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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1993 political affair in the USA</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nannygate_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nannygate (disambiguation)">Nannygate (disambiguation)</a></div> "Nannygate" is a popular term for the 1993 revelations that caused two of President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s choices for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> to become derailed. In January 1993, Clinton's nomination of corporate lawyer <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Baird" title="Zoë Baird">Zoë Baird</a> for the position came under attack after it became known that she and her husband had broken federal law by employing two <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">people who had immigrated illegally</a> from <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> as a nanny and chauffeur for their young child. They had also failed to pay <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> taxes for the workers, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Nanny_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanny Tax">Nanny Tax</a>", until shortly before the disclosures. While the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton administration">Clinton administration</a> thought the matter was relatively unimportant, the news elicited a firestorm of public opinion, most of it against Baird. Within eight days, her nomination lost political support in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> and was withdrawn. The following month, Clinton's choice of federal judge <a href="/wiki/Kimba_Wood" title="Kimba Wood">Kimba Wood</a> for the job was leaked to the press, but within a day it became known that she too had employed someone who had immigrated illegally to look after her child. Although Wood had done so at a time when such a hiring was legal, and had paid Social Security taxes for the worker, the disclosures were enough to cause the immediate withdrawal of Wood from consideration. The <a href="/wiki/Clinton_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton administration">Clinton administration</a> then said that the hiring practices for household help would be examined for all of the more than thousand presidential appointments under consideration, causing the whole process to slow down significantly. Determined to choose a woman for the Attorney General post, Clinton finally selected state prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a>, who was confirmed and served through all eight years of the administration. The Nannygate matter caused wealthy Americans to ask each other if they too had a "Zoë Baird problem", as the hiring of illegal aliens and the paying of household help off the books were both commonplace. Two fault lines, gender and class, were exposed in the discussion over Nannygate: in the former, a double standard was seen wherein female appointees faced a greater risk of being questioned and disqualified based upon their childcare arrangements, while in the latter, affluent professional women who could afford live-in childcare arrangements were seen as trying to get away with an illegal act. Nannygate-type controversies have subsequently affected other political appointees both in the U.S. and in other countries. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Baird_nomination">The Baird nomination</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nannygate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Baird nomination">edit</a>]</div> President-elect <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> had vowed to assemble an administration that "looked like America", and it was widely assumed that one of the major cabinet posts would go to a woman.<a href="#cite_note-human-118-1">[1]</a> In particular, he wanted to nominate one for the position of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a>, something women's political action groups were also requesting.<a href="#cite_note-human-118-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt011393-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt012293-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-hiring-4">[4]</a> No woman had previously served in this post.<a href="#cite_note-nyt122592-5">[5]</a> His choice, whose nomination was announced on December 24, 1992, was <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Baird" title="Zoë Baird">Zoë Baird</a>, a 40-year-old senior vice president and general counsel at <a href="/wiki/Aetna" title="Aetna">Aetna Life and Casualty Company</a> who had previously worked in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Justice_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Justice Department">Justice Department</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Carter_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter administration">Carter administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt122592-5">[5]</a> Little known before the nomination (Clinton had not met her until their interview),<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Baird was a skilled networker who had been the protégé of several powerful Washington insiders, including Clinton transition team leader <a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Warren Christopher</a> and once-and-future White House Counsel <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Cutler" title="Lloyd Cutler">Lloyd Cutler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adv-baby-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-balakian-142-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-harris-14-9">[9]</a> Picking Baird gave Clinton the ability to satisfy the women's groups' desires while still showing independence by not choosing one of their preferred selections.<a href="#cite_note-nyt012293-3">[3]</a> Despite the lack of familiarity and getting a lukewarm response from some Clinton backers – those in the legal public interest community said "Zoë who?"<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a> and her corporate sympathies discouraged liberals<a href="#cite_note-sampson-310-11">[11]</a> – Baird was expected to gain confirmation in the U.S. Senate.<a href="#cite_note-nyt011393-2">[2]</a> Baird and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gewirtz" title="Paul Gewirtz">Paul Gewirtz</a>, had a three-year-old son.<a href="#cite_note-nyt122592-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-deport-12">[12]</a> On January 14, 1993, a page-one story in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> broke the news<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a> that Baird had hired a married pair of <a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">illegal aliens</a> from <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, Lillian and Victor Cordero, between 1990 and 1992.<a href="#cite_note-sampson-310-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt011493-13">[13]</a> Lillian had served as the <a href="/wiki/Nanny" title="Nanny">nanny</a> for Baird's son and Victor had served as a part-time <a href="/wiki/Chauffeur" title="Chauffeur">driver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt011493-13">[13]</a> Furthermore, Baird had not paid <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> taxes for the couple, until making a lump-sum payment earlier in January 1993.<a href="#cite_note-nyt011493-13">[13]</a> Baird had brought forward this information willingly to transition officials and authorities performing background checks; she said that she had thought that the fact that they were sponsoring the couple for citizenship made the hiring acceptable, and that they could not pay the taxes for people who were not yet in the country legally.<a href="#cite_note-nyt011493-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> (Baird's immigration lawyer would dispute some aspects of exactly when the sponsorship request took place.<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a>) This was the first time a presidential cabinet nominee had faced such an issue.<a href="#cite_note-harris-14-9">[9]</a> While the Clinton transition team had found out about the matter during their vetting of Baird, they had underestimated the seriousness of its impact.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Their attitude about Baird's infraction was that it was a technical violation and that 'Everybody does it'.<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a> Clinton operatives initially thought the Baird revelation was no big deal and would quickly lose the attention of the media and public.<a href="#cite_note-adv-baby-7">[7]</a> Employment of illegal aliens was not uncommon at the time, but in Baird's case it was especially bad public relations, since the Attorney General was in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service</a> (INS).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Baird's wealth – she made $500,000 a year in her job and together with her husband had a combined income of $600,000 – made her, in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">early 1990s recession</a>, an unsympathetic figure to not be paying taxes.<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-balakian-143-17">[17]</a> Moreover, Baird and Gewirtz had been wealthy enough to afford legal child care, but instead had paid the Corderos $250 a week plus board, well below <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">minimum wage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-walker-179-18">[18]</a> The news brought about an immediate and large-scale negative reaction.<a href="#cite_note-burke-303-19">[19]</a> As <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Guardian</a> U.S. correspondent <a href="/wiki/Martin_Walker_(reporter)" title="Martin Walker (reporter)">Martin Walker</a> later wrote, "[Baird and Gewirtz] were the overpaid yuppies and ubiquitous lawyers whom American voters had come to resent."<a href="#cite_note-walker-180-20">[20]</a> On January 16, Baird paid $2,900 in fines for the infractions to the INS.<a href="#cite_note-nyt011793-21">[21]</a> This was on top of the $8,000 in back Social Security taxes she had paid earlier.<a href="#cite_note-nyt011793-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Stephanopoulos" title="George Stephanopoulos">George Stephanopoulos</a>, the transition communications director, said that "President-elect Clinton has complete confidence in Zoë Baird."<a href="#cite_note-nyt011793-21">[21]</a> Some in the Clinton inner circle persisted in believing that Baird's offense was akin to a traffic ticket in seriousness, but Democratic senators told them otherwise; <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> chair <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> of Delaware likened it more to a "freeway crash."<a href="#cite_note-burke-303-19">[19]</a> Baird met with Biden twice, both times leaving his office in tears, although Biden publicly stated that he did not think the matter would prevent her nomination.<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a> Baird actually had more immediate support from ranking member <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a>, who called it "no big deal."<a href="#cite_note-sampson-310-11">[11]</a> This reflected a considerable degree of Republican support for Baird, as they decided she was more in tune with their stance on some issues than a replacement would likely be.<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt012093-22">[22]</a> Appearing before the Judiciary Committee on January 19, Baird apologized for having knowingly broken the law: "In my hope to find appropriate child care for my son, I gave too little emphasis to what was described to me as a technical violation of law."<a href="#cite_note-nyt012093-22">[22]</a> She added that, "People are fairly questioning if there are classes of individuals who hold themselves above the law. I do not."<a href="#cite_note-nyt012093-22">[22]</a> Baird's statement that her husband had handled many of the legal issues surrounding the Corderos' employment drew little support for her.<a href="#cite_note-sampson-311-23">[23]</a> Overall, the questioning of Baird was tougher from Democrats on the committee than Republicans, again reflecting the latter's support for Baird.<a href="#cite_note-nyt012093-22">[22]</a> At the close of the initial testimony, Baird's confirmation still seemed quite possible.<a href="#cite_note-nyt012093-22">[22]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">inauguration of Bill Clinton</a> took place on January 20, the nomination crisis was reaching its final phase, with Biden telling Clinton at a luncheon following the ceremony that the next day or two would be crucial.<a href="#cite_note-harris-14-9">[9]</a> But political and public opposition continued to mount.<a href="#cite_note-nyt012293-3">[3]</a> Calls opposing the nomination flooded the switchboards of members of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-sampson-310-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-balakian-143-17">[17]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/David_Boren" title="David Boren">David Boren</a> of Oklahoma reported getting a thousand calls to his office, with 80 percent of them against the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-nyt012293-3">[3]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon_(politician)" title="Paul Simon (politician)">Paul Simon</a> of Illinois also received a thousand calls.<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> of Vermont said, "In 18 years in the Senate, I had never seen so many telephone calls, spontaneously, in such a short period."<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a> Television crews staked out the <a href="/wiki/New_Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven">New Haven</a> home of Baird.<a href="#cite_note-balakian-143-17">[17]</a> As one top Senate official later stated, "There were phone calls to offices, local editorials. The people were just way ahead of us."<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a> The issue created a firestorm on <a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">conservative talk radio</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> then emerging as a potent force in American politics. Talker <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> was especially involved in the issue, for instance weighing in to say that Baird's "blame-it-on-the-husband" defense was a "feminazi" ploy.<a href="#cite_note-sampson-311-23">[23]</a> A <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>/<a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> showed that 63 percent of the American public did not think Baird should be confirmed;<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> the reaction was broad, with majorities of Republicans and Democrats, men and women, and young and old all opposing it.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Clinton faced a choice of either quickly jettisoning her, and risk appearing weak, or defiantly continuing to back her, and opposing a popular groundswell; he opted to wait and see a little more.<a href="#cite_note-harris-15-27">[27]</a> There was also much confusion about when exactly Clinton had learned of the Baird problem,<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a> with Christopher saying he had informed Clinton of it in some manner during the transition and Clinton saying he had not.<a href="#cite_note-harris-15-27">[27]</a> This led to a "<a href="/wiki/What_did_the_President_know_and_when_did_he_know_it" class="mw-redirect" title="What did the President know and when did he know it">What did the President know and when did he know it</a>" grilling of Stephanopoulos on January 21 during his first news conference as <a href="/wiki/White_House_Communications_Director" title="White House Communications Director">White House Communications Director</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harris-14-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-human-111-28">[28]</a> The treatment of Stephanopoulos got rough and his evasive answers bordered on nonsense.<a href="#cite_note-harris-15-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-human-108-29">[29]</a> A second round of Judiciary Committee hearings were also taking place on January 21, and by then, Baird was politically isolated, with no major groups coming to her defense.<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a> A growing number of senators came out in opposition to Baird during the day, including two Republican members of the Judiciary Committee and influential centrist Democrats <a href="/wiki/John_Breaux" title="John Breaux">John Breaux</a> of Louisiana and <a href="/wiki/David_Boren" title="David Boren">David Boren</a> of Oklahoma.<a href="#cite_note-nyt012293-3">[3]</a> Baird gamely continued to smile and testify well into the evening, but as Stephanopoulos later wrote, "She didn't know it yet, but she was toast."<a href="#cite_note-human-108-29">[29]</a> Biden called Clinton and told him the nomination was lost.<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a> On January 22, 1993, two days after Clinton had assumed the presidency, the White House announced in the middle of the night the withdrawal of Baird's nomination.<a href="#cite_note-nyt012293-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a> Clinton now publicly stated that he had been informed of Baird's hiring of the illegal aliens after discussing the position with her but before actually nominating her.<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-erred-30">[30]</a> He had not halted the process to gain all information but rather had erred by going through with the nomination in order to meet a self-imposed Christmas deadline for naming his cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-erred-30">[30]</a> On January 23, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Quindlen" title="Anna Quindlen">Anna Quindlen</a> used the term "Nannygate" in her syndicated column<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and it soon gained wide-scale use.<a href="#cite_note-burke-303-19">[19]</a> While Lillian and Victor Cordero had done their jobs well (before hiring them, Baird had made several attempts to employ U.S. citizens, but none had worked out),<a href="#cite_note-adv-baby-7">[7]</a> on January 22 the INS said it sought to question them and very likely deport them.<a href="#cite_note-ap-deport-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-sontag-32">[32]</a> The couple had previously separated and were about to be divorced.<a href="#cite_note-usa-deport-33">[33]</a> Lillian Cordero agreed to leave the country and return to Peru, under a 30-day "voluntary departure" program.<a href="#cite_note-usa-deport-33">[33]</a> Victor Cordero first went into hiding, hoping to stay in the country; his lawyer said he had been in the wrong place at the wrong time and that, "He doesn't understand why he's being singled out."<a href="#cite_note-ap-deport-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-sontag-32">[32]</a> But by January 29, he too had voluntarily left the U.S. for Peru.<a href="#cite_note-usa-deport-33">[33]</a> Neither of them ever appeared in the media.<a href="#cite_note-romero-12-34">[34]</a> Although illegal domestics were rarely deported unless they had been involved in crimes,<a href="#cite_note-ap-deport-12">[12]</a> the INS maintained that the couple were treated no differently than any other illegal aliens who were brought to their attention.<a href="#cite_note-usa-deport-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Wood_near-nomination">The Wood near-nomination</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nannygate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Wood near-nomination">edit</a>]</div> On February 4, 1993, the Clinton White House made it known via deliberate background statements to several major newspapers that 49-year-old <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">United States federal judge</a> <a href="/wiki/Kimba_Wood" title="Kimba Wood">Kimba Wood</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">United States District Court for the Southern District of New York</a> would be his new choice for Attorney General.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-wood-ann-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-burke-349-36">[36]</a> However, no official announcement or nomination was being made, pending the completion of background checks and to gauge reaction to the pick.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-wood-ann-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> White House officials indicated that First Lady <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> had insisted that the position still be filled by a woman.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-wood-ann-35">[35]</a> Wood, who was prominent in New York social circles,<a href="#cite_note-tp-reno-38">[38]</a> was married to <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine writer Michael Kramer and the couple had a six-year-old son.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-wood-ann-35">[35]</a> However, later that day, investigations by the office of the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> background check were completed, and Clinton and the White House learned that she had employed an illegal alien to look after her son, even though she had done it when it was still legal to do so.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-wood-out-39">[39]</a> The immigrant, from <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, had been hired in March 1986, several months before enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986</a> made hiring of illegal aliens unlawful.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-wood-out-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The nanny obtained legal status in December 1987, and overall worked for Wood for seven years.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-wood-out-39">[39]</a> Clinton decided the nomination could not go forward, and the next day, February 5, Wood publicly withdrew herself from consideration.<a href="#cite_note-burke-349-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-wood-out-39">[39]</a> The case was different from the Baird one in that Wood had not broken immigration law and had paid Social Security taxes for the person.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-hiring-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-wood-side-41">[41]</a> Nevertheless, the White House feared reaction from Congress and the public, as well as that from radio and television talk shows, in the apparent, if not actual, repetition of the Baird controversy, and asked Wood to withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-wood-out-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-wood-side-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-romero-10-42">[42]</a> A further burden was the disclosure that while she was a student in London, Wood had trained for five days as a <a href="/wiki/Playboy_bunny" class="mw-redirect" title="Playboy bunny">Playboy bunny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-wood-out-39">[39]</a> The White House was annoyed with Wood, because they said that when they had initially asked her if she had a "Zoë Baird problem," she had responded in the negatory.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-wood-out-39">[39]</a> Allies of Wood gave a starkly different account and said that she had been fully forthcoming about the details of her dealings with the immigrant.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-wood-side-41">[41]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Poll">Gallup Poll</a>, 65 percent of the American public did not think Wood should have been forced down.<a href="#cite_note-gallup-wood-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Clinton_appointees">Other Clinton appointees</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nannygate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other Clinton appointees">edit</a>]</div> One of the few men to make the short list for the Attorney General selection, Washington lawyer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ruff" title="Charles Ruff">Charles Ruff</a>, was ruled out of consideration by the White House on February 6, because he had not paid Social Security taxes for years for a woman who cleaned his house.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-hiring-4">[4]</a> On February 8, Stephanopoulos broadened the scope of the affair by announcing that the past hiring of an illegal alien would "probably be disqualifying" for applicants to any of the 1,100 presidential appointments that were subject to confirmation by the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-hiring-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-lesson-44">[44]</a> As one White House official said, "If you ever knowingly hired an illegal alien, that's a killer. If you hired someone who was legal but didn't pay Social Security taxes, you're probably O.K., but only if you come clean and pay the back taxes."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-hiring-4">[4]</a> Several Clinton appointees then came forward. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Ron Brown</a> said he had failed to pay the taxes for a maid.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-hiring-4">[4]</a> The Brown case attracted a fair amount of attention, with 40 percent of Americans thinking he should step down as a result<a href="#cite_note-gallup-wood-43">[43]</a> (he did not). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a> <a href="/wiki/Federico_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Federico Peña">Federico Peña</a> said he would pay back taxes owed for a part-time babysitter.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-hiring-4">[4]</a> Other appointees said they had examined their records and were clean.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-hiring-4">[4]</a> Stephanopoulos himself came under attention, but said the cleaner he had hired was from a cleaning company.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-hiring-4">[4]</a> The matter resulted in a slowdown of hiring for all positions, in what <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Les Aspin</a> called a "chilling effect".<a href="#cite_note-burke-303-19">[19]</a> One-third of the nominations for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> were held up while being examined for the question.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-hiring-4">[4]</a> Some other female Clinton cabinet-level appointees escaped Nannygate by virtue of their personal circumstances. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a> <a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna Shalala</a> was unmarried with no children, while <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a> <a href="/wiki/Hazel_O%27Leary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazel O'Leary">Hazel O'Leary</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> had children who were grown.<a href="#cite_note-time-lesson-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carol_Browner" title="Carol Browner">Carol Browner</a>, Clinton's pick for <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a> and someone who did have a young child, avoided Nannygate problems by simply never having used a nanny.<a href="#cite_note-usaw052193-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Reno_nomination">The Reno nomination</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nannygate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Reno nomination">edit</a>]</div> On February 11, 1993, <a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a> was nominated for the post.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-reno-ann-46">[46]</a> Clinton had known of her since her days with the groundbreaking <a href="/wiki/Miami_Drug_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Drug Court">Miami Drug Court</a>, where as state attorney she had worked with public defender and Clinton brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Edwin_Rodham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Edwin Rodham">Hugh Rodham</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bill-491-47">[47]</a> but otherwise although qualified for the job had no federal experience and was relatively obscure.<a href="#cite_note-time-lesson-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-reno-ann-46">[46]</a> Reno was 54 years old, had never married and had no children, and, as Clinton later wrote, "Public service was her life."<a href="#cite_note-bill-491-47">[47]</a> Without the chance of a nanny problem, and with her mowing her own lawn reducing the chances for an immigrant problem, Reno was the perfect choice after the Baird and Wood failures.<a href="#cite_note-time-lesson-44">[44]</a> In addition, Reno's down-to-earth image contrasted with the wealthy corporate lawyer Baird and the socially prominent Wood.<a href="#cite_note-tp-reno-38">[38]</a> (Reno would instead face something often experienced by unmarried woman of her age, speculation about her sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>) In making the announcement, Clinton said that he had considered men for the post and that "I never felt hamstrung by any commitment, even though I did want to name a woman Attorney General."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-reno-ann-46">[46]</a> When asked how he would have handled the selection were he to do it all over again, Clinton responded, "I would have called Janet Reno on November 5th."<a href="#cite_note-tp-reno-38">[38]</a> Reno was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on March 11, 1993, and thus became the first female Attorney General.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Reno remained Attorney General through both of Clinton's terms as president. Wood remained a federal judge. While the ramifications of Nannygate persisted, Baird herself quickly returned to public obscurity.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Clinton subsequently appointed Baird to the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board">Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board</a>, and in his 2004 memoir reiterated that the fault for the failed nomination had been his, not hers.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Baird hired an American citizen to be her next nanny.<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_and_cultural_impact">Political and cultural impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nannygate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political and cultural impact">edit</a>]</div> The Nannygate matter did some damage to the Clinton administration politically. A cover of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine, featuring a half-portrait of Baird, was titled "Clinton's First Blunder" and subtitled "How a popular outcry caught the Washington elite by surprise".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The Baird nomination was emblematic of other difficulties Clinton had during the transition period and his early days in office, including most prominently the dropping of a promised middle-class tax cut and resistance to his proposal to allow <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_and_the_United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation and the United States military">gays in the military</a>.<a href="#cite_note-burke-303-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-walker-178-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Stephanopoulos later wrote that "We should have never let the Baird nomination get as far as it did, but our systems failed us at every crucial step."<a href="#cite_note-human-118-1">[1]</a> And the timing of the announcement of the Wood withdrawal detracted attention from the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Family_and_Medical_Leave_Act_of_1993" title="Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993">Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993</a>, the first legislative achievement of the Clinton administration.<a href="#cite_note-burke-349-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> While a Gallup Poll showed that only 22 percent of the public said that Clinton's difficulties in naming someone for Attorney General decreased their confidence in his ability to lead the country,<a href="#cite_note-gallup-wood-43">[43]</a> overall, Clinton experienced the highest disapproval ratings at the start of any presidency since such polling began.<a href="#cite_note-walker-180-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> His "<a href="/wiki/Presidential_honeymoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential honeymoon">presidential honeymoon</a>" period was thus extremely brief.<a href="#cite_note-walker-178-54">[54]</a> Clinton's desire to appoint a woman to the post engendered some criticism for devaluing the position to an <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> post,<a href="#cite_note-time-debacle-10">[10]</a> and Stephanopoulos later conceded that "we put ourselves in a box".<a href="#cite_note-human-118-1">[1]</a> The failure of the Baird and Wood picks, along with <a href="/wiki/Lani_Guinier" title="Lani Guinier">Lani Guinier</a>'s failed nomination (for unrelated reasons) to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Attorney_General" title="United States Assistant Attorney General">Assistant Attorney General</a> for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Civil_Rights_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division">Department of Justice Civil Rights Division</a> a few months later, made Congressional Democrats cautious in endorsing future Clinton personnel choices.<a href="#cite_note-Stephanopoulos,_p._168-58">[58]</a> When federal judge <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> was first considered for a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> vacancy in mid-1993, he was not selected, in part because he too had a 'Zoë Baird problem'<a href="#cite_note-Stephanopoulos,_p._168-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> (he would be nominated and confirmed the following year, following another vacancy). The Baird case became the first national scandal over child-care arrangements,<a href="#cite_note-romero-9-60">[60]</a> but the situation that these nominees faced was in part at least a common one to Americans. Two-thirds of American women with school-age children were in the workforce and three-fifths of married men with children had working wives.<a href="#cite_note-time-lesson-44">[44]</a> They all needed some form of <a href="/wiki/Day_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Day care">day care</a>, and with there being no organized or subsidized day care system in the U.S., many families turned to arrangements within the <a href="/wiki/Underground_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground economy">underground economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-time-lesson-44">[44]</a> That this administration ran into this problem was considered ironic, given that Bill and Hillary Clinton were the first dual-career couple to occupy the White House.<a href="#cite_note-time-lesson-44">[44]</a> Once the Nannygate matter broke into the news, the question "Do you have a Zoë Baird problem?" became frequently asked by Americans of each other in casual conversation, with many answers being in the affirmative.<a href="#cite_note-time-lesson-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> data indicated that only one-quarter of people who employed household help paid Social Security taxes to the workers, and that even figure may have been higher than the real one due to people not responding to surveys honestly.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-hiring-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-lesson-44">[44]</a> Most of those doing the hiring did not think about breaking the law or getting caught.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-sontag-32">[32]</a> Meanwhile, Baird had graduated within a matter of hours from anonymity to dubious icon.<a href="#cite_note-adv-baby-7">[7]</a> One employment agency head who only hired legal household workers said, "You have no idea, the frustration, sitting here, knocking your head against the wall, trying to do what's right. And then you have a Zoë Baird who exposes the fact that everybody else is breaking the law."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-sontag-32">[32]</a> The phrase "to have a Zoë Baird problem" became rooted for a while in the vocabulary of the American professional and political classes.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-hc-chavez-62">[62]</a> The matter exposed the practices of the barely underground economy of wealthy households and largely illegal immigrant suppliers.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-sontag-32">[32]</a> The owner of one Manhattan nanny agency stated, "It's just a reality of life that without the illegal girls, there wouldn't be any nannies, and the mommies would have to stay home and mind their own kids."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-sontag-32">[32]</a> The practice had grown as both married women with children and single working mothers entered the workforce in large numbers during the 1980s, with the extended hours and long commutes of many professional positions further exacerbating it.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-sontag-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-romero-16-63">[63]</a> The Irish and Central and South American immigrant population of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic workers</a> was augmented by those from the Philippines, China, Ireland, and Poland.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-sontag-32">[32]</a> People hiring nannies may have preferred women without papers, who were thought to be easier to find, considerably less expensive, and more loyal if they worked out and easier to fire if they did not.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-sontag-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-romero-13-64">[64]</a> As one <a href="/wiki/Floral_Park,_Queens" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral Park, Queens">Floral Park, Queens</a>, woman said, "I want someone who cannot leave the country, who doesn't know anyone in New York, who basically does not have a life. I want someone who is completely dependent on me and loyal to my family."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-sontag-32">[32]</a> Americans themselves were largely unwilling to do the jobs.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-sontag-32">[32]</a> While some men were affected by Nannygate, most of the public commentary revolved around its effect on women.<a href="#cite_note-fair-65">[65]</a> The February 10, 1993, op-ed page of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, which carried considerable Nannygate coverage in general, was exclusively devoted towards discussing it as a women's issue.<a href="#cite_note-fair-65">[65]</a> The press themselves came in for some criticism in this respect, with the group <a href="/wiki/Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting">Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting</a> complaining that the Times and other media outlets focused on the effect of Nannygate on white, upper-middle-class women, and excluded the perspective of the actual immigrant childcare workers.<a href="#cite_note-fair-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Taylor,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart Taylor, Jr.">Stuart Taylor, Jr.</a>, in his March 1993 piece "Inside the Whirlwind: How Zoë Baird Was Monstrously Caricatured for the Smallest of Sins, Pounded by Press and Popular Righteousness, and Crucified by Prejudice and Hypocrisy" for <a href="/wiki/The_American_Lawyer" title="The American Lawyer">The American Lawyer</a>, concluded that Baird was done in by a political-media culture bent on populism and symbolic blood sport and that she was penalized for being honest.<a href="#cite_note-balakian-140-66">[66]</a> He also said Baird had fallen victim to "the cold, capricious cruelty of fate".<a href="#cite_note-balakian-140-66">[66]</a> Two fault lines, gender and class, were exposed in the debate over Nannygate: in the former, a double standard was seen wherein female appointees faced a greater risk of being questioned and disqualified based upon their childcare arrangements, while in the latter, wealthy or upper middle-class professional women who could afford live-in childcare arrangements were seen as trying to get away with a white-collar criminal act.<a href="#cite_note-romero-10-42">[42]</a> In particular, the competing gendered narratives revolved around whether the affluent Baird was considered "one of us" by women.<a href="#cite_note-banks-67">[67]</a> Baird failed to gain support from some feminists, who believed that as a protégé of powerful Washington insiders, she had not paid her feminist dues.<a href="#cite_note-balakian-142-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> scholar and graduate student Diane Sampson, publishing in a collection entitled "Bad" Mothers: The politics of blame in twentieth-century America, saw Baird as trying to establish motherhood as a 'site' in elaborating her qualifications for Attorney General during her confirmation hearings, an effort that was subverted by her affluence and her earning far more than her husband did.<a href="#cite_note-sampson-314-68">[68]</a> Sampson concluded that "The dissonance between Baird's rhetorical stance and her lived life was jarring" and that her case presented "culturally accepted signifiers of a bad mother".<a href="#cite_note-sampson-314-68">[68]</a> A modified and fictionalized account of the Baird nomination formed the core of <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Wasserstein" title="Wendy Wasserstein">Wendy Wasserstein</a>'s 1996 play <a href="/wiki/An_American_Daughter" title="An American Daughter">An American Daughter</a>, which was later made into <a href="/wiki/An_American_Daughter_(film)" title="An American Daughter (film)">a 2000 television film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-balakian-140-66">[66]</a> Wasserstein saw the episode, as well as what happened to Wood, as an example of double standards and sexism, and used it as a vehicle to explore the nature and status of American feminism as of the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-balakian-140-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-ciociola-101-69">[69]</a> She said of its role in illustrating feminist issues, "I mean, if Nannygate hadn't existed, what a great thing to make up as a way of talking about it."<a href="#cite_note-ciociola-101-69">[69]</a> An American Daughter became one of Wasserstein's most ambitious works, and also her most political.<a href="#cite_note-ciociola-101-69">[69]</a> Mary Romero, Professor of Justice Studies at <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a>, discussed the class aspect in a new 2002 edition of her classic work Maid in the U.S.A.. She saw Nannygate as a follow-on to the long-running "servant problem", and illustrated how labor and immigration laws were still structured so as to benefit employers rather than employees.<a href="#cite_note-romero-9-60">[60]</a> Taunya Lovell Banks, Professor of Equality Jurisprudence at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland School of Law">University of Maryland School of Law</a>, saw Nannygate as also having a racial dimension, in that it illustrated how the professional class exploited domestic workers of color.<a href="#cite_note-banks-67">[67]</a> In the wake of Nannygate, effective 1995 Congress changed the way taxes for household help are filed, creating a <a href="/wiki/IRS_tax_forms#1098_series" title="IRS tax forms">Form 1040 Schedule H</a> that shifting the federal reporting burden from separate documents onto the main return for income taxes.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> (The new regulations still were more focused on employers than domestic employees.<a href="#cite_note-banks-67">[67]</a>) The full procedure for handling payments of Social Security and Medicare taxes, as well as state and federal unemployment insurance premiums, for household and child-care help remained quite complex, however, and over the following two decades, self-help articles were published with titles such as "How to Avoid Your Very Own Nannygate"<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and "Time to Come Clean"<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and with admonitions like "we all know what happened to Kimba Wood and Zoë Baird."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_instances">Later instances</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nannygate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later instances">edit</a>]</div> Later instances of political problems caused by the hiring of nannies that were in some way illegal have also been dubbed "Nannygate", both in the U.S. and outside it. In 2001, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Linda_Chavez" title="Linda Chavez">Linda Chavez</a> for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a>. She was the first Hispanic woman nominated to a United States cabinet position. However, she withdrew from consideration after it was revealed that she had given money to a one-time illegal immigrant from <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> who lived in her home more than a decade earlier.<a href="#cite_note-AP2001-Jan9-74">[74]</a> Chavez's claims that she had been engaged in an act of charity and compassion rather than employment, and that she was now the victim of the "politics of personal destruction", were not enough to save her nomination.<a href="#cite_note-hc-chavez-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The Chavez case did further illustrate the question of the status of female illegal aliens in households across the nation.<a href="#cite_note-romero-16-63">[63]</a> In December 2004, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Kerik" title="Bernard Kerik">Bernard Kerik</a> was nominated by President Bush to succeed <a href="/wiki/Tom_Ridge" title="Tom Ridge">Tom Ridge</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">United States Secretary of Homeland Security</a>. After a week of press scrutiny, Kerik withdrew his nomination, saying that he had unknowingly hired an undocumented worker and had not paid her taxes.<a href="#cite_note-times-kerik-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> wrote that "the curse of Nannygate" had returned to claim a fourth high-level victim.<a href="#cite_note-times-kerik-76">[76]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gibbons_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Gibbons (U.S. politician)">Jim Gibbons</a> was campaigning for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Nevada">Governor of Nevada</a> in 2006, it was brought to light that more than ten years earlier, he and his wife <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Gibbons" title="Dawn Gibbons">Dawn Gibbons</a> had employed an illegal immigrant as a housekeeper and babysitter.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Gibbons went on to win the election anyway. By 2009 and the stepping down of <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Killefer" title="Nancy Killefer">Nancy Killefer</a> as nominee for <a href="/wiki/Chief_Performance_Officer_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Performance Officer of the United States">Chief Performance Officer of the United States</a> at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a>, at least ten top-level cabinet or other federal appointees had run into trouble over failure to pay the "Nanny Tax".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Despite the possible peril it brought, most Americans were still paying their nannies off the books.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The problem recurred in the <a href="/wiki/2010_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 California gubernatorial election">2010 California gubernatorial election</a>, where candidate <a href="/wiki/Meg_Whitman" title="Meg Whitman">Meg Whitman</a> lost despite spending over $140 million of her own money.<a href="#cite_note-atl-mwlost-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-npr-mwlost-81">[81]</a> Her campaign suffered damage during its final two months by the revelation that she had employed an illegal immigrant as a nanny and housekeeper, and by the alleged manner in which she treated (and fired) the housekeeper.<a href="#cite_note-atl-mwlost-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-npr-mwlost-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Blunkett#First_resignation" title="David Blunkett">David Blunkett</a>, a British politician, ran into political trouble for fast tracking a visa application for his family's nanny in 2004. In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_affair_at_the_announcement_of_the_Reinfeldt_cabinet" title="Minister affair at the announcement of the Reinfeldt cabinet">Minister affair at the announcement of the Reinfeldt cabinet</a> in Sweden included the quick resignations of <a href="/wiki/Maria_Borelius" title="Maria Borelius">Maria Borelius</a>, a Swedish trade minister who had hired a live-in nanny without paying taxes, and <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Steg%C3%B6_Chil%C3%B2" title="Cecilia Stegö Chilò">Cecilia Stegö Chilò</a>, the Swedish culture minister, who also hired a live-in nanny without paying taxes. The matter was widely reported by the international press, with the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> dubbing it "Nannygate".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In 2009, Canadian member of parliament <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dhalla" title="Ruby Dhalla">Ruby Dhalla</a> was accused of having employed nannies without proper work permits as required of anyone hiring foreign nationals under the federal caregiver program,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> and some newspaper headline writers dubbed the resulting controversy as "Nannygate".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The 2013 <a href="/wiki/Devyani_Khobragade_incident" title="Devyani Khobragade incident">arrest of Devyani Khobragade</a>, Deputy Consul General of the Consulate General of India in New York City, charged with committing visa fraud and providing false statements in order to gain entry to the United States for her nanny, was referred to by some in the American press as "Nannygate".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In February 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Spokesperson_for_the_United_States_Department_of_State" title="Spokesperson for the United States Department of State">State Department spokeswoman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heather_Nauert" title="Heather Nauert">Heather Nauert</a>, who was the White House's choice for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">United States Ambassador to the United Nations</a>, withdrew herself from consideration due to her having previously employed a nanny who, while legally residing in the country, was not legally permitted to do that work and did not have taxes paid for her at the time.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> One columnist wrote that "Nauert had a nannygate situation, which would have made the confirmation process much more difficult."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nannygate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Nanny Tax">Nanny Tax</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nannygate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-human-118-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-human-118_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-human-118_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-human-118_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-human-118_1-3">d</a> Stephanopoulos, All Too Human, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt011393-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt011393_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt011393_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnston,_David1993" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, David (January 13, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/13/us/new-presidency-justice-department-parts-attorney-general-designate-s-record.html">"Parts of Attorney General-Designate's Record Disturb Some Clinton Backers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Parts+of+Attorney+General-Designate%27s+Record+Disturb+Some+Clinton+Backers&rft.date=1993-01-13&rft.au=Johnston%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F01%2F13%2Fus%2Fnew-presidency-justice-department-parts-attorney-general-designate-s-record.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt012293-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt012293_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt012293_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt012293_3-2">c</a> <a 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href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/15/us/the-new-presidency-justice-dept-designee-clinton-not-fazed-by-nominee-s-hires.html">"Clinton Not Fazed by Nominee's Hires"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Clinton+Not+Fazed+by+Nominee%27s+Hires&rft.date=1993-01-15&rft.au=Johnston%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F01%2F15%2Fus%2Fthe-new-presidency-justice-dept-designee-clinton-not-fazed-by-nominee-s-hires.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Clinton, My Life, p. 467. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Clinton, My Life, p. 464. </li> <li id="cite_note-balakian-143-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-balakian-143_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-balakian-143_17-1">b</a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-sampson-311_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sampson-311_23-1">b</a> Sampson, "Rejecting Zoe Baird", p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Stephanopoulos, All Too Human, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeddis,_Sam_Vincent1993" class="citation news cs1">Meddis, Sam Vincent (January 22, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103192031/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/55166730.html?dids=55166730:55166730&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"Poll: 63% oppose Baird; Clinton lobbies senators"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. p. 1A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/55166730.html?dids=55166730:55166730&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">the original</a> (fee required) on November 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+63%25+oppose+Baird%3B+Clinton+lobbies+senators&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=1993-01-22&rft.au=Meddis%2C+Sam+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2FUSAToday%2Faccess%2F55166730.html%3Fdids%3D55166730%3A55166730%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103192043/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/55166797.html?dids=55166797:55166797&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"Poll finds widespread opposition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. January 22, 1993. p. 2A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/55166797.html?dids=55166797:55166797&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">the original</a> (fee required) on November 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Poll+finds+widespread+opposition&rft.pages=2A&rft.date=1993-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2FUSAToday%2Faccess%2F55166797.html%3Fdids%3D55166797%3A55166797%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harris-15-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harris-15_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harris-15_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harris-15_27-2">c</a> Harris, The Survivor, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-human-111-28"><a href="#cite_ref-human-111_28-0">^</a> Stephanopoulos, All Too Human, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-human-108-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-human-108_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-human-108_29-1">b</a> Stephanopoulos, All Too Human, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-erred-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-erred_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-erred_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman,_Thomas_L.1993" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Friedman, Thomas L.</a> (January 23, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/23/us/settling-in-the-overview-clinton-concedes-he-erred-on-baird-nomination.html">"Clinton Concedes He Erred on Baird Nomination"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Clinton+Concedes+He+Erred+on+Baird+Nomination&rft.date=1993-01-23&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F01%2F23%2Fus%2Fsettling-in-the-overview-clinton-concedes-he-erred-on-baird-nomination.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuindlen,_Anna1993" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Quindlen" title="Anna Quindlen">Quindlen, Anna</a> (January 23, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=55kbAAAAIBAJ&pg=2427,2158954&dq=nannygate&hl=en">"Let's All Say: I'm OK, You're Bill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch_(Lexington)" title="The Dispatch (Lexington)">The Dispatch</a>. Lexington, North Carolina.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dispatch&rft.atitle=Let%27s+All+Say%3A+I%27m+OK%2C+You%27re+Bill&rft.date=1993-01-23&rft.au=Quindlen%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D55kbAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2427%2C2158954%26dq%3Dnannygate%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-sontag-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-sontag_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-sontag_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-sontag_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-sontag_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-sontag_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-sontag_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-sontag_32-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-sontag_32-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-sontag_32-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-sontag_32-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-sontag_32-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSontag,_Deborah1993" class="citation news cs1">Sontag, Deborah (January 24, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/24/nyregion/increasingly-2-career-family-means-illegal-immigrant-help.html">"Increasingly, 2-Career Family Means Illegal Immigrant Help"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Increasingly%2C+2-Career+Family+Means+Illegal+Immigrant+Help&rft.date=1993-01-24&rft.au=Sontag%2C+Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F01%2F24%2Fnyregion%2Fincreasingly-2-career-family-means-illegal-immigrant-help.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usa-deport-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usa-deport_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usa-deport_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usa-deport_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usa-deport_33-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeavitt,_Paul1993" class="citation news cs1">Leavitt, Paul (January 29, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103192107/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/55167644.html?dids=55167644:55167644&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"2nd Baird worker agrees to leave USA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. p. 3A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/55167644.html?dids=55167644:55167644&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">the original</a> (fee required) on November 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=2nd+Baird+worker+agrees+to+leave+USA&rft.pages=3A&rft.date=1993-01-29&rft.au=Leavitt%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2FUSAToday%2Faccess%2F55167644.html%3Fdids%3D55167644%3A55167644%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-romero-12-34"><a href="#cite_ref-romero-12_34-0">^</a> Romero, Maid in the U.S.A., p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-wood-ann-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-wood-ann_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-wood-ann_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-wood-ann_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-wood-ann_35-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerke,_Richard_L.1993" class="citation news cs1">Berke, Richard L. (February 5, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/05/us/clinton-chooses-new-york-judge-for-justice-post.html">"Clinton Chooses New York Judge For Justice Post"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Clinton+Chooses+New+York+Judge+For+Justice+Post&rft.date=1993-02-05&rft.au=Berke%2C+Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F02%2F05%2Fus%2Fclinton-chooses-new-york-judge-for-justice-post.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-burke-349-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burke-349_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-burke-349_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-burke-349_36-2">c</a> Burke, Presidential Transitions, pp. 349-350. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrow,_Ronald_J.Lauter,_David1993" class="citation news cs1">Ostrow, Ronald J.; Lauter, David (February 5, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V113/N3/wood.03w.html">"Kimba Wood Emerges as No. 1 Attorney General Candidate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tech_(newspaper)" title="The Tech (newspaper)">The Tech</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tech&rft.atitle=Kimba+Wood+Emerges+as+No.+1+Attorney+General+Candidate&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1993-02-05&rft.au=Ostrow%2C+Ronald+J.&rft.au=Lauter%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV113%2FN3%2Fwood.03w.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tp-reno-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tp-reno_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp-reno_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tp-reno_38-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nCcxAAAAIBAJ&pg=6900,2763393&dq=janet+reno+childless&hl=en">"Clinton sure he's backed a winner at last in Reno"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Blade_(Toledo)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blade (Toledo)">The Blade</a>. Toledo. <a href="/wiki/Times-Post_News_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Times-Post News Service">Times-Post News Service</a>. February 12, 1993. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Blade&rft.atitle=Clinton+sure+he%27s+backed+a+winner+at+last+in+Reno&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1993-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DnCcxAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6900%2C2763393%26dq%3Djanet%2Breno%2Bchildless%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-wood-out-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-wood-out_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-wood-out_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-wood-out_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-wood-out_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-wood-out_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-wood-out_39-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-wood-out_39-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerke,_Richard_L.1993" class="citation news cs1">Berke, Richard L. (February 6, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/06/us/judge-withdraws-from-clinton-list-for-justice-post.html">"Judge Withdraws From Clinton List for Justice Post"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Judge+Withdraws+From+Clinton+List+for+Justice+Post&rft.date=1993-02-06&rft.au=Berke%2C+Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F02%2F06%2Fus%2Fjudge-withdraws-from-clinton-list-for-justice-post.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPear,_Robert1993" class="citation news cs1">Pear, Robert (February 6, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/06/us/judge-s-hiring-of-illegal-alien-in-80-s-did-not-violate-immigration-law.html">"Judge's Hiring of Illegal Alien in 80's Did Not Violate Immigration Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Judge%27s+Hiring+of+Illegal+Alien+in+80%27s+Did+Not+Violate+Immigration+Law&rft.date=1993-02-06&rft.au=Pear%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F02%2F06%2Fus%2Fjudge-s-hiring-of-illegal-alien-in-80-s-did-not-violate-immigration-law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-wood-side-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-wood-side_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-wood-side_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-wood-side_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFadden,_Robert_D.1993" class="citation news cs1">McFadden, Robert D. (February 7, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/07/us/looking-for-attorney-general-dispute-white-house-judge-s-allies-clash-over.html">"The White House and Judge's Allies Clash Over Hiring"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+White+House+and+Judge%27s+Allies+Clash+Over+Hiring&rft.date=1993-02-07&rft.au=McFadden%2C+Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F02%2F07%2Fus%2Flooking-for-attorney-general-dispute-white-house-judge-s-allies-clash-over.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-romero-10-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-romero-10_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-romero-10_42-1">b</a> Romero, Maid in the U.S.A., p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-gallup-wood-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gallup-wood_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup-wood_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallup-wood_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallup1994" class="citation book cs1">Gallup, George Jr. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xTBPpYp55LsC&pg=PA35">The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1993</a>. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, Inc. pp. 33–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2483-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8420-2483-2"><bdi>0-8420-2483-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gallup+Poll%3A+Public+Opinion+1993&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+Delaware&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8420-2483-2&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=George+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxTBPpYp55LsC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-lesson-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time-lesson_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time-lesson_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time-lesson_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time-lesson_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time-lesson_44-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time-lesson_44-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time-lesson_44-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time-lesson_44-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time-lesson_44-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallis,_Claudia1993" class="citation news cs1">Wallis, Claudia (February 22, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927013652/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,977802,00.html">"The Lessons Of Nannygate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 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Ambassador Post?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Is+This+Why+Heather+Nauert+Withdrew+From+Consideration+For+U.N.+Ambassador+Post%3F&rft.date=2019-02-17&rft.aulast=Vespa&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftownhall.com%2Ftipsheet%2Fmattvespa%2F2019%2F02%2F17%2Fheather-nauert-withdraws-from-un-ambassador-consideration-n2541617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nannygate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalakian2010" class="citation book cs1">Balakian, Jan (2010). Reading the Plays of Wendy Wasserstein. Milwaukee: <a href="/wiki/Applause_Theatre_and_Cinema_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Applause Theatre and Cinema Books">Applause Theatre and Cinema Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55783-725-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55783-725-7"><bdi>978-1-55783-725-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Plays+of+Wendy+Wasserstein&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pub=Applause+Theatre+and+Cinema+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55783-725-7&rft.aulast=Balakian&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2000" class="citation book cs1">Burke, John P. (2000). Presidential Transitions: From Politics to Practice. Boulder, Colorado: <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Rienner_Publishers" title="Lynne Rienner Publishers">Lynne Rienner Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55587-916-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55587-916-0"><bdi>1-55587-916-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Transitions%3A+From+Politics+to+Practice&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-55587-916-0&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiociola2005" class="citation book cs1">Ciociola, Gail (2005). Wendy Wasserstein: Dramatizing Women, Their Choices and Their Boundaries (Reprint of 1998 ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2317-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2317-X"><bdi>0-7864-2317-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wendy+Wasserstein%3A+Dramatizing+Women%2C+Their+Choices+and+Their+Boundaries&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.edition=Reprint+of+1998&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7864-2317-X&rft.aulast=Ciociola&rft.aufirst=Gail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClinton2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton, Bill</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Bill_Clinton_autobiography)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography)">My Life</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-41457-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-41457-6"><bdi>0-375-41457-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-375-41457-6&rft.aulast=Clinton&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Harris" title="John F. Harris">Harris, John F.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/survivorbillclin00harr">The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50847-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-50847-3"><bdi>0-375-50847-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survivor%3A+Bill+Clinton+in+the+White+House&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-375-50847-3&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurvivorbillclin00harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2002" class="citation book cs1">Romero, Mary (2002). Maid in the U.S.A. (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93541-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93541-5"><bdi>0-415-93541-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maid+in+the+U.S.A.&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-93541-5&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson1997" class="citation book cs1">Sampson, Diane (1997). "Rejecting Zoe Baird: Class Resentment and the Working Mother". In Ladd-Taylor, Molly; Umansky, Lauri (eds.). "Bad" Mothers: The Politics of Blame in Twentieth-century America. New York: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-5119-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-5119-9"><bdi>0-8147-5119-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rejecting+Zoe+Baird%3A+Class+Resentment+and+the+Working+Mother&rft.btitle=%22Bad%22+Mothers%3A+The+Politics+of+Blame+in+Twentieth-century+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8147-5119-9&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanopoulos1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Stephanopoulos" title="George Stephanopoulos">Stephanopoulos, George</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alltoohumanpoli000step">All Too Human: A Political Education</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-92919-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-92919-0"><bdi>0-316-92919-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Too+Human%3A+A+Political+Education&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-316-92919-0&rft.aulast=Stephanopoulos&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falltoohumanpoli000step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Walker_(reporter)" title="Martin Walker (reporter)">Walker, Martin</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentwedeser00walk">The President We Deserve: Bill Clinton: His Rise, Falls, and Comebacks</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Publishers">Crown Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-59871-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-59871-X"><bdi>0-517-59871-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+President+We+Deserve%3A+Bill+Clinton%3A+His+Rise%2C+Falls%2C+and+Comebacks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-517-59871-X&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentwedeser00walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANannygate" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Bill_Clinton" title="Template:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bill_Clinton" title="Template talk:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bill_Clinton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bill Clinton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bill_Clinton750" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">42nd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arkansas" title="List of governors of Arkansas">40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas</a> (1979–1981, 1983–1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Second inauguration of Bill Clinton">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1993)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1993)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1994)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1994)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1995)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1995)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1996)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1996)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1997)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1997)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1998)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1998)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(1999)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (1999)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(2000%E2%80%932001)" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (2000–2001)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency_(2000%E2%80%932001)#January_2001" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency (2000–2001)">January 2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Economic policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps" title="AmeriCorps">AmeriCorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_health_care_plan_of_1993" title="Clinton health care plan of 1993">Health care plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_Budget_Act_of_1997" title="Balanced Budget Act of 1997">Balanced Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of international presidential trips made by Bill Clinton">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Doctrine" title="Clinton Doctrine">Clinton Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_I_Accord" title="Oslo I Accord">Oslo I Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">2000 Camp David Summit</a></li> <li>Cruise missile strikes on Iraq <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1993 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">1996</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach" title="Operation Infinite Reach">Operation Infinite Reach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Bombing of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Iraq_(1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Iraq (1998)">Bombing of Iraq (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_System_(United_States)" title="National Highway System (United States)">National Highway System Designation Act of 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Equity_Act_for_the_21st_Century" title="Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century">Transportation Equity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Initiative" title="One America Initiative">One America Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riegle-Neal_Interstate_Banking_and_Branching_Efficiency_Act_of_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994">Riegle-Neal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Leach%E2%80%93Bliley_Act" title="Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act">Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead-based_paint_in_the_United_States" title="Lead-based paint in the United States">Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_230" title="Section 230">Section 230</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nannygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bedroom_for_contributors_controversy" title="Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy">Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Department_trade_mission_controversy" title="Commerce Department trade mission controversy">Commerce Department trade mission controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_campaign_finance_controversy" title="1996 United States campaign finance controversy">1996 United States campaign finance controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton%E2%80%93Lewinsky_scandal" title="Clinton–Lewinsky scandal">Clinton–Lewinsky scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starr_Report" title="Starr Report">Starr Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Bill_Clinton" title="Efforts to impeach Bill Clinton">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment inquiry against Bill Clinton">inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment trial of Bill Clinton">trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Millennium_Council" title="White House Millennium Council">White House Millennium Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_pardon_controversy" title="Bill Clinton pardon controversy">Pardons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of people pardoned by Bill Clinton">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton#Administration" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Bill_Clinton" title="List of federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Bill Clinton judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jefferson_Clinton/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William Jefferson Clinton/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Jefferson_Clinton/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:William Jefferson Clinton/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Presidential transition of George W. Bush</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/100px-Bill_Clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/150px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Bill_Clinton.jpg/200px-Bill_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="3000" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_William_Jefferson_Clinton_Birthplace_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site">Childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Early life and career of Bill Clinton">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorships_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Governorships of Bill Clinton">Governorships of Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Presidential_Center" title="Clinton Presidential Center">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Post-presidency of Bill Clinton">Post-presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Foundation" title="Clinton Foundation">Clinton Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_School_of_Public_Service" title="Clinton School of Public Service">Clinton School of Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center#NCC_and_presidents" title="National Constitution Center">Chairman, National Constitution Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Bill_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by Bill Clinton">Honors and awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Public image of Bill Clinton">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troopergate_(Bill_Clinton)" title="Troopergate (Bill Clinton)">Troopergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_sexual_assault_and_misconduct_allegations" title="Bill Clinton sexual assault and misconduct allegations">Sexual misconduct allegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_controversy" title="Whitewater controversy">Whitewater controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1993_Bill_Clinton_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 1993 Bill Clinton speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (health care reform)</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1994 State of the Union Address">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1995 State of the Union Address">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1996 State of the Union Address">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1997 State of the Union Address">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1998 State of the Union Address">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1999 State of the Union Address">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2000 State of the Union Address">2000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Electoral history of Bill Clinton">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1974 United States House of Representatives elections">1974</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1980 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1984 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Arkansas gubernatorial election">1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1992 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Stop_(Fleetwood_Mac_song)#Political_significance" title="Don't Stop (Fleetwood Mac song)">theme song</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1996 presidential campaign">1996 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1996 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Bibliography of Bill Clinton">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Between_Hope_and_History" title="Between Hope and History">Between Hope and History (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Clinton_autobiography)" title="My Life (Clinton autobiography)">My Life (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving:_How_Each_of_Us_Can_Change_the_World" title="Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World">Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Work_(book)" title="Back to Work (book)">Back to Work (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President_Is_Missing_(novel)" title="The President Is Missing (novel)">The President Is Missing (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Daughter_(novel)" title="The President's Daughter (novel)">The President's Daughter (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_(Bill_Clinton_book)" title="Citizen (Bill Clinton book)">Citizen: My Life After the White House (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Clinton_Federal_Building" title="William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building">William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_Boulevard" title="Bill Clinton Boulevard">Bill Clinton Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_National_Airport" title="Clinton National Airport">Clinton National Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_William_J._Clinton" title="USS William J. Clinton">USS William J. Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton">Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_Room" title="The War Room">The War Room (1993 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Hams" title="The Silence of the Hams">The Silence of the Hams (1994 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Colors_(film)" title="Primary Colors (film)">Primary Colors (1998 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(2000_film)" title="The Final Days (2000 film)">The Final Days (2000 short film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_President" title="The Hunting of the President">The Hunting of the President (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Special_Relationship_(film)" title="The Special Relationship (film)">The Special Relationship (2010 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_(film)" title="Clinton (film)">Clinton (2012 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_and_Clinton" title="Hillary and Clinton">Hillary and Clinton (2016 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment:_American_Crime_Story" title="Impeachment: American Crime Story">Impeachment: American Crime Story (2021 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Presidency_with_Bill_Clinton_(TV_series)" title="The American Presidency with Bill Clinton (TV series)">The American Presidency with Bill Clinton (2022 documentary series)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_family" title="Clinton family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Rodham Clinton</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Clinton" title="Chelsea Clinton">Chelsea Clinton</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Blythe_Jr." title="William Jefferson Blythe Jr.">William Jefferson Blythe Jr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Clinton_Kelley" title="Virginia Clinton Kelley">Virginia Clinton Kelley</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Clinton_Sr." title="Roger Clinton Sr.">Roger Clinton Sr.</a> (first stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Clinton_Jr." title="Roger Clinton Jr.">Roger Clinton Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dwire" title="Jeff Dwire">Jeff Dwire</a> (second stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socks_(cat)" title="Socks (cat)">Socks</a> (cat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_(Bill_Clinton%27s_dog)" title="Buddy (Bill Clinton's dog)">Buddy</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehaven_(house)" title="Whitehaven (house)">Whitehaven</a> (residence)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">← George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. 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