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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pseudoisochromatic plates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pseudoisochromatic_plates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pseudoisochromatic plates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pseudoisochromatic_plates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ishihara_plates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ishihara_plates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ishihara plates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ishihara_plates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HRR_plates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HRR_plates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>HRR plates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HRR_plates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_University_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_University_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>City University test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_University_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrangement_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrangement_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Arrangement tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrangement_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lanterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lanterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lanterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lanterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anomaloscopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anomaloscopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Anomaloscopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anomaloscopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Digital tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tests for colour vision against a standard</div> <p>A <b>color vision test</b> is used for measuring <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">color vision</a> against a standard. These tests are most often used to diagnose <a href="/wiki/Color_vision_deficiencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Color vision deficiencies">color vision deficiencies</a> (<i>color blindness</i>), though several of the standards are designed to categorize normal color vision into sub-levels. With the large prevalence of color vision deficiencies (8% of males) and the <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness#Occupations" title="Color blindness">wide range of professions that restrict hiring the colorblind</a> for safety or aesthetic reasons, clinical color vision standards must be designed to be fast and simple to implement. Color vision standards for academic use trade speed and simplicity for accuracy and precision. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_vision_test&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Color vision standards are used to evaluate the <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">color vision</a> of a subject. They are most commonly applied to job applicants during pre-job screening. The evaluation may be to select against the <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">color vision deficient</a> for roles where basic color vision is required, or to select for individuals with superior color vision for roles where recognition of subtle <a href="/wiki/Color_difference" title="Color difference">color difference</a> is required.<sup id="cite_ref-POKORNY81_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POKORNY81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alterations to color vision are common symptoms of toxicity and eye health, so color vision standards can also be used to detect conditions of the eye or brain or to track the recovery from these conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-POKORNY81_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POKORNY81-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pseudoisochromatic_plates">Pseudoisochromatic plates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_vision_test&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pseudoisochromatic plates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishihara_compare_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ishihara_compare_1.jpg/310px-Ishihara_compare_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ishihara_compare_1.jpg/465px-Ishihara_compare_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Ishihara_compare_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An Ishihara test image as seen by subjects with normal color vision and by those with a variety of color deficiencies</figcaption></figure> <p>A pseudoisochromatic plate (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>pseudo</i>, meaning "false", <i>iso</i>, meaning "same" and <i>chromo</i>, meaning "color"), often abbreviated as PIP, is a style of standard exemplified by the Ishihara test, generally used for screening of <a href="/wiki/Color_vision_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Color vision defects">color vision defects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-COLEHRR_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COLEHRR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A figure (usually one or more <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">numerals</a>) is embedded in the plate as a number of spots surrounded by spots of a slightly different color. The figure can be seen with normal color vision, but not with a particular color defect. The figure and background colors must be carefully chosen to appear <a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">isochromatic</a> to a color deficient individual, but not an individual with normal color vision.<sup id="cite_ref-COLEHRR_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COLEHRR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pseudoisochromatic Plates are used as <i>screening tools</i> because they are cheap, fast and simple, but they do not provide precise diagnosis of CVD, and are often followed with another test if a user fails the PIP standard.<sup id="cite_ref-HISTORY_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HISTORY-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ishihara_plates">Ishihara plates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_vision_test&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ishihara plates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ishihara_color_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishihara color test">Ishihara color test</a></div> <p>Ishihara plates hide Arabic numerals within PIPs. They are the test most often used to screen for red–green color deficiencies and most often recognized by the public.<sup id="cite_ref-Gor1998_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gor1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this can be attributed more to its ease of application, and less to do with its precision.<sup id="cite_ref-COLEHRR_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COLEHRR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basic Ishihara test may not be useful in diagnosing young, preliterate children, who can't read the numerals, but larger editions contain plates that showcase a simple path to be traced with a finger, rather than numerals.<sup id="cite_ref-ishihara72_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ishihara72-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HRR_plates">HRR plates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_vision_test&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: HRR plates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second most common PIP color vision standard is the HRR color test (developed by Hardy, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Rand" title="Gertrude Rand">Rand</a>, and Rittler), which solves many of the criticisms of the Ishihara test. For example, it detects blue-yellow color blindness, is less susceptible to memorization and uses shapes, so it is accessible to the <a href="/wiki/Illiterate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiterate">illiterate</a> and young children.<sup id="cite_ref-COLEHRR_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COLEHRR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_University_test">City University test</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_vision_test&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: City University test"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/City_University_test" title="City University test">City University test</a> contains test plates that can be used to detect all types of color vision deficiencies.<sup id="cite_ref-JOSA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JOSA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The test which was derived from Farnsworth D15 color arrangement test,<sup id="cite_ref-B-H_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-H-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consists of 10 plates, containing a central colored dot surrounded by four peripheral dots of different colors. The subject is asked to choose the dot closest to the central hue, allowing abnormalities to be detected according to the responses.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrangement_tests">Arrangement tests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_vision_test&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arrangement tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farnsworth%E2%80%93Munsell_Hue_Color_Vision_Test,_Material_and_Finishing_Laboratory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Farnsworth%E2%80%93Munsell_Hue_Color_Vision_Test%2C_Material_and_Finishing_Laboratory.jpg/310px-Farnsworth%E2%80%93Munsell_Hue_Color_Vision_Test%2C_Material_and_Finishing_Laboratory.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Farnsworth%E2%80%93Munsell_Hue_Color_Vision_Test%2C_Material_and_Finishing_Laboratory.jpg/465px-Farnsworth%E2%80%93Munsell_Hue_Color_Vision_Test%2C_Material_and_Finishing_Laboratory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Farnsworth%E2%80%93Munsell_Hue_Color_Vision_Test%2C_Material_and_Finishing_Laboratory.jpg/620px-Farnsworth%E2%80%93Munsell_Hue_Color_Vision_Test%2C_Material_and_Finishing_Laboratory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3159" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption>A Farnsworth–Munsell 100 Hue Test</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huetestfmd15-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Huetestfmd15-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="165" /></a><figcaption>A Farnsworth D-15 test</figcaption></figure> <p>Arrangement-style color vision standards comprise a spectrum of colors that must be arranged in an array to minimize the difference between adjacent colors. An error score is calculated from incorrectly positioned colors. Lower error scores denote better color vision. Typically, the subject is asked to arrange a set of colored caps or chips between two anchor caps.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Farnsworth%E2%80%93Munsell_100_hue_test#100_hue_test" title="Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue test">Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue test</a> comprises 4 separate color arrays, each representing 20 arrangeable caps and 2 anchor caps. This gives a total of 88 colors, contrary to the standard's name.<sup id="cite_ref-MUNS43_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MUNS43-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard is sensitive enough that it not only can detect color blindness, but also categorize normal color vision into "low", "average" and "superior" levels based on their error score.<sup id="cite_ref-MUNS43_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MUNS43-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually not used for the detection of CVD. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Farnsworth%E2%80%93Munsell_100_hue_test#D15_test" title="Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue test">Farnsworth D-15</a> is simpler, comprising a single array, which itself comprises 1 end cap and 15 arrangeable caps.<sup id="cite_ref-MUNS43_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MUNS43-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is primarily used for occupational screening of CVD and is the standard of choice in most US/Canadian Police Forces (after screening with Ishihara).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 50% of people who fail the Ishihara are able to pass the D15.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lanterns">Lanterns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_vision_test&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lanterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lanterns project small colored lights to a subject, who is required to identify the color of the lights. The colors are usually restricted to those of typical signal lights, i.e. red, green and yellow, though some lanterns may project other colors. The main signal light colors also happen to be colors of confusion for red-green CVD. </p><p>Lanterns are usually used for occupational screening as they are more closely related to the actual safety-related color tasks required in those occupations. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Farnsworth_Lantern_Test" title="Farnsworth Lantern Test">Farnsworth Lantern Test</a> is used extensively by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/FAA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAA">FAA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This test allows about 30% of individuals who fail the <a href="/wiki/Ishihara_color_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishihara color test">ishihara plates</a> (generally those with mild CVD) to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anomaloscopes">Anomaloscopes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_vision_test&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anomaloscopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rayleigh_Match_Anomaloscope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rayleigh_Match_Anomaloscope.png/300px-Rayleigh_Match_Anomaloscope.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rayleigh_Match_Anomaloscope.png/450px-Rayleigh_Match_Anomaloscope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rayleigh_Match_Anomaloscope.png/600px-Rayleigh_Match_Anomaloscope.png 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>Anomaloscope using a Rayleigh Match</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anomaloscope" title="Anomaloscope">Anomaloscope</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anomaloscope" title="Anomaloscope">Anomaloscopes</a> are very expensive and require expertise to administer, so are generally only used in academic settings. However, they are very precise, being able to diagnose the type and severity of color blindness with high confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An anomaloscope designed to detect <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness#Red–green_color_blindness" title="Color blindness">red–green color blindness</a> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_match" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayleigh match">Rayleigh equation</a>, which compares a mixture of red and green light in variable proportions to a fixed spectral yellow of variable luminosity. The subject must change the two variables until the colors appear to match. The values of the variables at match (and the deviation from the variables of a color normal subject) are used to diagnose the type and severity of colorblindness. For example, <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness#Deutan" title="Color blindness">deutans</a> will put too much green in the mixture and <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness#Protan" title="Color blindness">protans</a> will put too much red in the mixture.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_tests">Digital tests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_vision_test&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Digital tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The graduation of color vision tests to the digital space offers several advantages, but is not trivial. Even if the digital tests mimic a traditional test, the digital version must be requalified or validated and every screen it is viewed on must be well-calibrated. Freely available web-based tests suffer from a lack of validation and typical viewing on uncalibrated screens. However, when well controlled, digital tests offer several significant advantages over their analog counterparts: </p> <ul><li>They randomize solutions, which eliminates memorization<sup id="cite_ref-CCT_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCT-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The test can adapt in real time to the subject's performance (e.g. give more <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness#Protan" title="Color blindness">protan</a> questions if the subject appears to be a protan)<sup id="cite_ref-CCT_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCT-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>They don't suffer from color fading like the pigments/dyes in analog tests.</li> <li>The variance in test administration is minimized</li> <li>The tests are immune to mistakes in interpreting the results</li> <li>Test parameters can be dynamic and vary with time</li></ul> <p>Validated digital tests used for occupational screening include: </p> <ul><li>Cambridge Color Test (CCT) (<a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>, 1997)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Colour Assessment and Diagnosis (CAD) Test (<a href="/wiki/City_University_London" class="mw-redirect" title="City University London">City University London</a>, 2002)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Colour Vision Assessment (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Minho" title="University of Minho">University of Minho</a>, 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>An example of a digital, mobile, non-validated test is the <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> application "Color Blind Check". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_vision_test&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-POKORNY81-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-POKORNY81_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-POKORNY81_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPOKORNYCOLLINSHOWETT1981" class="citation book cs1">POKORNY, J; COLLINS, B; HOWETT, G (1981). <i>PROCEDURES FOR TESTING COLOR VISION</i>. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PROCEDURES+FOR+TESTING+COLOR+VISION&rft.pub=NATIONAL+RESEARCH+COUNCIL&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=POKORNY&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=COLLINS%2C+B&rft.au=HOWETT%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+vision+test" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-COLEHRR-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COLEHRR_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COLEHRR_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COLEHRR_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COLEHRR_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeLianLakkis2006" class="citation journal cs1">Cole BL, Lian KY, Lakkis C (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1444-0938.2006.00015.x">"The new Richmond HRR pseudoisochromatic test for colour vision is better than the Ishihara test"</a>. <i>Clinical & Experimental Optometry</i>. <b>89</b> (2): 73–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1444-0938.2006.00015.x">10.1111/j.1444-0938.2006.00015.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16494609">16494609</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40118817">40118817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+%26+Experimental+Optometry&rft.atitle=The+new+Richmond+HRR+pseudoisochromatic+test+for+colour+vision+is+better+than+the+Ishihara+test&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=73-80&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40118817%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16494609&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1444-0938.2006.00015.x&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=BL&rft.au=Lian%2C+KY&rft.au=Lakkis%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1444-0938.2006.00015.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+vision+test" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HISTORY-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HISTORY_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrenchRoseCornellThompson2008" class="citation journal cs1">French A, Rose K, Cornell E, Thompson K (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aojournal.com.au/static/uploads/files/aoj-402-complete-journal-wfqjcuhkgbkv.pdf#page=9">"The evolution of colour vision testing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Australian Orthoptic Journal</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 7–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Orthoptic+Journal&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+colour+vision+testing&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-15&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Rose%2C+K&rft.au=Cornell%2C+E&rft.au=Thompson%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aojournal.com.au%2Fstatic%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2Faoj-402-complete-journal-wfqjcuhkgbkv.pdf%23page%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+vision+test" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gor1998-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gor1998_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon N (March 1998). "Colour blindness". <i>Public Health</i>. <b>112</b> (2): 81–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ph.1900446">10.1038/sj.ph.1900446</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9581449">9581449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Health&rft.atitle=Colour+blindness&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-4&rft.date=1998-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ph.1900446&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9581449&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+vision+test" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ishihara72-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ishihara72_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshihara1972" class="citation book cs1">Ishihara, Shinobu (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208160704/http://www.dfisica.ubi.pt/~hgil/p.v.2/Ishihara/Ishihara.24.Plate.TEST.Book.pdf"><i>Tests for Colour-Blindness</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kanehara Shuppan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfisica.ubi.pt/~hgil/p.v.2/Ishihara/Ishihara.24.Plate.TEST.Book.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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