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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Psychological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Biological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="فرط الذاكرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرط الذاكرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipermn%C3%A8sia" title="Hipermnèsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hipermnèsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthymesie" title="Hyperthymesie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hyperthymesie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_Superior_Autobiographical_Memory" title="Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertimesia" title="Hipertimesia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hipertimesia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertimesia" title="Hipertimesia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hipertimesia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بیش‌یادآوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیش‌یادآوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthym%C3%A9sie" title="Hyperthymésie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hyperthymésie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertimesia" title="Hipertimesia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hipertimesia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrom_hipertimesia" title="Sindrom hipertimesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sindrom hipertimesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipertimesia" title="Ipertimesia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ipertimesia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94" title="היפרתימזיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היפרתימזיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipermn%C3%A9zia" title="Hipermnézia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hipermnézia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthymesie" title="Hyperthymesie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hyperthymesie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipermnezja" title="Hipermnezja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hipermnezja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertimesia" title="Hipertimesia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hipertimesia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertimesie" title="Hipertimesie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hipertimesie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гипертимезия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гипертимезия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ھایپەرسیمیسیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھایپەرسیمیسیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertymesia" title="Hypertymesia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hypertymesia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertymesi" title="Hypertymesi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hypertymesi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гипертимезия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гипертимезия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipertimezi" title="Hipertimezi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hipertimezi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%86%B6%E7%97%87" title="超憶症 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="超憶症" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Condition of possessing an extremely detailed autobiographical memory</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"HSAM" redirects here. For the Hierarchical Sequential Access Method, see <a href="/wiki/HSAM_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="HSAM (computing)">HSAM (computing)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Hyperthymesia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">hyperthymestic syndrome,<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> highly superior autobiographical memory (HSAM)<sup id="cite_ref-LePort_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LePort-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">neuropsychology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hyperthymesia</b>, also known as <b>hyperthymestic syndrome</b> or <b>highly superior <a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_memory" title="Autobiographical memory">autobiographical memory</a></b> (<b>HSAM</b>), is a condition that leads people to be able to remember an abnormally large number of their life experiences in vivid detail. It is extraordinarily rare, with fewer than 100 people in the world having been diagnosed with the condition as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyperthymesia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person who has hyperthymesia is called a <b>hyperthymesiac</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American neurobiologists Elizabeth Parker, Larry Cahill and <a href="/wiki/James_McGaugh" title="James McGaugh">James McGaugh</a> (2006) identified two defining characteristics of hyperthymesia: spending an excessive amount of time thinking about one's past, and displaying an extraordinary ability to recall specific events from one's past.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors wrote that they derived the word from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: <i>hyper-</i> 'excessive' and allegedly <i>thymesis</i> 'remembering', although such a word is not attested in Ancient Greek, but they may have been thinking of Modern Greek <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B8%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:θύμηση">thymisi</a></i> 'memory' or Ancient Greek <i>enthymesis</i> 'consideration', which are derived from <i>thymos</i> 'mind'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperthymesia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Individuals with hyperthymesia can extensively recall the events of their lives, as well as public events that hold some personal significance to them. Those affected describe their memories as uncontrollable associations; when they encounter a date, they "see" a vivid depiction of that day in their heads without hesitation or conscious effort.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While memories are reported as vivid, they are not exact recordings of all experiences, as seen in the case of <a href="/wiki/Jill_Price" title="Jill Price">Jill Price</a>, initially anonymized by Parker, Cahill and McGaugh in 2006 as "AJ":<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p> Although she describes her mind like having a movie running, she is not recording her world verbatim in its totality. One day after several hours together, she was asked to close her eyes and tell what her two interviewers were wearing. She was unable to do so.</p></blockquote> <p>There is a distinction between those with hyperthymesia and those with other forms of <a href="/wiki/Exceptional_memory" title="Exceptional memory">exceptional memory</a>, who generally use <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> or similar rehearsal strategies to memorize long strings of information. Memories recalled by hyperthymestic individuals tend to be personal, autobiographical accounts of both significant and mundane events in their lives. This extensive and highly unusual memory does not derive from the use of mnemonic strategies; it is encoded involuntarily and retrieved automatically.<sup id="cite_ref-LePort-2017_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LePort-2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Treffert_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treffert-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite perhaps being able to remember the day of the week on which a particular date fell, hyperthymestics are not calendrical calculators, like some people with <a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">savant syndrome</a>. Rather, hyperthymestic recall tends to be constrained to a person's life experiences and is believed to be a subconscious process.<sup id="cite_ref-subconscious_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subconscious-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although people showing a high level of hyperthymesia are not regarded as <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autistic</a>, certain similarities exist between the two conditions. Like autistic savants, some individuals with hyperthymesia may also have an unusual and obsessive interest in dates. As the first documented hyperthymestic, Jill Price was quite different from the famous case of <a href="/wiki/Mnemonist" title="Mnemonist">mnemonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Shereshevsky" title="Solomon Shereshevsky">Solomon Shereshevsky</a> (as documented by psychologist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Luria" title="Alexander Luria">Alexander Luria</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Luria-1987_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luria-1987-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shereshevsky could memorize virtually unlimited amounts of information deliberately, while Price could not – she could only remember autobiographical information (and events she had personally seen on the news or read about).<sup id="cite_ref-Luria-1987_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luria-1987-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, she was not very good at memorization in general, according to the study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Neurocase" title="Neurocase">Neurocase</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyperthymestic individuals appear to have poorer than average memory for arbitrary information.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another striking parallel drawn between the two cases was that Shereshevsky exemplified an interesting case of <a href="/wiki/Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">synesthesia</a>, and it has been suggested that superior autobiographical memory is intimately tied to time-space synesthesia.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difficulties">Difficulties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperthymesia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Difficulties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hyperthymestic abilities can have a detrimental effect. The constant, irrepressible stream of memories has caused significant disruption to Price's life. She described her recollection as "non-stop, uncontrollable and totally exhausting" and as "a burden".<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Price is prone to getting lost in remembering. This can make it difficult to attend to the present or future, as she is often spending time re-living the past. Others who have hyperthymesia may not display any of these traits, however.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Price displays considerable difficulty in memorizing <a href="/wiki/Allocentrism" title="Allocentrism">allocentric</a> information. According to James McGaugh, "Her autobiographical memory, while incredible, is also selective and even ordinary in some respects".<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was demonstrated by her having poor performance on standardised memory tests and average performance at school, unable to apply her exceptional memory to her studies. </p><p>Deficits in executive functioning and anomalous lateralisation were also identified in Price. These cognitive deficiencies are characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Frontostriatal_circuit" title="Frontostriatal circuit">frontostriatal</a> disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even those with a high level of hyperthymesia do not remember exactly everything in their lives or have "perfect memory". Studies have shown that it is a selective ability, as shown by Price's case, and they can have comparative difficulty with rote memorization and therefore cannot apply their ability to school and work. </p><p>Their memorization of events tends to exceed their ability to memorize given facts; for example, if you told a hyperthymesiac a fact about the world, they may not remember what you said, but they might remember what you wore and other details of the situation when you told them and the emotions they felt during an event are often recalled along with the details, making the memories even more potent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>People with hyperthymesia also have difficulties letting go of difficult events or traumatic memories, which can stay with them for life. Joey DeGrandis, who was featured in the magazine <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i></a> said, "I do tend to dwell on things longer than the average person, and when something painful does happen, like a break-up or the loss of a family member, I don't forget those feelings."<sup id="cite_ref-MacMillan-2017_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacMillan-2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cases of hyperthymesia have forced many people to re-evaluate what is meant by "healthy" memory: "it isn't just about retaining the significant stuff. Far more important is being able to forget the rest."<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperthymesia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the small number of people diagnosed with hyperthymesia, relatively little is known about the processes governing this superior memory ability. However, more is beginning to be understood about this condition.<sup id="cite_ref-LePort-2017_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LePort-2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological">Psychological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperthymesia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Psychological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been proposed that the initial encoding of events by such people includes semantic processing, and therefore semantic cues are used in retrieval. Once cued, the memory is retrieved as episodic and follows a pattern similar to that of a <a href="/wiki/Spreading_activation" title="Spreading activation">spreading activation</a> model. This is particularly evident in <a href="/wiki/Jill_Price" title="Jill Price">Jill Price</a>'s case. She describes how one memory triggers another, which in turn triggers another and how she is powerless to stop it: "It's like a split screen; I'll be talking to someone and seeing something else."<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory serves to explain why hyperthymestics have both a sense of 'knowing' (<a href="/wiki/Semantic_memory" title="Semantic memory">semantic memory</a>) and 'remembering' (<a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">episodic memory</a>) during recollection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One writer claimed hyperthymesia may be a result of reviewing memories constantly to an obsessive-compulsive degree.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcus-2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcus-2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Price has completely dismissed this article as "a load of crap" and others with hyperthymesia claim to never revisit uneventful memories. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other findings have shown that the tendencies to absorb new information and fantasize are personality traits that are higher in hyperthymestics than the rest of the population. These traits, absorption and fantasizing, also correlated with a test which measures superior autobiographical memory within the hyperthymestic sample.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McGaugh rejects the idea that hyperthymestic syndrome can be explained away so easily; he argues that nothing explains how subjects are able to memorize so much: "You'd have to assume that every day they rehearse it... The probability of these explanations dwindles as you look at the evidence."<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological">Biological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperthymesia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> study conducted on Price provides a plausible argument as to the neurological foundation of her superior memory.<sup id="cite_ref-Shafy_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shafy-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caudate_nucleus" title="Caudate nucleus">caudate nucleus</a> were found to be enlarged. </p><p>Parker and colleagues speculated that a defective <a href="/wiki/Frontostriatal_circuit" title="Frontostriatal circuit">frontostriatal circuit</a> could be responsible for the observed executive function deficits in hyperthymesia. This circuit plays a crucial role in some neurodevelopmental disorders including <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the parallels in some aspects of behavior, Price's hyperthymestic abilities possibly stem from atypical <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system_in_humans" title="Development of the nervous system in humans">neurodevelopment</a>. Scientists now need to ascertain if and how these brain areas are connected to establish a coherent neurological model for superior autobiographical memory. </p><p>For autobiographical memory, the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>, located in the medial temporal lobe, is involved in the encoding of <a href="/wiki/Declarative_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarative memory">declarative memory</a> (memory for facts and events), while the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal cortex">temporal cortex</a> is involved in the storage of such memory.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The caudate nucleus is primarily associated with <a href="/wiki/Procedural_memory" title="Procedural memory">procedural memory</a>, in particular habit formation, and is, therefore, intrinsically linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder. </p><p>A 2018 <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trial</a> published that there were higher levels of activation in the medial <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temporoparietal_junction" title="Temporoparietal junction">temporoparietal junction</a> along with heightened connection between the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus in individuals with hyperthymesia, suggesting that these regions may play a role in the enablement of the condition.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contradicts information published earlier in a <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)"><i>Wired</i></a> article, which states that the hyperthymesiac Jill Price had been <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">brain scanned</a> and her "hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were reportedly normal", suggesting that these regions of the brain do not need to be different for hyperthymesia to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcus-2009_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcus-2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant debate also exists over the limits of memory capacity. Some are of the view that the brain contains so many potential synaptic connections that, in theory at least, no practical limit exists to the number of long-term memories that the brain can store. In 1961, <a href="/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield">Wilder Penfield</a> reported that specific stimulation of the temporal lobes resulted in vivid recollection of memories. He concluded that our brains were making "continuous, effortless, video-like recordings" of our experiences, but that these records are not consciously accessible to us.<sup id="cite_ref-subconscious_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subconscious-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a study published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i> suggested that those with hyperthymesia may reconstruct memories from traces and incorporate post event information and associations—a finding at odds with Penfield's video-like recording analogy.<sup id="cite_ref-Patihis-2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patihis-2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperthymesia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parker and colleagues used a variety of standardised neuropsychological tests in their diagnosis of Price's hyperthymesia. These included tests of memory, <a href="/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_function" title="Lateralization of brain function">lateralisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">executive functions</a>, language, calculations, <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQ</a>, and visual-spatial and visual-motor functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also devised novel tests to examine the extent of her memory abilities. These mostly consisted of questions pertaining to specific dates and events in history. Some of her personal recollections were verified with diary entries, as well as by her mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neuroscientist <a href="/wiki/David_Eagleman" title="David Eagleman">David Eagleman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> developed a free online test for hyperthymesia (no longer available). Participants first give their year of birth, and then are challenged to match dates to 60 famous events that happened between the time they were five years old and the present day. To qualify as potentially hyperthymestic, participants must achieve a score at least three standard deviations above the average. To prevent people from searching for answers on-line during the test, reaction time for each question is measured; answers must be chosen within 11 seconds to qualify for consideration. However, many of the questions are sourced in American culture and test results could have a strong cultural bias against non-Americans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperthymesia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperthymesia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of April 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyperthymesia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, six cases of hyperthymesia have been confirmed in peer-reviewed articles,<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LePort_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LePort-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patihis-2013_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patihis-2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ally_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ally-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first being that of Jill Price (initially anonymized as "AJ") in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More cases had been identified by 2012, but are yet to be published.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News-2012_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2012-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Price's case was originally reported by researchers from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">University of California, Irvine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth Parker, Larry Cahill and <a href="/wiki/James_McGaugh" title="James McGaugh">James McGaugh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is credited as being the first documented case of hyperthymesia. Price can apparently recall every day of her life from when she was 14 years old: "Starting on February 5, 1980, I remember everything. That was a Tuesday."<sup id="cite_ref-Shafy_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shafy-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2009, Price was interviewed for an article in <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> magazine by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Marcus" title="Gary Marcus">Gary Marcus</a>, a cognitive psychologist at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcus-2009_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcus-2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Price's brain had been subject to a <a href="/wiki/Brain_scan" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain scan">brain scan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> had been reportedly normal. Marcus claimed, however, that her brain resembled "those of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder" and suggested that her remarkable memory might be "the byproduct of obsession", claiming also that "the memory woman clings tightly to her past". Price strongly disputed this and McGaugh has also challenged the explanation.<sup id="cite_ref-peel_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peel-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Price gave her first interview in over a year for the UK's <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> documentary <i>The Boy Who Can't Forget</i>, and spoke of the challenges of living with the condition.<sup id="cite_ref-peel_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peel-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>K. Anders Ericsson of <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a> does not believe that sufficient evidence exists to suggest that the skills of Price and another documented case, <a href="/wiki/Brad_Williams_(memory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brad Williams (memory)">Brad Williams</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> need additional explanation: "Our work has pretty much concluded that differences in memory don't seem to be the result of innate differences, but more the kinds of skills that are developed."<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the condition has become better known, more people claiming to have hyperthymestic abilities have emerged. In the aftermath of the 2006 <i>Neurocase</i> publication alone, more than 200 people contacted McGaugh; however, only a handful of cases were determined to be actual cases of hyperthymesia. The second verified case was Brad Williams, the third was Rick Baron,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2009, Bob Petrella became the fourth person diagnosed with hyperthymestic syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 19, 2010, actress <a href="/wiki/Marilu_Henner" title="Marilu Henner">Marilu Henner</a> was featured on the U.S. television program <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i> for her superior autobiographical memory ability. Henner claimed she could remember almost every day of her life since she was 11 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The show was initially pitched as a story featuring hyperthymestic violinist Louise Owen, but the reporter <a href="/wiki/Lesley_Stahl" title="Lesley Stahl">Lesley Stahl</a> volunteered her friend Henner as having a similar ability.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2012, the case of H.K. Derryberry was reported, a blind 20-year-old man who could clearly recall every day of his life since the age of about 11.<sup id="cite_ref-Ally_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ally-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derryberry had been born at 27 weeks, weighing just over 2 pounds (0.91 kg) and was in neonatal intensive care for 96 days. A <a href="/wiki/Brain_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain hemorrhage">brain hemorrhage</a> was the likely cause of <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, and his premature birth brought congenital blindness.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He told researchers that his memories are rich in detail, regardless of whether they are from years ago or yesterday. About 90% of his memories are in the first person, compared with an average of 66% in the general population. A team at <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a> conducted a series of tests including a brain scan that was compared with 30 age-matched controls. His brain was smaller than average (probably a result of his <a href="/wiki/Premature_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature birth">premature birth</a> at 27 weeks). His right <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>, however, was 20% larger, with enhanced functional connectivity between the right amygdala and hippocampus and in other regions.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 HK's story was published, <i>The Awakening of HK Derryberry: My Unlikely Friendship with the Boy Who Remembers Everything</i>, written by his mentor Jim Bradford.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2012, UK's Channel 4 screened the documentary <i>The Boy Who Can't Forget</i>, which examined the memory of 20-year-old Aurelien Hayman from <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, a student at <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>, who remembers practically every day of his life from the age of 10.<sup id="cite_ref-peel_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peel-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hayman is the first British person to be identified as possessing this ability, and he views it positively.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Hayman's brain was scanned by a team led by Professor Giuliana Mazzoni at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hull" title="University of Hull">University of Hull</a>, whilst he was prompted to remember a series of dates, a series of "visual areas" of the brain were activated, with much greater speed than would be expected in normal brain function. Potential problems with total recall were illustrated.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News-2012_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2012-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The documentary also featured Bob Petrella, whose memory has enabled him to catalogue the events from his "favorite days" into a large scrapbook.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2015, Markie Pasternak of Green Bay, Wisconsin was diagnosed as the youngest person to be living with HSAM. Born in 1994, Pasternak remembers every day of her life since February 2005. She was featured on <i>60 Minutes Australia</i> in August 2016 with Rebecca Sharrock.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2016, painter and <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> Nima Veiseh was featured by the BBC for his use of hyperthymesia to create paintings that were said to only be producible with vast memories of art pieces,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a paper published in the <a href="/wiki/Medical_journal" title="Medical journal">journal</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memory_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memory (journal) (page does not exist)"><i>Memory</i></a> in 2022 claimed that having hyperthymesia does not increase one's <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creative thinking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veiseh claimed he could remember almost every day of his life since he was 15 years old, and that his ability to synthesize time and an "encyclopedic knowledge of the history of art" enabled him to create wholly unique visions on canvas. In March 2016 <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> examined further Veiseh's exploration of time and the human experience through art.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2017, Rebecca Sharrock of <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> became known as a person who claims to recall even circumstantial details of every day of her life from her 12th day of life onward.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discussing her hyperthymesia with <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a>, Sharrock revealed she was supporting two research projects – one with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland" title="University of Queensland">University of Queensland</a> and another with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> – to understand how a greater knowledge of hyperthymesia can support <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease#Research_directions" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease research</a>, particularly in repairing the degeneration of the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scans conducted during the studies showed that Sharrock's brain exhibited a heightened connection between the conscious and sub-conscious parts of her brain, which may aid easier memory recall – in particular for events that took place earlier in life. </p><p>In December 2017, a man named Joey DeGrandis was verified as having HSAM by James McGaugh and subsequently featured in an article in the magazine <i>Time</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacMillan-2017_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacMillan-2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DeGrandis also reports having poor <a href="/wiki/Short-term_memory" title="Short-term memory">short-term memory</a>, indicating that HSAM does not necessarily improve one's short-term memory abilities. </p><p>A 63-year-old man, anonymized as "The Amazing Memory Man" (MM) was featured in a paper by <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology_(journal)" title="Neuropsychology (journal)"><i>Neuropsychology</i></a> in March 2018, where it is reported that he "appreciates that his memory for personally experienced life events and general knowledge are both exceptional, whereas his imaging the future is only average" (after scoring 123 on Episodic, 123 on Semantic, 112 on Spatial, and 91 on Future remembering memory types, all with a mean of 100).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2018, it was reported that teenager Tyler Hickenbottom, who is an identical twin, had the condition, which allowed him to "remember every day of his life like it was yesterday".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tim_Rogers_(writer)" title="Tim Rogers (writer)">Tim Rogers</a>, an American video game developer and journalist, claims to experience the condition in several of his published works.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperthymesia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperthymesia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the 1942 short story "<a href="/wiki/Funes_the_Memorious" title="Funes the Memorious">Funes the Memorious</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, the protagonist suffers a head injury after which he gains the ability to remember every detail of what he experiences, but comes to view this as a curse.</li> <li>In the 1980 series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_New_Sun" title="The Book of the New Sun">The Book of the New Sun</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Wolfe" title="Gene Wolfe">Gene Wolfe</a>, the protagonist remembers everything he has ever seen starting from infancy. He describes his memories as being so vivid that he is capable of re-living anything he has experienced whenever he chooses to do so.</li> <li>In a 2011 manga by Kohske called <i><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_(manga)" title="Gangsta (manga)">Gangsta</a></i>, the main character, Worick Arcangelo, is said to have hyperthymesia, which he uses to help police identify murder victims.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 2015 novel <i>Memory Man</i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Baldacci" title="David Baldacci">David Baldacci</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the protagonist, Amos Decker, has hyperthymesia. In the book, a mystery-crime scene-thriller with graphic scenes, Decker uses his perfect memory brought on by a traumatic hit in football to solve the murder of his wife and child, and the school shooting connected to it. Decker recalls his memories as a "DVR", just playing when it wants to, or being rewound and played forward by conscious thought.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperthymesia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Season 7 Episode 12 of the series <i><a href="/wiki/House,_M.D." class="mw-redirect" title="House, M.D.">House, M.D.</a></i> is about a patient who has a temporary <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creatine_kinase" title="Creatine kinase">creatine kinase</a>. She has a "perfect memory" due to her hyperthymesia. It later concludes her hyperthymesia is the way her <a href="/wiki/OCD" class="mw-redirect" title="OCD">OCD</a> presents and that taking <a href="/wiki/SSRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRI">SSRI</a> to treat her OCD will dial down her hyperthymesia.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 2014 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Place" title="The Dark Place">The Dark Place</a></i>, the protagonist of the story, Keegan Dark, has hyperthymesia. Keegan uses it to solve the mystery at the heart of the story. His hyperthymesia memories are visually depicted in the movie as "screens" appearing to Keegan, often in an overwhelming and distressing manner.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Season 2 episode 2 of the TV show " The Blacklist" a character involved in criminal banking enterprises identified herself as having hyperthymesia as a skillful trait to avoid leaving a paper trail for illegal activities. She provided the FBI agents in the episode with real examples by recitation of events of dates selected at random. Her skills seemed to be date oriented rather than triggered by "personal experience."</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unforgettable_(American_TV_series)" title="Unforgettable (American TV series)">Unforgettable (American TV series)</a></i></li> <li>The 2015 South Korean TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Remember_(TV_series)" title="Remember (TV series)">Remember: War of the Son</a></i> portrays a lawyer with hyperthymesia who sought to prove the innocence of his father, who had been convicted and sentenced to death for the brutal rape-murder of a neighbour.</li> <li>The 2020 South Korean TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Find_Me_in_Your_Memory" title="Find Me in Your Memory">Find Me in Your Memory</a></i> portrays the love story between a news anchorman with hyperthymesia and an actress with amnesia, connected by a past traumatic event.</li> <li>In the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Superstore_(TV_series)" title="Superstore (TV series)">Superstore</a></i>, one of the characters, Sandra, has highly superior autobiographical memory, which occasionally ties into the plot.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flashpoint_(TV_series)" title="Flashpoint (TV series)">Flashpoint</a></i> In season 5 of the Canadian TV series, a man with hyperthymesia is abducted in order to steal the plans to a smart weapon system at a secure facility.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperthymesia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McCartney" title="Daniel McCartney">Daniel McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypermnesia">Hypermnesia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperthymesia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Parker-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span 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CBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nature+of+Things&rft.atitle=Total+recall%3A+some+people+can+remember+every+day+like+it+was+yesterday&rft.aulast=Duggan&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnatureofthings%2Ffeatures%2Ftotal-recall-some-people-can-remember-every-day-like-it-was-yesterday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAction_Button2022" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Action Button (2022-09-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=CNLJ36rSUiGwZkwR&v=779coR-XPTw&feature=youtu.be"><i>action button reviews boku no natsuyasumi</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Grand Central Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoryman00bald/page/416">416</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1455559824" title="Special:BookSources/978-1455559824"><bdi>978-1455559824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+Man&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft.isbn=978-1455559824&rft.aulast=Baldacci&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoryman00bald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloud2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Cloud, John (15 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healthland.time.com/2011/02/15/house-watch-what-if-you-could-remember-every-detail-of-your-life/">"House Watch: What If You Could Remember Every Detail of Your Life?"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Horror+Society&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Dark+Place&rft.date=2014-12-12&rft.aulast=DeFellipo&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horrorsociety.com%2F2014%2F12%2F12%2Freview-dark-place%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperthymesia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/hyperthymesia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/hyperthymesia">hyperthymesia</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlix_Spiegel2013" class="citation news cs1">Alix Spiegel (2013-12-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/12/18/255285479/when-memories-never-fade-the-past-can-poison-the-present">"When Memories Never Fade, The Past Can Poison The Present"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=When+Memories+Never+Fade%2C+The+Past+Can+Poison+The+Present&rft.date=2013-12-27&rft.au=Alix+Spiegel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Fhealth%2F2013%2F12%2F18%2F255285479%2Fwhen-memories-never-fade-the-past-can-poison-the-present&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaire_Nowak2021" class="citation news cs1">Claire Nowak (2021-06-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rd.com/article/highly-superior-autobiographical-memory/">"Only 60 People in the World Have This Insanely Powerful Memory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reader%27s+Digest&rft.atitle=Only+60+People+in+the+World+Have+This+Insanely+Powerful+Memory&rft.date=2021-06-21&rft.au=Claire+Nowak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rd.com%2Farticle%2Fhighly-superior-autobiographical-memory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlochan2022" class="citation news cs1">Klochan, Yuliya (2022-05-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/understanding-the-basis-of-superior-memory">"Understanding the Basis of Superior Memory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover Magazine</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Basis+of+Superior+Memory&rft.date=2022-05-13&rft.aulast=Klochan&rft.aufirst=Yuliya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovermagazine.com%2Fmind%2Funderstanding-the-basis-of-superior-memory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennie_Runevitch2019" class="citation news cs1">Jennie Runevitch (2019-02-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wthr.com/article/news/health/total-recall-iu-grads-rare-ability-creates-map-almost-every-day-her-life/531-4b2ac8f5-b1b0-48f2-bc2b-2439e6bc5b5e">"Total Recall: An IU grad's rare ability creates a map to almost every day of her life"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WTHR" title="WTHR">WTHR</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WTHR&rft.atitle=Total+Recall%3A+An+IU+grad%27s+rare+ability+creates+a+map+to+almost+every+day+of+her+life&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft.au=Jennie+Runevitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wthr.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Fhealth%2Ftotal-recall-iu-grads-rare-ability-creates-map-almost-every-day-her-life%2F531-4b2ac8f5-b1b0-48f2-bc2b-2439e6bc5b5e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDbFSiMg_nQ"><i>Extraordinary Variations of the Human Mind: James McGaugh: Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Television" title="University of California Television">University of California Television</a> (UCTV). 2017-07-12 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extraordinary+Variations+of+the+Human+Mind%3A+James+McGaugh%3A+Highly+Superior+Autobiographical+Memory&rft.pub=University+of+California+Television+%28UCTV%29&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DYDbFSiMg_nQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpTCZ-hO6iI"><i>People who remember every second of their life</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes_(Australian_TV_program)" title="60 Minutes (Australian TV program)">60 Minutes Australia</a>. 2018-09-21 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People+who+remember+every+second+of+their+life&rft.pub=60+Minutes+Australia&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DhpTCZ-hO6iI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zTkBgHNsWM"><i>Endless Memory, Part 1</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. 2010-12-19 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endless+Memory%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2010-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D2zTkBgHNsWM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span> [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHeEQ85m79I"><i>Endless Memory, Part 1</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. 2011-06-19 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endless+Memory%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2011-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoHeEQ85m79I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span>] <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1th1fVIc8Vo"><i>Endless Memory, Part 2</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. 2010-12-19 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endless+Memory%2C+Part+2&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2010-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D1th1fVIc8Vo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span> [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=en23bCvp-Fw"><i>Endless Memory, Part 2</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. 2011-06-19 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endless+Memory%2C+Part+2&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2011-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Den23bCvp-Fw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span>] <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qlpcq_3e178"><i>Extra: Marilu Henner & "Time Traveling"</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. 2010-12-19 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extra%3A+Marilu+Henner+%26+%22Time+Traveling%22&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2010-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DQlpcq_3e178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span> [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVVf1GB_JUU"><i>Extra: Marilu Henner & "time traveling"</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>. 2010-12-19 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extra%3A+Marilu+Henner+%26+%22time+traveling%22&rft.pub=CBS&rft.date=2010-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DpVVf1GB_JUU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span>] <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7g5_zPUCx9g"><i>Extra: Memory quiz time</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. 2010-12-19 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extra%3A+Memory+quiz+time&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2010-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7g5_zPUCx9g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span> [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wliStZc_sa4"><i>Extra: Memory Quiz Time</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>. 2010-12-19 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extra%3A+Memory+Quiz+Time&rft.pub=CBS&rft.date=2010-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DwliStZc_sa4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span>] <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0-mv26szJk"><i>More people have "Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory" than originally thought</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Mornings" title="CBS Mornings">CBS Mornings</a>. 2014-01-13 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+people+have+%22Highly+Superior+Autobiographical+Memory%22+than+originally+thought&rft.pub=CBS+Mornings&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DA0-mv26szJk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperthymesia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_memory430" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Memory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Memory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_memory430" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Human memory">Human memory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encoding_(memory)" title="Encoding (memory)">Encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_(memory)" title="Storage (memory)">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_(memory)" title="Recall (memory)">Recall</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_consolidation" title="Memory consolidation">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy_of_memory" title="Neuroanatomy of memory">Neuroanatomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_memory" title="Sensory memory">Sensory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echoic_memory" title="Echoic memory">Echoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidetic_memory" title="Eidetic memory">Eidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_memory" title="Eyewitness memory">Eyewitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_memory" title="Haptic memory">Haptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconic_memory" title="Iconic memory">Iconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_learning" title="Motor learning">Motor learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_memory" title="Visual memory">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Short-term_memory" title="Short-term memory">Short-term</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Magical_Number_Seven,_Plus_or_Minus_Two" title="The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two">The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">Working memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Long-term_memory" title="Long-term memory">Long-term</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_recall" class="mw-redirect" title="Active recall">Active recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_memory" title="Autobiographical memory">Autobiographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_memory" title="Explicit memory">Explicit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_memory" title="Explicit memory">Declarative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">Episodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_memory" title="Semantic memory">Semantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashbulb_memory" title="Flashbulb memory">Flashbulb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hyperthymesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_memory" title="Implicit memory">Implicit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaningful_learning" title="Meaningful learning">Meaningful learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal-event_memory" title="Personal-event memory">Personal-event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_memory" title="Procedural memory">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rote_learning" title="Rote learning">Rote learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_retention" title="Selective retention">Selective retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_of_the_tongue" title="Tip of the tongue">Tip of the tongue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forgetting" title="Forgetting">Forgetting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">Amnesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">anterograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_amnesia" title="Childhood amnesia">childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthypnotic_amnesia" title="Posthypnotic amnesia">post-hypnotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_amnesia" title="Post-traumatic amnesia">post-traumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_amnesia" title="Dissociative amnesia">dissociative (psychogenic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_amnesia" title="Retrograde amnesia">retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_amnesia" title="Selective amnesia">selective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_global_amnesia" title="Transient global amnesia">transient global</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decay_theory" title="Decay theory">Decay theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgetting_curve" title="Forgetting curve">Forgetting curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interference_theory" title="Interference theory">Interference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_erasure" title="Memory erasure">Memory erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_inhibition" title="Memory inhibition">Memory inhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivated_forgetting" title="Motivated forgetting">Motivated forgetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repressed_memory" title="Repressed memory">Repressed memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrieval-induced_forgetting" title="Retrieval-induced forgetting">Retrieval-induced forgetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_focus" title="Weapon focus">Weapon focus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_error" title="Memory error">Memory errors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confabulation" title="Confabulation">Confabulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomnesia" title="Cryptomnesia">Cryptomnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindsight_bias" title="Hindsight bias">Hindsight bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_inflation" title="Imagination inflation">Imagination inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memory_biases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memory biases">Memory biases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_conformity" title="Memory conformity">Memory conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misattribution_of_memory" title="Misattribution of memory">Misattribution of memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_effect" title="Misinformation effect">Misinformation effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-monitoring_error" title="Source-monitoring error">Source-monitoring error</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/False_memory" title="False memory">False memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deese%E2%80%93Roediger%E2%80%93McDermott_paradigm" title="Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm">Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_memory_syndrome" title="False memory syndrome">False memory syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_implantation" title="Memory implantation">Memory implantation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_in_the_mall_technique" title="Lost in the mall technique">Lost in the mall technique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methods_used_to_study_memory" title="Methods used to study memory">Research methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_memory" title="Exceptional memory">Exceptional memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_tests_of_memory" title="Indirect tests of memory">Indirect tests of memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_disorder" title="Memory disorder">Memory disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">Collective memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_memory" title="Politics of memory">Politics of memory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_memory" title="Cultural memory">Cultural memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_and_social_interactions" title="Memory and social interactions">Memory and social interactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_conformity" title="Memory conformity">Memory conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactive_memory" title="Transactive memory">Transactive memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_and_aging" title="Memory and aging">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_memory" title="Art of memory">Art of memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chunking_(psychology)" title="Chunking (psychology)">chunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_alcohol_on_memory" title="Effects of alcohol on memory">Effects of alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise#Memory" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Effects of exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">Emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_improvement" title="Memory improvement">Memory improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrition and memory">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_memory" title="Sleep and memory">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_and_trauma" title="Memory and trauma">Trauma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_sport" title="Memory sport">Memory sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Memory_Championships" title="World Memory Championships">World Memory Championships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shas_Pollak" title="Shas Pollak">Shas Pollak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absent-mindedness" title="Absent-mindedness">Absent-mindedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atkinson%E2%80%93Shiffrin_memory_model" title="Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model">Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context-dependent_memory" title="Context-dependent memory">Context-dependent</a> and <a href="/wiki/State-dependent_memory" title="State-dependent memory">state-dependent</a> memory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_memory" title="Childhood memory">Childhood memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exosomatic_memory" title="Exosomatic memory">Exosomatic memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_recall" title="Free recall">Free recall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate-term_memory" title="Intermediate-term memory">Intermediate-term memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_memory" title="Involuntary memory">Involuntary memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_(psychology)" title="Flashback (psychology)">flashbacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levels_of_Processing_model" title="Levels of Processing model">Levels of Processing model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamemory" title="Metamemory">Metamemory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">Muscle memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priming_(psychology)" title="Priming (psychology)">Priming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intertrial_priming" title="Intertrial priming">intertrial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospective_memory" title="Prospective memory">Prospective</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retrospective_memory" title="Retrospective memory">retrospective</a> memory</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Sins_of_Memory" title="The Seven Sins of Memory">The Seven Sins of Memory</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Atkinson" title="Richard C. Atkinson">Richard C. Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Bjork" title="Robert A. Bjork">Robert A. Bjork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Ceci" title="Stephen J. Ceci">Stephen J. Ceci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Clancy" title="Susan Clancy">Susan Clancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ebbinghaus" title="Hermann Ebbinghaus">Hermann Ebbinghaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Goldman-Rakic" title="Patricia Goldman-Rakic">Patricia Goldman-Rakic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Izquierdo" title="Ivan Izquierdo">Ivan Izquierdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_K._Johnson" title="Marcia K. Johnson">Marcia K. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Loftus" title="Elizabeth Loftus">Elizabeth Loftus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Loftus" title="Geoffrey Loftus">Geoffrey Loftus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McGaugh" title="James McGaugh">James McGaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Maguire" title="Eleanor Maguire">Eleanor Maguire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George Armitage Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner">Brenda Milner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Nadel" title="Lynn Nadel">Lynn Nadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Roediger_III" title="Henry L. Roediger III">Henry L. Roediger III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schacter" title="Daniel Schacter">Daniel Schacter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shiffrin" title="Richard Shiffrin">Richard Shiffrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Shimamura" title="Arthur P. Shimamura">Arthur P. Shimamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Squire" title="Larry Squire">Larry Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Treisman" title="Anne Treisman">Anne Treisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stickgold" title="Robert Stickgold">Robert Stickgold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Patients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Molaison" title="Henry Molaison">HM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Cochrane" title="Kent Cochrane">KC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_N.A." title="Patient N.A.">NA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Wearing" title="Clive Wearing">Clive Wearing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hancock" title="Jonathan Hancock">Jonathan Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._McHugh" title="Paul R. McHugh">Paul R. McHugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_O%27Brien" title="Dominic O'Brien">Dominic O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Pridmore" title="Ben Pridmore">Ben Pridmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_Rossellius" title="Cosmos Rossellius">Cosmos Rossellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Slyusarchuk" title="Andriy Slyusarchuk">Andriy Slyusarchuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox491" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45320#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169829841">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169829841">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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