himself. However, the Late Pope was always considered as "the son of the mountains" by the Gorals.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable portion of Gorals are <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> Lutherans, who are clustered around the town of <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82a" title="Wisła">Wisła</a>. This is the main centre of Protestant Gorals, and it is the only city in Poland where Catholics are a minority.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Adamek" title="Tomasz Adamek">Tomasz Adamek</a> (born 1976), Polish boxer and WBC light heavyweight and IBF cruiserweight champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_Bachleda" title="Klemens Bachleda">Klemens Bachleda</a> (1851–1910), Polish mountain guide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicja_Bachleda-Curu%C5%9B" title="Alicja Bachleda-Curuś">Alicja Bachleda-Curuś</a> (born 1983), Polish actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Banach" title="Stefan Banach">Stefan Banach</a> (1892–1945), Polish mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_B%C5%82a%C5%BCusiak" title="Tadeusz Błażusiak">Tadeusz Błażusiak</a> (born 1983), Polish sport motorcyclist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Cukier" title="Józef Cukier">Józef Cukier</a> (1889–1960), <a href="/wiki/Goralenvolk" title="Goralenvolk">Goralenvolk</a> leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Dziubek" title="Andrzej Dziubek">Andrzej Dziubek</a> (born 1954), Polish–Norwegian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Fortuna" title="Wojciech Fortuna">Wojciech Fortuna</a> (born 1952), Polish ski jumper and Olympic gold medalist</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Karpiel-Bu%C5%82ecka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebastian Karpiel-Bułecka (page does not exist)">Sebastian Karpiel-Bułecka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Karpiel-Bu%C5%82ecka" class="extiw" title="pl:Sebastian Karpiel-Bułecka">pl</a>]</span> (born 1976), Polish singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justyna_Kowalczyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Justyna Kowalczyk">Justyna Kowalczyk</a> (born 1983), Polish cross-country skier and Olympic gold medalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Krzeptowski" title="Wacław Krzeptowski">Wacław Krzeptowski</a> (1897–1945), <a href="/wiki/Goralenvolk" title="Goralenvolk">Goralenvolk</a> leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawid_Kubacki" title="Dawid Kubacki">Dawid Kubacki</a> (born 1990), Polish ski jumper and Olympic bronze medalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Kukuczka" title="Jerzy Kukuczka">Jerzy Kukuczka</a> (1948–1989), Polish alpinist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ma%C5%82ysz" title="Adam Małysz">Adam Małysz</a> ( born 1977) Polish ski jumper and Olympic silver medalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Orkan" title="Władysław Orkan">Władysław Orkan</a> (1875–1930), Polish writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kanty_Pawlu%C5%9Bkiewicz" title="Jan Kanty Pawluśkiewicz">Jan Kanty Pawluśkiewicz</a> (born 1942), Polish composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Przerwa-Tetmajer" title="Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer">Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer</a> (1865–1940), Polish writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Stoch" title="Kamil Stoch">Kamil Stoch</a> (born 1987), Polish ski jumper and Olympic gold medalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustyn_Suski" title="Augustyn Suski">Augustyn Suski</a> (1907–1942), Polish poet and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> resistance fighter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Tetmajer" title="Włodzimierz Tetmajer">Włodzimierz Tetmajer</a> (1861–1923), Polish painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Tischner" title="Józef Tischner">Józef Tischner</a> (1931–2000), Polish priest and philosopher</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Poland they are known as the <b>Polish Highlanders</b> and are considered a subethnic group of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish nation</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a>, a Slavic Muslim highlander people in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uplanders" title="Polish Uplanders">Polish Uplanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a>, an ethnic group who speak an East Slavic language, neighbor the Gorals in south-eastern Poland, north-eastern Slovakia and the Transcarpathian Oblast of Ukraine.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kubika2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kubika2012_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kubika2012_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarek_Kubica2012" class="citation book cs1">Marek Kubica (2012). <i>Górale, Wołosi, zbójnicy: historia górali od Pilska</i>. Żywiec.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%B3rale%2C+Wo%C5%82osi%2C+zb%C3%B3jnicy%3A+historia+g%C3%B3rali+od+Pilska&rft.pub=%C5%BBywiec&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Marek+Kubica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naszahistoria.pl/skad-pochodza-gorale-inwazja-wolochow-zmienila-historie-polskich-gor/ar/12701192#:~:text=Najprawdopodobniej%20przybyli%20oni%20z%20teren%C3%B3w,wiele%20bardziej%20dochodowe%20ni%C5%BC%20rolnictwo.">"Skąd pochodzą górale? Inwazja Wołochów zmieniła historię polskich gór"</a>. <i>Nasza Historia</i> (in Polish). 23 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2022</span>. <q><i>W XIII w. na ziemiach polskich zaczęli się pojawiać Wołosi, osadnicy z Bałkanów, którym udało się ujarzmić Karpaty i wprowadzić tu gospodarkę pasterską.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nasza+Historia&rft.atitle=Sk%C4%85d+pochodz%C4%85+g%C3%B3rale%3F+Inwazja+Wo%C5%82och%C3%B3w+zmieni%C5%82a+histori%C4%99+polskich+g%C3%B3r&rft.date=2017-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaszahistoria.pl%2Fskad-pochodza-gorale-inwazja-wolochow-zmienila-historie-polskich-gor%2Far%2F12701192%23%3A~%3Atext%3DNajprawdopodobniej%2520przybyli%2520oni%2520z%2520teren%25C3%25B3w%2Cwiele%2520bardziej%2520dochodowe%2520ni%25C5%25BC%2520rolnictwo.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/bitstream/handle/item/253903/guzik_wies_podhalanska_i_jej_gospodarcze_2004.pdfsequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Wieś podhalańska i jej gospodarcze przeobrażenia w historii regionu"</a>. <i>uj.edu.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2023</span>. <q><i>Od XV w., oprócz ludności polskiej, na Podhale zaczęła napływać ludność pochodzenia rumuńskiego – Wołosi. Zajmowali się oni wypasem bydła i owiec.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uj.edu.pl&rft.atitle=Wie%C5%9B+podhala%C5%84ska+i+jej+gospodarcze+przeobra%C5%BCenia+w+historii+regionu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruj.uj.edu.pl%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Fitem%2F253903%2Fguzik_wies_podhalanska_i_jej_gospodarcze_2004.pdfsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dunszt.sk/2022/05/27/sociolog-abel-ravasz-pre-mnohych-ludi-na-slovensku-je-svet-mensin-mimo-ich-mentalneho-priestoru-%EF%BF%BC/">"Sociológ Ábel Ravasz: Ak štát nevie mapovať svoje menšiny, nevie im ani pomáhať"</a>. <i>dunszt.sk</i> (in Slovak)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2023</span>. <q><i>Gorali, podobne ako Rusíni, žijú na oboch stranách štátnej poľsko-slovenskej hranice[...] Je to veľmi vzácna a zvláštna subskupina v tom, že jej jazyk pripomína skôr poľštinu s istými prvkami slovenčiny[...]</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dunszt.sk&rft.atitle=Sociol%C3%B3g+%C3%81bel+Ravasz%3A+Ak+%C5%A1t%C3%A1t+nevie+mapova%C5%A5+svoje+men%C5%A1iny%2C+nevie+im+ani+pom%C3%A1ha%C5%A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdunszt.sk%2F2022%2F05%2F27%2Fsociolog-abel-ravasz-pre-mnohych-ludi-na-slovensku-je-svet-mensin-mimo-ich-mentalneho-priestoru-%25EF%25BF%25BC%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSparks2020" class="citation book cs1">Sparks, Alan E. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilX9DwAAQBAJ"><i>Into the Carpathians</i></a>. Vol. 2. Boulder, Colorado: Rainy Day Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780578705729" title="Special:BookSources/9780578705729"><bdi>9780578705729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+the+Carpathians&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Rainy+Day+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780578705729&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Alan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DilX9DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nowebystre.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=594:gorole-historia&catid=147:gorole-historia&Itemid=269">"Górale Historia"</a>. <i>Nowe Bystre</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>. <q><i>Górale podhalańscy jako odrębna grupa zaczęła kształtować się w XIV wieku.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nowe+Bystre&rft.atitle=G%C3%B3rale+Historia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nowebystre.pl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D594%3Agorole-historia%26catid%3D147%3Agorole-historia%26Itemid%3D269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historia.dorzeczy.pl/sredniowiecze/57418/skad-sie-wzieli-gorale-na-podhalu.html">"Skąd się wzięli górale na Podhalu"</a>. <i>Do Rzeczy</i> (in Polish). 27 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>. <q><i>Pierwsi śmiałkowie wędrowali ku Tatrom z Małopolski doliną Raby, przez dzisiejszą Mszanę Dolną, potem w poprzek Gorców ku wsiom Niedźwiedź i Obidowa, by połączyć się w Klikuszowej z trasą dzisiejszej zakopianki.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Do+Rzeczy&rft.atitle=Sk%C4%85d+si%C4%99+wzi%C4%99li+g%C3%B3rale+na+Podhalu&rft.date=2018-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoria.dorzeczy.pl%2Fsredniowiecze%2F57418%2Fskad-sie-wzieli-gorale-na-podhalu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historia.dorzeczy.pl/sredniowiecze/57418/skad-sie-wzieli-gorale-na-podhalu.html">"Skąd się wzięli górale na Podhalu"</a>. <i>Do Rzeczy</i> (in Polish). 27 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>. <q><i>Przed 1234 r. musieli być tu ludzie, skoro przywilej dla Teodora Gryfity z rąk Henryka Brodatego wymienia już jakieś nazwy. Osadnicy ci składali się zapewne z elementu przestępczego, który wybrał niedostępne tereny górskie dla ukrycia się przed sprawiedliwością.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Do+Rzeczy&rft.atitle=Sk%C4%85d+si%C4%99+wzi%C4%99li+g%C3%B3rale+na+Podhalu&rft.date=2018-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoria.dorzeczy.pl%2Fsredniowiecze%2F57418%2Fskad-sie-wzieli-gorale-na-podhalu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/bitstream/handle/item/253903/guzik_wies_podhalanska_i_jej_gospodarcze_2004.pdfsequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Wieś podhalańska i jej gospodarcze przeobrażenia w historii regionu"</a>. <i>uj.edu.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2023</span>. <q><i>Od XV w., oprócz ludności polskiej, na Podhale zaczęła napływać ludność pochodzenia rumuńskiego – Wołosi. Zajmowali się oni wypasem bydła i owiec.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uj.edu.pl&rft.atitle=Wie%C5%9B+podhala%C5%84ska+i+jej+gospodarcze+przeobra%C5%BCenia+w+historii+regionu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruj.uj.edu.pl%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Fitem%2F253903%2Fguzik_wies_podhalanska_i_jej_gospodarcze_2004.pdfsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historia.dorzeczy.pl/sredniowiecze/57418/skad-sie-wzieli-gorale-na-podhalu.html">"Skąd się wzięli górale na Podhalu"</a>. <i>Do Rzeczy</i> (in Polish). 27 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>. <q><i>Zetknięcie miejscowych z Wołochami było szorstkie. Długosz opisywał ich jako ludzi prymitywnych, brutalnych i skorych do rozboju.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Do+Rzeczy&rft.atitle=Sk%C4%85d+si%C4%99+wzi%C4%99li+g%C3%B3rale+na+Podhalu&rft.date=2018-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoria.dorzeczy.pl%2Fsredniowiecze%2F57418%2Fskad-sie-wzieli-gorale-na-podhalu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/bitstream/handle/item/253903/guzik_wies_podhalanska_i_jej_gospodarcze_2004.pdfsequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Wieś podhalańska i jej gospodarcze przeobrażenia w historii regionu"</a>. <i>uj.edu.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2023</span>. <q><i>Nowi przybysze sprowadzili na te tereny inne niż osadnicy z nizin sposoby gospodarowania. W ten sposób wywodząca się z Małopolski gospodarka folwarczna wzbogaciła się o tradycyjne formy chowu zwierząt w górach, rządzące się innym prawem i odmienną obyczajowością. W tym spotkaniu dwóch kultur rolniczych wiodącymi pozostały sposoby gospodarowania przyniesione z nizin, w jakimś tylko zakresie dostosowane do lokalnych warunków siedliskowych i wołoskich systemów chowu zwierząt gospodarskich w górach.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uj.edu.pl&rft.atitle=Wie%C5%9B+podhala%C5%84ska+i+jej+gospodarcze+przeobra%C5%BCenia+w+historii+regionu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruj.uj.edu.pl%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Fitem%2F253903%2Fguzik_wies_podhalanska_i_jej_gospodarcze_2004.pdfsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/gorale;3907131.html">"Górale"</a>. <i>Encyklopedia PWN</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span>. <q><i>Karpaty były od XV w. zasiedlane przez ludność wołoską, która na północnych stokach polonizowała się, na południu ulegała wpływom słowac.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G%C3%B3rale&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+PWN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.pwn.pl%2Fhaslo%2Fgorale%3B3907131.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoczyStankoviansky2012-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LoczyStankoviansky2012_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDenes_LoczyMiloš_StankovianskyAdam_Kotarba2012" class="citation book cs1">Denes Loczy; Miloš Stankoviansky; Adam Kotarba (3 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GClF-4rtvoIC&pg=PA149"><i>Recent Landform Evolution: The Carpatho-Balkan-Dinaric Region</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 149ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2447-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2447-1"><bdi>978-94-007-2447-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Landform+Evolution%3A+The+Carpatho-Balkan-Dinaric+Region&rft.pages=149ff&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-01-03&rft.isbn=978-94-007-2447-1&rft.au=Denes+Loczy&rft.au=Milo%C5%A1+Stankoviansky&rft.au=Adam+Kotarba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGClF-4rtvoIC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beskidzka24.pl/slowacja-bedzie-narodowosc-goralska/">"Słowacja: Będzie narodowość goralska?"</a>. <i>beskidzka24.pl</i> (in Polish). 14 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2023</span>. <q><i>[...]pomiędzy XVI a XVIII wiekiem wiele osób z terenu Polski osiedlało się w tych słowackich regionach, przynosząc ze sobą swój język i gwarę.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=beskidzka24.pl&rft.atitle=S%C5%82owacja%3A+B%C4%99dzie+narodowo%C5%9B%C4%87+goralska%3F&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeskidzka24.pl%2Fslowacja-bedzie-narodowosc-goralska%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KocsisHodosi2001-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KocsisHodosi2001_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaroly_KocsisEszter_Kocsisne_Hodosi2001" class="citation book cs1">Karoly Kocsis; Eszter Kocsisne Hodosi (1 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&pg=PA45"><i>Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin</i></a>. Simon Publications LLC. pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931313-75-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931313-75-9"><bdi>978-1-931313-75-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Geography+of+the+Hungarian+Minorities+in+the+Carpathian+Basin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Simon+Publications+LLC&rft.date=2001-04-01&rft.isbn=978-1-931313-75-9&rft.au=Karoly+Kocsis&rft.au=Eszter+Kocsisne+Hodosi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-zZ_NVM9mNEC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRedakcja2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Redakcja (2017-11-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naszahistoria.pl/skad-pochodza-gorale-inwazja-wolochow-zmienila-historie-polskich-gor/ar/12701192">"Skąd pochodzą górale? Inwazja Wołochów zmieniła historię polskich gór"</a>. <i>Nasza Historia</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nasza+Historia&rft.atitle=Sk%C4%85d+pochodz%C4%85+g%C3%B3rale%3F+Inwazja+Wo%C5%82och%C3%B3w+zmieni%C5%82a+histori%C4%99+polskich+g%C3%B3r&rft.date=2017-11-23&rft.au=Redakcja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaszahistoria.pl%2Fskad-pochodza-gorale-inwazja-wolochow-zmienila-historie-polskich-gor%2Far%2F12701192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nowebystre.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=594:gorole-historia&catid=147:gorole-historia&Itemid=269">"Górole Historia"</a>. <i>www.nowebystre.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nowebystre.pl&rft.atitle=G%C3%B3role+Historia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nowebystre.pl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D594%3Agorole-historia%26catid%3D147%3Agorole-historia%26Itemid%3D269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etnozagroda.pl/gorale-podhalanscy">"Górale Podhalańscy - Etnozagroda"</a>. <i>www.etnozagroda.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etnozagroda.pl&rft.atitle=G%C3%B3rale+Podhala%C5%84scy+-+Etnozagroda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etnozagroda.pl%2Fgorale-podhalanscy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naszahistoria.pl/skad-pochodza-gorale-inwazja-wolochow-zmienila-historie-polskich-gor/ar/12701192#:~:text=Najprawdopodobniej%20przybyli%20oni%20z%20teren%C3%B3w,wiele%20bardziej%20dochodowe%20ni%C5%BC%20rolnictwo.">"Skąd pochodzą górale? Inwazja Wołochów zmieniła historię polskich gór"</a>. <i>Nasza Historia</i> (in Polish). 23 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2023</span>. <q><i>Formalnie osadnictwo na prawie wołoskim polegało na przejmowaniu pasterskich form prawnych i gospodarczych. Mieszkańcy nowo zakładanych wsi płacili czynsz w naturze, oddając panu między innymi po jednej owcy z każdej hodowanej dwudziestki.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nasza+Historia&rft.atitle=Sk%C4%85d+pochodz%C4%85+g%C3%B3rale%3F+Inwazja+Wo%C5%82och%C3%B3w+zmieni%C5%82a+histori%C4%99+polskich+g%C3%B3r&rft.date=2017-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaszahistoria.pl%2Fskad-pochodza-gorale-inwazja-wolochow-zmienila-historie-polskich-gor%2Far%2F12701192%23%3A~%3Atext%3DNajprawdopodobniej%2520przybyli%2520oni%2520z%2520teren%25C3%25B3w%2Cwiele%2520bardziej%2520dochodowe%2520ni%25C5%25BC%2520rolnictwo.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaranowski1986" class="citation book cs1">Baranowski, Bohdan (1986). <i>Ludzie gościńca w XVII-XVIII w</i>. Łódź: Wydawn. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludzie+go%C5%9Bci%C5%84ca+w+XVII-XVIII+w.&rft.place=%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Wydawn&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Baranowski&rft.aufirst=Bohdan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-terchova-info.sk-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-terchova-info.sk_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terchova-info.sk/novinka_detail.php?id=012">Odpočíva Jánošík na dne Liptovskej Mary? Aktuality Terchová | terchova-info.sk</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203034255/http://www.ppwsz.edu.pl/_files/07_02_13_Mity_i_rzeczywistosc.pdf">"Mity i rzeczywistość zbójnictwa na pograniczu polsko-słowackim w historii, literaturze i kulturze"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ppwsz.edu.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ppwsz.edu.pl/_files/07_02_13_Mity_i_rzeczywistosc.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ppwsz.edu.pl&rft.atitle=Mity+i+rzeczywisto%C5%9B%C4%87+zb%C3%B3jnictwa+na+pograniczu+polsko-s%C5%82owackim+w+historii%2C+literaturze+i+kulturze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ppwsz.edu.pl%2F_files%2F07_02_13_Mity_i_rzeczywistosc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rp.pl/historia/art2126121-nieznane-polskie-powstania">"Nieznane polskie powstania"</a>. <i>Rzeczpospolita</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rzeczpospolita&rft.atitle=Nieznane+polskie+powstania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rp.pl%2Fhistoria%2Fart2126121-nieznane-polskie-powstania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrożdż2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Drożdż, Mateusz (2020-07-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrabiatytus.pl/2020/07/21/aleksander-kostka-napierski-i-jego-powstanie-chlopski-bohater-czy-zdrajca/">"Aleksander Kostka-Napierski. Chłopski bohater czy zdrajca?"</a>. <i>Hrabia Tytus – Twój przewodnik po historii</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hrabia+Tytus+%E2%80%93+Tw%C3%B3j+przewodnik+po+historii&rft.atitle=Aleksander+Kostka-Napierski.+Ch%C5%82opski+bohater+czy+zdrajca%3F&rft.date=2020-07-21&rft.aulast=Dro%C5%BCd%C5%BC&rft.aufirst=Mateusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrabiatytus.pl%2F2020%2F07%2F21%2Faleksander-kostka-napierski-i-jego-powstanie-chlopski-bohater-czy-zdrajca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dorzeczy.pl/historia/191829/aleksander-kostka-napierski-zdrajca-buntownik-czy-bohater.html">"Zdrajca, buntownik czy bohater? Wielkie ambicje i straszny koniec Aleksandra Kostki-Napierskiego"</a>. <i>Do Rzeczy</i> (in Polish). 2021-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Do+Rzeczy&rft.atitle=Zdrajca%2C+buntownik+czy+bohater%3F+Wielkie+ambicje+i+straszny+koniec+Aleksandra+Kostki-Napierskiego&rft.date=2021-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdorzeczy.pl%2Fhistoria%2F191829%2Faleksander-kostka-napierski-zdrajca-buntownik-czy-bohater.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolff2012" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, Larry (9 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tgjQYHn7BTkC"><i>The Idea of Galicia; History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7429-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7429-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-7429-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Galicia%3B+History+and+Fantasy+in+Habsburg+Political+Culture&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-01-09&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7429-1&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtgjQYHn7BTkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalina_Karaś" class="citation web cs1">Halina Karaś. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=podstawy-dialektologii&l2=gwary-polskie">"2.6. Gwary polskie za granicą"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2.6.+Gwary+polskie+za+granic%C4%85&rft.au=Halina+Kara%C5%9B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl%2Findex.php%3Fl1%3Dpodstawy-dialektologii%26l2%3Dgwary-polskie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartyn_Housden2002" class="citation book cs1">Martyn Housden (4 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gfuFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138"><i>Hitler: Study of a Revolutionary?</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 138–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-71369-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-71369-1"><bdi>978-1-134-71369-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+Study+of+a+Revolutionary%3F&rft.pages=138-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-01-04&rft.isbn=978-1-134-71369-1&rft.au=Martyn+Housden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgfuFAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Majer2003-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Majer2003_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiemut_Majer2003" class="citation book cs1">Diemut Majer (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_BCNrHG9K8C&pg=PA533"><i>"Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939-1945</i></a>. JHU Press. pp. 533ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6493-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-6493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Non-Germans%22+Under+the+Third+Reich%3A+The+Nazi+Judicial+and+Administrative+System+in+Germany+and+Occupied+Eastern+Europe+with+Special+Regard+to+Occupied+Poland%2C+1939-1945&rft.pages=533ff&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6493-3&rft.au=Diemut+Majer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ_BCNrHG9K8C%26pg%3DPA533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levene2013-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levene2013_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMark_Levene2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Mark Levene (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IBgbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45"><i>Annihilation</i></a>. Vol. II: The European Rimlands 1939–1953. OUP Oxford. pp. 45ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968304-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968304-8"><bdi>978-0-19-968304-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annihilation&rft.pages=45ff&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968304-8&rft.au=Mark+Levene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIBgbAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-podhale24.pl/-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-podhale24.pl/_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://podhale24.pl/aktualnosci/artykul/17353/quotPod_Giewontemquot__nowe_filmy_dokumentalne_o_losach_Gorali_Premiera_odbedzie_sie_w_Nowym_Targu_i_Zakopanem_zdjecia.html">"Pod Giewontem. Losy mieszkancow Podhala 1939-1956"</a>. Podhalański Portal Informacyjny Podhale24.pl. September 12, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pod+Giewontem.+Losy+mieszkancow+Podhala+1939-1956&rft.pub=Podhala%C5%84ski+Portal+Informacyjny+Podhale24.pl&rft.date=2011-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpodhale24.pl%2Faktualnosci%2Fartykul%2F17353%2FquotPod_Giewontemquot__nowe_filmy_dokumentalne_o_losach_Gorali_Premiera_odbedzie_sie_w_Nowym_Targu_i_Zakopanem_zdjecia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-podgiewontem-Apostoł-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-podgiewontem-Apostoł_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150123201111/http://www.podgiewontem.auschwitzmemento.pl/en/component/relacje/swiadek.html?view=swiadek&swid=25&Itemid=127">"Historia rodziny Apostołów"</a>. <i>Lista świadków historii</i> (in Polish). Stowarzyszenie Auschwitz Memento. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.podgiewontem.auschwitzmemento.pl/en/component/relacje/swiadek.html?view=swiadek&swid=25&Itemid=127">the original</a> on January 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lista+%C5%9Bwiadk%C3%B3w+historii&rft.atitle=Historia+rodziny+Aposto%C5%82%C3%B3w&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.podgiewontem.auschwitzmemento.pl%2Fen%2Fcomponent%2Frelacje%2Fswiadek.html%3Fview%3Dswiadek%26swid%3D25%26Itemid%3D127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.partyzanciakpodhale.pl/batalion-nowy-targ">"IV Batalion Nowy Targ"</a>. <i>partyzanciakpodhale.pl</i>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=partyzanciakpodhale.pl&rft.atitle=IV+Batalion+Nowy+Targ&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.partyzanciakpodhale.pl%2Fbatalion-nowy-targ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.pl/9563950-Pogranicze-krakowsko-goralskie-w-swietle-dawnych-i-najnowszych-badan-etnograficznych.html">"Pogranicze krakowsko-góralskie * w świetle dawnych i najnowszych badań etnograficznych - PDF Free Download"</a>. <i>docplayer.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docplayer.pl&rft.atitle=Pogranicze+krakowsko-g%C3%B3ralskie+%2A+w+%C5%9Bwietle+dawnych+i+najnowszych+bada%C5%84+etnograficznych+-+PDF+Free+Download&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.pl%2F9563950-Pogranicze-krakowsko-goralskie-w-swietle-dawnych-i-najnowszych-badan-etnograficznych.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://z-ne.pl/t,haslo,1524,goralszczyzna.html">"Góralszczyzna"</a>. <i>z-ne.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=z-ne.pl&rft.atitle=G%C3%B3ralszczyzna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fz-ne.pl%2Ft%2Chaslo%2C1524%2Cgoralszczyzna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goralmarathon.com/pl/informacja/historia/polska/272-goralszczyzna-polska">"Goral Marathon - GÓRALSZCZYZNA POLSKA"</a>. <i>www.goralmarathon.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goralmarathon.com&rft.atitle=Goral+Marathon+-+G%C3%93RALSZCZYZNA+POLSKA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goralmarathon.com%2Fpl%2Finformacja%2Fhistoria%2Fpolska%2F272-goralszczyzna-polska&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHannan1996" class="citation book cs1">Hannan, Kevin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pdFiAAAAMAAJ&q=gorals+poland+romance+language"><i>Borders of Language and Identity in Teschen Silesia</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820433653" title="Special:BookSources/9780820433653"><bdi>9780820433653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borders+of+Language+and+Identity+in+Teschen+Silesia&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780820433653&rft.aulast=Hannan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpdFiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgorals%2Bpoland%2Bromance%2Blanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wijk1931-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wijk1931_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wijk1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_van_Wijk" title="Nicolaas van Wijk">van Wijk, Nicolaas</a> (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5z0GAQAAIAAJ"><i>Czechoslovakia: facts and impressions</i></a>. Orbis. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czechoslovakia%3A+facts+and+impressions&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Orbis&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=van+Wijk&rft.aufirst=Nicolaas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5z0GAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zakopane.com/2017/11/highlanders-culture-short-guide/9">"Highlander's culture – short guide"</a>. <i>Zakopane.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2023</span>. <q><i>Highlander slang is a Polish language dialect, that contains plenty of Polish archaisms and many words from Slovak, Hungarian and Balkan languages.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zakopane.com&rft.atitle=Highlander%27s+culture+%E2%80%93+short+guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzakopane.com%2F2017%2F11%2Fhighlanders-culture-short-guide%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BertrandKarsenty1995-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BertrandKarsenty1995_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlain_BertrandAlain_KarsentyAntonio_Carlos_Santana_DieguesArild_Angelsen1995" class="citation book cs1">Alain Bertrand; Alain Karsenty; Antonio Carlos Santana Diegues; Arild Angelsen; Berry Lekanne dit Deprez; Brent M. Swallow; et al. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_YvtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Fifth Common Property Conference papers</i></a>. International Association for the Study of Common Property. p. 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifth+Common+Property+Conference+papers&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=International+Association+for+the+Study+of+Common+Property&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Alain+Bertrand&rft.au=Alain+Karsenty&rft.au=Antonio+Carlos+Santana+Diegues&rft.au=Arild+Angelsen&rft.au=Berry+Lekanne+dit+Deprez&rft.au=Brent+M.+Swallow&rft.au=Bustanul+Arifin&rft.au=Carl+Folke&rft.au=Chusak+Witthayaphak&rft.au=David+Feeny&rft.au=El+Hadj+Laouali+Mahamane&rft.au=Frode+Gundersen&rft.au=Guangjing+Ma&rft.au=Hsain+Ilahiane&rft.au=International+Association+for+the+Study+of+Common+Property&rft.au=Irma+Baquero&rft.au=Janis+B.+Alcorn&rft.au=Jo%C3%A3o+S.+Campari&rft.au=M.+Kokwe&rft.au=Madan+Gopal+Ghosh&rft.au=Ma%C5%82gorzata+Korzycka-Iwanow&rft.au=Minoti+Chakravarty-Kaul&rft.au=N.+S.+Jodha&rft.au=Nalin+Ranjan+Jena&rft.au=Paul+Kenkmann&rft.au=Philippe+Guizol&rft.au=Piotr+Chmielewski&rft.au=Raouf+Fareed+Khouzam&rft.au=Satyawati+Soetrisno+Hadi&rft.au=Segun+Famoriyo&rft.au=Stig+Toft+Madsen&rft.au=S%C3%B8ren+Lund&rft.au=Tatiana+Levina&rft.au=Theodore+Macdonald&rft.au=Tor+Arve+Benjaminsen&rft.au=Tove+Degnbol&rft.au=Fikret+Berkes&rft.au=He+Shang&rft.au=Jacques+Weber&rft.au=V%C3%ADctor+Manuel+Toledo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_YvtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://malopolskatogo.pl/artykul/malopolskie-grupy-gorali/">"Małopolskie grupy górali"</a>. <i>Małopolska To Go</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ma%C5%82opolska+To+Go&rft.atitle=Ma%C5%82opolskie+grupy+g%C3%B3rali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmalopolskatogo.pl%2Fartykul%2Fmalopolskie-grupy-gorali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannan-Krissakova-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hannan-Krissakova_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a better idea of the issue see either <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Hannan" title="Kevin Hannan">Kevin Hannan</a>'s work <i>Borders of Language and Identity in Teschen Silesia</i> or works by the Slovak linguist <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BAlia_Dud%C3%A1%C5%A1ov%C3%A1-Kri%C5%A1%C5%A1%C3%A1kov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Júlia Dudášová-Kriššáková (page does not exist)">Júlia Dudášová-Kriššáková</a>, <i>Goralské nárečia</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-224-0354-7" title="Special:BookSources/80-224-0354-7">80-224-0354-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624035048/http://gorolskiswieto.cz/english.html">"History of Gorolski Święto for foreign visitors"</a>. <i>gorolskiswieto.cz</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gorolskiswieto.cz/english.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gorolskiswieto.cz&rft.atitle=History+of+Gorolski+%C5%9Awi%C4%99to+for+foreign+visitors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gorolskiswieto.cz%2Fenglish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-czso-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-czso_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120206220024/http://www.czso.cz/sldb/sldb2001.nsf/obce/598232?OpenDocument">"2001 census"</a>. Czech Statistical Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czso.cz/sldb/sldb2001.nsf/obce/598232?OpenDocument">the original</a> on February 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001+census&rft.pub=Czech+Statistical+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fsldb%2Fsldb2001.nsf%2Fobce%2F598232%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFimbbmi2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">imbbmi (2020-09-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.institutmatejabela.sk/post/goralska-mensina-ma-byt-uznana/">"IMB: Goralská menšina má byť uznaná"</a> (in Slovak)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMB%3A+Goralsk%C3%A1+men%C5%A1ina+m%C3%A1+by%C5%A5+uznan%C3%A1&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft.au=imbbmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.institutmatejabela.sk%2Fpost%2Fgoralska-mensina-ma-byt-uznana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enrsi.stvr.sk/articles/news/391119/goral-community-recognized-as-slovakias-15th-national-minority">"Goral community recognized as Slovakia's 15th national minority - News - Rádio RSI English - STVR"</a>. <i>stvr.sk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stvr.sk&rft.atitle=Goral+community+recognized+as+Slovakia%E2%80%99s+15th+national+minority+-+News+-+R%C3%A1dio+RSI+English+-+STVR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenrsi.stvr.sk%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F391119%2Fgoral-community-recognized-as-slovakias-15th-national-minority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannan, Kevin (1996). <i>Borders of Language and Identity in Teschen Silesia</i>. New York: Peter Lang. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-3365-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8204-3365-9">0-8204-3365-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarleton_S._Coon1939" class="citation book cs1">Carleton S. Coon (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283656"><i>The Races of Europe</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283656/page/n707">571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Races+of+Europe&rft.pages=571&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Carleton+S.+Coon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.283656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornis-PopeNeubauer2010-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cornis-PopeNeubauer2010_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornis-PopeNeubauer2010_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarcel_Cornis-PopeJohn_Neubauer2010" class="citation book cs1">Marcel Cornis-Pope; John Neubauer (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YINYl4iv4ecC&pg=PA445"><i>History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Types and stereotypes</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 445–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3458-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3458-2"><bdi>978-90-272-3458-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Literary+Cultures+of+East-Central+Europe%3A+Types+and+stereotypes&rft.pages=445-&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-272-3458-2&rft.au=Marcel+Cornis-Pope&rft.au=John+Neubauer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYINYl4iv4ecC%26pg%3DPA445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUszyńska1960" class="citation book cs1">Uszyńska, Zofia (1960). <i>Poland: Travel Guide</i>. Vol. 1. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%3A+Travel+Guide&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Uszy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Zofia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPietraszkowa-FryśPokropekKunczyńska-Iracka1991" class="citation book cs1">Pietraszkowa-Fryś, Ewa; Pokropek, Marian; Kunczyńska-Iracka, Anna (1991). <i>Folk art in Poland</i>. Arkady. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788321334783" title="Special:BookSources/9788321334783"><bdi>9788321334783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk+art+in+Poland&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Arkady&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9788321334783&rft.aulast=Pietraszkowa-Fry%C5%9B&rft.aufirst=Ewa&rft.au=Pokropek%2C+Marian&rft.au=Kunczy%C5%84ska-Iracka%2C+Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPietkiewicz1966" class="citation book cs1">Pietkiewicz, Kazimierz (1966). <i>Polish Folk Art</i>. Polonia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Folk+Art&rft.pub=Polonia&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Pietkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Kazimierz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannan1996-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hannan1996_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Hannan1996" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Hannan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pdFiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Borders of Language and Identity in Teschen Silesia</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-3365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-3365-3"><bdi>978-0-8204-3365-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borders+of+Language+and+Identity+in+Teschen+Silesia&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-3365-3&rft.au=Kevin+Hannan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpdFiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Czas świętowania w kulturach Polski i Europy</i>. The State Ethnographic Museum in Warsaw. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-88654-42-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-88654-42-8"><bdi>978-83-88654-42-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czas+%C5%9Bwi%C4%99towania+w+kulturach+Polski+i+Europy&rft.pub=The+State+Ethnographic+Museum+in+Warsaw&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-83-88654-42-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartuszek2008" class="citation book cs1">Bartuszek, Joanna; et al. (2008). Czyżewski, Adam (ed.). <i>Ordinary – extraordinary: fascinating collections of The State Ethnographical Museum in Warsaw</i>. The State Ethnographic Museum in Warsaw. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-88654-76-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-88654-76-3"><bdi>978-83-88654-76-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+%E2%80%93+extraordinary%3A+fascinating+collections+of+The+State+Ethnographical+Museum+in+Warsaw&rft.pub=The+State+Ethnographic+Museum+in+Warsaw&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-83-88654-76-3&rft.aulast=Bartuszek&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/krakow/skladali-mu-hold-wiernosci-teraz-zamierzaja-go-bronic-gorale-nie-opuszcza-jana-pawla/wzmvn7t">"Wieś podhalańska i jej gospodarcze przeobrażenia w historii regionu"</a>. <i>Wiadomosci Onet</i> (in Polish). 9 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2023</span>. <q><i>Górale z Podhala zawsze uważali Jana Pawła II za swojego. Choć urodził się on w Wadowicach, oddalonych kilkadziesiąt kilometrów od Podhala, to dla górali Karol Wojtyła zawsze był "synem gór".</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiadomosci+Onet&rft.atitle=Wie%C5%9B+podhala%C5%84ska+i+jej+gospodarcze+przeobra%C5%BCenia+w+historii+regionu&rft.date=2023-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.onet.pl%2Fkrakow%2Fskladali-mu-hold-wiernosci-teraz-zamierzaja-go-bronic-gorale-nie-opuszcza-jana-pawla%2Fwzmvn7t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natemat.pl/361411,protestancka-wisla-jedyne-miasto-w-polsce-gdzie-katolicy-to-mniejszosc">"W tym polskim mieście katolicy to... mniejszość religijna. Oto historia protestantyzmu w Wiśle"</a>. <i>naTemat.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=naTemat.pl&rft.atitle=W+tym+polskim+mie%C5%9Bcie+katolicy+to...+mniejszo%C5%9B%C4%87+religijna.+Oto+historia+protestantyzmu+w+Wi%C5%9Ble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatemat.pl%2F361411%2Cprotestancka-wisla-jedyne-miasto-w-polsce-gdzie-katolicy-to-mniejszosc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGorals" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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title="commons:Category:Gorals">Gorals</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928235257/http://www.goraleslascy.pl/news.php?id=22">Info-Portal Silesian Gorals in Polish</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416102957/http://www.zwiazek-podhalan.com/files/fck/Image/gorale_polscy/Gorale_polscy.jpg">Map showing the extent of Goral settlement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051226043438/http://www.idn.org.pl/medykon/tatry/">Gorale – old photographs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051123101856/http://www.chicagopublicradio.org/programs/specials/diaspora.asp">Chicago Public Radio series on diaspora communities in Chicago, including one on Goral Music in Chicago</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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groups in Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_people" title="Greater Poland people">Greater Poland people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambers" title="Bambers">Bambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliszans" title="Kaliszans">Kaliszans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavians" title="Kuyavians">Kuyavians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian_Borowiaks" title="Kuyavian Borowiaks">Kuyavian Borowiaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Btaks" title="Taśtaks">Taśtaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_people" title="Lesser Poland people">Lesser Poland people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cracovians_(ethnic_group)" title="Cracovians (ethnic group)">Cracovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasovians" title="Lasovians">Lasovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublinians" title="Lublinians">Lublinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandomierzans" title="Sandomierzans">Sandomierzans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81owiczans" title="Łowiczans">Łowiczans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurpie" title="Kurpie">Kurpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Masurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Boyars" title="Międzyrzec Boyars">Międzyrzec Boyars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poborzans" title="Poborzans">Poborzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachians" title="Podlachians">Podlachians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Poles" title="Borderlands Poles">Borderlands Poles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug_River_Poles" title="Bug River Poles">Bug River Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uplanders" title="Polish Uplanders">Polish Uplanders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czycans" title="Łęczycans">Łęczycans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradzans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieradzans">Sieradzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmians_(ethnic_group)" title="Warmians (ethnic group)">Warmians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gorals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85cz_Lachs" title="Sącz Lachs">Sącz Lachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Gorals" title="Silesian Gorals">Silesian Gorals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gochy" title="Gochy">Gochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocievians" title="Kocievians">Kocievians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krubans" title="Krubans">Krubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuchola_Forest#Ethnocultural_region" title="Tuchola Forest">Tuchola Borowians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Vlachs" title="Cieszyn Vlachs">Cieszyn Vlachs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_in_Poland" title="Czechs in Poland">Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Poland" title="Macedonians in Poland">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Podlashuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleshuks" title="Poleshuks">Poleshuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_minority_in_Poland" title="Russian minority in Poland">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs in Poland">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Poland" title="Ukrainians in Poland">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gente_Ruthenus,_natione_Polonus" title="Gente Ruthenus, natione Polonus">Gente Ruthenus, natione Polonus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch people in Poland">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olenders" title="Olenders">Olenders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="English people in Poland">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_people_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish people in Poland">Flemings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilamovians" title="Vilamovians">Vilamovians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland" title="German minority in Poland">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Germans" title="Galician Germans">Galician Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuchola_Forest#Ethnocultural_region" title="Tuchola Forest">Kosznajders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(German_people)" title="Pomeranians (German people)">Pomeranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Germans" title="Vistula Germans">Vistula Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walddeutsche" title="Walddeutsche">Walddeutsche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_delta_Mennonites" title="Vistula delta Mennonites">Vistula delta Mennonites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="French people in Poland">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italians in Poland">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloons_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloons in Poland">Walloons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Poland" title="Africans in Poland">Africans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Poland" title="Armenians in Poland">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Poland" title="Bangladeshis in Poland">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_diaspora#Poland" title="Circassian diaspora">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Poland" title="Filipinos in Poland">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians_in_Poland" title="Georgians in Poland">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Poland" title="Greeks in Poland">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Poland" title="Hungarians in Poland">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Poland" title="Indians in Poland">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Poland" title="Koreans in Poland">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_minority_in_Poland" title="Lithuanian minority in Poland">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutejszy" title="Tutejszy">Locals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Poland" title="Nepalis in Poland">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Poland" title="Romani people in Poland">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots in Poland">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Poland" title="Turks in Poland">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Poland" title="Uzbeks in Poland">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Poland" title="Vietnamese people in Poland">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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