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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Color of lakes and oceans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_of_lakes_and_oceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_of_glaciers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_of_glaciers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Color of glaciers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_of_glaciers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_of_water_samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_of_water_samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Color of water samples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_of_water_samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_quality_and_color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_quality_and_color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Water quality and color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_quality_and_color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Color names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82" title="পানির রং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পানির রং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_del_agua" title="Color del agua – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Color del agua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraren_kolore" title="Uraren kolore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uraren kolore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="رنگ آب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنگ آب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couleur_de_l%27eau" title="Couleur de l'eau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couleur de l'eau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%89" title="물의 색 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물의 색" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="पानी का रंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पानी का रंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warna_air" title="Warna air – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Warna air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Боја на водата – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Боја на водата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E3%81%AE%E9%9D%92" title="水の青 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水の青" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barwa_wody" title="Barwa wody – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barwa wody" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culoarea_apei" title="Culoarea apei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Culoarea apei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Цвет воды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цвет воды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedenv%C3%A4ri" title="Vedenväri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vedenväri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%9A%84%E9%A2%9C%E8%89%B2" title="水的颜色 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水的颜色" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Water color in different conditions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the book by James McBride, see <a href="/wiki/The_Color_of_Water" title="The Color of Water">The Color of Water</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strawberry_splash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a glass of transparent water sitting on a wooden table" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Strawberry_splash.jpg/170px-Strawberry_splash.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Strawberry_splash.jpg/255px-Strawberry_splash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Strawberry_splash.jpg/340px-Strawberry_splash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1694" data-file-height="1943" /></a><figcaption>When water is in small quantities (e.g. in a glass) it appears colorless to the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human eye</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>color of water</b> varies with the ambient conditions in which that water is present. While relatively small quantities of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> appear to be <a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">colorless</a>, pure water has a slight blue color that becomes deeper as the thickness of the observed sample increases. The hue of water is an intrinsic property and is caused by selective <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption_by_water" title="Electromagnetic absorption by water">absorption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scattering" title="Scattering">scattering</a> of blue light. Dissolved <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical elements">elements</a> or suspended impurities may give water a different color. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intrinsic_color">Intrinsic color</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_water&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Intrinsic color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption_by_water" title="Electromagnetic absorption by water">Electromagnetic absorption by water</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SwimmingPoolAndBucket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/SwimmingPoolAndBucket.jpg/220px-SwimmingPoolAndBucket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/SwimmingPoolAndBucket.jpg/330px-SwimmingPoolAndBucket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/SwimmingPoolAndBucket.jpg/440px-SwimmingPoolAndBucket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An indoor swimming pool appears cyan from above, as light reflecting from the bottom of the pool travels through enough water that its red component is absorbed. The same water in a smaller bucket looks only slightly cyan,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and observing the water at close range makes it appear colorless to the naked eye.</figcaption></figure> <p>The intrinsic color of liquid water may be demonstrated by looking at a white light source through a long pipe that is filled with purified water and closed at both ends with a transparent window. The light <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a> color is caused by weak <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorption</a> in the red part of the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Absorptions in the visible spectrum are usually attributed to excitations of <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electronic</a> energy states in matter. Water is a simple three-atom <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a>, H<sub>2</sub>O, and all its electronic absorptions occur in the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a> and are therefore not responsible for the color of water in the visible region of the spectrum. The water molecule has three fundamental modes of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_vibrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular vibrations">vibration</a>. Two stretching vibrations of the O–H <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bonds</a> in the gaseous state of water occur at <span class="texhtml"><var style="padding-right: 1px;">v</var><sub>1</sub></span> = 3650 cm<sup>−1</sup> and <span class="texhtml"><var style="padding-right: 1px;">v</var><sub>3</sub></span> = 3755 cm<sup>−1</sup>. Absorption due to these vibrations occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> region of the spectrum. The absorption in the visible spectrum is due mainly to the <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonic</a> <span class="texhtml"><var style="padding-right: 1px;">v</var><sub>1</sub> + 3<var style="padding-right: 1px;">v</var><sub>3</sub></span> = 14,318 cm<sup>−1</sup>, which is equivalent to a wavelength of 698 nm. In liquid state at 20 °C (68 °F) these vibrations are red-shifted by hydrogen bonding, resulting in red absorption at 740 nm, other harmonics such as <span class="texhtml"><var style="padding-right: 1px;">v</var><sub>1</sub> + <var style="padding-right: 1px;">v</var><sub>2</sub> + 3<var style="padding-right: 1px;">v</var><sub>3</sub></span> giving red absorption at 660 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Braun_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braun-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absorption curve for <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> (D<sub>2</sub>O) is of a similar shape, but is shifted further towards the infrared end of the spectrum, because the vibrational transitions have a lower energy. For this reason, heavy water does not absorb red light and thus large bodies of D<sub>2</sub>O would lack the characteristic cyan color of the more commonly found light water (<sup>1</sup>H<sub>2</sub>O).<sup id="cite_ref-Webexhibits_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webexhibits-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Absorption intensity decreases markedly with each successive overtone, resulting in very weak absorption for the third overtone. For this reason, the pipe needs to have a length of a meter or more and the water must be purified by <a href="/wiki/Microfiltration" title="Microfiltration">microfiltration</a> to remove any particles that could produce <a href="/wiki/Mie_scattering" title="Mie scattering">Mie scattering</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_of_lakes_and_oceans">Color of lakes and oceans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_water&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Color of lakes and oceans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ocean_color" title="Ocean color">Ocean color</a></div> <p>Lakes and oceans appear cyan for several reasons. One is that the surface of the water reflects the <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_sky_radiation#Color" title="Diffuse sky radiation">color of the sky</a>, which ranges from cyan to light <a href="/wiki/Azure_(color)" title="Azure (color)">azure</a>. It is a common misconception that this reflection is the sole reason bodies of water appear cyan, though it can contribute. This contribution usually makes the body of water appear more a shade of azure rather than cyan depending on how bright the sky is.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunSmirnov1993612_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunSmirnov1993612-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water in swimming pools with white-painted sides and bottom will appear cyan, even in indoor pools where there is no sky to be reflected. The deeper the pool, the more intense the cyan color becomes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the light hitting the surface of the ocean is reflected but most of it penetrates the water surface, interacting with water molecules and other substances in the water. Water molecules can vibrate in three different modes when they interact with light. The red, orange, and yellow wavelengths of light are <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorbed</a> so the remaining light seen is composed of green, cyan, and blue wavelengths. This is the main reason the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_color" title="Ocean color">ocean's color</a> is cyan. The relative contribution of reflected skylight and the light scattered back from the depths is strongly dependent on observation angle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunSmirnov1993613_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunSmirnov1993613-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scattering" title="Scattering">Scattering</a> from suspended particles also plays an important role in the color of lakes and oceans, causing the water to look greener or bluer in different areas. A few tens of meters of water will absorb all light, so without scattering, all bodies of water would appear black. Because most lakes and oceans contain suspended living matter and mineral particles, light from above is scattered and some of it is reflected upwards. Scattering from suspended particles would normally give a white color, as with snow, but because the light first passes through many meters of cyan-colored liquid, the scattered light appears cyan. In extremely pure water—as is found in mountain lakes, where scattering from particles is very low—the scattering from water molecules themselves also contributes a cyan color.<sup id="cite_ref-Pope_Fry_p=8710_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pope_Fry_p=8710-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morel_Prieur_1977_pp._709–722_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morel_Prieur_1977_pp._709–722-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_sky_radiation" title="Diffuse sky radiation">Diffuse sky radiation</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a> in the atmosphere along one's line of sight gives distant objects a cyan or light <a href="/wiki/Azure_(color)" title="Azure (color)">azure</a> tint. This is most commonly noticed with distant mountains, but also contributes to the cyanness of the ocean in the distance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland-AtlanticOceanwithAranIsland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Large bodies of water such as oceans manifest water's inherent blue color."><img alt="Large bodies of water such as oceans manifest water's inherent blue color." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ireland-AtlanticOceanwithAranIsland.jpg/200px-Ireland-AtlanticOceanwithAranIsland.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Ireland-AtlanticOceanwithAranIsland.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large bodies of water such as oceans manifest water's inherent blue color.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulf_of_Mexico_(MODIS_2018-10-19).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From space, oceans appear so dark as to be almost black. This is an image taken by the MODIS instruments of the Gulf of Mexico."><img alt="From space, oceans appear so dark as to be almost black. This is an image taken by the MODIS instruments of the Gulf of Mexico." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gulf_of_Mexico_%28MODIS_2018-10-19%29.jpg/195px-Gulf_of_Mexico_%28MODIS_2018-10-19%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gulf_of_Mexico_%28MODIS_2018-10-19%29.jpg/293px-Gulf_of_Mexico_%28MODIS_2018-10-19%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gulf_of_Mexico_%28MODIS_2018-10-19%29.jpg/390px-Gulf_of_Mexico_%28MODIS_2018-10-19%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4476" data-file-height="3669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">From space, oceans appear so dark as to be almost black. This is an image taken by the <a href="/wiki/MODIS" class="mw-redirect" title="MODIS">MODIS</a> instruments of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocean_color_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The hue of the reflected sky contributes to the perceived azure color of water, but most of the cyan color comes from the intrinsic color of water scattered back up to the surface by small suspended particles."><img alt="The hue of the reflected sky contributes to the perceived azure color of water, but most of the cyan color comes from the intrinsic color of water scattered back up to the surface by small suspended particles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ocean_color_2007.jpg/200px-Ocean_color_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ocean_color_2007.jpg/300px-Ocean_color_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ocean_color_2007.jpg/400px-Ocean_color_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The hue of the reflected sky contributes to the perceived azure color of water, but most of the cyan color comes from the intrinsic color of water <a href="/wiki/Light_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Light scattering">scattered</a> back up to the surface by small suspended particles.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_of_glaciers">Color of glaciers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_water&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Color of glaciers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blue_ice_(glacial)" title="Blue ice (glacial)">Blue ice (glacial)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glaciers</a> are large bodies of <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> formed in <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">cold climates</a> by processes involving the compaction of fallen snow. While snowy glaciers appear white from a distance, the long path lengths of internal reflected light causes glaciers to appear a deep blue when viewed up close and when shielded from direct ambient light.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Relatively small amounts of regular ice appear white because plenty of air bubbles are present, and also because small quantities of water appear to be colorless. In glaciers, on the other hand, the pressure causes the air bubbles, trapped in the accumulated snow, to be squeezed out increasing the density of the created ice. Large quantities of water appear cyan, therefore a large piece of compressed ice, or a glacier, would also appear cyan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_of_water_samples">Color of water samples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_water&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Color of water samples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Havasu_Falls_2_md.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Havasu_Falls_2_md.jpg/220px-Havasu_Falls_2_md.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Havasu_Falls_2_md.jpg/330px-Havasu_Falls_2_md.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Havasu_Falls_2_md.jpg/440px-Havasu_Falls_2_md.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption>High concentrations of dissolved <a href="/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">lime</a> give the water of <a href="/wiki/Havasu_Falls" title="Havasu Falls">Havasu Falls</a> a cyan color.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dissolved and particulate material in water can cause it to be appear more green, tan, brown, or red. For instance, dissolved <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> called <a href="/wiki/Tannin-stained_waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannin-stained waters">tannins</a> can result in dark brown colors, or <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> floating in the water (particles) can impart a green color.<sup id="cite_ref-Dierssen_Kudela_Ryan_Zimmerman_2006_pp._2646–2659_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dierssen_Kudela_Ryan_Zimmerman_2006_pp._2646–2659-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Color variations can be measured with reference to a standard color scale. Two examples of standard color scales for natural water bodies are the <a href="/wiki/Forel-Ule_scale" title="Forel-Ule scale">Forel-Ule scale</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pt/Co_scale" title="Pt/Co scale">Platinum-Cobalt scale</a>. For example, slight discoloration is measured against the <a href="/wiki/APHA_color" title="APHA color">Platinum-Cobalt scale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Allen_Hazen" title="Allen Hazen">Hazen</a> units (HU).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The color of a water sample can be reported as: </p> <ul><li><i>Apparent color</i> is the color of a body of water being reflected from the surface of the water, and consists of color from both <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">dissolved</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspended</a> components. Apparent color may also be changed by variations in <a href="/wiki/Sky_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky color">sky color</a> or the reflection of nearby <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>.</li> <li><i>True color</i> is measured after a sample of water has been collected and <a href="/wiki/Purified_water" title="Purified water">purified</a> (either by <a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">centrifuging</a> or <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a>). Pure water tends to look <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a> in color and a sample can be compared to pure water with a predetermined color standard or comparing the results of a <a href="/wiki/Spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">spectrophotometer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Testing for color can be a quick and easy test which often reflects the amount of organic material in the water, although certain inorganic components like iron or manganese can also impart color. </p><p>Water color can reveal physical, chemical and bacteriological conditions. In drinking water, green can indicate copper leaching from copper plumbing and can also represent algae growth. Blue can also indicate copper, or might be caused by syphoning of industrial cleaners in the tank of commodes, commonly known as backflowing. Reds can be signs of rust from iron pipes or airborne bacteria from lakes, etc. Black water can indicate growth of sulfur-reducing bacteria inside a hot water tank set to too low a temperature. This usually has a strong sulfur or rotten egg (H<sub>2</sub>S) odor and is easily corrected by draining the water heater and increasing the temperature to 49 °C (120 °F) or higher. Sulfate reducing bacteria are not known to cause issues in cold water plumbing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Learning the water impurity indication color spectrum can make identifying and solving cosmetic, bacteriological and chemical problems easier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_quality_and_color">Water quality and color</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_water&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Water quality and color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Pukaki_and_neighbours_-_STS088-721-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lake_Pukaki_and_neighbours_-_STS088-721-15.jpg/220px-Lake_Pukaki_and_neighbours_-_STS088-721-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lake_Pukaki_and_neighbours_-_STS088-721-15.jpg/330px-Lake_Pukaki_and_neighbours_-_STS088-721-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lake_Pukaki_and_neighbours_-_STS088-721-15.jpg/440px-Lake_Pukaki_and_neighbours_-_STS088-721-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3727" data-file-height="2459" /></a><figcaption>Glacial <a href="/wiki/Rock_flour" title="Rock flour">rock flour</a> makes New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pukaki" title="Lake Pukaki">Lake Pukaki</a> a lighter turquoise than its neighbors.</figcaption></figure> <p>The presence of color in water does not necessarily indicate that the water is not <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinkable</a>. Water with high <a href="/wiki/Water_clarity" title="Water clarity">water clarity</a> is generally more cyan in color due to low concentrations of particles and/or <a href="/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter" title="Colored dissolved organic matter">dissolved substances</a>. Color-causing particulate substances can be easily removed by filtration. Color-causing dissolved substances such as <a href="/wiki/Tannin-stained_waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannin-stained waters">tannins</a> are only toxic to animals in large concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Color from dissolved substances is not removed by typical <a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">water filters</a>; however the use of <a href="/wiki/Coagulation_(water_treatment)" title="Coagulation (water treatment)">coagulants</a> may succeed in trapping the color-causing compounds within the resulting <a href="/wiki/Precipitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitate">precipitate</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other factors can affect the color seen: </p> <ul><li>Particles and solutes can absorb light, as in tea or coffee. Green algae in rivers and streams often lend a blue-green color. The Red Sea has occasional blooms of red <i><a href="/wiki/Trichodesmium_erythraeum" title="Trichodesmium erythraeum">Trichodesmium erythraeum</a></i> algae.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Particles in water can scatter light. The <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> is often muddy red because of suspended reddish silt in the water—this gives the river its name, from Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">colorado</i></span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">colored, red</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. Some mountain lakes and streams with finely ground rock, such as <a href="/wiki/Rock_flour" title="Rock flour">glacial flour</a>, are turquoise. Light scattering by suspended matter is required in order that the blue light produced by water's absorption can return to the surface and be observed. Such scattering can also shift the spectrum of the emerging photons toward the green, a color often seen when water laden with suspended particles is observed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_names">Color names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_water&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Color names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La-Jolla-Red-Tide.780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/La-Jolla-Red-Tide.780.jpg/220px-La-Jolla-Red-Tide.780.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/La-Jolla-Red-Tide.780.jpg/330px-La-Jolla-Red-Tide.780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/La-Jolla-Red-Tide.780.jpg/440px-La-Jolla-Red-Tide.780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">Red tide</a> off the California coast</figcaption></figure> <p>Various cultures divide the <a href="/wiki/Semantic_field" title="Semantic field">semantic field</a> of colors differently from the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> language usage, and some do not <a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">distinguish between blue and green</a> in the same way. An example is <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> in which <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">glas</i></span> can mean blue or green, or <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> in which <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">xanh</i></span> likewise can mean either. Conversely, in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and some other languages, there is no single word for blue, but somewhat different words for light blue (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">голубой</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">goluboy</i></span>) and dark blue (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">синий</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">siniy</i></span>). </p><p>Other color names assigned to bodies of water are <a href="/wiki/Sea_green" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea green">sea green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a> blue. Unusual oceanic colorings have given rise to the terms <a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">red tide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">black tide</a>. </p><p>The Ancient Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> "<a href="/wiki/Wine-dark_sea_(Homer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine-dark sea (Homer)">wine-dark sea</a>"; in addition, he also describes the sea as "grey". <a href="/wiki/Studies_on_Homer_and_the_Homeric_Age" title="Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age">William Ewart Gladstone</a> has suggested that this is due to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> classifying colors primarily by luminosity rather than hue, while others believe Homer was <a href="/wiki/Colorblind" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorblind">color blind</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Ancient Indian wisdom of <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Veda</a> considers water's life-giving contributions a part of the divine. It recognizes water as an ancient god, <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>, and the color of Varuna is described as blue. In the <a href="/wiki/Gayatri" title="Gayatri">Gayatri</a> associated with Varuna, the phrase "Neela purusha" comes in the second line, which calls the water deity the blue one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_water&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavisMilligan2011" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Jim; Milligan, Mark (5 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120123163847/http://www.geology.utah.gov/whatsnew/news/new0411b.htm"><i>Why Is Bear Lake So Blue? And Other Commonly Asked Questions</i></a>. Public Information Series. Vol. 96. <a href="/wiki/Utah_Geological_Survey" title="Utah Geological Survey">Utah Geological Survey</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55791-842-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55791-842-0"><bdi>978-1-55791-842-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.utah.gov/whatsnew/news/new0411b.htm">the original</a> on 23 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Is+Bear+Lake+So+Blue%3F+And+Other+Commonly+Asked+Questions&rft.series=Public+Information+Series&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Utah+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2011-04-05&rft.isbn=978-1-55791-842-0&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Milligan%2C+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeology.utah.gov%2Fwhatsnew%2Fnews%2Fnew0411b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopeFry1996" class="citation journal cs1">Pope; Fry (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-39-31-5843">"Absorption spectrum (380–700 nm) of pure water. II. Integrating cavity measurements"</a>. <i>Applied Optics</i>. <b>36</b> (33): 8710–8723. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApOpt..36.8710P">1997ApOpt..36.8710P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2Fao.36.008710">10.1364/ao.36.008710</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18264420">18264420</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11061625">11061625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Optics&rft.atitle=Absorption+spectrum+%28380%E2%80%93700+nm%29+of+pure+water.+II.+Integrating+cavity+measurements&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=8710-8723&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2Fao.36.008710&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11061625%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18264420&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997ApOpt..36.8710P&rft.au=Pope&rft.au=Fry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opticsinfobase.org%2Fao%2Fabstract.cfm%3Furi%3Dao-39-31-5843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braun-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Braun_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunSmirnov1993" class="citation journal cs1">Braun, Charles L.; Smirnov, Sergei N. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inside.mines.edu/fs_home/dwu/classes/CH353/study/Why%20is%20Water%20Blue.pdf">"Why Is Water Blue?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Education" title="Journal of Chemical Education">Journal of Chemical Education</a></i>. <b>70</b> (8): 612–614. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JChEd..70..612B">1993JChEd..70..612B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed070p612">10.1021/ed070p612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Why+Is+Water+Blue%3F&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=612-614&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed070p612&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993JChEd..70..612B&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rft.au=Smirnov%2C+Sergei+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finside.mines.edu%2Ffs_home%2Fdwu%2Fclasses%2FCH353%2Fstudy%2FWhy%2520is%2520Water%2520Blue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webexhibits-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Webexhibits_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolour/5B.html">"Colours from Vibration"</a>. Causes of Colour. <a href="/wiki/WebExhibits" title="WebExhibits">WebExhibits</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223212434/http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolour/5B.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>. <q>Heavy water is colourless because all of its corresponding vibrational transitions are shifted to lower energy (higher wavelength) by the increase in isotope mass.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colours+from+Vibration&rft.pub=WebExhibits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webexhibits.org%2Fcausesofcolour%2F5B.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunSmirnov1993612-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunSmirnov1993612_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBraunSmirnov1993">Braun & Smirnov 1993</a>, p. 612: "... any simple answer is bound to mislead. It turns out that contributions to the observed color are made both by reflected skylight and by the intrinsic absorption."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/issue/polar-oceans/common-misconceptions-about-oceans">"Common Misconceptions About Oceans — Polar Oceans"</a>. <i>Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears</i>. 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beyond+Penguins+and+Polar+Bears&rft.atitle=Common+Misconceptions+About+Oceans+%E2%80%94+Polar+Oceans&rft.date=2011-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu%2Fissue%2Fpolar-oceans%2Fcommon-misconceptions-about-oceans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossingChiaverina1999" class="citation book cs1">Rossing, Thomas D.; Chiaverina, Christopher J. (1999). <i>Light Science: Physics and the Visual Arts</i>. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98827-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98827-6"><bdi>978-0-387-98827-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+Science%3A+Physics+and+the+Visual+Arts&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-387-98827-6&rft.aulast=Rossing&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rft.au=Chiaverina%2C+Christopher+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunSmirnov1993613-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunSmirnov1993613_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBraunSmirnov1993">Braun & Smirnov 1993</a>, p. 613: "... the relative contribution of reflected skylight and the light scattered back from the depths is strongly dependent on observation angle."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pope_Fry_p=8710-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pope_Fry_p=8710_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopeFry1997" class="citation journal cs1">Pope, Robin M.; Fry, Edward S. (20 November 1997). "Absorption spectrum (380–700 nm) of pure water. II. Integrating cavity measurements". <i>Applied Optics</i>. <b>36</b> (33). The Optical Society: 8710–8723. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApOpt..36.8710P">1997ApOpt..36.8710P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2Fao.36.008710">10.1364/ao.36.008710</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-6935">0003-6935</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18264420">18264420</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11061625">11061625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Optics&rft.atitle=Absorption+spectrum+%28380%E2%80%93700+nm%29+of+pure+water.+II.+Integrating+cavity+measurements&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=8710-8723&rft.date=1997-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11061625%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997ApOpt..36.8710P&rft.issn=0003-6935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2Fao.36.008710&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18264420&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Robin+M.&rft.au=Fry%2C+Edward+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morel_Prieur_1977_pp._709–722-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morel_Prieur_1977_pp._709–722_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorelPrieur1977" class="citation journal cs1">Morel, Anclré; Prieur, Louis (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4319%2Flo.1977.22.4.0709">"Analysis of variations in ocean color1"</a>. <i>Limnology and Oceanography</i>. <b>22</b> (4). Wiley: 709–722. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977LimOc..22..709M">1977LimOc..22..709M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4319%2Flo.1977.22.4.0709">10.4319/lo.1977.22.4.0709</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3590">0024-3590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Limnology+and+Oceanography&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+variations+in+ocean+color1&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=709-722&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0024-3590&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4319%2Flo.1977.22.4.0709&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977LimOc..22..709M&rft.aulast=Morel&rft.aufirst=Anclr%C3%A9&rft.au=Prieur%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4319%252Flo.1977.22.4.0709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dierssen_Kudela_Ryan_Zimmerman_2006_pp._2646–2659-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dierssen_Kudela_Ryan_Zimmerman_2006_pp._2646–2659_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDierssenKudelaRyanZimmerman2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dierssen, Heidi M.; Kudela, Raphael M.; Ryan, John P.; Zimmerman, Richard C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1132&context=oeas_fac_pubs">"Red and black tides: Quantitative analysis of water-leaving radiance and perceived color for phytoplankton, colored dissolved organic matter, and suspended sediments"</a>. <i>Limnology and Oceanography</i>. <b>51</b> (6). Wiley: 2646–2659. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006LimOc..51.2646D">2006LimOc..51.2646D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4319%2Flo.2006.51.6.2646">10.4319/lo.2006.51.6.2646</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3590">0024-3590</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6951672">6951672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Limnology+and+Oceanography&rft.atitle=Red+and+black+tides%3A+Quantitative+analysis+of+water-leaving+radiance+and+perceived+color+for+phytoplankton%2C+colored+dissolved+organic+matter%2C+and+suspended+sediments&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2646-2659&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4319%2Flo.2006.51.6.2646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6951672%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0024-3590&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006LimOc..51.2646D&rft.aulast=Dierssen&rft.aufirst=Heidi+M.&rft.au=Kudela%2C+Raphael+M.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+John+P.&rft.au=Zimmerman%2C+Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.odu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1132%26context%3Doeas_fac_pubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Organization for Standardization, ISO 2211:1973, <i>Measurement of colour in <a href="/wiki/Allen_Hazen" title="Allen Hazen">Hazen</a> units (platinum-cobalt scale) of Liquid Chemical Products</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetzel2001" class="citation book cs1">Wetzel, R. G. (2001). <i>Limnology</i> (3rd ed.). New York: Academic Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limnology&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Wetzel&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannas" class="citation web cs1">Cannas, Antonello. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poisonousplants.ansci.cornell.edu/toxicagents/tannin.html">"Tannins: fascinating but sometimes dangerous molecules"</a>. <i>Cornell University Department of Animal Science</i>. Cornell University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornell+University+Department+of+Animal+Science&rft.atitle=Tannins%3A+fascinating+but+sometimes+dangerous+molecules&rft.aulast=Cannas&rft.aufirst=Antonello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoisonousplants.ansci.cornell.edu%2Ftoxicagents%2Ftannin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_water&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickeyKattawarVoss2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dickey, Tommy D.; Kattawar, George W.; Voss, Kenneth J. (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425044626/http://www.nserc.und.edu/learning/Dickeyetal2011.pdf">"Shedding New Light on Light in the Ocean"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Physics_Today" title="Physics Today">Physics Today</a></i>. <b>64</b> (4): 44–49. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhT....64d..44D">2011PhT....64d..44D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3580492">10.1063/1.3580492</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nserc.und.edu/learning/Dickeyetal2011.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Shedding+New+Light+on+Light+in+the+Ocean&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=44-49&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.3580492&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PhT....64d..44D&rft.aulast=Dickey&rft.aufirst=Tommy+D.&rft.au=Kattawar%2C+George+W.&rft.au=Voss%2C+Kenneth+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nserc.und.edu%2Flearning%2FDickeyetal2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettit1936" class="citation journal cs1">Pettit, Edison (February 1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076722">"On the Color of Crater Lake Water"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a></i>. <b>22</b> (2): 139–146. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1936PNAS...22..139P">1936PNAS...22..139P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.22.2.139">10.1073/pnas.22.2.139</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076722">1076722</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16588059">16588059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=On+the+Color+of+Crater+Lake+Water&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-146&rft.date=1936-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1076722%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16588059&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.22.2.139&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1936PNAS...22..139P&rft.aulast=Pettit&rft.aufirst=Edison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1076722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+of+water" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_of_water&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/water-color">Water Color, USGS Water Science School</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webexhibits.org//causesofcolor/5B.html">What color is water?</a>—<a href="/wiki/WebExhibits" title="WebExhibits">WebExhibits</a>' Causes of Colour</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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waves)">Boussinesq approximation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">Breaking wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapotis" title="Clapotis">Clapotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnoidal_wave" title="Cnoidal wave">Cnoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_sea" title="Cross sea">Cross sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(water_waves)" title="Dispersion (water waves)">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_wave" title="Edge wave">Edge wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_wave" title="Equatorial wave">Equatorial waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_wave" title="Gravity wave">Gravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green%27s_law" title="Green's law">Green's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infragravity_wave" title="Infragravity wave">Infragravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_wave" title="Internal wave">Internal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iribarren_number" title="Iribarren number">Iribarren number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_wave" title="Kelvin wave">Kelvin wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematic_wave" title="Kinematic wave">Kinematic wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%27s_variational_principle" title="Luke's variational principle">Luke's variational principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild-slope_equation" title="Mild-slope equation">Mild-slope equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_stress" title="Radiation stress">Radiation stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_wave" title="Rogue wave">Rogue wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby_wave" title="Rossby wave">Rossby wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby-gravity_waves" title="Rossby-gravity waves">Rossby-gravity waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_state" title="Sea state">Sea state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">Seiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_wave_height" title="Significant wave height">Significant wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliton" title="Soliton">Soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_drift" title="Stokes drift">Stokes drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_problem" title="Stokes problem">Stokes problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_wave" title="Stokes wave">Stokes wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">Swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochoidal_wave" title="Trochoidal wave">Trochoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">megatsunami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursell_number" title="Ursell number">Ursell number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action_(continuum_mechanics)" title="Wave action (continuum mechanics)">Wave action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_base" title="Wave base">Wave base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_height" title="Wave height">Wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_nonlinearity" title="Wave nonlinearity">Wave nonlinearity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_radar" title="Wave radar">Wave radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_setup" title="Wave setup">Wave setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_turbulence" title="Wave turbulence">Wave turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93current_interaction" title="Wave–current interaction">Wave–current interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waves_and_shallow_water" title="Waves and shallow water">Waves and shallow water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-dimensional_Saint-Venant_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="One-dimensional Saint-Venant equations">one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_equations" title="Shallow water equations">shallow water equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_setup" title="Wind setup">Wind setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave_model" title="Wind wave model">model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upwelling.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upwelling"><img alt="Upwelling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/120px-Upwelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/180px-Upwelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/240px-Upwelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="242" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antarctic bottom water"><img alt="Antarctic bottom water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/120px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/180px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/240px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Circulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroclinity" title="Baroclinity">Baroclinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_current" title="Boundary current">Boundary current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis%E2%80%93Stokes_force" title="Coriolis–Stokes force">Coriolis–Stokes force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craik%E2%80%93Leibovich_vortex_force" title="Craik–Leibovich vortex force">Craik–Leibovich vortex force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downwelling" title="Downwelling">Downwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_layer" title="Ekman layer">Ekman layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_spiral" title="Ekman spiral">Ekman spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_circulation_model" title="General circulation model">General circulation model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_Ocean_Sections_Study" title="Geochemical Ocean Sections Study">Geochemical Ocean Sections Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostrophic_current" title="Geostrophic current">Geostrophic current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Ocean_Data_Analysis_Project" title="Global Ocean Data Analysis Project">Global Ocean Data Analysis Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">Hydrothermal circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_circulation" title="Langmuir circulation">Langmuir circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Ocean_Model" title="Modular Ocean Model">Modular Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamical_thermostat" title="Ocean dynamical thermostat">Ocean dynamical thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamics" title="Ocean dynamics">Ocean dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Ocean gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_(oceanography)" title="Overflow (oceanography)">Overflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Ocean_Model" title="Princeton Ocean Model">Princeton Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean_current" title="Subsurface ocean current">Subsurface ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_balance" title="Sverdrup balance">Sverdrup balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">shutdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">Whirlpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_generated_current" title="Wind generated current">Wind generated current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Circulation_Experiment" title="World Ocean Circulation Experiment">World Ocean Circulation Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromic_point" title="Amphidromic point">Amphidromic point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_tide" title="Earth tide">Earth tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_tide" title="Head of tide">Head of tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_tide" title="Internal tide">Internal tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunitidal_interval" title="Lunitidal interval">Lunitidal interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perigean_spring_tide" title="Perigean spring tide">Perigean spring tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_tide" title="Rip tide">Rip tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_twelfths" title="Rule of twelfths">Rule of twelfths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_tide" title="Slack tide">Slack tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_tides" title="Theory of tides">Theory of tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">Tidal bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_race" title="Tidal race">Tidal race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_resonance" title="Tidal resonance">Tidal resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_gauge" title="Tide gauge">Tide gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tideline" title="Tideline">Tideline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">Abyssal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathymetric_chart" title="Bathymetric chart">Bathymetric chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">Carbonate platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">Continental rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contourite" title="Contourite">Contourite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoll_(oceanography)" title="Knoll (oceanography)">Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank" title="Ocean bank">Ocean bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">Oceanic basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">Oceanic plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">Seabed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate<br />tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">Fracture zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_trench_swell" title="Outer trench swell">Outer trench swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_push" title="Ridge push">Ridge push</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">Seafloor spreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_pull" title="Slab pull">Slab pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_suction" title="Slab suction">Slab suction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_window" title="Slab window">Slab window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine%E2%80%93Matthews%E2%80%93Morley_hypothesis" title="Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis">Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ocean zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ocean_water" title="Deep ocean water">Deep ocean water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">Deep sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">Mesopelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-ocean_Assessment_and_Reporting_of_Tsunamis" title="Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Sea_Level_Observing_System" title="Global Sea Level Observing System">Global Sea Level Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Shelf_Operational_Oceanographic_System" title="North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System">North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-level_curve" title="Sea-level curve">Sea-level curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_drop" title="Sea level drop">Sea level drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">World Geodetic System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical oceanography">Acoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acoustic_tomography" title="Ocean acoustic tomography">Ocean acoustic tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofar_bomb" title="Sofar bomb">Sofar bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOFAR_channel" title="SOFAR channel">SOFAR channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-3" title="Jason-3">Jason-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(oceanography)" title="Argo (oceanography)">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_lander" title="Benthic lander">Benthic lander</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Color of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">Marginal sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooring_(oceanography)" title="Mooring (oceanography)">Mooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanographic_Data_Center" title="National Oceanographic Data Center">National Oceanographic Data Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_observations" title="Ocean observations">Observations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_reanalysis" title="Ocean reanalysis">Reanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_topography" title="Ocean surface topography">Ocean surface topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_oceanography" title="Outline of oceanography">Outline of oceanography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">Pelagic sediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_microlayer" title="Sea surface microlayer">Sea surface microlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_On_a_Sphere" title="Science On a Sphere">Science On a Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">Thermocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_glider" title="Underwater glider">Underwater glider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Atlas" title="World Ocean Atlas">World Ocean Atlas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_oceanography" title="Category:Physical oceanography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physical_oceanography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Physical oceanography">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/16px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/24px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Color_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Color science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision_test" title="Color vision test">Color vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast 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