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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brief_history_of_participating_in_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brief_history_of_participating_in_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Brief history of participating in elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brief_history_of_participating_in_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_Bombay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_Bombay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Life in Bombay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_Bombay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1974_railway_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1974_railway_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1974 railway strike </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1974_railway_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_era_and_union_ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_era_and_union_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Emergency era and union ministry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_era_and_union_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Union_Minister_and_Muzaffarpur_MP_post-1977" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_Minister_and_Muzaffarpur_MP_post-1977"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Union Minister and Muzaffarpur MP post-1977 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_Minister_and_Muzaffarpur_MP_post-1977-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_memberships_and_railway_ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_memberships_and_railway_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Party memberships and railway ministry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_memberships_and_railway_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Defence minister </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_defence_ministership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_defence_ministership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 After the defence ministership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_defence_ministership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support_to_secessionist_groups_in_Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_to_secessionist_groups_in_Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Support to secessionist groups in Sri Lanka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_to_secessionist_groups_in_Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CIA_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CIA_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 CIA funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CIA_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tehelka_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tehelka_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Tehelka scandal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tehelka_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barak_Missile_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barak_Missile_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Barak Missile scandal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barak_Missile_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_defence_minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_defence_minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 As defence minister </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_defence_minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positions_Held" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions_Held"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Positions Held </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positions_Held-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings,_journalism_and_other_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings,_journalism_and_other_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Writings, journalism and other contributions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings,_journalism_and_other_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Family and personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">George Fernandes</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="جورج فرناندس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج فرناندس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C" title="জৰ্জ ফাৰ্নাণ্ডেজ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জৰ্জ ফাৰ্নাণ্ডেজ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George Fernandes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Fernandes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Fernandes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B2" title="جورج فرناندز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جورج فرناندز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Fernandes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="जॉर्ज फ़र्नान्डिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉर्ज फ़र्नान्डिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George Fernandes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1" title="ג'ורג' פרננדס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' פרננדס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಫರ್ನಾಂಡಿಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಫರ್ನಾಂಡಿಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="जर्ज फर्नान्डिस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्ज फर्नान्डिस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ജോർജ് ഫെർണാണ്ടസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർജ് ഫെർണാണ്ടസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="जॉर्ज फर्नांडिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉर्ज फर्नांडिस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="جورج فرناندس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج فرناندس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Fernandes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="جارج فرنانڈیز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جارج فرنانڈیز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Fernandes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Фернандес, Джордж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фернандес, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="जार्ज् फर्नान्डिस् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जार्ज् फर्नान्डिस्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George Fernandes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George Fernandes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George Fernandes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜார்ஜ் பெர்னாண்டஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜார்ஜ் பெர்னாண்டஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D" title="జార్జ్ ఫెర్నాండెజ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జార్జ్ ఫెర్నాండెజ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="George Fernandes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Джордж Фернандес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джордж Фернандес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="جارج فرنانڈیز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جارج فرنانڈیز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3056379#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian trade unionist and politician (1930–2019)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American soccer player, see <a href="/wiki/George_Fernandez" title="George Fernandez">George Fernandez</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">George Fernandes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Fernandes_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/George_Fernandes_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-George_Fernandes_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/George_Fernandes_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-George_Fernandes_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/George_Fernandes_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-George_Fernandes_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="930" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">George Fernandes in 2002</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Minister of Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 21 October 2001 – 22 May 2004</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 19 March 1998 – 16 March 2001</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mulayam_Singh_Yadav" title="Mulayam Singh Yadav">Mulayam Singh Yadav</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Railways_(India)" title="Minister of Railways (India)">Union Minister of Railways</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 2 December 1989 – 10 November 1990</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madhav_Rao_Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhav Rao Scindia">Madhav Rao Scindia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Janeshwar_Mishra" title="Janeshwar Mishra">Janeshwar Mishra</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 4 August 2009 – 7 July 2010</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 2004–2009</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jai_Narain_Prasad_Nishad" title="Jai Narain Prasad Nishad">Jai Narain Prasad Nishad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jai_Narain_Prasad_Nishad" title="Jai Narain Prasad Nishad">Jai Narain Prasad Nishad</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1989–1996</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laliteshwar_Prasad_Shahi" title="Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi">Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jai_Narain_Prasad_Nishad" title="Jai Narain Prasad Nishad">Jai Narain Prasad Nishad</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1977–1984</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nawal_Kishore_Sinha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nawal Kishore Sinha (page does not exist)">Nawal Kishore Sinha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laliteshwar_Prasad_Shahi" title="Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi">Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Muzaffarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1996–2004</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Kumar_Yadav_(politician)" title="Vijay Kumar Yadav (politician)">Vijay Kumar Yadav</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nitish_Kumar" title="Nitish Kumar">Nitish Kumar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nalanda_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)">Nalanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1967–1971</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sadashiv_Kanoji_Patil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadashiv Kanoji Patil">Sadashiv Kanoji Patil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Kailas Narain Narula Shivnarain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_South_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)">Mumbai South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">George Mathew Fernandes</div> (1930-06-03)3 June 1930 <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Mangaluru" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangaluru">Mangaluru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 January 2019(2019-01-29) (aged 88) <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samata_Party" title="Samata Party">Samata Party</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-manch-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Socialist_Party" title="Samyukta Socialist Party">Samyukta Socialist Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal" title="Janata Dal">Janata Dal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)" title="Janata Dal (United)">Janata Dal (United)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance" title="National Democratic Alliance">National Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Leila Kabir</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1 son</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, Karnataka, India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a> (2020) (posthumously)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Fernandes_Autograph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Fernandes's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/George_Fernandes_Autograph.svg/128px-George_Fernandes_Autograph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/George_Fernandes_Autograph.svg/192px-George_Fernandes_Autograph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/George_Fernandes_Autograph.svg/256px-George_Fernandes_Autograph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="636" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=122&lastls=14">[1]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> George Mathew Fernandes<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (3 June 1930 – 29 January 2019) was an Indian trade unionist, statesman,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and journalist,<a href="#cite_note-jr-5">[5]</a> who served as the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Defence Minister of India</a> from 1998 until 2004. A veteran socialist, he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> for over 30 years, starting from Bombay (present-day Mumbai) in 1967 till 2009 mostly representing <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">constituencies</a> from Bihar.<a href="#cite_note-bihargov-6">[6]</a> He was a key member of the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)" title="Janata Dal (United)">Janata Dal</a> and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Samata_Party" title="Samata Party">Samata Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Holding several prominent ministerial portfolios during his career, including <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Ministry of Communications (India)">communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Commerce and Industry (India)">industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Railways_(India)" title="Minister of Railways (India)">railways</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)" title="Ministry of Defence (India)">defence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bbcgr-8">[8]</a> he was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a>, India's second highest civilian award, in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> A native of <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, Fernandes was sent to <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> in 1946 to be trained as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic priest">priest</a>. In 1949, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, where he joined the socialist trade union movement. Becoming a trade union leader, Fernandes organised many strikes and <a href="/wiki/Bandh" title="Bandh">bandhs</a> in Bombay in the 1950s and 1960s while working with the Indian Railways. He defeated S K Patil of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in the 1967 parliamentary elections from the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_South_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay South (Lok Sabha constituency)">Bombay South constituency</a>. As president of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Railwaymen%27s_Federation" title="All India Railwaymen's Federation">All India Railwaymen's Federation</a>, he led the <a href="/wiki/1974_railway_strike_in_India" title="1974 railway strike in India">1974 railways strike</a>. Fernandes went underground during the <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">Emergency era</a> of 1975, while challenging Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> for imposing a state of emergency,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> but in 1976 he was arrested and tried in the infamous <a href="/wiki/Baroda_dynamite_case" title="Baroda dynamite case">Baroda dynamite case</a>. In 1977, after the Emergency had been lifted, Fernandes won the <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Muzaffarpur</a> seat in Bihar in absentia. As <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">industries minister</a>, he revoked the licences for multinationals <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> to operate in India, due to investment violations. As <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(India)" title="Ministry of Railways (India)">railways minister</a> from 1989 to 1990 he was the driving force behind the <a href="/wiki/Konkan_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan Railway">Konkan Railway</a> project. As <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)" title="Ministry of Defence (India)">defence minister</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Second_Vajpayee_ministry" title="Second Vajpayee ministry">second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Vajpayee_ministry" title="Third Vajpayee ministry">third</a> <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> ministries (1998–2004), he oversaw the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a> and the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">nuclear tests at Pokhran</a>. Fernandes has been dogged by various controversies, including the <a href="/wiki/Barak_Missile_scandal" title="Barak Missile scandal">Barak Missile scandal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Operation_West_End" title="Operation West End">Tehelka affair</a>. George Fernandes won nine Lok Sabha elections from 1967 to 2004.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> He died on 29 January 2019 at the age of 88.<a href="#cite_note-TheHindu2019_jan-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> George Fernandes was born on 3 June 1930 to John Joseph Fernandes and Alice Martha Fernandes (née Pinto), in <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalorean Catholic">Mangalorean Catholic</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-daj-16">[16]</a> The eldest of six children, all sons, his siblings are <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Fernandes" title="Lawrence Fernandes">Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fernandes_(politician)" title="Michael Fernandes (politician)">Michael</a>, Paul, Aloysius, and Richard. His mother was a great admirer of <a href="/wiki/King_George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King George V of the United Kingdom">King George V</a> (who was also born on 3 June), hence she named her first son George. His father was employed by the <a href="/wiki/Peerless_Group" title="Peerless Group">Peerless Finance group</a> as an insurance executive, and headed their office of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> for several years. George was fondly called "Gerry" in close family circles. He attended his first few years of schooling at a government school near his house called "Board school", a municipal school and a church school.<a href="#cite_note-E_TV_Kuch_lamhe-17">[17]</a> He studied from fifth grade at the school attached to <a href="/wiki/St._Aloysius_College_(Mangalore)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)">St. Aloysius College, Mangalore</a>, where he completed his <a href="/wiki/Secondary_School_Leaving_Certificate" title="Secondary School Leaving Certificate">Secondary School Leaving Certificate</a> (SSLC).<a href="#cite_note-daj-16">[16]</a> In an interview with ETV, Fernandes described his decision to stop studies after matriculation despite his father wishing him to study and become a lawyer.<a href="#cite_note-E_TV_Kuch_lamhe-17">[17]</a> His premise was that he did not want to become a lawyer and fight cases for his father who often evicted tenants from a patch of land that they owned on the outskirts of Mangalore. He was instead enrolled in a seminary for studies to become a priest.<a href="#cite_note-E_TV_Kuch_lamhe-17">[17]</a> He went to St Peter's Seminary in Bangalore at the age of 16, to be trained as a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> priest, studying philosophy for two and a half years from 1946 to 1948.<a href="#cite_note-gfx1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> At the age of 19, he left the seminary due to sheer frustration because he was appalled that the rectors ate better food and sat at higher tables than the seminarians.<a href="#cite_note-g85-20">[20]</a> He later confessed that, "I was disillusioned, because there was a lot of difference between precept and practice where the Church was concerned."<a href="#cite_note-gfx1-18">[18]</a> Fernandes began work at the age of 19, organising exploited workers in the road transport industry and in the hotels and restaurants in Mangalore.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> For some time, he worked as a insurance agent and also tried wholesale businesses of shaving blades.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> His first guru was a Mangalorean activist and a freedom fighter <a href="/wiki/Ammembala_Balappa" title="Ammembala Balappa">Ammembala Balappa</a> (1922–2014). Balappa identified and groomed a young Fernandes, who had taken refuge at places surrounding <a href="/wiki/Nehru_Maidan" title="Nehru Maidan">Nehru Maidan</a> in Mangalore city, after being thrown out of the house. Initially, with Balappa's mentorship Fernandes gathered hotel workers and other menial labourers in the city. He was associated with <a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Praja_Socialist_Party" title="Praja Socialist Party">Praja Socialist Party</a> (PSP) in its Mangalore division. Fernandes and few other union workers led Mangalore's earliest labour strikes on behalf of the workers of Canara Public Conveyance (CPC)in 1949. The strike was cracked down as the police resorted to <a href="/wiki/Lathi_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathi charge">lathi charge</a>. After the strike, Fernandes came in contact with renowned Bombay-based <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade Union">Trade Union</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Placid_D%E2%80%99Mello" class="mw-redirect" title="Placid D’Mello">Placid D’Mello</a> (1919–1958).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Fernandes later left to Bombay in 1950 and faced tremendous hardships. Here again, he became a prodigy of D'Mello, who was handling the arduous Dock unions. After D'Mello's death<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> in 1958, Fernandes succeeded in managing dock Unions and other major labour force unions in the city that included Taximen unions, textile mills and Mazdoor Unions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brief_history_of_participating_in_elections">Brief history of participating in elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Brief history of participating in elections">edit</a>]</div> He first contested Lok Sabha election in 1967 as a socialist, and defeated the Congress stalwart Sa Kaa Patil in Bombay in a famous upset, earning the sobriquet 'George the Giant-killer'. He contested from Muzaffarpur, Bihar in 1977 while still in jail as a Janata Party candidate, and won. He was made minister in the first non-Congress govt in India. In 1979, he resigned from : <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a>, joined Charan Singh's breakaway Janata Party (S), and won again from Muzaffarpur in 1980. In 1984 he fought from Bangalore on Janata Party's ticket but lost to Jaffar Sharif of Congress. He lost a bye-poll from Banka in 1985 and again in 1986. In 1989 and 1991, he shifted back to Bihar and won both times from Muzaffarpur as Janata Dal candidate. In 1994, he left Janata Dal after differences with Lalu Yadav and formed Samata Party which allied with BJP. In 1996 and 1998 elections, he won from Nalanda as Samata Party candidate. Samata Party merged with Janata Dal (United) and he won again from Nalanda in 1999. In 2004 he won from Muzaffarpur. In 2009 he was denied ticket by his party, contested from Muzaffarpur as an independent and lost. Later he was elected to Rajya Sabha in 2009. In the 2010s he was afflicted for many years with Alzheimer's and died in January 2019. <ul><li>Bombay : 1967 (Lost in 1971)</li> <li>Muzaffarpur : 1977, 1980, 1989, 1991, 2004. (Lost in 2009 as rebel)</li> <li>Bangalore : Lost in 1984 <a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li>Banka : Lost bye-polls in 1985 and 1986.</li> <li>Nalanda : 1996, 1998, 1999</li> <li>Rajya Sabha : 2009</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_in_Bombay">Life in Bombay</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life in Bombay">edit</a>]</div> After leaving the seminary, Fernandes moved to Bombay in 1949 in search of a job. He went to the office of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Socialist Party (India)">Socialist Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> and met <a href="/wiki/Madhu_Dandavate" title="Madhu Dandavate">Madhu Dandavate</a> to ask him for staying there for some time but was not welcomed.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> His life was tough in Bombay, and he had to sleep on the streets, until he got a job as a proofreader for <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a> newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-iexp-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> He relates to the beginning of his career by saying, "When I came to Bombay, I used to sleep on the benches of Chowpatty Sands. In the middle of the night policemen used to come and wake me up and ask me to move on."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> He came into contact with veteran union leader <a href="/wiki/Placid_D%E2%80%99Mello" class="mw-redirect" title="Placid D’Mello">Placid D’Mello</a>, and the socialist <a href="/wiki/Rammanohar_Lohia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rammanohar Lohia">Rammanohar Lohia</a>, who were the greatest influences on his life.<a href="#cite_note-iexp-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-rediff13oct-31">[31]</a> Later, he joined the socialist trade union movement.<a href="#cite_note-g85-20">[20]</a> He rose to prominence as a trade unionist and fought for the rights of labourers in small scale service industries such as hotels and restaurants. Emerging as a key figure in the Bombay labour movement in the early 1950s, Fernandes was a central figure in the unionisation of sections of Bombay labour in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-jh-32">[32]</a> In 1951, Fernandes joined Bombay Dock Worker's Union and worked to revive the publication of a newsletter The Dockman. When in August 1951, <a href="/wiki/Placid_D%E2%80%99Mello" class="mw-redirect" title="Placid D’Mello">Placid D’Mello</a> was arrested, he organised foot march of around two-hundred dock workers from <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> to <a href="/wiki/Poona" class="mw-redirect" title="Poona">Poona</a> to meet Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> for the release of D’Mello.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> As a labour organiser, he served many prison terms when his workforce engaged in fights with company goons.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> He served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Municipal Corporation">Bombay Municipal Corporation</a> from 1961 to 1968. He won in the civic election in 1961 and, until 1968, continuously raised the problems of the exploited workers in the representative body of the metropolis.<a href="#cite_note-sarma-35">[35]</a> On his first day at <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Municipal Corporation">Bombay Municipal Corporation</a>, 10 April 1961, he requested that the proceedings to be conducted in <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> On 4 April 1963, George was arrested along with Sardar Parsbag Singh and Janardhan Upadhyay under <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_act_and_Defence_of_India_rules,_1962" title="Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962">Defence of India act</a> because of their demand to change the taxi fair structure. He was jailed at Nasik Central Jail. On 9 August 1963, <a href="/wiki/Madhu_Limaye" title="Madhu Limaye">Madhu Limaye</a> along with other trade union leaders organised a big rally in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> for his release. On 13 December 1963, he was released from Nagpur Central Jail.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The moment that thrust Fernandes into the limelight was his decision to contest the <a href="/wiki/1967_Indian_general_election" title="1967 Indian general election">1967 general election</a>. He was offered a party ticket for the <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_South_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)">Bombay South</a> constituency by the <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Socialist_Party" title="Samyukta Socialist Party">Samyukta Socialist Party</a> against the more wellknown <a href="/wiki/S._K._Patil" title="S. K. Patil">S. K. Patil</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in Bombay. Patil was a seasoned politician, with two decades of experience. Nevertheless, Fernandes won by garnering 48.5 per cent of the votes, thus earning his nickname, "George the Giantkiller". The shocking defeat ended Patil's political career.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Fernandes emerged as a key leader in the upsurge of strike actions in Bombay during the second half of the 1960s but, by the beginnings of the 1970s, the impetus of his leadership had largely disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-jh-32">[32]</a> In 1969, he was chosen General Secretary of the Samyukta Socialist Party, and in 1973 became the chairman of the Socialist Party.<a href="#cite_note-sarma-35">[35]</a> After the 1970s, Fernandes failed to make major inroads in Bombay's growing private-sector industries.<a href="#cite_note-jh-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1974_railway_strike">1974 railway strike</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1974 railway strike">edit</a>]</div> The most notable strike organised by Fernandes, when he was President of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Railwaymen%27s_Federation" title="All India Railwaymen's Federation">All India Railwaymen's Federation</a>, was the All India Railway strike of 1974, where the entire nation was brought to a halt. The strike was the result of grievances by railway workers that had been built up over two decades before the strike. Though there were three Pay commissions between 1947 and 1974, none of them increased the standard of living of the workers.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In February 1974, the National Coordinating Committee for Railwaymen's Struggle (NCCRS) was formed to bring all the railway unions, the central trade unions and political parties in the Opposition together to prepare for the strike to start on 8 May 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Chronicle_of_a_strike-41">[41]</a> In Bombay, electricity and transport workers, as well as taxi drivers joined the protests. In <a href="/wiki/Gaya,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya, India">Gaya</a>, Bihar, striking workers and their families squatted on the tracks.<a href="#cite_note-Chronicle_of_a_strike-41">[41]</a> More than 10,000 workers of the <a href="/wiki/Integral_Coach_Factory" title="Integral Coach Factory">Integral Coach Factory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> marched to the Southern Railway headquarters to express their solidarity with the striking workers. Similar protests erupted across the country.<a href="#cite_note-Chronicle_of_a_strike-41">[41]</a> The strike, which started on 8 May 1974, at the time of economic crisis, provoked strong government reactions and massive arrests.<a href="#cite_note-et-42">[42]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, 30,000 trade unionists were detained, most held under preventive detention laws. Those arrested included not only members of the strike action committee and trade unionists, but also railwaymen who participated in the strike.<a href="#cite_note-s74-43">[43]</a> The strike was called off unilaterally on 27 May 1974 by the Action Committee. As explained later by Fernandes, "the strike was called off because those conducting the strike had started speaking in different voices."<a href="#cite_note-b-44">[44]</a> Although large number of prisoners were released, among them Fernandes, thousands remained in detention, charged with specific offences.<a href="#cite_note-s74-43">[43]</a> The strike led to a sense of insecurity and threat that led to <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>'s imposition of the Emergency era in 1975. Previous strikes were aimed at companies or industries, but this strike was aimed at the government and from its ramifications proved to be the most successful of disastrous industrial actions in Indian history.<a href="#cite_note-et-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_era_and_union_ministry">Emergency era and union ministry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Emergency era and union ministry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency (India)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroda_dynamite_case" title="Baroda dynamite case">Baroda dynamite case</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_in_chains_after_arrest_in_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ef/George_in_chains_after_arrest_in_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="297" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>George Fernandes arrested in the <a href="/wiki/Baroda_dynamite_case" title="Baroda dynamite case">Baroda dynamite case</a></figcaption></figure> The reigning Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> on 25 June 1975 due to internal political disturbances. Accordingly, all fundamental rights enjoyed in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Constitution">Indian Constitution</a> were suspended. Political dissidents, newspaper reporters, opposition leaders who opposed the emergency were jailed. George Fernandes, along with like-minded leaders, opposed what he saw as a blatant misuse of power. A day before the emergency George Fernandes had arrived in <a href="/wiki/Berhampur_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Berhampur City">Berhampur City</a> in Odisha (on 24 June 1975) and was staying at his father-in-law Humayun Kabir's house on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gopalpur-On-Sea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gopalpur-On-Sea (page does not exist)">Gopalpur-On-Sea</a> beach near <a href="/wiki/Berhampur_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Berhampur City">Berhampur City</a>, Odisha. Humayun Kabir was the education minister in former prime minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet. George Fernandes' 25 June schedule in Berhampur city was packed. He attended a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Berhampur_University" title="Berhampur University">Berhampur University</a> Employees Association, a meeting with socialist leaders and workers and a gathering of intellectuals in the evening. He was scheduled to attend a meeting of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Railways_Workers_Association_of_Odisha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Railways Workers Association of Odisha (page does not exist)">Railways Workers Association of Odisha</a> on 26 June in <a href="/wiki/Berhampur_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Berhampur City">Berhampur City</a> but before that he hid himself there secretly. A warrant was issued in Fernandes' name and subsequently he went underground to escape arrest and prosecution. When the police failed to capture him, they arrested and tortured his brother, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Fernandes" title="Lawrence Fernandes">Lawrence Fernandes</a>, to reveal his brother's whereabouts. <a href="/wiki/Snehalata_Reddy" title="Snehalata Reddy">Snehalata Reddy</a>, a chronic asthmatic was arrested for being in touch with George Fernandes and, as she was not given adequate care in the prison, died soon after her release.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In July 1975, Fernandes arrived in <a href="/wiki/Baroda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroda">Baroda</a>. There, he met Kirit Bhatt, who was president of Baroda Union of Journalists, and Vikram Rao, a staff correspondent of <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a> at Baroda, both who opposed the Emergency. They used to meet and discuss on what could be done to topple the autocratic Indira Gandhi Government. An industrialist friend, <a href="/wiki/Viren_J._Shah" title="Viren J. Shah">Viren J. Shah</a>, managing director of <a href="/wiki/Mukand_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukand Ltd">Mukand Ltd</a>., helped them find contacts for procuring dynamite, used extensively in quarries around <a href="/wiki/Halol" title="Halol">Halol</a> (near Baroda). They aimed at blowing up toilets in government offices and cause explosions near the venue of public meetings to be addressed by Indira Gandhi. The idea was not to injure anybody, but only create a scare. The explosions were to be carried out either late in the night or hours before the public meeting was to begin to avoid injury. A plan was hatched to blow up a dais four hours before Indira Gandhi was to address a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>. The conspiracy later came to be known as the infamous <a href="/wiki/Baroda_dynamite_case" title="Baroda dynamite case">Baroda dynamite case</a>.<a href="#cite_note-baroda-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> According to Bhatt, there were two more plans that never worked out. Fernandes also wanted to rob a train used to carry weapons from <a href="/wiki/Pimpri" title="Pimpri">Pimpri</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Poona</a>) to Bombay. The weapons were to be used to blast government offices. Yet another plan was to take the help of other countries by using <a href="/wiki/Ham_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham radio">ham radio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-baroda-46">[46]</a> On 10 June 1976, he was finally arrested in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> on charges of smuggling dynamite to blow up government establishments in protest against the imposition of emergency, in what came to be known as the Baroda dynamite case.<a href="#cite_note-ee-48">[48]</a> After his arrest, Amnesty International members cabled the Government requesting that he be given immediate access to a lawyer and that his physical protection be guaranteed.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Three world leaders from Germany, Norway and Austria were believed to have cabled Indira Gandhi and cautioned her against harming Fernandes.<a href="#cite_note-daj-16">[16]</a> From Baroda, the accused were shifted to <a href="/wiki/Tihar_Jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihar Jail">Tihar Jail</a>. The accused were never chargesheeted.<a href="#cite_note-baroda-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_Minister_and_Muzaffarpur_MP_post-1977">Union Minister and Muzaffarpur MP post-1977</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Union Minister and Muzaffarpur MP post-1977">edit</a>]</div> After the emergency subsided, elections were held in India from March 16 to March 20, 1977. The Congress Party, led by Indira Gandhi, suffered a defeat at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a>, a coalition created in 1977 out of several small parties that opposed Gandhi's Emergency era.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The Janata Party and its allies came to power, headed by <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a>, who became the first non-Congress <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Fernandes won the <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur" title="Muzaffarpur">Muzaffarpur</a> seat in Bihar by an over 300,000 vote margin in 1977 from jail where he was lodged in the Baroda dynamite case,<a href="#cite_note-ou-53">[53]</a> despite his not even visiting the constituency.<a href="#cite_note-rediff13oct-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> On 28 March 1977, he was appointed as Minister of Post and Telegraph.<a href="#cite_note-:0-55">[55]</a> In his speech, on 31 March 1977, in <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, he emphasised on expanding postal services to rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-55">[55]</a> On 7 July 1977, he was appointed the Union Minister for Industries.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> During his union ministership, he clashed with American multinationals <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> insisting they implement FERA, the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Regulation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Exchange Regulation Act">Foreign Exchange Regulation Act</a>, which had been passed under Indira Gandhi's government. Under the FERA, foreign investors could not own more than 40 per cent of the share capital in Indian enterprises. The two multinationals decided to shut down their Indian operations, when Fernandes pressed ahead with rigid enforcement of FERA.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> On 1 May 1978, he launched District Industrial Centre to provide employment in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> During his first tenure as MP, Fernandes set up a <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a> Kendra (1978), <a href="/wiki/Kanti_Thermal_Power_Station" title="Kanti Thermal Power Station">Kanti Thermal Power Station</a> (1978) and the <a href="/wiki/Shri_Mahila_Griha_Udyog_Lijjat_Papad" title="Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad">Lijjat papad</a> factory to generate employment in <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur" title="Muzaffarpur">Muzaffarpur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Fernandes also insisted on women's empowerment. In November 2014, Kanti Thermal Power Station was renamed as George Fernandes Thermal Power Station (GFTPS).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In November 1978, he sent his resignation letter to <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> to work for the organization of <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a> but wasn't accepted.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> On 12 July 1979, speaking on <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">Motion of no confidence</a> brought by <a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a>, George Fernandes defended <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Morarji_Desai" title="Premiership of Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a>'s government.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> But on 15 July 1979, George along with other ministers like <a href="/wiki/Biju_Patnaik" title="Biju Patnaik">Biju Patnaik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Kaushik" title="Purushottam Kaushik">Purushottam Kaushik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhanu_Pratap_Singh" title="Bhanu Pratap Singh">Bhanu Pratap Singh</a> resigned from <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Morarji_Desai" title="Premiership of Morarji Desai">Morarji</a>'s cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_memberships_and_railway_ministry">Party memberships and railway ministry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Party memberships and railway ministry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_with_George_Fernades-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vladimir_Putin_with_George_Fernades-1.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_with_George_Fernades-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vladimir_Putin_with_George_Fernades-1.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_with_George_Fernades-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Vladimir_Putin_with_George_Fernades-1.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_with_George_Fernades-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Fernandes (left) with Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in 2000</figcaption></figure> During his tenure as a minister in the Janata Party, he continued to be uncomfortable with certain elements of the broad-based Janata coalition, especially with the leaders of the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalist">Hindu nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jan_Sangh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Jan Sangh">Bharatiya Jan Sangh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Cabinet_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Cabinet of India">Union Cabinet</a>. In a debate preceding a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of confidence">vote of confidence</a> two years into the government's tenure in 1979, he vehemently spoke out against the practice of permitting members to retain connections to the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS) while being in the ministry in the Janata Party. The leaders of the Bharatiya Jan Sangh, among them <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a>, refused to give up their allegiance with the RSS, leading to a split within the Janata Party. The issue of "dual membership" caused <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> to lose the vote of confidence, and his government was reduced to a minority in the Lok Sabha.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> After the Janata Party started disintegrating in 1979, <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a> left it to form the Janata (Secular) Party and with support from the Congress Party, replaced Desai as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-charan-74">[74]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/7th_Lok_Sabha" title="7th Lok Sabha">seventh general elections</a> held in 1980, the Janata (Secular) ministry failed to maintain a majority in the Lok Sabha, and Congress once again became the ruling party.<a href="#cite_note-charan-74">[74]</a> Fernandes retained his Parliamentary seat from Muzaffarpur in 1980, and sat in the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-nan-75">[75]</a> He contested for the <a href="/wiki/8th_Lok_Sabha" title="8th Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> in 1984 from <a href="/wiki/Bangalore_North_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)">Bangalore North</a> constituency against future <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(India)" title="Ministry of Railways (India)">Railway minister</a> and Congress candidate <a href="/wiki/C._K._Jaffer_Sheriff" class="mw-redirect" title="C. K. Jaffer Sheriff">C. K. Jaffer Sheriff</a>, but lost the election by a margin of 40,000 votes.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> He then decided to shift his base to Bihar in 1989, when an anti-Congress wave was sweeping the country in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Bofors_scandal" title="Bofors scandal">Bofors scandal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ou-53">[53]</a> and won Muzaffarpur in the <a href="/wiki/9th_Lok_Sabha" title="9th Lok Sabha">1989</a> and <a href="/wiki/10th_Lok_Sabha" title="10th Lok Sabha">1991</a> general elections,<a href="#cite_note-nan-75">[75]</a> He later joined the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal" title="Janata Dal">Janata Dal</a>, a party which was formed from the Janata Party at <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> in August 1988.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> His second tenure as Minister of Railways in the <a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a>'s government from 1989 to 1990, though short-lived, was quite eventful.<a href="#cite_note-bihargov-6">[6]</a> He was one of the driving forces behind the <a href="/wiki/Konkan_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan Railway">Konkan Railway</a> project, the first major development in the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Rail transport in India#History</a> since independence.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Fernandes broke away from the erstwhile Janata Dal and formed the <a href="/wiki/Samata_Party" title="Samata Party">Samata Party</a> in 1994,<a href="#cite_note-sam-79">[79]</a> which became a key ally of the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP).<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> BJP formed a short-lived government in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Indian_general_election" title="1996 Indian general election">1996 general elections</a> along with the Samata Party and other allies. The government survived only for 13 days, since the BJP could not gather enough support from other parties to form a majority.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vajapayee-82">[82]</a> Fernandes later served in the opposition along with BJP during the two <a href="/wiki/United_Front_(India,_1996)" title="United Front (India, 1996)">United Front</a> governments (1996–1998) led by <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal" title="Janata Dal">Janata Dal</a> ministers <a href="/wiki/H._D._Deve_Gowda" title="H. D. Deve Gowda">H. D. Deve Gowda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral" title="Inder Kumar Gujral">Inder Kumar Gujral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vajapayee-82">[82]</a> After the collapse of the United Front ministry led by Gujral, BJP and its allies won a slender majority in the <a href="/wiki/1998_Indian_general_election" title="1998 Indian general election">1998 general elections</a>. The government lasted only for 13 months, due to the non-co-operation of <a href="/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> (AIADMK) leader <a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">Jayalalitha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> After the collapse of the second BJP-led coalition government, BJP and its allies formed a 24 party alliance called <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Democratic Alliance (India)">National Democratic Alliance</a> (NDA), which became the first non-Congress coalition government in post-independence India to survive a full five-year term (1999–2004).<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Later, Fernandes became the convenor of NDA.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> On 27 July 1999, the Janata Dal again split into two factions, the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(United)" title="Janata Dal (United)">Janata Dal (United)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Dal_(Secular)" title="Janata Dal (Secular)">Janata Dal (Secular)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In 2003, Fernandes reunited with the Janata Dal (United), and also merged his <a href="/wiki/Samata_Party" title="Samata Party">Samata Party</a> with it.<a href="#cite_note-sam-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_minister">Defence minister</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Defence minister">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Fernandes_and_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/George_Fernandes_and_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg/220px-George_Fernandes_and_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/George_Fernandes_and_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg/330px-George_Fernandes_and_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/George_Fernandes_and_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg/440px-George_Fernandes_and_Donald_Rumsfeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Fernandes (left) with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">US Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> in 2002</figcaption></figure> Fernandes served as the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Minister of India">Defence Minister of India</a> in both the first and second <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Democratic Alliance (India)">National Democratic Alliance</a> governments (1998–2004). During his tenure as the defence minister, the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Kargil war">Kargil war</a> over <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> broke out between India and Pakistan in 1999. The war began when heavily armed Pakistan-backed intruders dug themselves in at heights of 16,000 feet (4,900 m) – 18,000 feet (5,500 m) on the Indian side of the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> (LOC) along an 80 kilometres (50 mi) stretch north of <a href="/wiki/Kargil_district" title="Kargil district">Kargil</a>. They began attacking the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_1D_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 1D (India)">strategic highway</a> linking <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a>. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian army">Indian army</a> undertook the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vijay_(1999)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vijay (1999)">Operation Vijay</a> to push back the Pakistani intruders and regain the occupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The inability of the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Indian intelligence</a> and military agencies to detect the infiltration early received criticism, both by the opposition as well as the media. However, Fernandes refused to acknowledge the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_failure" title="Intelligence failure">failure</a> of intelligence agencies in detecting infiltration along Kargil sector.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In May 1998, India conducted five nuclear tests at the <a href="/wiki/Pokhran" title="Pokhran">Pokharan</a> range in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Earlier a staunch supporter of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">nuclear disarmament</a>, Fernandes openly endorsed the NDA government's decision to test the nuclear bombs.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> He was also involved in skirmishes with the then <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_of_the_Indian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy">Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Bhagwat" title="Vishnu Bhagwat">Vishnu Bhagwat</a>, over promotion of Vice-Admiral Harinder Singh as Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff. Bhagwat was subsequently sacked over the issue.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Operation_West_End" title="Operation West End">Tehelka defence scandal</a> broke out in March 2001, Fernandes quit as defence minister, but was reappointed to the post later.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Fernandes is the only defence minister of a nuclear power who had a picture of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Hiroshima bombing</a> in his office. He made 18 visits to the icy heights of the 6,600 metres (4.1 mi) <a href="/wiki/Siachen" class="mw-redirect" title="Siachen">Siachen</a> glacier in Kashmir, which holds the record of being "the world's highest battlefield".<a href="#cite_note-bbcgr-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-main-96">[96]</a> He was known for overseeing a huge increase in India's defence budget as compared to the allocations made by previous governments.<a href="#cite_note-bbcgr-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_defence_ministership">After the defence ministership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: After the defence ministership">edit</a>]</div> The NDA Government lost power to the Congress-led <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">United Progressive Alliance</a> (UPA) in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_general_election" title="2004 Indian general election">2004 general elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> On 11 October 2004, George Fernandes along with <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a> formed <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swabhiman_Manch" title="Rashtriya Swabhiman Manch">Rashtriya Swabhiman Manch</a> to oppose <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a> and policies adopted by <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">UPA</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Later, political observers alleged that Fernandes was locked in a bitter party rivalry with his one-time friend, Samata Party co-founder, <a href="/wiki/Nitish_Kumar" title="Nitish Kumar">Nitish Kumar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2009_Indian_general_election" title="2009 Indian general election">2009 general elections</a>, he contested from Muzaffarpur as an independent candidate after being denied a ticket by the Janata Dal (United) on health grounds,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> but he lost the election.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> On 30 July 2009, Fernandes filed his nomination as an independent candidate for the mid-term poll being held for the Rajya Sabha seat vacated by Janata Dal (United) president <a href="/wiki/Sharad_Yadav" title="Sharad Yadav">Sharad Yadav</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The Janata Dal (United) did not field any candidate against him, which led to his being elected unopposed. He was sworn in on 4 August 2009.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_to_secessionist_groups_in_Sri_Lanka">Support to secessionist groups in Sri Lanka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Support to secessionist groups in Sri Lanka">edit</a>]</div> Fernandes supported and endorsed many secessionist movements and groups. He was a long time supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> (LTTE), an organisation which sought to create an independent state in the north and east of Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-LTTEflirtation-105">[105]</a> Before 1997, he organised a controversial public convention of pro-LTTE delegates in New Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-LTTEflirtation-105">[105]</a> In July 1998, he reportedly prevented the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> from intercepting ships that were suspected of carrying illegal weapons to Tamil guerrilla groups.<a href="#cite_note-LTTEflirtation-105">[105]</a> Fernandes was also a patron of the Fund Raising Committee backed by the LTTE, with an objective to help the 26 accused in the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi assassination case</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LTTEflirtation-105">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan government">Sri Lankan government</a> stated that, "the LTTE's biggest supporter in India is Defence Minister George Fernandes."<a href="#cite_note-LTTEflirtation-105">[105]</a> He also expressed support for Tibetan refugees fighting for freedom against China, and Burmese pro-democratic rebel groups fighting against the military government in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rediffMandalay-106">[106]</a> He revealed the infamous "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Leech" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leech">Operation Leech</a>" incident, which resulted in the capture of Arakan Army insurgents on one of India's islands in the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a>. He also fought for the welfare and release of anti-Burmese rebels held by the Indian Government.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CIA_funding">CIA funding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: CIA funding">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kissinger_cables" title="Kissinger cables">Kissinger cables</a></div> During the Emergency, as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Socialist Party (India)">Socialist Party of India</a>, he faced prosecution for alleged conspiracy against the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIAfunding-108">[108]</a> He allegedly sought to obtain funding from the US <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_government" class="mw-redirect" title="French government">French government</a> to organise underground sabotage activities. US diplomatic cables said that after an initial request to seek funding from the French government was turned down, he was "prepared to accept money from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>".<a href="#cite_note-CIAfunding-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tehelka_scandal">Tehelka scandal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tehelka scandal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tehelka#Operation_West_End" title="Tehelka">Operation West End</a></div> Fernandes' name figured prominently in <a href="/wiki/Operation_West_End" title="Operation West End">Operation West End</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sting_operation" title="Sting operation">sting operation</a> in which journalist <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Samuel" title="Mathew Samuel">Mathew Samuel</a>, armed with hidden cameras, from a controversial investigative journal, <a href="/wiki/Tehelka" title="Tehelka">Tehelka</a>, posing as representatives of a fictitious arms company, appeared to bribe the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> President, <a href="/wiki/Bangaru_Laxman" title="Bangaru Laxman">Bangaru Laxman</a>, a senior officer in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Jaitly" title="Jaya Jaitly">Jaya Jaitly</a>, the General Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Samata_Party" title="Samata Party">Samata Party</a> and Fernandes' companion.<a href="#cite_note-NYTDugger3-109">[109]</a> The scandal caused uproar all over India and Fernandes was forced to resign from his post as a Defence Minister. He was subsequently cleared by the one man commission headed by retired Justice Phukan. The Phukan Committee Report was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">United Progressive Alliance</a> (UPA) Government headed by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a> and a new committee headed by Justice K Venkataswami was appointed. The Committee investigated the case in detail, but Justice Venkataswami resigned before submitting the report in the case.<a href="#cite_note-outlookindia2002-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barak_Missile_scandal">Barak Missile scandal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Barak Missile scandal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barak_Missile_scandal" title="Barak Missile scandal">Barak Missile scandal</a></div> On 10 October 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation</a> (CBI) registered a <a href="/wiki/First_information_report" title="First information report">First information report</a> (FIR) against Fernandes, his associate Jaya Jaitly, and former navy chief <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Sushil_Kumar" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Sushil Kumar">Admiral Sushil Kumar</a> for alleged irregularities in purchasing the ₹7 billion (US$84 million) <a href="/wiki/Barak_1" title="Barak 1">Barak 1</a> system from Israel in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-CBI-111">[111]</a> Fernandes, however, said that the scientific adviser to the Defence Minister in <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Democratic Alliance (India)">National Democratic Alliance</a> (NDA) Government (1998–2004), who later became the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a>, had cleared the missile deal.<a href="#cite_note-CBI-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_defence_minister">As defence minister</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: As defence minister">edit</a>]</div> Following the Pokhran nuclear tests in 1998, he openly branded China as "India's enemy number one".<a href="#cite_note-conbbc-112">[112]</a> He later expressed regret for his statements, saying it was wrongly interpreted by the media.<a href="#cite_note-bbcgr-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-main-96">[96]</a> He has also criticised China for providing sophisticated weapons to Pakistan to build its missiles, and has rapped the Chinese for strengthening their military across the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> in Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-main-96">[96]</a> Fernandes has claimed that he was <a href="/wiki/Strip_search" title="Strip search">strip searched</a> twice at <a href="/wiki/Dulles_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulles Airport">Dulles Airport</a> in the US Capital area, when he was defence minister—once on an official visit to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> in early 2002 and another time while en route to Brazil in mid-2003. The details of the strip-search were mentioned in American foreign policy analyst <a href="/wiki/Strobe_Talbott" title="Strobe Talbott">Strobe Talbott</a>'s book Engaging India – Diplomacy, Democracy and the Bomb.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/US_embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="US embassy">US embassy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> issued a formal denial that Fernandes had been strip-searched,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> and said that, "Fernandes was not strip-searched but a <a href="/wiki/Security_wand" class="mw-redirect" title="Security wand">security wand</a> was waved over him when a key in his pocket set off the metal detector."<a href="#cite_note-defr-115">[115]</a> Subsequently, the then <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Deputy Secretary of State">United States Deputy Secretary of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Armitage_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Armitage (politician)">Richard Armitage</a>, personally apologised to Fernandes over the matter.<a href="#cite_note-defr-115">[115]</a> This was one in a series of incidents involving the <a href="/wiki/Detention_and_search_of_Indian_VIPs_at_US_airports" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention and search of Indian VIPs at US airports">detention and search of Indian VIPs at US airports</a> that marred Indian–US relations post 9/11.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> He was accused in the 2002 coffin scam, following allegations that 500 poor quality aluminium caskets were bought from the United States at rates 13 times more than the actual price, to transport the bodies of slain soldiers, after the Kargil War.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> However, the CBI gave a clean sheet to Fernandes in the scam in its 2009 charge sheet.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positions_Held">Positions Held</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Positions Held">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Positions Held </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Duration </th></tr> <tr> <td>Member, Standing Committee on Rural Development</td> <td>5 Aug. 2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, Committee on External Affairs</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, 14th Lok Sabha</td> <td>Re-elected in 2004 (9th term) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union Cabinet Minister, Defence</td> <td>15 Oct. 2001 - May 2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, General Purposes Committee</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union Cabinet Minister, Defence</td> <td>13 Oct. 1999 - 16 March 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leader, Janata Dal (U), Parliamentary Party, Lok Sabha</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, 13th Lok Sabha</td> <td>Re-elected in 1999 (8th term) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, General Purposes Committee</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union Cabinet Minister, Defence</td> <td>1998-1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, 12th Lok Sabha</td> <td>Re-elected in 1998 (7th term) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Human Resource Development</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, Committee on External Affairs</td> <td>1996-1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, 11th Lok Sabha</td> <td>Re-elected in 1996 (6th term) </td></tr> <tr> <td>President, Samata Party</td> <td>1994 onwards </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Home Affairs</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, Committee on Finance</td> <td>1993-1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, 10th Lok Sabha</td> <td>Re-elected in 1991 (5th term) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, Railway Convention Committee</td> <td>1990-1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Minister of Kashmir Affairs (Additional charge)</td> <td>March-May 1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union Cabinet Minister, Railways</td> <td>1989-1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, 9th Lok Sabha</td> <td>Re-elected in 1989 (4th term) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, 7th Lok Sabha</td> <td>Re-elected in 1980 (3rd term) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union Cabinet Minister, Industry</td> <td>1977-1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union Cabinet Minister, Communications</td> <td>March-July 1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, 6th Lok Sabha</td> <td>Re-elected in 1977 (2nd term) </td></tr> <tr> <td>President, All India Railwaymen’s Federation</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chairman, Socialist Party</td> <td>1973-1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td>General Secretary, Samyukta Socialist Party</td> <td>1969-1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, Committee on Petitions</td> <td>1967-1970 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Member, 4th Lok Sabha</td> <td>Elected in 1967 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings,_journalism_and_other_contributions">Writings, journalism and other contributions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Writings, journalism and other contributions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the biographical book: <a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Times_of_George_Fernandes" title="The Life and Times of George Fernandes">The Life and Times of George Fernandes</a></div> Fernandes liked writing and journalism in his student days. He was the editor of a <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani language</a> monthly Konkani Yuvak (Konkani Youth) in 1949. The same year, he was the editor of the Raithavani weekly in <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-journalism-119">[119]</a> The Dockman weekly in English, which had ceased publication, reappeared under the editorship of Fernandes in 1952–53.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Though not a prolific writer, Fernandes wrote several books on politics including What Ails the Socialists (1972),<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Socialist Communist Interaction in India,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In the year of the disabled: India's disabled government (1981),<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Dignity for All: Essays in Socialism and Democracy (1991),<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and his autobiography titled George Fernandes Speaks (1991).<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> He was the editor of an English monthly, The Other Side, and the chairman of the editorial board of the <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> monthly Pratipaksh.<a href="#cite_note-jr-5">[5]</a> A human rights activist, Fernandes had been a member of <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Civil_Liberties" title="People's Union for Civil Liberties">People's Union for Civil Liberties</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Press_Council_of_India" title="Press Council of India">Press Council of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LokSabhaProfile-126">[126]</a> In the year 2022, a <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> based Mangalorean origin writer Chris Emmanuel Dsouza<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> published a book titled Bandh Samrat - Tales of eternal rebel <a href="#cite_note-Bandh_Samrat-128">[128]</a> that chronicled George Fernandes's early days of <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a> activism in his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, his early slog in his adopted city of <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> and his association with stellar <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> figures of Mangalore like the noted <a href="/wiki/Ammembala_Balappa" title="Ammembala Balappa">Ammembala Balappa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Placid_D%E2%80%99Mello" class="mw-redirect" title="Placid D’Mello">Placid D’Mello</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_personal_life">Family and personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Family and personal life">edit</a>]</div> Fernandes met Leila Kabir, the daughter of former Union minister <a href="/wiki/Humayun_Kabir_(Bengal_politician)" title="Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)">Humayun Kabir</a>, on a flight back to <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> from <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>. Fernandes, then the general secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Socialist_Party" title="Samyukta Socialist Party">Samyukta Socialist Party</a>, was returning from Bangladesh while Kabir was on her way back from the battlefront where she had gone as an assistant director of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>. They began dating and were married on 22 July 1971.<a href="#cite_note-vss-130">[130]</a> They had a son, Sean Fernandes, who is an investment banker based in New York.<a href="#cite_note-iss-131">[131]</a> Fernandes and Kabir separated in the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-iss-131">[131]</a> Jaya Jaitly was Fernandes' companion from 1984.<a href="#cite_note-iss-131">[131]</a> Fernandes spoke ten languages—Konkani, English, Hindi, <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, Urdu, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, and Latin. Konkani was his mother tongue. He learnt Marathi and Urdu in jail, and Latin while he was in the seminary in his early youth. He was fluent in Hindi and English.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Fernandes was reported to be suffering from <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson</a>'s diseases, and in January 2010 was undergoing treatment at <a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Ramdev">Baba Ramdev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">ashram</a> at <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> for the diseases at the request of Leila Kabir, who had recently returned to his life.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In February 2010, Fernandes' brothers were reported to have been considering a court order for medical treatment and visitation; Kabir and Sean Fernandes are alleged to have forcibly removed Fernandes to an undisclosed location.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In July 2010, the Delhi High Court ruled that Fernandes would stay with Kabir and that Fernandes' brothers would be able to visit.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In August 2012 the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> granted permission to Jaya Jaitly, a former aide, to visit him, a move which was opposed by his wife on the grounds of her <a href="/wiki/Locus_standi" class="mw-redirect" title="Locus standi">locus standi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> He died at the age of 88 on 29 January 2019, in Delhi following a <a href="/wiki/Swine_flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Swine flu">swine flu</a> infection.<a href="#cite_note-TheHindu2019_jan-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-deathNDTV-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In his condolence letter, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">laureate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a> wrote, "I had the privilege of knowing him for over five decades during which we met regularly (...) I admired him greatly because he dedicated himself to what he believed in, no matter how difficult the situation was. Mr Fernandes was a great humanitarian and believer in truth. Throughout his life, he was a voice to millions of poor and needy people of the country. He had firm conviction for justice and wisdom. He was a real heroic leader. (...) He was a steady friend who was sympathetic to the Tibetan cause right from the beginning. He never missed an opportunity to speak up for the Tibetan people as well as for others in similar situation. (...) Although George and I are from different religious traditions, as a Buddhist I am confident he would be reborn yet again to serve his country, in particular, the cause of the less privileged people. (...) As I had told him during our meetings over the years, I will always remember him".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Democratic Alliance (India)">National Democratic Alliance (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://samataparty.org/">"SAMATA PARTY – Official Website"</a>. Retrieved 30 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SAMATA+PARTY+%E2%80%93+Official+Website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsamataparty.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-manch-2"><a href="#cite_ref-manch_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2013" class="citation news cs1">Gupta, Smita (24 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/now-a-samata-manch-to-build-anticongress-platform/article5265767.ece">"Now a Samata Manch to build anti-Congress platform"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226012029/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/now-a-samata-manch-to-build-anticongress-platform/article5265767.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Now+a+Samata+Manch+to+build+anti-Congress+platform&rft.date=2013-10-24&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Smita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fnow-a-samata-manch-to-build-anticongress-platform%2Farticle5265767.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReddy1977">Reddy 1977</a>, p. 144 "(i) Accused George Mathew Fernandes (hereinafter referred to as George Fernandes) was the former Chairman of the Socialist Party of India and also the President of the All India Railway- men's Federation." </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2010" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Surender (1 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/jul/010710-Catfight-George-Fernandes-property-Jaya-Jaitley.htm">"By George! It's out on the street"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MiD_DAY" class="mw-redirect" title="MiD DAY">MiD DAY</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916140955/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/jul/010710-Catfight-George-Fernandes-property-Jaya-Jaitley.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2010. <q>As if it had not earned enough bad name and publicity for one of the most veteran politicians and trade unionist George Fernandes, claimants to his legacy slug it out in streets on Wednesday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MiD+DAY&rft.atitle=By+George%21+It%27s+out+on+the+street&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Surender&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid-day.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2Fjul%2F010710-Catfight-George-Fernandes-property-Jaya-Jaitley.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jr-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jr_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jr_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13BI34.htm">"Biographical Sketch (Member of Parliament: 13th Lok Sabha)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812115404/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok13/biodata/13BI34.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2010. 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Retrieved 12 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Airport+detention%3A+SRK+in+company+of+Kalam+and+Fernandes&rft.date=2012-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fairport-detention-srk-in-company-of-kalam-and-fernandes%2Farticle3310624.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301030432/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-22/india/28157558_1_cbi-files-chargesheet-kargil-war-coffin-scam">"CBI files chargesheet in Kargil coffin scam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 22 August 2009. 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Retrieved 12 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN-IBN&rft.atitle=Fernandes+gets+clean+chit+in+Kargil+coffin+scam&rft.date=2009-08-22&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=Sumon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibnlive.in.com%2Fnews%2Ffernandes-gets-clean-chit-in-kargil-coffin-scam%2F99725-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-journalism-119"><a href="#cite_ref-journalism_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŚarmā1978">Śarmā 1978</a>, p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBogaert1970">Bogaert 1970</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandes1972" class="citation book cs1">Fernandes, George (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G3eD0DKynAwC">What Ails the Socialists</a>. 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Retrieved 19 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Fernandes+being+treated+by+Swami+Ramdev&rft.date=2010-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fgeorge-fernandes-being-treated-by-swami-ramdev_597164.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121001005/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_george-fernandes-being-treated-for-alzheimer-s-by-yoga-guru-ramdev_1336547">"George Fernandes being treated for Alzheimer's by Yoga Guru Ramdev"</a>. <a href="/wiki/DNA_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA (newspaper)">DNA</a>. 19 January 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_george-fernandes-being-treated-for-alzheimer-s-by-yoga-guru-ramdev_1336547">the original</a> on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA&rft.atitle=George+Fernandes+being+treated+for+Alzheimer%27s+by+Yoga+Guru+Ramdev&rft.date=2010-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport_george-fernandes-being-treated-for-alzheimer-s-by-yoga-guru-ramdev_1336547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatish2010" class="citation news cs1">Satish, D. P. (20 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330210033/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/exdefence-minister-george-fernandes-goes-missing/110422-3.html?from=tn">"Ex-defence minister George Fernandes goes missing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN-IBN" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN-IBN">CNN-IBN</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibnlive.in.com/news/exdefence-minister-george-fernandes-goes-missing/110422-3.html?from=tn">the original</a> on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN-IBN&rft.atitle=Ex-defence+minister+George+Fernandes+goes+missing&rft.date=2010-02-20&rft.aulast=Satish&rft.aufirst=D.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibnlive.in.com%2Fnews%2Fexdefence-minister-george-fernandes-goes-missing%2F110422-3.html%3Ffrom%3Dtn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016231235/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-07-06/news/27570469_1_brothers-court-premises-delhi-high-court">"George to stay with wife: Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>. 6 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-07-06/news/27570469_1_brothers-court-premises-delhi-high-court">the original</a> on 16 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=George+to+stay+with+wife%3A+Court&rft.date=2010-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2010-07-06%2Fnews%2F27570469_1_brothers-court-premises-delhi-high-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202203602/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-31/news/33521584_1_political-colleague-and-confidante-leila-kabir-delhi-high-court">"Supreme Court allows Jaya Jaitly to visit George Fernandes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 31 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-31/news/33521584_1_political-colleague-and-confidante-leila-kabir-delhi-high-court">the original</a> on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+allows+Jaya+Jaitly+to+visit+George+Fernandes&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2012-08-31%2Fnews%2F33521584_1_political-colleague-and-confidante-leila-kabir-delhi-high-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deathNDTV-138"><a href="#cite_ref-deathNDTV_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209133217/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/george-fernandes-former-defence-minister-dies-at-88-after-long-illness-1984690">"George Fernandes, Former Defence Minister, Dies At 88 After Long Illness"</a>. NDTV.com. 29 January 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/george-fernandes-former-defence-minister-dies-at-88-after-long-illness-1984690">the original</a> on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019. <q>He contested the 1977 election from jail and won the Muzaffarpur constituency in Bihar by a landslide. George Fernandes became a hero of the Emergency. He was made minister when the Janata Party came to power in 1977 with Morarji Desai as Prime Minister. One of his prominent acts at the time was to force the exit of Coca Cola and IBM, which had refused to dilute their stake in their Indian associates. Coke left India and returned only two decades later. As Atal Bihari Vajpayee's Defence Minister, Mr Fernandes oversaw the Pokhran nuclear tests of 1998 and the Kargil war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=George+Fernandes%2C+Former+Defence+Minister%2C+Dies+At+88+After+Long+Illness&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fgeorge-fernandes-former-defence-minister-dies-at-88-after-long-illness-1984690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203200455/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/updates-george-fernandes-former-defence-minister-dies-at-88-1984698">"George Fernandes, Former Defence Minister, Dies At 88: Updates"</a>. NDTV.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/updates-george-fernandes-former-defence-minister-dies-at-88-1984698">the original</a> on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2019. <q>George Fernandes was suffering from Alzheimer's disease, which had forced him out of the public eye for last many years, and had recently contracted swine flu, she said, adding that he died at his home in Delhi. George Fernandes was one of the most prominent leaders of the socialist movement in the 1970s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV.com&rft.atitle=George+Fernandes%2C+Former+Defence+Minister%2C+Dies+At+88%3A+Updates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fupdates-george-fernandes-former-defence-minister-dies-at-88-1984698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaldon2019" class="citation web cs1">Saldon, Tenzin (29 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129115101/https://tibet.net/2019/01/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-saddened-by-demise-of-heroic-leader-and-steady-friend-of-tibet-george-fernandes/">"His Holiness the Dalai Lama saddened by demise of 'heroic leader and steady friend of Tibet' George Fernandes | Central Tibetan Administration"</a>. tibet.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tibet.net/2019/01/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-saddened-by-demise-of-heroic-leader-and-steady-friend-of-tibet-george-fernandes/">the original</a> on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2019. <q>I had the privilege of knowing him for over five decades during which we met regularly (...) I admired him greatly because he dedicated himself to what he believed in, no matter how difficult the situation was. Mr Fernandes was a great humanitarian and believer in truth. Throughout his life, he was a voice to millions of poor and needy people of the country. He had firm conviction for justice and wisdom. He was a real heroic leader. (...) He was a steady friend who was sympathetic to the Tibetan cause right from the beginning. He never missed an opportunity to speak up for the Tibetan people as well as for others in similar situation. (...) Although George and I are from different religious traditions, as a Buddhist I am confident he would be reborn yet again to serve his country, in particular, the cause of the less privileged people. (...) As I had told him during our meetings over the years, I will always remember him</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tibet.net&rft.atitle=His+Holiness+the+Dalai+Lama+saddened+by+demise+of+%27heroic+leader+and+steady+friend+of+Tibet%27+George+Fernandes+%7C+Central+Tibetan+Administration&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft.aulast=Saldon&rft.aufirst=Tenzin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftibet.net%2F2019%2F01%2Fhis-holiness-the-dalai-lama-saddened-by-demise-of-heroic-leader-and-steady-friend-of-tibet-george-fernandes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> Bibliography <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogaert1970" class="citation book cs1">Bogaert, Michael (1970). Trade unionism in Indian ports: a case study at Calcutta and Bombay. Shri Ram Centre for Industrial Relations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade+unionism+in+Indian+ports%3A+a+case+study+at+Calcutta+and+Bombay&rft.pub=Shri+Ram+Centre+for+Industrial+Relations&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Bogaert&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai1986" class="citation book cs1">Desai, Akshayakumar Ramanlal (1986). Violation of democratic rights in India, Volume 2. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86132-130-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86132-130-8"><bdi>978-0-86132-130-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violation+of+democratic+rights+in+India%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-86132-130-8&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Akshayakumar+Ramanlal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandesMatthew1991" class="citation book cs1">Fernandes, George; Matthew, George (1991). Dignity for all: essays in socialism and democracy. Ajanta Publications (India). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-202-0318-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-202-0318-1"><bdi>978-81-202-0318-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dignity+for+all%3A+essays+in+socialism+and+democracy&rft.pub=Ajanta+Publications+%28India%29&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-202-0318-1&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Matthew%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandesMathew1991" class="citation book cs1">Fernandes, George; Mathew, George (1991). George Fernandes speaks. Ajanta Publications (India). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-202-0317-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-202-0317-4"><bdi>978-81-202-0317-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Fernandes+speaks&rft.pub=Ajanta+Publications+%28India%29&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-202-0317-4&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Mathew%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2002" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: the life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638715-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638715-2"><bdi>978-0-00-638715-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira%3A+the+life+of+Indira+Nehru+Gandhi&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-00-638715-2&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amitav_Ghosh" title="Amitav Ghosh">Ghosh, Amitav</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TiG-pS2v3N0C">Incendiary Circumstances: A Chronicle of the Turmoil of Our Times</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-87221-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-87221-3"><bdi>978-0-618-87221-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incendiary+Circumstances%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+Turmoil+of+Our+Times&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-618-87221-3&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Amitav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTiG-pS2v3N0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGortJansenVroom2002" class="citation book cs1">Gort, Jerald D.; Jansen, Henry; Vroom, H. M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6xTC8ub8RN8C">Religion, conflict and reconciliation: multifaith ideals and realities</a>. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1460-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1460-2"><bdi>978-90-420-1460-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+conflict+and+reconciliation%3A+multifaith+ideals+and+realities&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-420-1460-2&rft.aulast=Gort&rft.aufirst=Jerald+D.&rft.au=Jansen%2C+Henry&rft.au=Vroom%2C+H.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6xTC8ub8RN8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2003" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, U. N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oNco2lk5IpUC">Indian Parliamentary Democracy</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0193-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0193-7"><bdi>978-81-269-0193-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Parliamentary+Democracy&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0193-7&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=U.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoNco2lk5IpUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardgraveKochanek2007" class="citation book cs1">Hardgrave, Robert L.; Kochanek, Stanley A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC">India: Government and Politics in a developing nation</a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-00749-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-00749-4"><bdi>978-0-495-00749-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+Government+and+Politics+in+a+developing+nation&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-495-00749-4&rft.aulast=Hardgrave&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft.au=Kochanek%2C+Stanley+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpSyRgcSQhuIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDsouza2022" class="citation book cs1">Dsouza, Chris Emmanuel (2022). Bandh Samrat - tales of an eternal rebel George Fernandes. Cleverfox publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9356480810" title="Special:BookSources/978-9356480810"><bdi>978-9356480810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bandh+Samrat+-+tales+of+an+eternal+rebel+George+Fernandes&rft.pub=Cleverfox+publications&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-9356480810&rft.aulast=Dsouza&rft.aufirst=Chris+Emmanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerdeckPiramal1985" class="citation book cs1">Herdeck, Margaret; Piramal, Gita (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xcbBEHHI-90C">India's industrialists, Volume 1</a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89410-415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89410-415-2"><bdi>978-0-89410-415-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+industrialists%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-89410-415-2&rft.aulast=Herdeck&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Piramal%2C+Gita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxcbBEHHI-90C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchisonBrownAsia_Research_Centre2001" class="citation book cs1">Hutchison, Jane; Brown, Andrew; Asia Research Centre (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b5Rv196QrowC">Organising labour in globalising Asia</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25060-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25060-3"><bdi>978-0-415-25060-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organising+labour+in+globalising+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25060-3&rft.aulast=Hutchison&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Brown%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Asia+Research+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db5Rv196QrowC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephKriegerKesselman2009" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, William A.; Krieger, Joel; Kesselman, Mark (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x88s2oMsLkcC">Introduction to Comparative Politics: Political Challenges and Changing Agendas</a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-21629-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-21629-4"><bdi>978-0-547-21629-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Comparative+Politics%3A+Political+Challenges+and+Changing+Agendas&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-547-21629-4&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft.au=Krieger%2C+Joel&rft.au=Kesselman%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx88s2oMsLkcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKux1993" class="citation book cs1">Kux, Dennis (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zcylFXH9_z8C">India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941–1991</a>. DIANE Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-0279-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-0279-0"><bdi>978-0-7881-0279-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+the+United+States%3A+Estranged+Democracies%2C+1941%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-0279-0&rft.aulast=Kux&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzcylFXH9_z8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRana2000" class="citation book cs1">Rana, Mahendra Singh (2000). India votes: Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections 1999, 2000 : poll analysis, election data, and party manifestos. B.R. Pub. Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7646-139-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7646-139-9"><bdi>978-81-7646-139-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+votes%3A+Lok+Sabha+and+Vidhan+Sabha+elections+1999%2C+2000+%3A+poll+analysis%2C+election+data%2C+and+party+manifestos&rft.pub=B.R.+Pub.+Corp.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7646-139-9&rft.aulast=Rana&rft.aufirst=Mahendra+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanade2009" class="citation book cs1">Ranade, Prabha Shastri (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGSKjaym3TcC">Infrastructure development and its environmental impact: study of Konkan Railway</a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-450-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-450-9"><bdi>978-81-8069-450-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infrastructure+development+and+its+environmental+impact%3A+study+of+Konkan+Railway&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-450-9&rft.aulast=Ranade&rft.aufirst=Prabha+Shastri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGSKjaym3TcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy1977" class="citation book cs1">Reddy, C. G. K. (1977). Baroda dynamite conspiracy: the right to rebel. Vision Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baroda+dynamite+conspiracy%3A+the+right+to+rebel&rft.pub=Vision+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=C.+G.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŚarmā1978" class="citation book cs1">Śarmā, Rādheśyāma (1978). Who after Morarji?. Pankaj Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+after+Morarji%3F&rft.pub=Pankaj+Publications&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=%C5%9Aarm%C4%81&rft.aufirst=R%C4%81dhe%C5%9By%C4%81ma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahasrabuddheVajpayee1991" class="citation book cs1">Sahasrabuddhe, P. G.; Vajpayee, Manik Chandra (1991). The people versus emergency: a saga of struggle. Suruchi Prakashan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+people+versus+emergency%3A+a+saga+of+struggle&rft.pub=Suruchi+Prakashan&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Sahasrabuddhe&rft.aufirst=P.+G.&rft.au=Vajpayee%2C+Manik+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1982" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Giriraj Kishore (1982). Labour movement in India: its past and present, from 1885 to 1980. Sterling.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labour+movement+in+India%3A+its+past+and+present%2C+from+1885+to+1980&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Giriraj+Kishore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThakurtaRaghuraman2004" class="citation book cs1">Thakurta, Paranjoy Guha; Raghuraman, Shankar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeofcoalitions0000guha">A time of coalitions: divided we stand</a>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3237-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3237-6"><bdi>978-0-7619-3237-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+time+of+coalitions%3A+divided+we+stand&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3237-6&rft.aulast=Thakurta&rft.aufirst=Paranjoy+Guha&rft.au=Raghuraman%2C+Shankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimeofcoalitions0000guha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Fernandes" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Fernandes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:George_Fernandes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=122&lastls=14">Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://samataparty.org">Samata Party Official Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215101928/https://samataparty.org/">Archived</a> 15 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/George-Fernandes">Ongoing news coverage</a> from The Times Network</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/george-fernandes-rebel-without-a-pause-1.1175748">George Fernandes: Rebel without a pause</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gulf_News" title="Gulf News">Gulf News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Valvettiturai_massacre" title="1989 Valvettiturai massacre">India's My Lai</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.vpradeepkumar.com/george-fernandes-hero-of-post-independence-india/">[2]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/S._K._Patil" title="S. K. Patil">Sadashiv Kanoji Patil</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Mumbai_South_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)">Mumbai South</a> 1967–1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Kailas Narain Narula Shivnarain</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Nawal Kishore Sinha</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Muzaffarpur</a> 1977–1984 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Muzaffarpur</a> 1989–1996 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jai_Narain_Prasad_Nishad" title="Jai Narain Prasad Nishad">Jai Narain Prasad Nishad</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Vijay Kumar Yadav</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)">Nalanda</a> 1996–2004 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nitish_Kumar" title="Nitish Kumar">Nitish Kumar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jai_Narain_Prasad_Nishad" title="Jai Narain Prasad Nishad">Jai Narain Prasad Nishad</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Muzaffarpur</a> 2004–2009 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jai_Narain_Prasad_Nishad" title="Jai Narain Prasad Nishad">Jai Narain Prasad Nishad</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Madhav_Rao_Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhav Rao Scindia">Madhav Rao Scindia</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Railways_(India)" title="Minister of Railways (India)">Minister of Railways</a> 1989–1990 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Janeshwar_Mishra" title="Janeshwar Mishra">Janeshwar Mishra</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mulayam_Singh_Yadav" title="Mulayam Singh Yadav">Mulayam Singh Yadav</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Minister of Defence</a> 1998–2001 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Minister of Defence</a> 2001–2004 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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Gopalaswami Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._C._Dasappa" title="H. C. Dasappa">H. C. Dasappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Patil" title="S. K. Patil">S. K. Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Poonacha" title="C. M. Poonacha">C. M. Poonacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Subhag_Singh" title="Ram Subhag Singh">Ram Subhag Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panampilly_Govinda_Menon" title="Panampilly Govinda Menon">Panampilly Govinda Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzari_Lal_Nanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulzari Lal Nanda">Gulzari Lal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Hanumanthaiah" class="mw-redirect" title="K. Hanumanthaiah">K. Hanumanthaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Pai" title="T. A. Pai">T. A. Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalit_Narayan_Mishra" title="Lalit Narayan Mishra">Lalit Narayan Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalapati_Tripathi" title="Kamalapati Tripathi">Kamalapati Tripathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhu_Dandavate" title="Madhu Dandavate">Madhu Dandavate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedar_Pandey" title="Kedar Pandey">Kedar Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakash_Chandra_Sethi" title="Prakash Chandra Sethi">Prakash Chandra Sethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._B._A._Ghani_Khan_Chowdhury" class="mw-redirect" title="A. B. A. Ghani Khan Chowdhury">A. B. A. Ghani Khan Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansi_Lal" title="Bansi Lal">Bansi Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsina_Kidwai" title="Mohsina Kidwai">Mohsina Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_Scindia" title="Madhavrao Scindia">Madhavrao Scindia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janeshwar_Mishra" title="Janeshwar Mishra">Janeshwar Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._K._Jaffer_Sheriff" class="mw-redirect" title="C. K. Jaffer Sheriff">C. K. Jaffer Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Vilas_Paswan" title="Ram Vilas Paswan">Ram Vilas Paswan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitish_Kumar" title="Nitish Kumar">Nitish Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Naik" title="Ram Naik">Ram Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamata_Banerjee" title="Mamata Banerjee">Mamata Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalu_Prasad_Yadav" title="Lalu Prasad Yadav">Lalu Prasad Yadav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Trivedi" title="Dinesh Trivedi">Dinesh Trivedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukul_Roy" title="Mukul Roy">Mukul Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._P._Joshi" title="C. P. Joshi">C. P. Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawan_Kumar_Bansal" title="Pawan Kumar Bansal">Pawan Kumar Bansal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._V._Sadananda_Gowda" class="mw-redirect" title="D. V. Sadananda Gowda">D. V. 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Gopalaswami Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansi_Lal" title="Bansi Lal">Bansi Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Subramaniam" title="Chidambaram Subramaniam">Chidambaram Subramaniam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">Vishwanath Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Pant" title="K. C. Pant">K. C. Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Mahajan" title="Pramod Mahajan">Pramod Mahajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulayam_Singh_Yadav" title="Mulayam Singh Yadav">Mulayam Singh Yadav</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manohar_Parrikar" title="Manohar Parrikar">Manohar Parrikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman" title="Nirmala Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnath_Singh" title="Rajnath Singh">Rajnath Singh</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Template talk:Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Department of Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative & General Division</li> <li>Finance Division</li> <li>Economic Division</li> <li>Trade Policy Division</li> <li>Foreign Trade</li> <li>Territorial Division</li> <li>Plantation Division</li> <li>Supply Division</li> <li>State Trading & Infrastructure Division</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attached & Subordinate Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Foreign_Trade" title="Directorate General of Foreign Trade">Directorate General of Foreign Trade</a></li> <li>Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals (DGS&D)</li> <li>Directorate General of Anti-Dumping & Allied Duties (DGAD)</li> <li>Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics, Kolkata</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_economic_zones_in_India" title="List of special economic zones in India">Special Economic Zones</a></li> <li>Pay & Account Office (Supply, Commerce & Textiles)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Commodity Boards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_and_Processed_Food_Products_Export_Development_Authority" title="Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority">Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority</a></li> <li>Export Inspection Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Foreign_Trade" title="Indian Institute of Foreign Trade">Indian Institute of Foreign Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Packaging" title="Indian Institute of Packaging">Indian Institute of Packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Products_Export_Development_Authority" title="Marine Products Export Development Authority">Marine Products Export Development Authority</a> <ul><li>National Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture (NaCSA)</li> <li>Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA)</li> <li>Network for Fish Quality Management & Sustainable Fishing (NETFISH)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PSUs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>State Trading Corporation (STC)</li> <li>PEC Limited</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMTC_Ltd" title="MMTC Ltd">MMTC Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_Credit_Guarantee_Corporation_of_India" title="Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India">Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Trade_Promotion_Organisation" title="India Trade Promotion Organisation">India Trade Promotion Organisation</a></li> <li>Pay & Account Office (Supply, Commerce & Textiles)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Board of Trade (BOT)</li> <li>Inter State Trade Council</li> <li>Council for Trade Development & Promotion</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Export_Promotion_Organisations_in_India" title="List of Export Promotion Organisations in India">Export Promotion Councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_Exports_Promotion_Council" title="Engineering Exports Promotion Council">Engineering Exports Promotion Council</a></li> <li>Project Export Promotion Council of India (PEPC)</li> <li>Basic Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Export Promotion Council (Chemexcil)</li> <li>Chemicals & Allied Products Export Promotion Council (CAPEXIL)</li> <li>Council for Leather Exports</li> <li>Sports Goods Export Promotion Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gem_and_Jewellery_Export_Promotion_Council" title="Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council">Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council</a></li> <li>Shellac Export Promotion Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_Export_Promotion_Council_of_India" title="Cashew Export Promotion Council of India">Cashew Export Promotion Council of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Export_Promotion_Council" title="Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council">Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council</a></li> <li>The Plastics Export Promotion Council</li> <li>Indian Oil Seeds & Produce Export Promotion Council (IOPEPC)</li> <li>Services Export Promotion Council</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Indian_Export_Organisations" title="Federation of Indian Export Organisations">Federation of Indian Export Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Diamond_Institute" title="Indian Diamond Institute">Indian Diamond Institute</a></li> <li>Footwear Design & Development Institute (FDDI)</li> <li>National Centre for Trade Information</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Brand_Equity_Foundation" title="India Brand Equity Foundation">India Brand Equity Foundation</a></li> <li>Price Stabilization Fund Trust</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Promotion_of_Industry_and_Internal_Trade" title="Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade">DPIIT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Intellectual Property Appellate Board</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_and_Explosives_Safety_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation">Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation</a></li> <li>Copyright Office</li> <li>Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Registry</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National Council for Cement & Building Materials (NCCBM)</li> <li>Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association (IRMRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Design" title="National Institute of Design">National Institute of Design</a></li> <li>National Productivity Council (NPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Council_of_India" title="Quality Council of India">Quality Council of India</a></li> <li>Central Manufacturing Technology Institute (CMTI)</li> <li>Central Pulp & Paper Research Institute (CPPRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attached & Subordinate offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Grievance Offices</li> <li>Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks</li> <li>Office of Chief Controller of Accounts (Disclosure of Central Government Accounting Data) <ul><li>Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Intellectual Property Management (NIIPM)</li></ul></li> <li>Principal Account Office</li> <li>Office of Technical Adviser (Boilers)</li> <li>Tariff Commission</li> <li>Office of the Salt Commissioner</li> <li>Office of the Economic Adviser</li> <li>National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council</li> <li>Office of Chief Controller of Accounts</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Guruprasad Mohapatra(incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harekrushna_Mahtab" class="mw-redirect" title="Harekrushna Mahtab">Harekrushna Mahtab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityanand_Kanungo" title="Nityanand Kanungo">Nityanand Kanungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Subhag_Singh" title="Ram Subhag Singh">Ram Subhag Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._C._Dasappa" title="H. C. Dasappa">H. C. Dasappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_Narain_Singh" title="Tribhuvan Narain Singh">Tribhuvan Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodaram_Sanjivayya" title="Damodaram Sanjivayya">Damodaram Sanjivayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="F. A. Ahmed">F. A. Ahmed</a>(Industrial Development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)">Dinesh Singh</a> (Industrial Development & Internal Trade)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moinul_Hoque_Choudhury" title="Moinul Hoque Choudhury">Moinul Hoque Choudhury</a>(Industrial Development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Subramaniam" class="mw-redirect" title="C Subramaniam">C Subramaniam</a>(Industrial Development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Pai" title="T. A. Pai">T. A. Pai</a>(Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brij_Lal_Verma" class="mw-redirect" title="Brij Lal Verma">Brij Lal Verma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasu_Brahmananda_Reddy" title="Kasu Brahmananda Reddy">Kasu Brahmananda Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Pai" title="T. A. Pai">T. A. Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Tiwari" title="N. D. Tiwari">N. D. Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotla_Vijay_Bhaskar_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotla Vijay Bhaskar Reddy">Kotla Vijay Bhaskar Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerendra_Patil" title="Veerendra Patil">Veerendra Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Tiwari" title="N. D. Tiwari">N. D. Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Vengala_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Vengala Rao">J. Vengala Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Karunakaran" title="K. Karunakaran">K. Karunakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Prabhu" title="Suresh Prabhu">Suresh Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murasoli_Maran" title="Murasoli Maran">Murasoli Maran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Bakht" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikandar Bakht">Sikandar Bakht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I._I._Chundrigar" title="I. I. Chundrigar">I. I. Chundrigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooverji_Hormusji_Bhabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooverji Hormusji Bhabha">Cooverji Hormusji Bhabha</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshitish_Chandra_Neogy" title="Kshitish Chandra Neogy">Kshitish Chandra Neogy</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Prakasa" title="Sri Prakasa">Sri Prakasa</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harekrushna_Mahtab" class="mw-redirect" title="Harekrushna Mahtab">Harekrushna Mahtab</a> (Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_T_Krishnamachari" class="mw-redirect" title="T T Krishnamachari">T T Krishnamachari</a> (Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> (Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KC_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="KC Reddy">KC Reddy</a> (Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubhai_Shah" title="Manubhai Shah">Manubhai Shah</a> (As MoS till 24 January 1966)(Commerce)'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)">Dinesh Singh</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Ram_Bhagat" title="Bali Ram Bhagat">Bali Ram Bhagat</a>(Foreign Trade & Supply)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)">Dinesh Singh</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalit_Narayan_Mishra" title="Lalit Narayan Mishra">Lalit Narayan Mishra</a>(MoS)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._P._Chattopadhyay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. P. Chattopadhyay (page does not exist)">D. P. Chattopadhyay</a>(Commerce)(as MoS till 23 December 1976)'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Dharia" title="Mohan Dharia">Mohan Dharia</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitendra_Desai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitendra Desai">Hitendra Desai</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(politician,_born_1930)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_Shiv_Shankar" class="mw-redirect" title="P Shiv Shankar">P Shiv Shankar</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Tiwari" title="N. D. Tiwari">N. D. Tiwari</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)">Dinesh Singh</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_Chidambaram" class="mw-redirect" title="P Chidambaram">P Chidambaram</a>(MoS, IC) (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_Chidambaram" class="mw-redirect" title="P Chidambaram">P Chidambaram</a> (MoS, IC) (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devendra_Prasad_Yadav" title="Devendra Prasad Yadav">Devendra Prasad Yadav</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolla_Bulli_Ramaiah" title="Bolla Bulli Ramaiah">Bolla Bulli Ramaiah</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Hegde" title="Ramakrishna Hegde">Ramakrishna Hegde</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murasoli_Maran" title="Murasoli Maran">Murasoli Maran</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sharma" title="Anand Sharma">Anand Sharma</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman" title="Nirmala Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</a>(Commerce & Industry)'(MoS, IC)'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Prabhu" title="Suresh Prabhu">Suresh Prabhu</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyush_Goyal" title="Piyush Goyal">Piyush Goyal</a>(Commerce and Industry)(incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MOS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardeep_Singh_Puri" title="Hardeep Singh Puri">Hardeep Singh Puri</a>(incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Template:Ministry of Communications (India)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Template talk:Ministry of Communications (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry of Communications (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Ministry of Communications (India)">Ministry of Communications (India)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Telecommunications" title="Department of Telecommunications">Department of Telecommunications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Disputes_Settlement_and_Appellate_Tribunal" title="Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal">Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal</a> (TDSAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_India" title="Telecom Regulatory Authority of India">Telecom Regulatory Authority of India</a> (TRAI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attached Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Controller General of Communication Accounts (CGCA)</li> <li>Director General Telecom (DGT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Engineering_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication Engineering Center">Telecommunication Engineering Center</a> (TEC)</li> <li>Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subordinate Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National Centre for Communication Security (NCCS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Monitoring_Organisation" title="Wireless Monitoring Organisation">Wireless Monitoring Organisation</a> (WMO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Controller of Communication Accounts (CCA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Development_of_Telematics" title="Centre for Development of Telematics">Centre for Development of Telematics</a> (C-DOT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training Institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National Telecommunications Institute for Policy Research Innovation Training (NTIPRIT)</li> <li>National Institute of Communication Finance (NICF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Excellence_in_Telecom_Technology_and_Management" title="Centre for Excellence in Telecom Technology and Management">Centre for Excellence in Telecom Technology and Management</a></li> <li>Digital Communications Commission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Enforcement_Resource_and_Monitoring" title="Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring">Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring</a> (TERM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_Advisory_Committees" title="Telephone Advisory Committees">Telephone Advisory Committees</a> (TAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Planning_%26_Coordination_Wing" title="Wireless Planning & Coordination Wing">Wireless Planning & Coordination Wing</a> (WPC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PSUs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Broadband_Network" title="Bharat Broadband Network">Bharat Broadband Network Limited</a> (BBNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limited" title="Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited">Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited</a> (BSNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Telephone_Industries_Limited" title="Indian Telephone Industries Limited">Indian Telephone Industries Limited</a> (ITI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanagar_Telephone_Nigam_Limited" title="Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited">Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited</a> (MTNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Consultants_India_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications Consultants India Limited">Telecommunications Consultants India Limited</a> (TCIL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil Service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Telecommunication_Service" title="Indian Telecommunication Service">Indian Telecommunication Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Radio_Regulatory_Service" title="Indian Radio Regulatory Service">Indian Radio Regulatory Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Department of Posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Postal_Service_(India)" title="Army Postal Service (India)">Army Postal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Post" title="India Post">India Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Post_Payments_Bank" title="India Post Payments Bank">India Post Payments Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Telegraph_Act,_1885" title="Indian Telegraph Act, 1885">The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885</a></li> <li>The Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1940</li> <li>The Indian Post Office Act, 1898</li> <li>The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Kaur" title="Amrit Kaur">Amrit Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bahadur" title="Raj Bahadur">Raj Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Patil" title="S. K. Patil">S. K. Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Subbarayan" title="P. Subbarayan">P. Subbarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoke_Kumar_Sen" title="Ashoke Kumar Sen">Ashoke Kumar Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Subhag_Singh" title="Ram Subhag Singh">Ram Subhag Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemvati_Nandan_Bahuguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna">Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasu_Brahmananda_Reddy" title="Kasu Brahmananda Reddy">Kasu Brahmananda Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brij_Lal_Varma" title="Brij Lal Varma">Brij Lal Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyam_Nandan_Mishra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shyam Nandan Mishra">Shyam Nandan Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishma_Narain_Singh" title="Bhishma Narain Singh">Bhishma Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Stephen" title="C. M. Stephen">C. M. Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anant_Prasad_Sharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Anant Prasad Sharma">Anant Prasad Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._Gadgil" class="mw-redirect" title="V. N. Gadgil">V. N. Gadgil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(politician,_born_1962)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjun Singh (politician, born 1962)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Sathe" title="Vasant Sathe">Vasant Sathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Bahadur_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bir Bahadur Singh">Bir Bahadur Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Unnikrishnan" title="K. P. Unnikrishnan">K. P. Unnikrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Prasad_Verma" title="Beni Prasad Verma">Beni Prasad Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Singh" title="Buta Singh">Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Vilas_Paswan" title="Ram Vilas Paswan">Ram Vilas Paswan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Mahajan" title="Pramod Mahajan">Pramod Mahajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayanidhi_Maran" title="Dayanidhi Maran">Dayanidhi Maran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Raja" title="A. Raja">A. Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapil_Sibal" title="Kapil Sibal">Kapil Sibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_Prasad" title="Ravi Shankar Prasad">Ravi Shankar Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashwini_Vaishnaw" title="Ashwini Vaishnaw">Ashwini Vaishnaw</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Sinha" title="Manoj Sinha">Manoj Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Shamrao_Dhotre" title="Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre">Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devusinh_Jesingbhai_Chauhan" title="Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan">Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Preceding Ministry: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)">Ministry of Communications and Information Technology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_The_Emergency_of_1975–1977" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Emergency_(India)" title="Template:The Emergency (India)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Emergency_(India)" title="Template talk:The Emergency (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Emergency_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Emergency (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_The_Emergency_of_1975–1977" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency of 1975–1977</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh_(Sinha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basawon Singh (Sinha)">Basawon Singh (Sinha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansi_Lal" title="Bansi Lal">Bansi Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Achutha_Menon" title="C. Achutha Menon">C. Achutha Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devakanta_Barua" class="mw-redirect" title="Devakanta Barua">Devakanta Barua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Hans Raj Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harchand_Singh_Longowal" title="Harchand Singh Longowal">Harchand Singh Longowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemvati_Nandan_Bahuguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna">H. N. Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohanlal_Sinha" title="Jagmohanlal Sinha">Jagmohanlal Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatram_Kripalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivatram Kripalani">Jivatram Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Karunakaran" title="K. Karunakaran">K. Karunakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niren_De" title="Niren De">Niren De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Shankar_Ray" title="Siddhartha Shankar Ray">Siddhartha Shankar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Zail Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal" title="Bharatiya Lok Dal">Bharatiya Lok Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidar_Kazhagam" title="Dravidar Kazhagam">Dravidar Kazhagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Indian National Congress (Organisation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Morcha" title="Janata Morcha">Janata Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Civil_Liberties" title="People's Union for Civil Liberties">People's Union for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Socialist Party (India)">Socialist Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatantra_Party" title="Swatantra Party">Swatantra Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Emergency_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Emergency in India">State of Emergency in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Uttar_Pradesh_v._Raj_Narain" title="State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain">State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">38th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">39th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">42nd Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkman_gate_demolition_and_rioting" title="Turkman gate demolition and rioting">Turkman gate demolition and rioting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroda_dynamite_case" title="Baroda dynamite case">Baroda dynamite case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Commission" title="Shah Commission">Shah Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_Internal_Security_Act" title="Maintenance of Internal Security Act">Maintenance of Internal Security Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajan_case" title="Rajan case">Rajan case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_general_election,_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian general election, 1977">Indian general election, 1977</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_Padma_Vibhushan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Template:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Template talk:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Padma_Vibhushan_Awards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Padma Vibhushan Awards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_Padma_Vibhushan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Vibhushan_award_recipients" title="List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients">Recipients</a> of <a href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Alkazi" title="Ebrahim Alkazi">Ebrahim Alkazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishori_Amonkar" title="Kishori Amonkar">Kishori Amonkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabha_Atre" title="Prabha Atre">Prabha Atre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teejan_Bai" title="Teejan Bai">Teejan Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Balamuralikrishna" title="M. Balamuralikrishna">M. Balamuralikrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasaraswati" title="Balasaraswati">T. Balasaraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam" title="S. P. Balasubrahmanyam">S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha_Bhosle" title="Asha Bhosle">Asha Bhosle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariprasad_Chaurasia" title="Hariprasad Chaurasia">Hariprasad Chaurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiranjeevi" title="Chiranjeevi">Chiranjeevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girija_Devi" title="Girija Devi">Girija Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumar_Gandharva" title="Kumar Gandharva">Kumar Gandharva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Gujral" title="Satish Gujral">Satish Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangubai_Hangal" title="Gangubai Hangal">Gangubai Hangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._F._Husain" title="M. F. Husain">M. F. Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(musician)" title="Zakir Hussain (musician)">Zakir Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilaiyaraaja" title="Ilaiyaraaja">Ilaiyaraaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semmangudi_Srinivasa_Iyer" title="Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer">Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Joshi" title="Bhimsen Joshi">Bhimsen Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Khan" title="Ali Akbar Khan">Ali Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amjad_Ali_Khan" title="Amjad Ali Khan">Amjad Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allauddin_Khan" title="Allauddin Khan">Allauddin Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mustafa_Khan_(singer)" title="Ghulam Mustafa Khan (singer)">Ghulam Mustafa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamini_Krishnamurthy" title="Yamini Krishnamurthy">Yamini Krishnamurthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar" title="Dilip Kumar">Dilip Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Laxman" title="R. K. Laxman">R. K. Laxman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birju_Maharaj" title="Birju Maharaj">Birju Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishan_Maharaj" title="Kishan Maharaj">Kishan Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonal_Mansingh" title="Sonal Mansingh">Sonal Mansingh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Mansur" title="Mallikarjun Mansur">Mallikarjun Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Miranda" title="Mario Miranda">Mario Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhannulal_Mishra" title="Chhannulal Mishra">Chhannulal Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatra" title="Kelucharan Mohapatra">Kelucharan Mohapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Mohapatra" title="Raghunath Mohapatra">Raghunath Mohapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasraj" title="Jasraj">Jasraj Motiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benode_Behari_Mukherjee" title="Benode Behari Mukherjee">Benode Behari Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrishikesh_Mukherjee" title="Hrishikesh Mukherjee">Hrishikesh Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajinikanth" title="Rajinikanth">Rajinikanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Narayan" title="Ram Narayan">Ram Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Pattammal" title="D. K. Pattammal">D. K. Pattammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Shankar_Pillai" title="K. Shankar Pillai">K. Shankar Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balwant_Moreshwar_Purandare" class="mw-redirect" title="Balwant Moreshwar Purandare">Balwant Moreshwar Purandare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkineni_Nageswara_Rao" title="Akkineni Nageswara Rao">Akkineni Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaloji_Narayana_Rao" title="Kaloji Narayana Rao">Kaloji Narayana Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._H._Raza" title="S. H. Raza">S. H. Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohra_Sehgal" title="Zohra Sehgal">Zohra Sehgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uday_Shankar" title="Uday Shankar">Uday Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Shantaram" title="V. Shantaram">V. Shantaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivkumar_Sharma" title="Shivkumar Sharma">Shivkumar Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayalpuram_K._Sivaraman" title="Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman">Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi" title="M. S. Subbulakshmi">M. S. Subbulakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._G._Subramanyan" title="K. G. Subramanyan">K. G. Subramanyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Vatsyayan" title="Kapila Vatsyayan">Kapila Vatsyayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homai_Vyarawalla" title="Homai Vyarawalla">Homai Vyarawalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._J._Yesudas" title="K. J. Yesudas">K. J. Yesudas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Civil service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimala_Prasad_Chaliha" title="Bimala Prasad Chaliha">Bimala Prasad Chaliha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naresh_Chandra" title="Naresh Chandra">Naresh Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Chaturvedi" title="T. N. Chaturvedi">T. N. Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanto_Nath_Chaudhuri" title="Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri">Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suranjan_Das" title="Suranjan Das">Suranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeshwar_Dayal" title="Rajeshwar Dayal">Rajeshwar Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanti_Devi" title="Basanti Devi">Basanti Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Dhar" title="P. N. Dhar">P. N. Dhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotindra_Nath_Dixit" title="Jyotindra Nath Dixit">Jyotindra Nath Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Gill" title="M. S. Gill">M. S. Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._R._Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="H. V. R. Iyengar">H. V. R. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhola_Nath_Jha" title="Bhola Nath Jha">Bhola Nath Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._S._Joshi" title="D. S. Joshi">Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajudhiya_Nath_Khosla" title="Ajudhiya Nath Khosla">Ajudhiya Nath Khosla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Krishna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anand Krishna (page does not exist)">Rai Krishnadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Krishnamurthy" title="V. Krishnamurthy">V. Krishnamurthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramasiva_Prabhakar_Kumaramangalam" title="Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam">P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Chandra_Lal" title="Pratap Chandra Lal">Pratap Chandra Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Lall" title="K. B. Lall">K. B. Lall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_Mehra" title="Om Prakash Mehra">Om Prakash Mehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Sinha_Mehta" title="Mohan Sinha Mehta">Mohan Sinha Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._K._Menon" title="M. G. K. Menon">M. G. K. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajesh_Mishra" title="Brajesh Mishra">Brajesh Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumati_Morarjee" title="Sumati Morarjee">Sumati Morarjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcot_Ramasamy_Mudaliar" title="Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar">A. Ramasamy Mudaliar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardarilal_Mathradas_Nanda" title="Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda">Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakravarthi_V._Narasimhan" title="Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan">Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Kumar_Nehru" title="Braj Kumar Nehru">Braj Kumar Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._D._Pande" title="B. D. Pande">Bhairab Dutt Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghananand_Pande" title="Ghananand Pande">Ghananand Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._V._Rajeswar" title="T. V. Rajeswar">T. V. Rajeswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Krishnaswamy_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao">C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._R._Rao" title="P. V. R. Rao">Pattadakal Venkanna R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._R._Varadaraja_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="V. K. R. Varadaraja Rao">V. K. R. V. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Rawat" title="Bipin Rawat">Bipin Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khusro_Faramurz_Rustamji" title="Khusro Faramurz Rustamji">Khusro Faramurz Rustamji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harish_Chandra_Sarin" title="Harish Chandra Sarin">Harish Chandra Sarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binay_Ranjan_Sen" title="Binay Ranjan Sen">Binay Ranjan Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homi_Sethna" title="Homi Sethna">Homi Sethna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjan_Singh" title="Arjan Singh">Arjan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbaksh_Singh" title="Harbaksh Singh">Harbaksh Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Kirpal_Singh_Ji_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant Kirpal Singh Ji Maharaj">Kirpal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlok_Singh_(economist)" title="Tarlok Singh (economist)">Tarlok Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lallan_Prasad_Singh" title="Lallan Prasad Singh">Lallan Prasad Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Sivaraman" title="B. Sivaraman">Balaram Sivaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Prasad_Srivastava" title="Chandrika Prasad Srivastava">Chandrika Prasad Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Swaminathan" title="T. Swaminathan">T. Swaminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shridhar_Vaidya" title="Arun Shridhar Vaidya">Arun Shridhar Vaidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Vira" title="Dharma Vira">Dharma Vira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Nath_Vohra" title="Narinder Nath Vohra">Narinder Nath Vohra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Literature and education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._S._R._Arunachalam" title="V. S. R. Arunachalam">V. S. R. Arunachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Chand_(archaeologist)" title="Tara Chand (archaeologist)">Tara Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji">Suniti Kumar Chatterji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._P._Chattopadhyaya" title="D. P. Chattopadhyaya">D. P. Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhabatosh_Datta" title="Bhabatosh Datta">Bhabatosh Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasweta_Devi" title="Mahasweta Devi">Mahasweta Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Gopal" title="Sarvepalli Gopal">Sarvepalli Gopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshman_Shastri_Joshi" title="Lakshman Shastri Joshi">Lakshman Shastri Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaka_Kalelkar" title="Kaka Kalelkar">Kaka Kalelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Kaviraj" title="Gopinath Kaviraj">Gopinath Kaviraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radheshyam_Khemka" title="Radheshyam Khemka">Radheshyam Khemka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._N._V._Kurup" title="O. N. V. Kurup">O. N. V. Kurup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitakant_Mahapatra" title="Sitakant Mahapatra">Sitakant Mahapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mathai" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mathai">John Mathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotha_Satchidananda_Murthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotha Satchidananda Murthy">Kotha Satchidananda Murthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Gurmukh_Singh_Musafir" class="mw-redirect" title="Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir">Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanti_Dulal_Nagchaudhuri" title="Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri">Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Ram_Nanda" title="Bal Ram Nanda">Bal Ram Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Narayan" title="R. K. Narayan">R. K. Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Parameswaran" title="P. Parameswaran">P. Parameswaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrita_Pritam" title="Amrita Pritam">Amrita Pritam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Raj" title="K. N. Raj">K. N. Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rangarajan" title="C. Rangarajan">C. Rangarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Rao" title="Raja Rao">Raja Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoji_Rao" title="Ramoji Rao">Ramoji Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormasji_Maneckji_Seervai" title="Hormasji Maneckji Seervai">Hormasji Maneckji Seervai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaram_Shastri" title="Rajaram Shastri">Rajaram Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._L._Shrimali" title="K. L. Shrimali">Kalu Lal Shrimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govindbhai_Shroff" title="Govindbhai Shroff">Govindbhai Shroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandeshwar_Prasad_Narayan_Singh" title="Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh">Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premlila_Vithaldas_Thackersey" title="Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey">Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi_Varma" title="Mahadevi Varma">Mahadevi Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Hussain_Zaidi" title="Bashir Hussain Zaidi">Bashir Hussain Zaidi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasbir_Singh_Bajaj" title="Jasbir Singh Bajaj">Jasbir Singh Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._Goyal" title="B. K. Goyal">B. K. Goyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purshotam_Lal" title="Purshotam Lal">Purshotam Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Lakshmanaswami_Mudaliar" title="A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar">A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._I._Padmavati" title="S. I. Padmavati">S. I. Padmavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autar_Singh_Paintal" title="Autar Singh Paintal">Autar Singh Paintal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantilal_Hastimal_Sancheti" title="Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti">Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balu_Sankaran" title="Balu Sankaran">Balu Sankaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Shanta" title="V. Shanta">V. Shanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithal_Nagesh_Shirodkar" title="Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar">Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakash_Narain_Tandon" title="Prakash Narain Tandon">Prakash Narain Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihaspati_Dev_Triguna" title="Brihaspati Dev Triguna">Brihaspati Dev Triguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Valiathan" title="M. S. Valiathan">M. S. Valiathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Mahalanabis" title="Dilip Mahalanabis">Dilip Mahalanabis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambhadracharya" title="Rambhadracharya">Rambhadracharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwesha_Teertha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwesha Teertha">Vishwesha Teertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._V._Doshi" title="B. V. Doshi">B. V. Doshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Public affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montek_Singh_Ahluwalia" title="Montek Singh Ahluwalia">Montek Singh Ahluwalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruna_Asaf_Ali" title="Aruna Asaf Ali">Aruna Asaf Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazal Ali">Fazal Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsh_Sein_Anand" title="Adarsh Sein Anand">Adarsh Sein Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhav_Shrihari_Aney" title="Madhav Shrihari Aney">Madhav Shrihari Aney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikander_Bakht" title="Sikander Bakht">Sikander Bakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milon_K._Banerji" title="Milon K. Banerji">Milon K. Banerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Hameedullah_Beg" title="Mirza Hameedullah Beg">Mirza Hameedullah Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Bhagwati" title="P. N. Bhagwati">P. N. Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Chelliah" title="Raja Chelliah">Raja Chelliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._K._Daphtary" title="C. K. Daphtary">Chandra Kisan Daphtary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niren_De" title="Niren De">Niren De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Deshmukh" title="C. D. Deshmukh">C. D. Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lancelot_Dias" title="Anthony Lancelot Dias">Anthony Lancelot Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Lhendup_Dorjee" title="Kazi Lhendup Dorjee">Kazi Lhendup Dorjee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._B._Gajendragadkar" title="P. B. Gajendragadkar">P. B. Gajendragadkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">Benjamin Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._R._Krishna_Iyer" title="V. R. Krishna Iyer">V. R. Krishna Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Chand_Jain" title="Lakshmi Chand Jain">Lakshmi Chand Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya_Nath_Jha" title="Aditya Nath Jha">Aditya Nath Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshi" title="Murli Manohar Joshi">Murli Manohar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anerood_Jugnauth" title="Anerood Jugnauth">Anerood Jugnauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Nawaz_Jung" title="Mehdi Nawaz Jung">Mehdi Nawaz Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Yavar_Jung" title="Ali Yavar Jung">Ali Yavar Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Kelkar" title="Vijay Kelkar">Vijay Kelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Hans Raj Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._Khare" title="V. N. Khare">V. N. Khare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._G._Kher" title="B. G. Kher">Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhlaqur_Rahman_Kidwai" title="Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai">Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivraj_Narayan_Mehta" title="Jivraj Narayan Mehta">Jivraj Narayan Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirendranath_Mukherjee" title="Hirendranath Mukherjee">Hirendranath Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajoy_Mukherjee" title="Ajoy Mukherjee">Ajoy Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmaja_Naidu" title="Padmaja Naidu">Padmaja Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Narain" title="Govind Narain">Govind Narain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fali_Sam_Nariman" title="Fali Sam Nariman">Fali Sam Nariman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosei_Norota" title="Hosei Norota">Hosei Norota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabhoy_Palkhivala" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanabhoy Palkhivala">Nanabhoy Palkhivala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Parasaran" title="K. Parasaran">K. Parasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Vinayak_Pataskar" title="Hari Vinayak Pataskar">Hari Vinayak Pataskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunder_Lal_Patwa" title="Sunder Lal Patwa">Sunder Lal Patwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Pillai" title="N. R. Pillai">Naryana Raghvan Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Prakasa" title="Sri Prakasa">Sri Prakasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Narayana_Reddy" title="Ravi Narayana Reddy">Ravi Narayana Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y._Venugopal_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Y. Venugopal Reddy">Y. Venugopal Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mohammed_Sadiq" title="Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq">Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Sahgal" title="Lakshmi Sahgal">Lakshmi Sahgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._A._Sangma" title="P. A. Sangma">P. A. Sangma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Setalvad" title="M. C. Setalvad">M. C. Setalvad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Singh" title="Kalyan Singh">Kalyan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Singh" title="Karan Singh">Karan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagendra_Singh" title="Nagendra Singh">Nagendra Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soli_Sorabjee" title="Soli Sorabjee">Soli Sorabjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Sundaram" title="Kalyan Sundaram">Kalyan Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandulal_Madhavlal_Trivedi" title="Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi">Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Venkatachaliah" title="M. N. Venkatachaliah">M. N. Venkatachaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._K._Venugopal" title="K. K. Venugopal">Kottayan Katankot Venugopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Krishna" title="S. M. Krishna">S. M. Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulayam_Singh_Yadav" title="Mulayam Singh Yadav">Mulayam Singh Yadav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Science and engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Aatre" title="V. K. Aatre">V. K. Aatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Ali" title="Salim Ali">Salim Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajagopala_Chidambaram" title="Rajagopala Chidambaram">Rajagopala Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Correa" title="Charles Correa">Charles Correa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan" title="Satish Dhawan">Satish Dhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kakodkar" title="Anil Kakodkar">Anil Kakodkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Kasturirangan" title="Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan">Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daulat_Singh_Kothari" title="Daulat Singh Kothari">Daulat Singh Kothari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verghese_Kurien" title="Verghese Kurien">Verghese Kurien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Anant_Mashelkar" title="Raghunath Anant Mashelkar">Raghunath Anant Mashelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nair" title="G. Madhavan Nair">G. Madhavan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roddam_Narasimha" title="Roddam Narasimha">Roddam Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant Narlikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_K._Pachauri" title="Rajendra K. Pachauri">Rajendra K. Pachauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Peary_Pal" title="Benjamin Peary Pal">Benjamin Peary Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yash_Pal" title="Yash Pal">Yash Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._G._Patel" title="I. G. Patel">I. G. Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Ramanathan" title="K. R. Ramanathan">K. R. Ramanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ramanna" title="Raja Ramanna">Raja Ramanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Rao" title="C. R. Rao">C. R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._R._Rao" title="C. N. R. Rao">C. N. R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palle_Rama_Rao" title="Palle Rama Rao">Palle Rama Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Ramachandra_Rao" title="Udupi Ramachandra Rao">Udupi Ramachandra Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai" title="Vikram Sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Mohan_Sharma" title="Man Mohan Sharma">Man Mohan Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obaid_Siddiqi" title="Obaid Siddiqi">Obaid Siddiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Sreedharan" title="E. Sreedharan">E. Sreedharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._R._Srinivasan" title="M. R. Srinivasan">M. R. Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._C._George_Sudarshan" title="E. C. George Sudarshan">George Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. Swaminathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Social work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Pandurang Shastri Athavale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janaki_Devi_Bajaj" title="Janaki Devi Bajaj">Janaki Devi Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay" title="Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay">Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgabai_Deshmukh" title="Durgabai Deshmukh">Durgabai Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Deshpande" title="Nirmala Deshpande">Nirmala Deshpande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Dharia" title="Mohan Dharia">Mohan Dharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Gracias" title="Valerian Gracias">Valerian Gracias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerendra_Heggade" title="Veerendra Heggade">Veerendra Heggade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Clubwala_Jadhav" title="Mary Clubwala Jadhav">Mary Clubwala Jadhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaganvihari_Lallubhai_Mehta" title="Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta">Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usha_Mehta" title="Usha Mehta">Usha Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Joshi" title="Nirmala Joshi">Sister Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kom" title="Mary Kom">Mary Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar" title="Sachin Tendulkar">Sachin Tendulkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Trade and industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhirubhai_Ambani" title="Dhirubhai Ambani">Dhirubhai Ambani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._Birla" title="G. D. Birla">Ghanshyam Das Birla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Sekhar_Ganguly" title="Ashok Sekhar Ganguly">Ashok Sekhar Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Mittal" title="Lakshmi Mittal">Lakshmi Mittal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Manibhai_Naik" class="mw-redirect" title="Anil Manibhai Naik">Anil Manibhai Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Narayana_Murthy" title="N. R. Narayana Murthy">N. R. Narayana Murthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Narasimham" title="M. Narasimham">M. Narasimham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Raj_Singh_Oberoi" title="Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi">Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azim_Premji" title="Azim Premji">Azim Premji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathap_C._Reddy" title="Prathap C. Reddy">Prathap C. Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" title="J. R. D. Tata">J. R. D. Tata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratan_Tata" title="Ratan Tata">Ratan Tata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_awards_templates" title="Category:Indian awards templates">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_India" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject India">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3056379#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000078625087">ISNI</a></li><li><a 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012427744905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1489251">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd12129062X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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24 Template:Cite_web"," 7.61% 169.629 10 Template:Navbox"," 7.30% 162.565 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 5.45% 121.457 27 Template:Harvnb"," 5.40% 120.254 36 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.327","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13789951,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._G.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdvani2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnanth2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogaert1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCelia_W._Dugger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakrabarti2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesai1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoctor2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDsouza2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandes1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandes1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandes1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandesMathew1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernandesMatthew1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhatwai2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGortJansenVroom2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrover1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardgraveKochanek2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerdeckPiramal1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchisonBrownAsia_Research_Centre2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIyer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJha2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephKriegerKesselman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshiBaweja\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKabir2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaushal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKidwaiHegdeGopal_(Karur)Roy1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKux1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLasrado\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavakare2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadhuFernandes1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGirkRahman,_Maseeh1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishra2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNamboodiripad1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPai2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsai2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratap1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajamani2004\"] = 1,\n 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