CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Identity politics - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"11ac100d-ce81-4da2-8901-1e1aed0b5677","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Identity_politics","wgTitle":"Identity politics","wgCurRevisionId":1276091476,"wgRevisionId":1276091476,"wgArticleId":313075,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 maint: others","CS1 errors: generic name","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2017","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from August 2018", "Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2020","All articles needing additional references","Articles needing additional references from February 2023","Articles with minor POV problems from November 2021","Commons category link from Wikidata","Human rights","Identity politics","Intersectionality","Majority–minority relations","Political terminology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Identity_politics","wgRelevantArticleId":313075,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist": true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2914650","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Identity politics - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_politics"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_politics"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Identity_politics rootpage-Identity_politics skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Identity+politics" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Identity+politics" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Identity+politics" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Identity+politics" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Terminology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Examples </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Examples subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racial_and_ethnocultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_and_ethnocultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Racial and ethnocultural </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_and_ethnocultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arab_identity_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_identity_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Arab identity politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_identity_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian-American_identity_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian-American_identity_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Asian-American identity politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian-American_identity_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_and_Black_feminist_identity_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_and_Black_feminist_identity_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Black and Black feminist identity politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_and_Black_feminist_identity_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_identity_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_identity_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 White identity politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_identity_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hispanic/Latino_identity_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispanic/Latino_identity_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Hispanic/Latino identity politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispanic/Latino_identity_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 Indian politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Māori_identity_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Māori_identity_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.7 Māori identity politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Māori_identity_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_identity_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_identity_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.8 Muslim identity politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_identity_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Gender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_identity_politics_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_identity_politics_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Women's identity politics in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_identity_politics_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 LGBT </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debates_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debates_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Debates and criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Debates_and_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Debates and criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Debates_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Divide_and_rule"_critique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Divide_and_rule"_critique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 "Divide and rule" critique </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Divide_and_rule"_critique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_liberal_critique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_liberal_critique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Classical liberal critique </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_liberal_critique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_critique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_critique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Socialist critique </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_critique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intersectional_critique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intersectional_critique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Intersectional critique </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intersectional_critique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queer_critique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queer_critique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Queer critique </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queer_critique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_modern_democracies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_modern_democracies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Representation in modern democracies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Representation_in_modern_democracies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Representation in modern democracies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_modern_democracies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formalistic_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formalistic_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Formalistic representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formalistic_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolic_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Symbolic representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolic_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descriptive_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriptive_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Descriptive representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descriptive_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substantive_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substantive_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Substantive representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substantive_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Identity politics</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سياسات الهوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سياسات الهوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="পরিচয়ের রাজনীতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরিচয়ের রাজনীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-h%C5%ABn_ch%C3%A8ng-t%C4%AB" title="Sin-hūn chèng-tī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sin-hūn chèng-tī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_identit%C3%A0ria" title="Política identitària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Política identitària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identit%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_politika" title="Identitární politika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Identitární politika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identitetspolitik" title="Identitetspolitik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Identitetspolitik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identit%C3%A4tspolitik" title="Identitätspolitik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Identitätspolitik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_identitaria" title="Política identitaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Política identitaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identeca_politiko" title="Identeca politiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Identeca politiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="سیاست‌های هویتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاست‌های هویتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiques_d%27identit%C3%A9" title="Politiques d'identité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Politiques d'identité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%B2%B4%EC%84%B1_%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98" title="정체성 정치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정체성 정치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="पहचान की राजनीति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पहचान की राजनीति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_identitas" title="Politik identitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politik identitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkimi%C3%B0ap%C3%B3lit%C3%ADk" title="Merkimiðapólitík – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Merkimiðapólitík" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politica_identitaria" title="Politica identitaria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Politica identitaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%96%D7%94%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פוליטיקה של זהויות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליטיקה של זהויות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identit%C4%81tes_politika" title="Identitātes politika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Identitātes politika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapatyb%C4%97s_politika" title="Tapatybės politika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tapatybės politika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സ്വത്വരാഷ്ട്രീയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വത്വരാഷ്ട്രീയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_identiti" title="Politik identiti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Politik identiti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identiteitspolitiek" title="Identiteitspolitiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Identiteitspolitiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="アイデンティティ政治 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイデンティティ政治" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identitetspolitikk" title="Identitetspolitikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Identitetspolitikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="شناخت دی سیاست – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شناخت دی سیاست" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica_identit%C3%A1ria" title="Política identitária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Política identitária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politici_identitare" title="Politici identitare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Politici identitare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Политика идентичности – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политика идентичности" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Identity politics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95" title="سیاسەتی ناسنامە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیاسەتی ناسنامە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Политика идентитета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Политика идентитета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identiteettipolitiikka" title="Identiteettipolitiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Identiteettipolitiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identitetspolitik" title="Identitetspolitik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Identitetspolitik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimlik_siyaseti" title="Kimlik siyaseti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimlik siyaseti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Політика ідентичності – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політика ідентичності" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="شناخت کی سیاست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شناخت کی سیاست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B_c%C4%83n_t%C3%ADnh" title="Chính trị căn tính – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính trị căn tính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7_(%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D)" title="אידענטיטעט פאליטיק (יידנטום) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אידענטיטעט פאליטיק (יידנטום)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD%E8%AA%8D%E5%90%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="身份認同政治 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="身份認同政治" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2914650#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Identity_politics" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Identity_politics" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Identity_politics" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&oldid=1276091476" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Identity_politics&id=1276091476&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIdentity_politics">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIdentity_politics">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Identity_politics&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Identity_politics" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Identity_politics" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2914650" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Politics based on one's identity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sexual politics" redirects here. For the book, see <a href="/wiki/Sexual_Politics" title="Sexual Politics">Sexual Politics</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Identity Politics" redirects here. For the 1989 book, see <a href="/wiki/Identity_Politics_(book)" title="Identity Politics (book)">Identity Politics (book)</a>.</div> Identity politics is politics based on a particular identity, such as <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denomination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">social background</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>. The term encompasses various often-<a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> political phenomena and rhetoric, such as governmental migration policies that regulate mobility and opportunity based on identities, left-wing agendas involving <a href="/wiki/Intersectional_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersectional politics">intersectional politics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Class_reductionism" title="Class reductionism">class reductionism</a>, and right-wing nationalist agendas of exclusion of national or ethnic "others." The term identity politics dates to the late twentieth century, although it had precursors in the writings of individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heyes-1">[1]</a> Many contemporary advocates of identity politics take an <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersectionality theory">intersectional perspective</a>, which they argue accounts for a range of interacting systems of oppression that may affect a person's life and originate from their various identities. To these advocates, identity politics helps center the experiences of those they view as facing systemic oppression so that society can better understand the interplay of different forms of demographic-based oppression and ensure that no one group is disproportionately affected by political actions.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Contemporary identity <a href="/wiki/Label_(sociology)" title="Label (sociology)">labels</a>—such as people of specific race, ethnicity, sex, <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, age, economic class, disability status, education, religion, language, profession, political party, veteran status, recovery status, or geographic location—are not mutually exclusive but are, in many cases, compounded into one when describing hyper-specific groups. An example is that of <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a> <a href="/wiki/Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Women">women</a>, who can constitute a particular hyper-specific identity class.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Criticism of identity politics often comes from either the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">center-right</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">far-left</a> on the political spectrum. Many <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchism">anarchists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a> have criticized identity politics for its divisive nature, claiming that it forms identities that can undermine their goals of <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> unity and <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class struggle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KišičekŽagar2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Niezen2008-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parenti-9">[9]</a> On the other hand, many conservative <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">media</a> outlets have criticized identity politics for other reasons, such as that it is inherently <a href="/wiki/Collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism">collectivist</a> and prejudicial. Center-right critics of identity politics have seen it as <a href="/wiki/Political_particularism" title="Political particularism">particularist</a>, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalism</a> espoused by many <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> politics, or argue that it detracts attention from non-identity based structures of oppression and exploitation. A leftist critique of identity politics, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> argues that political mobilization based on identitarian affirmation leads to surface redistribution—that is, a redistribution within existing structures and relations of <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">production</a> that does not challenge the status quo. Instead, Fraser argued, identitarian deconstruction, rather than affirmation, is more conducive to leftist goals of economic redistribution. Similarly, Marxist academics such as Kurzwelly, Pérez and Spiegel, writing for <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_Anthropology" title="Dialectical Anthropology">Dialectical Anthropology</a>, argue that because the term "identity politics" is defined differently based on a given author's or activist's ideological position, it is analytically imprecise.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The same authors argue in another article that identity politics often leads to reproduction and <a href="/wiki/Reification_(fallacy)" title="Reification (fallacy)">reification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentialist</a> notions of identity, which they view are inherently erroneous.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> traces the phrase "identity politics" to 1973.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mark Mazower</a> writes of the late 20th century: "In general, political activism increasingly revolved ... around issues of <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">'identity.'</a> At some point in the 1970s this term was borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a> and applied with abandon to societies, nations and groups."<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> During the late 1970s, increasing numbers of women—namely Jewish women, women of color, and lesbians—criticized the assumption of a common "woman's experience" irrespective of unique differences in race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, and culture.<a href="#cite_note-Ackelsberg_1996_87–100-15">[15]</a> The term identity politics was (re-)coined by the <a href="/wiki/Combahee_River_Collective" title="Combahee River Collective">Combahee River Collective</a> in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The collective group of women saw identity politics as an analysis that introduced opportunity for Black women to be actively involved in politics, while simultaneously acting as a tool to authenticate Black women's personal experiences.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In the ensuing decades, the term has been employed in myriad cases with different connotations dependent on context.<a href="#cite_note-Wiarda-2016-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heyes-1">[1]</a> It subsequently gained currency with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Social_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social activism">social activism</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] manifesting in various dialogues within the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist</a>, American <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil-rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> movements, as well as within multiple <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcolonial">postcolonial</a> organizations.<a href="#cite_note-OB-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In academic usage, the term identity politics refers to a wide range of political activities and theoretical analyses rooted in experiences of injustice shared by different, often excluded social groups. In this context, identity politics aims to reclaim greater <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and political freedom for marginalized peoples through understanding particular <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigms</a> and lifestyle factors, and challenging externally-imposed characterizations and limitations, instead of organizing solely around <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> belief-systems or traditional party-affiliations.<a href="#cite_note-Heyes-1">[1]</a> Identity is used "as a tool to frame political claims, promote political ideologies, or stimulate and orient social and political action, usually in a larger context of inequality or injustice and with the aim of asserting group distinctiveness and belonging and gaining <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> and recognition."<a href="#cite_note-OB-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The term identity politics may have been used in political discourse since at least the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Wiarda-2016-18">[18]</a> The first known written appearance of the term is found in the April 1977 statement of the <a href="/wiki/Black_feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Black feminist">Black feminist</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> group, <a href="/wiki/Combahee_River_Collective" title="Combahee River Collective">Combahee River Collective</a>, which was originally printed in 1979's Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> later in Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology, edited by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Smith" title="Barbara Smith">Barbara Smith</a>, a founding member of the Collective,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> who have been credited with coining the term.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In their terminal statement, they said:<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[A]s children we realized that we were different from boys and that we were treated different—for example, when we were told in the same breath to be quiet both for the sake of being 'ladylike' and to make us less objectionable in the eyes of white people. In the process of consciousness-raising, actually life-sharing, we began to recognize the commonality of our experiences and, from the sharing and growing consciousness, to build a politics that will change our lives and inevitably end our oppression....We realize that the only people who care enough about us to work consistently for our liberation are us. Our politics evolve from a healthy love for ourselves, our sisters and our community which allows us to continue our struggle and work. This focusing upon our own oppression is embodied in the concept of identity politics. We believe that the most profound and potentially most radical politics come directly out of our own identity, as opposed to working to end somebody else's oppression.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Combahee River Collective, "The Combahee River Collective Statement"<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Identity politics, as a mode of categorizing, are closely connected to the ascription that some social groups are oppressed (such as women, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities">ethnic minorities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual minorities">sexual minorities</a>); that is, the idea that individuals belonging to those groups are, by virtue of their identity, more vulnerable to forms of oppression such as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation of labour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marginalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalization">marginalization</a>, or subjugation.<a href="#cite_note-Heyes-1">[1]</a> Therefore, these lines of social difference can be seen as ways to gain empowerment or avenues through which to work towards a more equal society.<a href="#cite_note-Crenshaw-1991-27">[27]</a> In the United States, identity politics is usually ascribed to these oppressed minority groups who are fighting discrimination. In Canada and Spain, identity politics has been used to describe <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> movements; in Africa, Asia, and eastern Europe, it has described violent nationalist and ethnic conflicts. Overall, in Europe, identity politics are exclusionary and based on the idea that the <a href="/wiki/Silent_majority" title="Silent majority">silent majority</a> needs to be protected from <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> During the 1980s, the politics of identity became very prominent and it was also linked to a new wave of social movement activism.<a href="#cite_note-Calhoun-29">[29]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">Social movements</a> have a significant influence on the law through statutory and constitutional evolution according to <a href="/wiki/William_Eskridge" title="William Eskridge">William Eskridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Identity_politics" title="Category:Identity politics">Identity politics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_and_ethnocultural">Racial and ethnocultural</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Racial and ethnocultural">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics in the United States</a></div> Ethnic, religious and racial identity politics dominated American politics in the 19th century, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a> (1830s–1850s)<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a> (1850s–1890s).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Racial identity has been the central theme in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Politics of the Southern United States">Southern politics</a> since <a href="/wiki/End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="End of slavery in the United States of America">slavery was abolished</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Similar patterns which have appeared in the 21st century are commonly referenced in popular culture,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and are increasingly analyzed in media and social commentary as an interconnected part of politics and society.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Both a majority and minority group phenomenon, racial identity politics can develop as a reaction to the historical legacy of race-based oppression of a people<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> as well as a general group identity issue, as "racial identity politics utilizes racial consciousness or the group's <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">collective memory</a> and experiences as the essential framework for interpreting the actions and interests of all other social groups."<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carol_M._Swain" title="Carol M. Swain">Carol M. Swain</a> has argued that non-white ethnic pride and an "emphasis on racial identity politics" is fomenting the rise of <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Messner" title="Michael Messner">Michael Messner</a> has suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a> was an example of racial identity politics in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab_identity_politics">Arab identity politics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arab identity politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></div> Arab identity politics concerns the form of identity-based politics which is derived from the racial or ethnocultural consciousness of the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(international_relations)" title="Regionalism (international relations)">regionalism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, it has a particular meaning in relation to the national and cultural identities of the citizens of non-Arab countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In their 2010 Being Arab: Arabism and the Politics of Recognition, academics <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wise" title="Christopher Wise">Christopher Wise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">Paul James</a> challenged the view that, in the post-<a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a> invasion era, Arab identity-driven politics were ending. Refuting the view that had "drawn many analysts to conclude that the era of Arab identity politics has passed", Wise and James examined its development as a viable alternative to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a> in the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Marc_Lynch" title="Marc Lynch">Marc Lynch</a>, the post-<a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> era has seen increasing Arab identity politics, which is "marked by state-state rivalries as well as state-society conflicts". Lynch believes this is creating a new <a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a>, no longer characterized by Sunni-Shia sectarian divides but by a reemergent <a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a> in the region.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Najla_Said" title="Najla Said">Najla Said</a> has explored her lifelong experience with Arab identity politics in her book Looking for Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asian-American_identity_politics">Asian-American identity politics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asian-American identity politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_American_activism" title="Asian American activism">Asian American activism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_American_movement" title="Asian American movement">Asian American movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a></div> In the political realm of the United States, according to Jane Junn and Natalie Masuoka, the possibilities which exist for an Asian American vote are built upon the assumption that those Americans who are broadly categorized as Asians share a sense of racial identity, and this <a href="/wiki/Group_consciousness_(political_science)" title="Group consciousness (political science)">group consciousness</a> has political consequences. However, the belief in the existence of a monolithic Asian American bloc has been challenged because populations are diverse in terms of national origin and language—no one group is predominant—and scholars suggest that these many diverse groups favor groups which share their distinctive national origin over any belief in the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">pan-ethnic racial identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> According to the 2000 Census, more than six national origin groups are classified collectively as Asian American, and these include: Chinese (23%), Filipino (18%), Asian Indian (17%), Vietnamese (11%), Korean (11%), and Japanese (8%), along with an "other Asian" category (12%). In addition, the definitions which are applied to racial categories in the United States are uniquely American constructs that Asian American immigrants may not adhere to upon entry to the United States. Junn and Masuoka find that in comparison to blacks, the Asian American identity is more latent, and racial group consciousness is more susceptible to the surrounding context. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_and_Black_feminist_identity_politics">Black and Black feminist identity politics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Black and Black feminist identity politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combahee_River_Collective" title="Combahee River Collective">Combahee River Collective</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black_women_in_American_politics" title="Black women in American politics">Black women in American politics</a></div> Black feminist identity politics are the identity-based politics derived from the lived experiences of struggles and oppression faced by Black women. In 1977, the <a href="/wiki/Combahee_River_Collective" title="Combahee River Collective">Combahee River Collective</a> (CRC) argued that Black women struggled with facing their oppression due to the sexism present within the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> and the racism present within <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a>. The CRC coined the term "identity politics", and in their opinion, naming the unique struggle and oppression Black women faced, aided Black women in the U.S. within radical movements and at large. The term "identity politics", in the opinion of those within the CRC, gave Black women a tool, from which they could use to confront the oppression they were facing. The CRC also claimed to expand upon the prior feminist adage that "the personal is political," pointing to their own consciousness-raising sessions, centering of Black speech, and communal sharing of experiences of oppression as practices that expanded the phrase's scope. As mentioned earlier K. Crenshaw, claimed that the oppression of Black women is illustrated in two different directions: race and sex. In 1988, Deborah K. King coined the term <a href="/wiki/Multiple_jeopardy" title="Multiple jeopardy">multiple jeopardy</a>, theory that expands on how factors of oppression are all interconnected. King suggested that the identities of gender, class, and race each have an individual prejudicial connotation, which has an incremental effect on the inequity of which one experiences. In 1991, Nancie Caraway explained from a white feminist perspective that the politics of Black women had to be comprehended by broader feminist movements in the understanding that the different forms of oppression that Black women face (via race and gender) are interconnected, presenting a compound of oppression (<a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_lives_matter_in_charlotte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Black_lives_matter_in_charlotte.jpg/220px-Black_lives_matter_in_charlotte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Black_lives_matter_in_charlotte.jpg/330px-Black_lives_matter_in_charlotte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Black_lives_matter_in_charlotte.jpg/440px-Black_lives_matter_in_charlotte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>#BlackLivesMatter</figcaption></figure> A contemporary example of Black identity politics is #<a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">BlackLivesMatter</a> which began with a hashtag. In 2013, Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi created the hashtag in response to the acquittal of <a href="/wiki/George_Zimmerman_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="George Zimmerman trial">George Zimmerman</a>, the man who killed <a href="/wiki/Trayvon_Martin" title="Trayvon Martin">Trayvon Martin</a> in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown" title="Killing of Michael Brown">Michael Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Eric_Garner" title="Killing of Eric Garner">Eric Garner</a> were killed by police in 2014, which propelled the #<a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">BlackLivesMatter</a> movement forward, first nationally, and then globally.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The intention of #<a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">BlackLivesMatter</a> was to create more widespread awareness of the way law enforcement engages with the black community and individuals, including claims of excessive force and issues with accountability within law enforcement agencies.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The hashtag and proceeding movement garnered a lot of attention from all sides of the political sphere. A counter movement formed the hashtag, #<a href="/wiki/All_Lives_Matter" title="All Lives Matter">AllLivesMatter</a>, in response to #<a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">BlackLivesMatter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="White_identity_politics">White identity politics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: White identity politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/White_identity" title="White identity">White identity</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_defensiveness" title="White defensiveness">White defensiveness</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_backlash" title="White backlash">White backlash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></div> In 1998, political scientists <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kaplan_(academic)" title="Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)">Jeffrey Kaplan</a> and Leonard Weinberg predicted that, by the late 20th-century, a "Euro-American radical right" would promote a trans-national <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> identity politics, which would invoke populist grievance narratives and encourage hostility against non-white peoples and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>. In the United States, mainstream news has identified <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s presidency as a signal of increasing and widespread utilization of white identity politics within the Republican Party and political landscape. Journalists <a href="/wiki/Michael_Scherer" title="Michael Scherer">Michael Scherer</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Smith_(journalist)" title="David Smith (journalist)">David Smith</a> have reported on its development since the mid-2010s. <a href="/wiki/Ron_Brownstein" title="Ron Brownstein">Ron Brownstein</a> believed that President Trump uses "White Identity Politics" to bolster his base and that this would ultimately limit his ability to reach out to non-<a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White American</a> voters for the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a>. A four-year <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ipsos" title="Ipsos">Ipsos</a> analysis concurred that "Trump's brand of white identity politics may be less effective in the 2020 election campaign." Alternatively, examining the same poll, David Smith has written that "Trump’s embrace of white identity politics may work to his advantage" in 2020. During the <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic primaries</a>, presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a> publicly warned that the president and his administration were using white identity politics, which he said was the most divisive form of identity politics. Columnist <a href="/wiki/Reihan_Salam" title="Reihan Salam">Reihan Salam</a> writes that he is not convinced that Trump uses "white identity politics" given the fact that he still has significant support from liberal and moderate Republicans—who are more favorable toward immigration and the legalization of undocumented immigrants—but believes that it could become a bigger issue as whites become a minority and assert their rights like other minority groups. Salam also states that an increase in "white identity" politics is far from certain given the very high rates of <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Interracial marriage in the United States">intermarriage</a> and the historical example of the once Anglo-Protestant cultural majority embracing a more inclusive white cultural majority which included Jews, Italians, Poles, Arabs, and Irish.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Identity_politics#undue" title="Talk:Identity politics">discuss</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Floyd_protests_in_Columbus,_2020-07-18_(9466).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/George_Floyd_protests_in_Columbus%2C_2020-07-18_%289466%29.jpg/220px-George_Floyd_protests_in_Columbus%2C_2020-07-18_%289466%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/George_Floyd_protests_in_Columbus%2C_2020-07-18_%289466%29.jpg/330px-George_Floyd_protests_in_Columbus%2C_2020-07-18_%289466%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/George_Floyd_protests_in_Columbus%2C_2020-07-18_%289466%29.jpg/440px-George_Floyd_protests_in_Columbus%2C_2020-07-18_%289466%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption>Proud Boys</figcaption></figure> A contemporary example of "White identity politics" is the right-wing group <a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a> was formed by <a href="/wiki/Gavin_McInnes" title="Gavin McInnes">Gavin McInnes</a> in 2016. Members are males who identify as right-wing conservatives. They take part in political protests with the most infamous being <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6, 2021</a>, at the U.S. Capitol, which became violent and led to the arrest of their leader, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Henry "Enrique" Tarrio</a> and many others.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a> identify as supporters of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> for President and are outspoken supporters of Americans having unfettered access to firearms by way of the 2nd amendment of the US constitution, having expressed the belief that gun law reform is a “sinister authoritarian plot” to disarm law abiding citizens.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> According to an article published by Southern Poverty Law Group, <a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a> members are regularly affiliated with white nationalist extremists and are known for sharing white nationalist content across social media platforms.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Lives_Matter_(22780876528).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/All_Lives_Matter_%2822780876528%29.jpg/220px-All_Lives_Matter_%2822780876528%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/All_Lives_Matter_%2822780876528%29.jpg/330px-All_Lives_Matter_%2822780876528%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/All_Lives_Matter_%2822780876528%29.jpg/440px-All_Lives_Matter_%2822780876528%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>#AllLivesMatter</figcaption></figure> Another contemporary example is the hashtag movement #<a href="/wiki/All_Lives_Matter" title="All Lives Matter">AllLivesMatter</a>. #<a href="/wiki/All_Lives_Matter" title="All Lives Matter">AllLivesMatter</a> began as a counter narrative to #<a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">BlackLivesMatter</a>. People who identify with this countermovement use this hashtag to represent what they call “anti-identity” identity politics, which is supposed to symbolize a movement against racial identities, but they've been criticized as being a white nationalist movement.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a> Created, adopted and circulated beginning in 2016, #<a href="/wiki/White_Lives_Matter" title="White Lives Matter">WhiteLivesMatter</a> exalted themselves as an anti-racist movement, while identifying #<a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">BlackLivesMatter</a> as the opposite.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a> Columnist <a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Ross Douthat</a> has argued that white identity politics have been important to American politics since the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>-era of the Republican Party. Historian <a href="/wiki/Nell_Irvin_Painter" title="Nell Irvin Painter">Nell Irvin Painter</a> has analyzed <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kaufmann" title="Eric Kaufmann">Eric Kaufmann</a>'s thesis that the phenomenon of white identity politics is caused by immigration-derived <a href="/wiki/Racial_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial diversity">racial diversity</a>, which reduces the white majority, and an "anti-majority adversary culture". Writing in <a href="/wiki/Vox_Media" title="Vox Media">Vox</a>, political commentator <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Ezra Klein</a> believes that demographic change has fueled the emergence of white identity politics. <a href="/wiki/Viet_Thanh_Nguyen" title="Viet Thanh Nguyen">Viet Thanh Nguyen</a> says that "to have no identity at all is the privilege of whiteness, which is the identity that pretends not to have an identity, that denies how it is tied to capitalism, to race, and to war". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hispanic/Latino_identity_politics">Hispanic/Latino identity politics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hispanic/Latino identity politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_politics" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in politics">Hispanic and Latino Americans in politics</a></div> According to Leonie Huddy, Lilliana Mason, and S. Nechama Horwitz, the majority of Latinos in the United States identity with the Democratic Party.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Latinos' Democratic proclivities can be explained by: ideological policy preferences and an expressive identity based on the defense of Latino identity and status, with a strong support for the latter explanation hinged on an analysis of the 2012 Latino Immigrant National Election Study and American National Election Study focused on Latino immigrants and citizens respectively. When perceiving pervasive discrimination against Latinos and animosity from the Republican party, a strong partisanship preference further intensified, and in return, increased Latino political campaign engagement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_politics">Indian politics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indian politics">edit</a>]</div> In India, caste, religion, tribe, ethnicity play a role in electoral politics, government jobs and <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Affirmative actions">affirmative actions</a>, development projects.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Māori_identity_politics">Māori identity politics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Māori identity politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_identity" title="Māori identity">Māori identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori nationalism">Māori nationalism</a></div> Due to somewhat competing tribe-based versus pan-Māori concepts, there is both an internal and external utilization of Māori identity politics in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Projected outwards, Māori identity politics has been a disrupting force in the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">politics of New Zealand</a> and post-colonial conceptions of nationhood.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Its development has also been explored as causing parallel ethnic identity developments in non-Māori populations.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Academic <a href="/wiki/Alison_Jones" title="Alison Jones">Alison Jones</a>, in her co-written Tuai: A Traveller in Two Worlds, suggests that a form of Māori identity politics, directly oppositional to <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a> (white New Zealanders), has helped provide a "basis for internal collaboration and a politics of strength".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> A 2009, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Development_(New_Zealand)" title="Ministry of Social Development (New Zealand)">Ministry of Social Development</a> journal identified Māori identity politics, and societal reactions to it, as the most prominent factor behind significant changes in self-identification from the 2006 New Zealand census.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muslim_identity_politics">Muslim identity politics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Muslim identity politics">edit</a>]</div> Since the 1970s, the interaction of religion and politics has been associated with the rise of Islamist movements in the Middle East. Salwa Ismail posits that the Muslim identity is related to social dimensions such as gender, class, and lifestyles (<a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a>), thus, different Muslims occupy different social positions in relation to the processes of globalization. Not all uniformly engage in the construction of Muslim identity, and they do not all apply to a monolithic Muslim identity. The construction of British Muslim identity politics is marked with <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>; Jonathan Brit suggests that political hostility toward the Muslim "other" and the reification of an overarching identity that obscures and denies cross-cutting collective identities or existential individuality are charges made against an assertive Muslim identity politics in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In addition, because Muslim identity politics is seen as internally/externally divisive and therefore counterproductive, as well as the result of manipulation by religious conservatives and local/national politicians, the progressive policies of the anti-racist left have been outflanked. Brit sees the segmentation that divided British Muslims amongst themselves and with the anti-racist alliance in Britain as a consequence of patriarchal, conservative mosque-centered leadership. A <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>/<a href="/wiki/IFOP" class="mw-redirect" title="IFOP">IFOP</a> poll in January 2011 conducted in France and Germany found that a majority felt Muslims are "scattered improperly"; an analyst for IFOP said the results indicated something "beyond linking immigration with security or immigration with unemployment, to linking Islam with a threat to identity".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gender">edit</a>]</div> Gender identity politics is an approach that views politics, both in practice and as an academic discipline, as having a gendered nature and that gender is an identity that influences how people think.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Politics has become increasingly gender political as formal structures and informal 'rules of the game' have become gendered. How institutions affect men and women differently are starting to be analysed in more depth as gender will affect institutional innovation.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> A key element of studying electoral behavior in all democracies is <a href="/wiki/Partisanship" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisanship">political partisanship</a>. In 1996, Eric Plutzer and John F. Zipp examined the election of 1992 election, also commonly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Woman" title="Year of the Woman">Year of the Woman</a>", where a then-record- breaking fourteen women ran for governor or U.S. senator, four of whom were successfully elected into office. In analyzing the possibility that male and female voters react differently to the opportunity to cast a vote for a woman, the study provided lent support to the idea that women tend to vote for women and men tend to vote against them.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> For example, among Republican voters in California, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Boxer" title="Barbara Boxer">Barbara Boxer</a> ran 10 points behind <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> among men and about even among women, while <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a> ran about 6 points among men but 11 points ahead among women. This gender effect was further amplified for Democratic female candidates who were rated as feminist. These results demonstrate that gender identity has and can function as a cue for voting behavior. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_identity_politics_in_the_United_States">Women's identity politics in the United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Women's identity politics in the United States">edit</a>]</div> Scholars of social movements and democratic theorists disagree on whether identity politics weaken women's social movements and undermine their influence on public policy or have reverse effects. S. Laurel Weldon argues that when marginalized groups organize around an intersectional social location, knowledge about the social group is generated, feelings of affiliation between group members are strengthened, and the movement's agenda becomes more representative. Specifically for the United States, Weldon suggests that organizing women by race strengthens these movements and improves government responsiveness to both violence against women of color and women in general.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LGBT">LGBT</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: LGBT">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT social movements">LGBT social movements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Anti-LGBT rhetoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against LGBT people">Violence against LGBT people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Queer nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bisexual_politics" title="Bisexual politics">Bisexual politics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Kameny_(3649609801).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man in a blue shirt wearing glasses and a flower garland waves to a crowd." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Frank_Kameny_%283649609801%29.jpg/220px-Frank_Kameny_%283649609801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Frank_Kameny_%283649609801%29.jpg/330px-Frank_Kameny_%283649609801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Frank_Kameny_%283649609801%29.jpg/440px-Frank_Kameny_%283649609801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kameny" title="Frank Kameny">Frank Kameny</a></figcaption></figure> By the early-1960s, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> people in the United States were forming more visible communities, and this was reflected in the political strategies of American <a href="/wiki/Homophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophile">homophile</a> groups. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kameny" title="Frank Kameny">Frank Kameny</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a> activist, had co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Mattachine_Society_of_Washington" title="Mattachine Society of Washington">Mattachine Society of Washington</a> in 1961. While the society did not take much political activism to the streets at first, Kameny and several members attended the 1963 <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a>, where having seen the methods used by Black <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights activists</a>, they then applied them to the <a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">homophile movement</a>. Kameny had also been inspired by the black power movements slogan "<a href="/wiki/Black_is_beautiful" title="Black is beautiful">Black is Beautiful</a>", coining his own term "Gay is Good".<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">gay liberation</a> movement of the late-1960s urged lesbians and gay men to engage in radical <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>, and to counter societal shame with <a href="/wiki/Gay_pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride">gay pride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HoffmanIntro-69">[69]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> spirit of the personal being political, the most basic form of activism was an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">coming out</a> to family, friends and colleagues, and living life as an openly lesbian or gay person.<a href="#cite_note-HoffmanIntro-69">[69]</a> By the mid-1970s, an "ethnic model of identity" had surpassed the popularity of both the homophile movement and gay liberation.<a href="#cite_note-:02-70">[70]</a> Proponents operated through a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">sexual minority</a> framework and advocated either <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> (notably <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian separatism">lesbian separatism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:02-70">[70]</a> While the 1970s were the peak of "gay liberation" in New York City and other urban areas in the United States, "gay liberation" was the term still used instead of "gay pride" in more oppressive areas into the mid-1980s, with some organizations opting for the more inclusive "lesbian and gay liberation".<a href="#cite_note-HoffmanIntro-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2007-71">[71]</a> Women and transgender activists had lobbied for more inclusive names from the beginning of the movement, but the <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialism</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a>, or "<a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a>" as a counterculture shorthand for LGBT, did not gain much acceptance as an umbrella term until much later in the 1980s, and in some areas not until the '90s or even '00s.<a href="#cite_note-HoffmanIntro-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2007-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hollibaugh-72">[72]</a> During this period in the United States, identity politics were largely seen in these communities in the definitions espoused by writers such as self-identified, "black, dyke, feminist, poet, mother" <a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde#Personal_identity" title="Audre Lorde">view</a>, that <a href="/wiki/Lived_experience" title="Lived experience">lived experience</a> matters, defines us, and is the only thing that grants authority to speak on these topics; that, "If I didn't define myself for myself, I would be crunched into other people's fantasies for me and eaten alive."<a href="#cite_note-Zami-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kemp-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonard-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debates_and_criticism">Debates and criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Debates and criticism">edit</a>]</div> The term identity politics has been applied retroactively to varying movements that long predate its coinage. Historian <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schlesinger_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur Schlesinger Jr.</a> discussed identity politics extensively in his 1991 book <a href="/wiki/The_Disuniting_of_America" title="The Disuniting of America">The Disuniting of America</a>. Schlesinger, a strong supporter of liberal conceptions of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, argues that a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> requires a common basis for culture and society to function. Rather than seeing civil society as already fractured along lines of power and powerlessness (according to race, ethnicity, sexuality, etc.), Schlesinger suggests that basing politics on group marginalization is itself what fractures the civil polity, and that identity politics therefore works against creating real opportunities for ending marginalization. Schlesinger believes that "movements for civil rights should aim toward full acceptance and integration of marginalized groups into the mainstream culture, rather than … perpetuating that marginalization through affirmations of difference."<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Similarly in the United Kingdom, author <a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Jones (writer)">Owen Jones</a> argues that identity politics often marginalize the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>, saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In the 1950s and 1960s, left-wing intellectuals who were both inspired and informed by a powerful labour movement wrote hundreds of books and articles on working-class issues. Such work would help shape the views of politicians at the very top of the Labour Party. Today, progressive intellectuals are far more interested in issues of identity. ... Of course, the struggles for the emancipation of women, gays, and ethnic minorities are exceptionally important causes. New Labour has co-opted them, passing genuinely progressive legislation on gay equality and women's rights, for example. But it is an agenda that has happily co-existed with the sidelining of the working class in politics, allowing New Labour to protect its radical flank while pressing ahead with Thatcherite policies.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Owen Jones, <a href="/wiki/Chavs:_The_Demonization_of_the_Working_Class" title="Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class">Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Identity_politics#Why_is_Jones_noteworthy?" title="Talk:Identity politics">discuss</a>]</cite></div></blockquote> Some supporters of identity politics take stances based on <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak</a>'s work (namely, "Can the Subaltern Speak?") and have described some forms of identity politics as <a href="/wiki/Strategic_essentialism" title="Strategic essentialism">strategic essentialism</a>, a form which has sought to work with <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemonic</a> discourses to reform the understanding of "universal" goals.<a href="#cite_note-Spivak-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abraham-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ritze-80">[80]</a> Others point out the erroneous logic and the ultimate dangers of reproducing strong identitarian divisions inherent in essentialism.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> For queer theorist <a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Preciado" title="Paul B. Preciado">Paul B. Preciado</a>, "movements for the emancipation of subaltern minorities (racial, gender and sexual, etc.) ended up crystallizing into identity politics. Without having dismantled the regimes of racial, sexual or gender oppression, identity politics have ended up renaturalizing and even intensifying the differences."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anies_Baswedan" title="Anies Baswedan">Anies Baswedan</a>, who has been doing identity politics in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> since 2017, referred to it as unavoidable because every candidate competing in a political contest will always have an identity as their nature.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> During his 2024 Presidential Candidate, he added that identity politics is a form of support and conveying the aspirations of society that should not be met with concern.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Divide_and_rule"_critique">"Divide and rule" critique</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: "Divide and rule" critique">edit</a>]</div> Critics argue that groups based on a particular shared identity (e.g. race, or gender identity) can divert energy and attention from more fundamental issues, similar to the history of <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and rule</a> strategies. In response to the formulations of the <a href="/wiki/Combahee_River_Collective" title="Combahee River Collective">Combahee River Collective</a> that necessitated the organization of women around intersectional identities to bring about broader social change, socialist and radical feminists insisted that, instead, activism would require support for addressing more "basic" forms of oppression.<a href="#cite_note-Ackelsberg_1996_87–100-15">[15]</a> Other feminists also mirrored this sentiment, implying that a politics of issues should supersede a politics of identity. Tarrow also asserts that identity politics can produce insular, sectarian, and divisive movements incapable of expanding membership, broadening appeals, and negotiating with prospective allies.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In other words, separate organization undermines movement identity, distracts activists from important issues, and prevents the creation of a common agenda. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_liberal_critique">Classical liberal critique</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Classical liberal critique">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Jonathan Haidt</a>, those who criticize identity politics from the right see it as inherently <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudicial</a>, in contradiction to the ideals of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a> has criticized identity politics and argues that it is practiced on both sides of the political divide: "[t]he <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> plays them on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppressed</a>, let's say, and the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a> tends to play them on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pride#Ethnic" title="Pride">ethnic pride</a>". He considers both equally dangerous, saying that what should be emphasized, instead, is individual focus and personal responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_critique">Socialist critique</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Socialist critique">edit</a>]</div> Those who criticize identity politics from the left, such as <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninists</a>, see identity politics as a version of <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">bourgeois nationalism</a>, i.e. as a <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and conquer</a> <a href="/wiki/Strategy" title="Strategy">strategy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling classes</a> to divide people by <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, etc. so as to <a href="/wiki/Distraction" title="Distraction">distract</a> the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> from uniting for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class struggle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hobsbawm-1996-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-KišičekŽagar2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parenti1-91">[91]</a> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Derber" title="Charles Derber">Charles Derber</a> asserts that the American left is "largely an identity-politics party" and that it "offers no broad critique of the political economy of capitalism. It focuses on reforms for blacks and women and so forth. But it doesn't offer a contextual analysis within capitalism." Both he and <a href="/wiki/David_North_(socialist)" title="David North (socialist)">David North</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a> posit that these fragmented and isolated identity movements which permeate the left have allowed for a far-right resurgence.<a href="#cite_note-HedgesTD2-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a> asserted that discourse on racial, gender and sexual orientation identity was "crucial" and "indispensable", but emphasized that it "must be connected to a moral integrity and deep political solidarity that hones in on a financialized form of predatory capitalism. A capitalism that is killing the planet, poor people, working people here and abroad."<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Gary_Gerstle" title="Gary Gerstle">Gary Gerstle</a> writes that identity politics and multiculturalism thrived in the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> era precisely because these movements did not threaten <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a>, and over the same period "pressure on capitalist elites and their supporters to compromise with the working class was vanishing." The ideological space to oppose capitalism shrank with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of communism">fall of communism</a>, forcing the left to "redefine their radicalism in alternative terms".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Critiques of identity politics have also been expressed by writers such as <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hobsbawm-1996-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Todd_Gitlin" title="Todd Gitlin">Todd Gitlin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Reed" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolph Reed">Adolph Reed</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasky" title="Michael Tomasky">Michael Tomasky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Michael Parenti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Parenti1-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Jodi Dean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Sean Wilentz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rockhill" title="Gabriel Rockhill">Gabriel Rockhill</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Hobsbawm, as a Marxist, criticized nationalisms and the principle of national self-determination adopted in many countries after 1919, since in his view national governments are often merely an expression of a ruling class or power, and their proliferation was a source of the wars of the 20th century. Hence, Hobsbawm argues that identity politics, such as <a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">queer nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a> are just other versions of <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">bourgeois nationalism</a>. The view that identity politics (rooted in challenging racism, sexism, and the like) obscures class inequality is widespread in the United States and other Western nations. This framing ignores how class-based politics are identity politics themselves, according to <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sparrow" title="Jeff Sparrow">Jeff Sparrow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Marc James Léger has noted that the cross-class alliances that are proposed by identity movements have ideological affinity with not only nationalism but the political right and that moreover, the micro-political emphasis on difference and lifestyle associates identity politics with the petty-bourgeois concerns of the <a href="/wiki/Professional-managerial_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional-managerial class">professional-managerial class</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Considering the effectiveness of identity politics for achieving social justice, Kurzwelly raised four main points of critique:<blockquote>[..] an argument for identity politics and strategic essentialism [could be], [f]or example, claims that because racism is real, and that people keep perceiving social race as real (despite scientific rejection of biological races), may justify using racial and other racialising categories to correct social injustices based upon them. Yet, there are several arguments against such a stance: (1) Social essentialism is inherently erroneous so seeking to address social injustices using essentialist thinking perpetuates that error and risks <a href="/wiki/Unforeseen_consequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Unforeseen consequence">unforeseen consequences</a> (even if motivated by good intentions [...]). (2) Addressing injustices through using essentialist identity categories assumes that people are necessarily underprivileged primarily because of their identity. Even if, in specific contexts, experiences of oppression and exploitation statistically correlate with identity, using identity categories is an imprecise and indirect strategy for addressing their exploitation and oppression. Rather than using fixed identity categories as variables for social justice, one could take account of contextual relative positionality, or use processual variables, both of which would be more precise in assessing relative privilege and capability to seek justice and access rights. (3) Seeking to address injustices on the basis of identities sometimes forces people to adopt and perform an unwanted identity, and to comply with normative expectations about its contents. For example, [...] gender-specific legislation in Argentina forced gender-non-conforming persons to choose between seeking justice and expressing their identity. Similarly, a shift from justice based on fixed categories to justice based on processes might offer a solution. (4) Overall, using essentialist identities in struggles for justice and political change—the strategy of identity politics—stands in an uneasy tension with a politics that prioritises redistribution of means of production and seeks sustained change in economic relations [...].<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intersectional_critique">Intersectional critique</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Intersectional critique">edit</a>]</div> In her journal article Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence against Women of Color, <a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a> treats identity politics as a process that brings people together based on a shared aspect of their identity. Crenshaw applauds identity politics for bringing African Americans (and other non-white people), gays and lesbians, and other oppressed groups together in community and progress.<a href="#cite_note-Crenshaw-1991-27">[27]</a> But she critiques it because "it frequently conflates or ignores intragroup differences."<a href="#cite_note-Crenshaw-1991-27">[27]</a> Crenshaw argues that for Black women, at least two aspects of their identity are the subject of oppression: their race and their sex.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Thus, although identity politics are useful, we must be aware of the role of <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectionality</a>. Nira Yuval-Davis supports Crenshaw's critiques in Intersectionality and Feminist Politics and explains that "Identities are individual and collective narratives that answer the question 'who am/are I/we?" <a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In Mapping the Margins, Crenshaw illustrates her point using the <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Clarence Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anita_Hill" title="Anita Hill">Anita Hill</a> controversy. Anita Hill <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination#Anita_Hill_testimony" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">accused</a> US Supreme Court Justice nominee Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment; Thomas would be the second African American judge on the Supreme Court. Crenshaw argues that Hill was then deemed anti-Black in the movement against racism, and although she came forward on the feminist issue of sexual harassment, she was excluded because when considering feminism, it is the narrative of white middle-class women that prevails.<a href="#cite_note-Crenshaw-1991-27">[27]</a> Crenshaw concludes that acknowledging intersecting categories when groups unite on the basis of identity politics is better than ignoring categories altogether.<a href="#cite_note-Crenshaw-1991-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queer_critique">Queer critique</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Queer critique">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">postmodernist</a> analyses, <a href="/wiki/Label_(sociology)" title="Label (sociology)">labels</a> are a form of regulation, and any activism based on them increases their regulatory power over subordinate groups.<a href="#cite_note-:12-108">[108]</a> Consequently, "identity politics appears to be narrow, political, state-centered activism that fails to adequately address the cultural bases of power."<a href="#cite_note-:12-108">[108]</a> This view responds to the emergence of queer politics in the late 1980s, exemplified by the group <a href="/wiki/Queer_Nation" title="Queer Nation">Queer Nation</a>. Scholars have identified queer politics as the opposite of identity politics, aiming to unite diverse marginalized groups and transcend traditional categories.<a href="#cite_note-:12-108">[108]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The <a href="/wiki/Foundationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundationalist">foundationalist</a> reasoning of identity politics tends to assume that an identity must first be in place in order for political interests to be elaborated and, subsequently, political action to be taken. My argument is that there need not be a “doer behind the deed,” but that the “doer” is variably constructed in and through the deed.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></cite></div></blockquote> Writers in the field of <a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">queer theory</a> have at times argued that queer, despite generations of specific use to describe a "non-heterosexual" sexual orientation,<a href="#cite_note-oed2-110">[110]</a> no longer needs to refer to any specific sexual orientation at all; that it is now only about "disrupting the mainstream", with author <a href="/wiki/David_M._Halperin" title="David M. Halperin">David M. Halperin</a> arguing that straight people may now also self-identify as "queer".<a href="#cite_note-Halperin2-111">[111]</a> However, many LGBT people believe this concept of "<a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">queer heterosexuality</a>" is an oxymoron and offensive form of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">cultural appropriation</a> which not only robs gays and lesbians of their identities, but makes invisible and irrelevant the actual, lived experience of oppression that causes them to be marginalized in the first place.<a href="#cite_note-appropriation2-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-4-encylopedia2-113">[113]</a> "It desexualizes identity, when the issue is precisely about a sexual identity."<a href="#cite_note-Jagose2-114">[114]</a> Criticism of identity politics also appears in contemporary queer activism. The insurrectionary anarchist network <a href="/wiki/Bash_Back!" title="Bash Back!">Bash Back!</a>, for example, understood identity politics as being fundamentally reformist and based on a <a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">fallacy</a> of coherent communities.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_in_modern_democracies">Representation in modern democracies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Representation in modern democracies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></div> One of the major challenges in providing quality representation within all modern democracies comes from the many different ways in conceptualizing representation. <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Fenichel_Pitkin" title="Hanna Fenichel Pitkin">Hanna Fenichel Pitkin</a>, in her seminal study The Concept of Representation,<a href="#cite_note-Fenichel_Pitkin-1967-116">[116]</a> identifies four forms: descriptive, substantive, formalistic, and symbolic representation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formalistic_representation">Formalistic representation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Formalistic representation">edit</a>]</div> Formalistic representation focuses on the formal procedures of institutions and has two dimensions: authorization and accountability.<a href="#cite_note-Fenichel_Pitkin-1967-116">[116]</a> Authorization looks at the means by which a representative obtains their position in office. Accountability centers around the ability of constituents to punish representatives for failing to act according to their wishes or the responsiveness of the representative to the constituents. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolic_representation">Symbolic representation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Symbolic representation">edit</a>]</div> Symbolic representation involves constituents' perception of their representatives, including the represented's feelings of being fairly and effectively represented.<a href="#cite_note-Fenichel_Pitkin-1967-116">[116]</a> Work on symbolic representation by scholars of race and ethnic politics indicate that marginalized group's presence cues the legitimacy of both outcomes and procedure.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> A study by Nancy Scherer and Brett Curry was concerned with the question if racial diversity on the federal bench impact citizens' views of the U.S. courts. They found that African-Americans had more trust in the legitimacy of the federal courts as the proportion of African-American judges rose.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a>  Another study by Matthew Hayes and Matthew V. Hibbing evaluated that when the level of black representation was below proportional levels, perceptions of fairness and satisfaction decreased (e.g. symbolic representation).<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descriptive_representation">Descriptive representation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Descriptive representation">edit</a>]</div> Descriptive representation refers to whether officeholders resemble those being represented. It is concerned only with who a representative is, such as their race, ethnicity, gender, sexual identity, etc.<a href="#cite_note-Fenichel_Pitkin-1967-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substantive_representation">Substantive representation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Substantive representation">edit</a>]</div> Substantive representation is defined as having one's policy views expressed by an elected representative, independent of whether the representatives resemble their constituents and their social and <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographic</a> identities.<a href="#cite_note-Fenichel_Pitkin-1967-116">[116]</a> There have been studies that examined the substantive benefits of minority groups's representation. In a series of experiments by Amanda Clayton, Diana Z. O'Brien, and Jennifer M. Piscopo, these researchers controlled both the makeup of the decision-making body and the outcome reached.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Across all decision outcomes and issue topics, women's equal presence legitimized the decision-making process for respondents. Moreover, gender balance helped improve perceptions of substantive legitimacy when the decision-making body reached an anti-feminist decision. This effect was more pronounced among men, who tend to hold less certain views on women's rights <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_pro-environmental_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Barriers to pro-environmental behavior">Barriers to pro-environmental behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimating_ideology" title="Legitimating ideology">Legitimating ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalism and sports">Nationalism and sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Othering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votebank" title="Votebank">Votebank</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Heyes-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heyes_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyes_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyes_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heyes_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeyes2002" class="citation web cs1">Heyes, Cressida (16 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/Entries/identity-politics/">"Identity Politics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Identity+Politics&rft.date=2002-07-16&rft.aulast=Heyes&rft.aufirst=Cressida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2FEntries%2Fidentity-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drexel.edu/hunger-free-center/research/briefs-and-reports/systemic-oppression-and-trauma/">"Systemic Oppression and Trauma"</a>. Center for Hunger Free Communities. Philadelphia, PA 19104: Drexel University. June 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Hunger+Free+Communities&rft.atitle=Systemic+Oppression+and+Trauma&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrexel.edu%2Fhunger-free-center%2Fresearch%2Fbriefs-and-reports%2Fsystemic-oppression-and-trauma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarza" class="citation web cs1">Garza, Alicia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belonging.berkeley.edu/identity-politics-friend-or-foe">"Identity Politics: Friend of Foe?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Identity+Politics%3A+Friend+of+Foe%3F&rft.aulast=Garza&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelonging.berkeley.edu%2Fidentity-politics-friend-or-foe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millennialsarekillingcapitalism.libsyn.com/its-really-up-to-us-barbara-smith-on-combahee-coalitions-and-dismantling-white-supremacy">"It's Really Up To Us: Barbara Smith on Combahee, Coalitions and Dismantling White Supremacy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+Really+Up+To+Us%3A+Barbara+Smith+on+Combahee%2C+Coalitions+and+Dismantling+White+Supremacy&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillennialsarekillingcapitalism.libsyn.com%2Fits-really-up-to-us-barbara-smith-on-combahee-coalitions-and-dismantling-white-supremacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2019/01/01/a-black-feminist-statement/">"A Black Feminist Statement"</a>. January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Black+Feminist+Statement&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonthlyreview.org%2F2019%2F01%2F01%2Fa-black-feminist-statement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Mary L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15295030903015062">""Queer Nation is Dead/Long Live Queer Nation": The Politics and Poetics of Social Movement and Media Representation"</a>. Critical Studies in Media Communication. 26 (3): 212–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15295030903015062">10.1080/15295030903015062</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143122754">143122754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Studies+in+Media+Communication&rft.atitle=%22Queer+Nation+is+Dead%2FLong+Live+Queer+Nation%22%3A+The+Politics+and+Poetics+of+Social+Movement+and+Media+Representation&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15295030903015062&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143122754%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Mary+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F15295030903015062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KišičekŽagar2013-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KišičekŽagar2013_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KišičekŽagar2013_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrijela_KišičekIgor_Ž._Žagar2013" class="citation book cs1">Gabrijela Kišiček; Igor Ž. Žagar (3 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlKaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA471">What Do We Know About the World?: Rhetorical and Argumentative Perspectives</a>. University of Windsor. p. 471. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920233-70-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920233-70-2"><bdi>978-0-920233-70-2</bdi></a>. <q>One of the most famous rallying cries of communism Workers of the world, unite!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Do+We+Know+About+the+World%3F%3A+Rhetorical+and+Argumentative+Perspectives&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=University+of+Windsor&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft.isbn=978-0-920233-70-2&rft.au=Gabrijela+Ki%C5%A1i%C4%8Dek&rft.au=Igor+%C5%BD.+%C5%BDagar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlKaBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niezen2008-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Niezen2008_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Niezen2008" class="citation book cs1">Ronald Niezen (15 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m8W6xPPdYLcC&pg=PA129">A World Beyond Difference: Cultural Identity in the Age of Globalization</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3710-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3710-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-3710-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Beyond+Difference%3A+Cultural+Identity+in+the+Age+of+Globalization&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3710-2&rft.au=Ronald+Niezen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm8W6xPPdYLcC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parenti-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Parenti_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParenti1997" class="citation cs2">Parenti, Michael (1997), Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism, San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/City_Lights_Bookstore" title="City Lights Bookstore">City Lights Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0872863293" title="Special:BookSources/978-0872863293"><bdi>978-0872863293</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackshirts+and+Reds%3A+Rational+Fascism+and+the+Overthrow+of+Communism&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=City+Lights+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0872863293&rft.aulast=Parenti&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser" class="citation web cs1">Fraser, Nancy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8569335">"From Redistribution to Recognition? Dilemmas of Justice in a 'Post-Socialist' Age"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Redistribution+to+Recognition%3F+Dilemmas+of+Justice+in+a+%27Post-Socialist%27+Age&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8569335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzwellyPérezSpiegel2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kurzwelly, Jonatan; Pérez, Moira; Spiegel, Andrew D. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10624-023-09686-9">"Identity politics and social justice"</a>. Dialectical Anthropology. 47 (1): 5–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10624-023-09686-9">10.1007/s10624-023-09686-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4092">0304-4092</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256894138">256894138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialectical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Identity+politics+and+social+justice&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256894138%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0304-4092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10624-023-09686-9&rft.aulast=Kurzwelly&rft.aufirst=Jonatan&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez%2C+Moira&rft.au=Spiegel%2C+Andrew+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10624-023-09686-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzwellyRapportSpiegel2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kurzwelly, Jonatan; Rapport, Nigel; Spiegel, Andrew (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343029871">"Encountering, explaining and refuting essentialism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anthropology_Southern_Africa" title="Anthropology Southern Africa">Anthropology Southern Africa</a>. 43 (2): 65–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23323256.2020.1780141">10.1080/23323256.2020.1780141</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F24669">10023/24669</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221063562">221063562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+Southern+Africa&rft.atitle=Encountering%2C+explaining+and+refuting+essentialism&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F24669&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221063562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23323256.2020.1780141&rft.aulast=Kurzwelly&rft.aufirst=Jonatan&rft.au=Rapport%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Spiegel%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F343029871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_identity_politics" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=identity+politics">"identity politics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=identity+politics&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Didentity%2Bpolitics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.), quoted from <a href="/wiki/Todd_Gitlin" title="Todd Gitlin">Todd Gitlin</a> writing in 1984 Revisited: Prospects for American Politics, edited by Robert Paul Wolff (Knopf, 1973), page 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazower1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mazower, Mark</a> (1998). "The Social Contract in Crisis". Dark Continent: Europe's twentieth century. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-55550-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-55550-2"><bdi>978-0-307-55550-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Social+Contract+in+Crisis&rft.btitle=Dark+Continent%3A+Europe%27s+twentieth+century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-307-55550-2&rft.aulast=Mazower&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ackelsberg_1996_87–100-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ackelsberg_1996_87–100_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ackelsberg_1996_87–100_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckelsberg1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ackelsberg, Martha A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346926">"Identity Politics, Political Identities: Thoughts toward a Multicultural Politics"</a>. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 16 (1): 87–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3346926">10.2307/3346926</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0160-9009">0160-9009</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346926">3346926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers%3A+A+Journal+of+Women+Studies&rft.atitle=Identity+Politics%2C+Political+Identities%3A+Thoughts+toward+a+Multicultural+Politics&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0160-9009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3346926%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3346926&rft.aulast=Ackelsberg&rft.aufirst=Martha+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3346926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1983" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Barbara, ed. (1983). Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology. New York, NY: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press. pp. xxxi–xxxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913175-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-913175-02-1"><bdi>0-913175-02-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Girls%3A+A+Black+Feminist+Anthology&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exxxi-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxxii&rft.pub=Kitchen+Table%3A+Women+of+Color+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-913175-02-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/975027867">How we get free : Black feminism and the Combahee River Collective</a>. Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta. Chicago, Illinois. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-855-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-855-3"><bdi>978-1-60846-855-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/975027867">975027867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+we+get+free+%3A+Black+feminism+and+the+Combahee+River+Collective&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F975027867&rft.isbn=978-1-60846-855-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F975027867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiarda-2016-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiarda-2016_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiarda-2016_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiarda2016" class="citation book cs1">Wiarda, Howard J. (8 April 2016) [1st pub. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>:2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1hHtCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150">Political Culture, Political Science, and Identity Politics: An Uneasy Alliance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-07885-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-07885-2"><bdi>978-1-317-07885-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982044314">982044314</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819161909/https://books.google.com/books?id=1hHtCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2018. <q>There are disputes regarding the origins of the term 'identity politics' .... Almost all authors, even while disagreeing over who was the first to use the term, agree that its original usage goes back to the 1970s and even the 1960s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Culture%2C+Political+Science%2C+and+Identity+Politics%3A+An+Uneasy+Alliance&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F982044314&rft.isbn=978-1-317-07885-2&rft.aulast=Wiarda&rft.aufirst=Howard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hHtCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OB-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OB_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OB_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasiliki_Neofotistos2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vasiliki Neofotistos (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0106.xml">"Identity Politics"</a>. Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027214156/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0106.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Identity+Politics&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Vasiliki+Neofotistos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199766567%2Fobo-9780199766567-0106.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2018" class="citation web cs1">Gray, John (26 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/john-gray-identity-politics-contemporary-francis-fukuyama-lies-bind-kwame-anthony-appiah-review">"Divided we stand: identity politics and the threat to democracy"</a>. www.newstatesman.com. Retrieved 11 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newstatesman.com&rft.atitle=Divided+we+stand%3A+identity+politics+and+the+threat+to+democracy&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fjohn-gray-identity-politics-contemporary-francis-fukuyama-lies-bind-kwame-anthony-appiah-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4SqXDwAAQBAJ">Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism</a>, ed. Zillah R. Eisenstein (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979) </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1983" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Barbara, ed. (1983). Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology. New York, NY: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913175-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-913175-02-1"><bdi>0-913175-02-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Girls%3A+A+Black+Feminist+Anthology&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Kitchen+Table%3A+Women+of+Color+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-913175-02-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier-ThomasFranklin2001" class="citation book cs1">Collier-Thomas, edited by Bettye; Franklin, V.P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iR6NVzFEntgC&pg=PA194">Sisters in the struggle African American women in the civil rights-black power movement</a> ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). New York: New York University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1603-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1603-8"><bdi>978-0-8147-1603-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165603/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=iR6NVzFEntgC&pg=PA194">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sisters+in+the+struggle+African+American+women+in+the+civil+rights-black+power+movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=39&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D.&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1603-8&rft.aulast=Collier-Thomas&rft.aufirst=edited+by+Bettye&rft.au=Franklin%2C+V.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiR6NVzFEntgC%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|first1=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2001" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Duchess (2001). "From the Kennedy Commission to the Combahee Collective: Black Feminist Organizing, 1960–1980". Sisters in the Struggle: African American Women in the Civil Rights-Black Power Movement. <a href="/wiki/NYU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Press">NYU Press</a>. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-1603-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-1603-2"><bdi>0-8147-1603-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Kennedy+Commission+to+the+Combahee+Collective%3A+Black+Feminist+Organizing%2C+1960%E2%80%931980&rft.btitle=Sisters+in+the+Struggle%3A+African+American+Women+in+the+Civil+Rights-Black+Power+Movement&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8147-1603-2&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Duchess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1983" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Barbara, ed. (1983). Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology (1st ed.). New York, NY: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913175-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-913175-02-1"><bdi>0-913175-02-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Girls%3A+A+Black+Feminist+Anthology&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=275&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Kitchen+Table%3A+Women+of+Color+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-913175-02-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://circuitous.org/scraps/combahee.html">"The Combahee River Collective Statement"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224021117/http://circuitous.org/scraps/combahee.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Combahee+River+Collective+Statement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcircuitous.org%2Fscraps%2Fcombahee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crenshaw-1991-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crenshaw-1991_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crenshaw-1991_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crenshaw-1991_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crenshaw-1991_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crenshaw-1991_27-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrenshaw1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Crenshaw, Kimberlé</a> (1 January 1991). "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color". Stanford Law Review. 43 (6): 1241–99. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.695.5934">10.1.1.695.5934</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1229039">10.2307/1229039</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1229039">1229039</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24661090">24661090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Margins%3A+Intersectionality%2C+Identity+Politics%2C+and+Violence+against+Women+of+Color&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1241-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=1991-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.695.5934%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24661090%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1229039%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1229039&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=Kimberl%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNouryRoland2020" class="citation journal cs1">Noury, Abdul; Roland, Gerard (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050718-033542">"Identity Politics and Populism in Europe"</a>. Annual Review of Political Science. 23: 421–439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050718-033542">10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-033542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Identity+Politics+and+Populism+in+Europe&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E421-%3C%2Fspan%3E439&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-050718-033542&rft.aulast=Noury&rft.aufirst=Abdul&rft.au=Roland%2C+Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-polisci-050718-033542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calhoun-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Calhoun_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Calhoun" title="Craig Calhoun">Calhoun, Craig</a> (1994). Craig Calhoun (ed.). Social Theory and the Politics of Identity. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-473-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-473-4"><bdi>978-1-55786-473-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Theory+and+the+Politics+of+Identity&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-473-4&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Eskridge, William N. “Channeling: Identity-Based Social Movements and Public Law.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review, vol. 150, no. 1, 2001, pp. 419–525. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3312920">https://doi.org/10.2307/3312920</a>. Accessed 6 Nov. 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Daniel Walker Howe, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/77/4/1216/850758">The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture in the North During the Second Party System</a>," Journal of American History (1991) 77#4 pp: 1216–1239. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Jon Gjerde, The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830–1917 (1999). </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodman1997" class="citation journal cs1">Woodman, Harold D. (February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2211941">"Class, Race, Politics, and the Modernization of the Postbellum South"</a>. The Journal of Southern History. 63 (1): 3–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2211941">10.2307/2211941</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2211941">2211941</a>. Retrieved 6 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Class%2C+Race%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Modernization+of+the+Postbellum+South&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1997-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2211941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2211941%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Woodman&rft.aufirst=Harold+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2211941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_O'Connell2019" class="citation news cs1">John O'Connell (31 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/2019/11/15/literary-influences-superstar-musician-david-bowie-1468145.html">"The Literary Influences of Superstar Musician David Bowie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. <q>As the husband of a Muslim woman from Somalia, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">Bowie</a> couldn't help but be highly attuned to racial identity politics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+Literary+Influences+of+Superstar+Musician+David+Bowie&rft.date=2019-10-31&rft.au=John+O%27Connell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2019%2F11%2F15%2Fliterary-influences-superstar-musician-david-bowie-1468145.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTessa_Berenson2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Tessa Berenson (6 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5444761/donald-trump-midterms-race-candidates/">"How President Trump Put Race at the Center of the Midterms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TIME" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME">TIME</a>. <q>Some Republicans worry that Trump's focus on racial identity politics so close to the election is undercutting their message to swing voters on subjects like the economy and health care.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=How+President+Trump+Put+Race+at+the+Center+of+the+Midterms&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft.au=Tessa+Berenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5444761%2Fdonald-trump-midterms-race-candidates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Kirchick2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Kirchick" title="James Kirchick">James Kirchick</a> (19 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/opponents-on-the-left-pouring-gasoline-on-donald-trump-s-fires-20190818-p52i92.html">"Opponents on the left pouring gasoline on Donald Trump's fires"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. <q>Trump's game isn't difficult to discern. He is practicing the same resentment-based, racial-identity politics that has fuelled his political rise since the earlier part of this decade, when he began expressing doubts that the first black American president was actually born in the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Opponents+on+the+left+pouring+gasoline+on+Donald+Trump%27s+fires&rft.date=2019-08-19&rft.au=James+Kirchick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fopponents-on-the-left-pouring-gasoline-on-donald-trump-s-fires-20190818-p52i92.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamar_Mayor2012" class="citation book cs1">Tamar Mayor (2012). Gender Ironies of Nationalism: Sexing the Nation. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415162555" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415162555"><bdi>978-0415162555</bdi></a>. <q>For example, where a legacy of oppression based on race exists, an identity politics of race can be formed in opposition to that form of oppression, and it can help to provide an occasion for racial pride and resistance to that oppression.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+Ironies+of+Nationalism%3A+Sexing+the+Nation&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0415162555&rft.au=Tamar+Mayor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Jennings1994" class="citation book cs1">James Jennings (1994). "Building Coalitions". Blacks, Latinos, and Asians in Urban America: Status and Prospects for Politics and Activism. <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishing">Praeger Publishing</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275949341" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275949341"><bdi>978-0275949341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Building+Coalitions&rft.btitle=Blacks%2C+Latinos%2C+and+Asians+in+Urban+America%3A+Status+and+Prospects+for+Politics+and+Activism&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0275949341&rft.au=James+Jennings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_M._Swain2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carol_M._Swain" title="Carol M. Swain">Carol M. Swain</a> (2004). "Preface". The New White Nationalism in America: Its Challenge to Integration. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521545587" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521545587"><bdi>978-0521545587</bdi></a>. <q>The continued emphasis on racial identity politics and the fostering of an ethnic group pride on the part of nonwhite minority groups.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=The+New+White+Nationalism+in+America%3A+Its+Challenge+to+Integration&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521545587&rft.au=Carol+M.+Swain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_A._Messner1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Messner" title="Michael Messner">Michael A. Messner</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofmascul00mess/page/79">"Racial and sexual identity politics"</a>. Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofmascul00mess/page/79">79-80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803955776" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803955776"><bdi>978-0803955776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racial+and+sexual+identity+politics&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Masculinities%3A+Men+in+Movements&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0803955776&rft.au=Michael+A.+Messner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsofmascul00mess%2Fpage%2F79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArshin_Adib-Moghaddam2010" class="citation book cs1">Arshin Adib-Moghaddam (2010). "The myth of "National Identity": Psycho-nationalism in Iran and the Arab world". Middle East Review (IDE-JETRO) (Volume 7 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Japan_External_Trade_Organization" title="Japan External Trade Organization">Japan External Trade Organization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Developing_Economies" title="Institute of Developing Economies">Institute of Developing Economies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0980415810" title="Special:BookSources/978-0980415810"><bdi>978-0980415810</bdi></a>. <q>Iranian and Arab identity politics thwarted, perverted, and dismembered communitarian thinking for long periods in the twentieth century and the same applies to other forms of psycho-nationalism in Turkey</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+%22National+Identity%22%3A+Psycho-nationalism+in+Iran+and+the+Arab+world&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Review+%28IDE-JETRO%29&rft.place=Japan+External+Trade+Organization&rft.edition=Volume+7&rft.pub=Institute+of+Developing+Economies&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0980415810&rft.au=Arshin+Adib-Moghaddam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Monier2014" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Monier (2014). "The Arabness of Middle East regionalism: the Arab Spring and competition for discursive hegemony between Egypt, Iran and Turkey". <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Politics_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Politics (journal)">Contemporary Politics</a> (Volume 20, No. 4 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 421–434. <q>To explore the role played by Arab identity politics in regionalism with regard to the status of non-Arab states, this article presents a study of the competing hegemonic regional discourses employed by Turkey, Iran and Egypt</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Arabness+of+Middle+East+regionalism%3A+the+Arab+Spring+and+competition+for+discursive+hegemony+between+Egypt%2C+Iran+and+Turkey&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E421-%3C%2Fspan%3E434&rft.edition=Volume+20%2C+No.+4&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Elizabeth+Monier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_WisePaul_James2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wise" title="Christopher Wise">Christopher Wise</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">Paul James</a> (2010). Being Arab: Arabism and the Politics of Recognition. <a href="/wiki/Arena_(Australian_publishing_co-operative)" title="Arena (Australian publishing co-operative)">Arena Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0980415810" title="Special:BookSources/978-0980415810"><bdi>978-0980415810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Arab%3A+Arabism+and+the+Politics+of+Recognition&rft.pub=Arena+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0980415810&rft.au=Christopher+Wise&rft.au=Paul+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lynch" title="Marc Lynch">Lynch, Mark</a> (2019). The Arab Uprisings Explained: New Contentious Politics in the Middle East. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231158855" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231158855"><bdi>978-0231158855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Uprisings+Explained%3A+New+Contentious+Politics+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0231158855&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2013/07/28/najla_said_my_arab_american_story_is_not_typical_in_any_way/">"Najla Said: "My Arab-American story is not typical in any way""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>. 28 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Najla+Said%3A+%22My+Arab-American+story+is+not+typical+in+any+way%22&rft.date=2013-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2013%2F07%2F28%2Fnajla_said_my_arab_american_story_is_not_typical_in_any_way%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunnMasuoka2008" class="citation journal cs1">Junn, Jane; Masuoka, Natalie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20446825">"Asian American Identity: Shared Racial Status and Political Context"</a>. Perspectives on Politics. 6 (4): 729–740. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592708081887">10.1017/S1537592708081887</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-5927">1537-5927</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20446825">20446825</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144081361">144081361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Politics&rft.atitle=Asian+American+Identity%3A+Shared+Racial+Status+and+Political+Context&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E729-%3C%2Fspan%3E740&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1537-5927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144081361%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20446825%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1537592708081887&rft.aulast=Junn&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Masuoka%2C+Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20446825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/blacklivesmatter-hashtag-first-appears-facebook-sparking-a-movement">"The hashtag #BlackLivesMatter first appears, sparking a movement | July 13, 2013"</a>. HISTORY. Retrieved 15 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=The+hashtag+%23BlackLivesMatter+first+appears%2C+sparking+a+movement+%7C+July+13%2C+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fblacklivesmatter-hashtag-first-appears-facebook-sparking-a-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry" class="citation web cs1">Henry, Carmel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.law.howard.edu/civilrightshistory/BLM">"A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States"</a>. library.law.howard.edu. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=library.law.howard.edu&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Civil+Rights+in+the+United+States&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Carmel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.law.howard.edu%2Fcivilrightshistory%2FBLM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gale.com/open-access/black-lives-matter">"Scholarly Articles on Black Lives Matter: History & More"</a>. www.gale.com. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gale.com&rft.atitle=Scholarly+Articles+on+Black+Lives+Matter%3A+History+%26+More&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gale.com%2Fopen-access%2Fblack-lives-matter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0016241/">"Black Lives Matter (BLM)"</a>. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.+20540+USA&rft.atitle=Black+Lives+Matter+%28BLM%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2FlcwaN0016241%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/proud-boys-leader-sentenced-22-years-prison-seditious-conspiracy-and-other-charges-related">"Office of Public Affairs | Proud Boys Leader Sentenced to 22 Years in Prison for Seditious Conspiracy and Other Charges Related to U.S. Capitol Breach | United States Department of Justice"</a>. www.justice.gov. 5 September 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.justice.gov&rft.atitle=Office+of+Public+Affairs+%7C+Proud+Boys+Leader+Sentenced+to+22+Years+in+Prison+for+Seditious+Conspiracy+and+Other+Charges+Related+to+U.S.+Capitol+Breach+%7C+United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fopa%2Fpr%2Fproud-boys-leader-sentenced-22-years-prison-seditious-conspiracy-and-other-charges-related&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://everytownresearch.org/report/more-than-brawlers-the-proud-boys-and-armed-extremism/">"More Than Brawlers: The Proud Boys and Armed Extremism"</a>. Everytown Research & Policy. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Everytown+Research+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=More+Than+Brawlers%3A+The+Proud+Boys+and+Armed+Extremism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feverytownresearch.org%2Freport%2Fmore-than-brawlers-the-proud-boys-and-armed-extremism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/proud-boys">"Proud Boys"</a>. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft.atitle=Proud+Boys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fextremist-files%2Fgroup%2Fproud-boys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2019" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Joshua (18 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1468796818791661">"'Not Black and White, but Black and Red': Anti-identity identity politics and #AllLivesMatter"</a>. Ethnicities. 19 (1): 3–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468796818791661">10.1177/1468796818791661</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-7968">1468-7968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnicities&rft.atitle=%27Not+Black+and+White%2C+but+Black+and+Red%27%3A+Anti-identity+identity+politics+and+%23AllLivesMatter&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2019-08-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1468796818791661&rft.issn=1468-7968&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F1468796818791661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddyMasonHorwitz2016" class="citation journal cs1">Huddy, Leonie; Mason, Lilliana; Horwitz, S. Nechama (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7758%2Frsf.2016.2.3.11">"Political Identity Convergence: On Being Latino, Becoming a Democrat, and Getting Active"</a>. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences. 2 (3): 205–228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7758%2Frsf.2016.2.3.11">10.7758/rsf.2016.2.3.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2377-8253">2377-8253</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/rsf.2016.2.3.11">10.7758/rsf.2016.2.3.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59026229">59026229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RSF%3A+The+Russell+Sage+Foundation+Journal+of+the+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Political+Identity+Convergence%3A+On+Being+Latino%2C+Becoming+a+Democrat%2C+and+Getting+Active&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=2377-8253&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59026229%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7758%2Frsf.2016.2.3.11%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7758%2Frsf.2016.2.3.11&rft.aulast=Huddy&rft.aufirst=Leonie&rft.au=Mason%2C+Lilliana&rft.au=Horwitz%2C+S.+Nechama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7758%252Frsf.2016.2.3.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> India's New Economic Policy: A Critical Analysis, p. 41, Waquar Ahmed, Amitabh Kundu, Richard Peet, Routledge </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_MaakaAugie_Fleras2005" class="citation book cs1">Roger Maaka; Augie Fleras (2005). The Politics of Indigeneity: Challenging the State in Canada and Aotearoa New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/Otago_University_Press" title="Otago University Press">Otago University Press</a>. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1877276538" title="Special:BookSources/978-1877276538"><bdi>978-1877276538</bdi></a>. <q>The tensions created by the intersection of tribe as identity, versus tribe as organisation, are central to Maori identity politics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Indigeneity%3A+Challenging+the+State+in+Canada+and+Aotearoa+New+Zealand&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Otago+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1877276538&rft.au=Roger+Maaka&rft.au=Augie+Fleras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatiana_Tökölyová2005" class="citation book cs1">Tatiana Tökölyová (2005). "Transnationalism in the Pacific Region as a Concept of State Identity". Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics (Volume 11, Edition 1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_International_and_Public_Relations_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="University of International and Public Relations Prague">University of International and Public Relations Prague</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. p. 67. <q>Maori identity politics have disrupted the colonially-inspired constructions of the New Zealand nation and state from a base of indigeneity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transnationalism+in+the+Pacific+Region+as+a+Concept+of+State+Identity&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Nationalism%2C+Memory+%26+Language+Politics&rft.place=University+of+International+and+Public+Relations+Prague&rft.pages=67&rft.edition=Volume+11%2C+Edition+1&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Tatiana+T%C3%B6k%C3%B6lyov%C3%A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHal_B._Levine1997" class="citation book cs1">Hal B. Levine (1997). Constructing collective identity: a comparative analysis of New Zealand Jews, Maori, and urban Papua New Guineans. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3631319444" title="Special:BookSources/978-3631319444"><bdi>978-3631319444</bdi></a>. <q>The material on biculturalism particularly shows how ethnicity interdigitates with identity politics for Maori and stimulates parallel developments among non-Maori New Zealanders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+collective+identity%3A+a+comparative+analysis+of+New+Zealand+Jews%2C+Maori%2C+and+urban+Papua+New+Guineans&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3631319444&rft.au=Hal+B.+Levine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTe_Kawehau_HoskinsAlison_Jones2005" class="citation book cs1">Te Kawehau Hoskins; Alison Jones, eds. (2005). Critical Conversations in Kaupapa Maori. <a href="/wiki/Huia_Publishers" title="Huia Publishers">Huia Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1775503286" title="Special:BookSources/978-1775503286"><bdi>978-1775503286</bdi></a>. <q>As Jones and Jenkins (2008) point out, an oppositional Māori identity politics has been the 'basis for internal collaboration and a politics of strength' (p.475).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Conversations+in+Kaupapa+Maori&rft.pub=Huia+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1775503286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKukutaiDidham2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tahu_Kukutai" title="Tahu Kukutai">Kukutai, Tahu</a>; Didham, Robert (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msd.govt.nz/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/journals-and-magazines/social-policy-journal/spj36/36-in-search-of-ethnic-new-zealanders.html">"In Search of Ethnic New Zealanders: National Naming in the 2006 Census"</a>. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Development_(New_Zealand)" title="Ministry of Social Development (New Zealand)">Ministry of Social Development (New Zealand)</a>. Retrieved 6 May 2021. <q>Māori identity politics and Treaty settlements, as well as their reactions – the latter included challenges to historical settlements and so-called "race-based" funding.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Policy+Journal+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+Ethnic+New+Zealanders%3A+National+Naming+in+the+2006+Census&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kukutai&rft.aufirst=Tahu&rft.au=Didham%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msd.govt.nz%2Fabout-msd-and-our-work%2Fpublications-resources%2Fjournals-and-magazines%2Fsocial-policy-journal%2Fspj36%2F36-in-search-of-ethnic-new-zealanders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2009" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Peter (2009). Muslims in Britain: Race, Place and Identities. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 210–211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+Britain%3A+Race%2C+Place+and+Identities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/01/201116112228783789.html">"European Poll: An Islamic Threat?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a>. 6 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014114808/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/01/201116112228783789.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=European+Poll%3A+An+Islamic+Threat%3F&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2011%2F01%2F201116112228783789.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelisKantolaWaylenWeldon2013" class="citation book cs1">Celis, Karen; Kantola, Johanna; Waylen, Georgina; Weldon, S. Laurel (2013). "Introduction: Gender and Politics: A Gendered World, a Gendered Discipline". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199751457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199751457-e-34">The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Politics</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199751457.013.0034">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199751457.013.0034</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975145-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975145-7"><bdi>978-0-19-975145-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Gender+and+Politics%3A+A+Gendered+World%2C+a+Gendered+Discipline&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Gender+and+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199751457.013.0034&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975145-7&rft.aulast=Celis&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Kantola%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Waylen%2C+Georgina&rft.au=Weldon%2C+S.+Laurel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199751457.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780199751457-e-34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> [Mona L. Krook, Fiona Mckay] <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uea/reader.action?docID=665680">[1]</a> [Gender, Politics and Institutions], 2011, Palgrave Macmillan </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutzerZipp1996" class="citation journal cs1">Plutzer, Eric; Zipp, John F. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/297738">"Identity Politics, Partisanship, and Voting for Women Candidates"</a>. Public Opinion Quarterly. 60 (1): 30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F297738">10.1086/297738</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-362X">0033-362X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Opinion+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Identity+Politics%2C+Partisanship%2C+and+Voting+for+Women+Candidates&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F297738&rft.issn=0033-362X&rft.aulast=Plutzer&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Zipp%2C+John+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1086%2F297738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeldon2006" class="citation journal cs1">Weldon, S. Laurel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4148079">"Women's Movements, Identity Politics, and Policy Impacts: A Study of Policies on Violence against Women in the 50 United States"</a>. Political Research Quarterly. 59 (1): 111–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F106591290605900110">10.1177/106591290605900110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1065-9129">1065-9129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4148079">4148079</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154528767">154528767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Research+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Movements%2C+Identity+Politics%2C+and+Policy+Impacts%3A+A+Study+of+Policies+on+Violence+against+Women+in+the+50+United+States&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1065-9129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154528767%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4148079%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F106591290605900110&rft.aulast=Weldon&rft.aufirst=S.+Laurel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4148079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYurcaba2021" class="citation news cs1">Yurcaba, Jo (28 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/different-fight-same-goal-how-black-freedom-movement-inspired-early-n1259072">"Different fight, 'same goal': How the Black freedom movement inspired early gay activists"</a>. Retrieved 14 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Different+fight%2C+%27same+goal%27%3A+How+the+Black+freedom+movement+inspired+early+gay+activists&rft.date=2021-02-28&rft.aulast=Yurcaba&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Ffeature%2Fnbc-out%2Fdifferent-fight-same-goal-how-black-freedom-movement-inspired-early-n1259072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoffmanIntro-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HoffmanIntro_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoffmanIntro_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoffmanIntro_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoffmanIntro_69-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Amy (2007). An Army of Ex-Lovers: My life at the Gay Community News. University of Massachusetts Press. pp. xi–xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558496217" title="Special:BookSources/978-1558496217"><bdi>978-1558496217</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Army+of+Ex-Lovers%3A+My+life+at+the+Gay+Community+News&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exi-%3C%2Fspan%3Exiii&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1558496217&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidman1997" class="citation book cs1">Seidman, Steven (1997). "From gay ethnicity to queer politics: the renewal of gay radicalism in the United States". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511557910/type/book">Difference Troubles: Queering Social Theory and Sexual Politics</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 185–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511557910.011">10.1017/cbo9780511557910.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59043-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59043-3"><bdi>978-0-521-59043-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+gay+ethnicity+to+queer+politics%3A+the+renewal+of+gay+radicalism+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Difference+Troubles%3A+Queering+Social+Theory+and+Sexual+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511557910.011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59043-3&rft.aulast=Seidman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2F9780511557910%2Ftype%2Fbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman2007-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman2007_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman2007_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Amy (2007). An Army of Ex-Lovers: My life at the Gay Community News. University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558496217" title="Special:BookSources/978-1558496217"><bdi>978-1558496217</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Army+of+Ex-Lovers%3A+My+life+at+the+Gay+Community+News&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1558496217&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hollibaugh-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Hollibaugh_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFphoenix2012" class="citation web cs1">phoenix (29 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122449/http://www.autostraddle.com/gay-rights-are-not-queer-liberation-the-nation-interviews-amber-hollibaugh-140431/">"Gay Rights Are Not Queer Liberation"</a>. autostraddle.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autostraddle.com/gay-rights-are-not-queer-liberation-the-nation-interviews-amber-hollibaugh-140431/">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=autostraddle.com&rft.atitle=Gay+Rights+Are+Not+Queer+Liberation&rft.date=2012-06-29&rft.au=phoenix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autostraddle.com%2Fgay-rights-are-not-queer-liberation-the-nation-interviews-amber-hollibaugh-140431%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zami-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Zami_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorde1982" class="citation book cs1">Lorde, Audre (1982). <a href="/wiki/Zami:_A_New_Spelling_of_My_Name" title="Zami: A New Spelling of My Name">Zami: A New Spelling of My Name</a>. New York: Crossing Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89594-123-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89594-123-7"><bdi>978-0-89594-123-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zami%3A+A+New+Spelling+of+My+Name&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crossing+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-89594-123-7&rft.aulast=Lorde&rft.aufirst=Audre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_74-0">^</a> Kemp, Yakini B. (2004). "Writing Power: Identity Complexities and the Exotic Erotic in Audre Lorde's writing". Studies in the Literary Imagination. 37: 22–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Leonard_75-0">^</a> Leonard, Keith D. (28 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/486572">""Which Me Will Survive": Rethinking Identity, Reclaiming Audre Lorde"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220052903/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/486572">Archived</a> 20 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Callaloo. 35 (3): 758–77. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcal.2012.0100">10.1353/cal.2012.0100</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1080-6512">1080-6512</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> M.A. Chaudhary & Gautam Chaudhary, Global Encyclopaedia of Political Geography, New Delhi, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8220-233-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8220-233-7">978-81-8220-233-7</a>, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2012" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Owen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chavsdemonizatio00jone_371">Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class</a> (updated ed.). London: Verso. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chavsdemonizatio00jone_371/page/n142">255</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-864-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-864-8"><bdi>978-1-84467-864-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chavs%3A+The+Demonization+of+the+Working+Class&rft.place=London&rft.pages=255&rft.edition=updated&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-864-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchavsdemonizatio00jone_371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spivak-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Spivak_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpivak2008" class="citation book cs1">Spivak, Gayatri Chakrovotry (2008). Other Asias. Malden, M.A.: Blackwell Publishing. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405102070" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405102070"><bdi>978-1405102070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Other+Asias&rft.place=Malden%2C+M.A.&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1405102070&rft.aulast=Spivak&rft.aufirst=Gayatri+Chakrovotry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abraham-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Abraham_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2009" class="citation journal cs1">Abraham, Susan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/266799">"Strategic Essentialism in Nationalist Discourses: Sketching a Feminist Agenda in the Study of Religion"</a>. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion. 25 (1): 156–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Ffsr.2009.25.1.156">10.2979/fsr.2009.25.1.156</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143105193">143105193</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018190808/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/266799">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017 – via Project Muse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Feminist+Studies+in+Religion&rft.atitle=Strategic+Essentialism+in+Nationalist+Discourses%3A+Sketching+a+Feminist+Agenda+in+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Ffsr.2009.25.1.156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143105193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F266799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritze-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Ritze_80-0">^</a> G. Ritze/J. M. Ryan eds., The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology (2010) p. 193 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzwellyRapport,_N.Spiegel,_A._D.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kurzwelly, J.; Rapport, N.; Spiegel, A. D. (2020). "Encountering, explaining and refuting essentialism". Anthropology Southern Africa. 43 (2): 65–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23323256.2020.1780141">10.1080/23323256.2020.1780141</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F24669">10023/24669</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221063562">221063562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropology+Southern+Africa&rft.atitle=Encountering%2C+explaining+and+refuting+essentialism&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F24669&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221063562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23323256.2020.1780141&rft.aulast=Kurzwelly&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Rapport%2C+N.&rft.au=Spiegel%2C+A.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreciado2022" class="citation book cs1">Preciado, Paul B. (2022). "Dysphoria mundi". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/1354329097">Dysphoria mundi: el sonido del mundo derrumbándose</a>. Barcelona: Editorial Anagrama. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-339-9948-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-339-9948-1"><bdi>978-84-339-9948-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1354329097">1354329097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dysphoria+mundi&rft.btitle=Dysphoria+mundi%3A+el+sonido+del+mundo+derrumb%C3%A1ndose&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Editorial+Anagrama&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1354329097&rft.isbn=978-84-339-9948-1&rft.aulast=Preciado&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F1354329097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndonesia" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Indonesia, C. N. N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20230319071111-617-926841/anies-baswedan-beber-alasan-politik-identitas-tak-terhindarkan">"Anies Baswedan Beber Alasan Politik Identitas Tak Terhindarkan"</a>. nasional (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nasional&rft.atitle=Anies+Baswedan+Beber+Alasan+Politik+Identitas+Tak+Terhindarkan&rft.aulast=Indonesia&rft.aufirst=C.+N.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnindonesia.com%2Fnasional%2F20230319071111-617-926841%2Fanies-baswedan-beber-alasan-politik-identitas-tak-terhindarkan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2023/04/29/anies-identity-politics-will-cost-prabowo-his-third-presidential-bid.html">"Anies' identity politics will cost Prabowo his third presidential bid"</a>. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Anies%27+identity+politics+will+cost+Prabowo+his+third+presidential+bid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fopinion%2F2023%2F04%2F29%2Fanies-identity-politics-will-cost-prabowo-his-third-presidential-bid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiputan6.com2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liputan6.com (24 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liputan6.com/pemilu/read/5464018/anies-baswedan-tak-khawatir-dilabeli-politik-identitas">"Anies Baswedan Tak Khawatir Dilabeli Politik Identitas"</a>. liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=liputan6.com&rft.atitle=Anies+Baswedan+Tak+Khawatir+Dilabeli+Politik+Identitas&rft.date=2023-11-24&rft.au=Liputan6.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liputan6.com%2Fpemilu%2Fread%2F5464018%2Fanies-baswedan-tak-khawatir-dilabeli-politik-identitas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarrow1998" class="citation book cs1">Tarrow, Sidney (1998). Power in Movement. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+in+Movement&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Tarrow&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaidt2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Haidt, Jonathan</a> (17 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city-journal.org/html/age-outrage-15608.html">"The Age of Outrage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute for Policy Research</a>. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Age+of+Outrage&rft.date=2017-12-17&rft.aulast=Haidt&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-journal.org%2Fhtml%2Fage-outrage-15608.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuscombe2018" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Belinda_Luscombe" title="Belinda Luscombe">Luscombe, Belinda</a> (7 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5175974/jordan-peterson-12-rules-book-interview/">"Jordan Peterson talks gun control, angry men and why so few women lead companies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180519182714/http://time.com/5175974/jordan-peterson-12-rules-book-interview/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Jordan+Peterson+talks+gun+control%2C+angry+men+and+why+so+few+women+lead+companies&rft.date=2018-03-07&rft.aulast=Luscombe&rft.aufirst=Belinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5175974%2Fjordan-peterson-12-rules-book-interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobsbawm-1996-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hobsbawm-1996_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hobsbawm-1996_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawm1996" class="citation web cs1">Hobsbawm, Eric (2 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918013136/http://banmarchive.org.uk/articles/1996%20annual%20lecture.htm">"Identity Politics and the Left"</a>. Institute of Education. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://banmarchive.org.uk/articles/1996%20annual%20lecture.htm">the original</a> on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Education&rft.atitle=Identity+Politics+and+the+Left&rft.date=1996-05-02&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbanmarchive.org.uk%2Farticles%2F1996%2520annual%2520lecture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Niezen2008" class="citation book cs1">Ronald Niezen (15 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m8W6xPPdYLcC&pg=PA129">A World Beyond Difference: Cultural Identity in the Age of Globalization</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3710-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3710-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-3710-2</bdi></a>. <q>The famous rallying cry from The Communist Manifesto, "workers of the world unite!" was meant only to hasten the [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Beyond+Difference%3A+Cultural+Identity+in+the+Age+of+Globalization&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3710-2&rft.au=Ronald+Niezen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm8W6xPPdYLcC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parenti1-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parenti1_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parenti1_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParenti1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti, Michael</a> (1997), Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism, San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/City_Lights_Bookstore" title="City Lights Bookstore">City Lights Books</a>, p. 151, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0872863293" title="Special:BookSources/978-0872863293"><bdi>978-0872863293</bdi></a>, <q>Seizing upon anything but class, U.S. leftists today have developed an array of identity groups centering around ethnic, gender, cultural, and life-style issues. These groups treat their respective grievances as something apart from class struggle, and have almost nothing to say about the increasingly harsh politico-economic class injustices perpetrated against us all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackshirts+and+Reds%3A+Rational+Fascism+and+the+Overthrow+of+Communism&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=City+Lights+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0872863293&rft.aulast=Parenti&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HedgesTD2-92"><a href="#cite_ref-HedgesTD2_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedges2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges, Chris</a> (5 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209135923/https://www.truthdig.com/articles/bankruptcy-american-left/">"The Bankruptcy of the American Left"</a>. Truthdig. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.truthdig.com/articles/bankruptcy-american-left/">the original</a> on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truthdig&rft.atitle=The+Bankruptcy+of+the+American+Left&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft.aulast=Hedges&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.truthdig.com%2Farticles%2Fbankruptcy-american-left%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2020/12/cornel-west-interview-bernie-black-lives-matter">"Cornel West: "Bernie Was Crushed by Neoliberalism""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a>. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=Cornel+West%3A+%22Bernie+Was+Crushed+by+Neoliberalism%22&rft.date=2020-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobinmag.com%2F2020%2F12%2Fcornel-west-interview-bernie-black-lives-matter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerstle2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gerstle" title="Gary Gerstle">Gerstle, Gary</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en&">The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197519646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197519646"><bdi>978-0197519646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Neoliberal+Order%3A+America+and+the+World+in+the+Free+Market+Era&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0197519646&rft.aulast=Gerstle&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript235.html">PBS.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804215455/http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript235.html">Archived</a> 4 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Thinktank transcript 235 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Ben Norton, June 29, 2015 "Adolph Reed: Identity Politics Is Neoliberalism" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://bennorton.com/adolph-reed-identity-politics-is-neoliberalism/">https://bennorton.com/adolph-reed-identity-politics-is-neoliberalism/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Hope Reese, JStor Daily, "Adolph Reed Jr.: The Perils of Race Reductionism" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://daily.jstor.org/adolph-reed-jr-the-perils-of-race-reductionism/">https://daily.jstor.org/adolph-reed-jr-the-perils-of-race-reductionism/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean, Jodi</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBghOq42S3YC&pg=PA53">The Communist Horizon</a>. Verso. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844679546" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844679546"><bdi>978-1844679546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Horizon&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1844679546&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBghOq42S3YC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleeper1993" class="citation web cs1">Sleeper, Jim (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116130524/http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=115&subsecID=172&contentID=2049">"In Defense of Civic Culture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Policy_Institute" title="Progressive Policy Institute">Progressive Policy Institute</a>. ppionline.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=115&subsecID=172&contentID=2049">the original</a> on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Defense+of+Civic+Culture&rft.pub=Progressive+Policy+Institute.+ppionline.org&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.aulast=Sleeper&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ppionline.org%2Fppi_ci.cfm%3FknlgAreaID%3D115%26subsecID%3D172%26contentID%3D2049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockhill2023" class="citation web cs1">Rockhill, Gabriel (1 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2023/12/01/imperialist-propaganda-and-the-ideology-of-the-western-left-intelligentsia/">"Imperialist Propaganda and the Ideology of the Western Left Intelligentsia: From Anticommunism and Identity Politics to Democratic Illusions and Fascism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a>. Retrieved 5 December 2023. <q>Identity politics, like the multiculturalism affiliated with it, is a contemporary manifestation of the culturalism and essentialism that have long characterized bourgeois ideology. The latter seeks to naturalize social and economic relations that are the consequence of the material history of capitalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review&rft.atitle=Imperialist+Propaganda+and+the+Ideology+of+the+Western+Left+Intelligentsia%3A+From+Anticommunism+and+Identity+Politics+to+Democratic+Illusions+and+Fascism&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft.aulast=Rockhill&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonthlyreview.org%2F2023%2F12%2F01%2Fimperialist-propaganda-and-the-ideology-of-the-western-left-intelligentsia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽižek2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek, Slavoj</a> (2015). Ein Plädoyer für die Intoleranz (in German). Passagen Verlag Ges.M.B.H. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783709201886" title="Special:BookSources/9783709201886"><bdi>9783709201886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ein+Pl%C3%A4doyer+f%C3%BCr+die+Intoleranz&rft.pub=Passagen+Verlag+Ges.M.B.H&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9783709201886&rft.aulast=%C5%BDi%C5%BEek&rft.aufirst=Slavoj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparrow2016" class="citation web cs1">Sparrow, Jeff (17 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/18/class-and-identity-politics-are-not-mutually-exclusive-the-left-should-use-this-to-its-benefit">"Class and identity politics are not mutually exclusive. The left should use this to its benefit | Jeff Sparrow"</a>. the Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718030629/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/18/class-and-identity-politics-are-not-mutually-exclusive-the-left-should-use-this-to-its-benefit">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Class+and+identity+politics+are+not+mutually+exclusive.+The+left+should+use+this+to+its+benefit+%7C+Jeff+Sparrow&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft.aulast=Sparrow&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2016%2Fnov%2F18%2Fclass-and-identity-politics-are-not-mutually-exclusive-the-left-should-use-this-to-its-benefit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLéger2022" class="citation book cs1">Léger, Marc James (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/title/61660?language=en">Bernie Bros Gone Woke: Class Identity, Neoliberalism</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004507128" title="Special:BookSources/9789004507128"><bdi>9789004507128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bernie+Bros+Gone+Woke%3A+Class+Identity%2C+Neoliberalism&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9789004507128&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9ger&rft.aufirst=Marc+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Ftitle%2F61660%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLéger2022" class="citation book cs1">Léger, Marc James (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redquillbooks.com/portfolio-posts/too-black-to-fail-the-obama-portraits-and-the-politics-of-post-representation">Too Black to Fail: The Obama Portraits and the Politics of Post-Representation</a>. Red Quill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781926958361" title="Special:BookSources/9781926958361"><bdi>9781926958361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Too+Black+to+Fail%3A+The+Obama+Portraits+and+the+Politics+of+Post-Representation&rft.pub=Red+Quill+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781926958361&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9ger&rft.aufirst=Marc+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redquillbooks.com%2Fportfolio-posts%2Ftoo-black-to-fail-the-obama-portraits-and-the-politics-of-post-representation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzwelly2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kurzwelly, Jonatan (25 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10624-022-09670-9">"Bones and injustices: provenance research, restitutions and identity politics"</a>. Dialectical Anthropology. 47: 45–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10624-022-09670-9">10.1007/s10624-022-09670-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4092">0304-4092</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253144587">253144587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialectical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Bones+and+injustices%3A+provenance+research%2C+restitutions+and+identity+politics&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2022-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253144587%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0304-4092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10624-022-09670-9&rft.aulast=Kurzwelly&rft.aufirst=Jonatan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10624-022-09670-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrenshaw1989" class="citation book cs1">Crenshaw, Kimberlé (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/archive/CREDTI.pdf?source=post_page---------------------------">Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics</a> (PDF). University of Chicago Legal Forum. pp. 139–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demarginalizing+the+Intersection+of+Race+and+Sex%3A+A+Black+Feminist+Critique+of+Antidiscrimination+Doctrine%2C+Feminist+Theory+and+Antiracist+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Legal+Forum&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=Kimberl%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Farchive%2FCREDTI.pdf%3Fsource%3Dpost_page---------------------------&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuval-Davis2006" class="citation journal cs1">Yuval-Davis, Nira (1 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejw.sagepub.com/content/13/3/193">"Intersectionality and Feminist Politics"</a>. European Journal of Women's Studies. 13 (3): 193–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1350506806065752">10.1177/1350506806065752</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1350-5068">1350-5068</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145319810">145319810</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103075104/http://ejw.sagepub.com/content/13/3/193">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Women%27s+Studies&rft.atitle=Intersectionality+and+Feminist+Politics&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.date=2006-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145319810%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1350-5068&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1350506806065752&rft.aulast=Yuval-Davis&rft.aufirst=Nira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejw.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F13%2F3%2F193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_108-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bernstein, Mary (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29737711">"Identity Politics"</a>. Annual Review of Sociology. 31: 47–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.29.010202.100054">10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100054</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0572">0360-0572</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29737711">29737711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Identity+Politics&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0360-0572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29737711%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.29.010202.100054&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29737711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2006" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Judith (2006). Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge. pp. 194–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415389556" title="Special:BookSources/9780415389556"><bdi>9780415389556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+trouble%3A+feminism+and+the+subversion+of+identity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E194-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415389556&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed2-110"><a href="#cite_ref-oed2_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"queer". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=queer&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halperin2-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Halperin2_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalperin,_David_M.1990" class="citation book cs1">Halperin, David M. (1990). <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Homosexuality" title="One Hundred Years of Homosexuality">One Hundred Years of Homosexuality: And Other Essays on Greek Love</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90097-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90097-3"><bdi>978-0-415-90097-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Years+of+Homosexuality%3A+And+Other+Essays+on+Greek+Love&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-415-90097-3&rft.au=Halperin%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-appropriation2-112"><a href="#cite_ref-appropriation2_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer2016" class="citation news cs1">Mortimer, Dora (9 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/avy9vz/can-straight-people-be-queer-435">"Can Straight People Be Queer? – An increasing number of young celebrities are labeling themselves 'queer.' But what does this mean for the queer community?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice Media</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice+Media&rft.atitle=Can+Straight+People+Be+Queer%3F+%E2%80%93+An+increasing+number+of+young+celebrities+are+labeling+themselves+%27queer.%27+But+what+does+this+mean+for+the+queer+community%3F&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Dora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Favy9vz%2Fcan-straight-people-be-queer-435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4-encylopedia2-113"><a href="#cite_ref-4-encylopedia2_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/#QueTheSocConSex">"Queer Theory and the Social Construction of Sexuality"</a>. Homosexuality. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111209062102/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/#QueTheSocConSex">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Queer+Theory+and+the+Social+Construction+of+Sexuality&rft.btitle=Homosexuality&rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fhomosexuality%2F%23QueTheSocConSex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jagose2-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Jagose2_114-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Annamarie_Jagose" title="Annamarie Jagose">Jagose, Annamarie</a>, 1996. Queer Theory: An Introduction. New York: New York University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEanelli2011" class="citation book cs1">Eanelli, Tegan (2011). "Conclusion". In Baroque, Fray; Eanelli, Tegan (eds.). Queer Ultraviolence: BASH BACK! Anthology. Ardent Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781620490426" title="Special:BookSources/9781620490426"><bdi>9781620490426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclusion&rft.btitle=Queer+Ultraviolence%3A+BASH+BACK%21+Anthology&rft.pub=Ardent+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781620490426&rft.aulast=Eanelli&rft.aufirst=Tegan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenichel_Pitkin-1967-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fenichel_Pitkin-1967_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenichel_Pitkin-1967_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenichel_Pitkin-1967_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenichel_Pitkin-1967_116-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fenichel_Pitkin-1967_116-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenichel_Pitkin1967" class="citation book cs1">Fenichel Pitkin, Hanna (31 December 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520340503">The Concept of Representation</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2F9780520340503">10.1525/9780520340503</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-34050-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-34050-3"><bdi>978-0-520-34050-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Representation&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520340503&rft.isbn=978-0-520-34050-3&rft.aulast=Fenichel+Pitkin&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1525%2F9780520340503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheobaldHaider-Markel2008" class="citation journal cs1">Theobald, N. A.; Haider-Markel, D. P. (25 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjopart%2Fmun006">"Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation: Interactions between Citizens and Police"</a>. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 19 (2): 409–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjopart%2Fmun006">10.1093/jopart/mun006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1053-1858">1053-1858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Administration+Research+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Bureaucracy%2C+and+Symbolic+Representation%3A+Interactions+between+Citizens+and+Police&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E409-%3C%2Fspan%3E426&rft.date=2008-02-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjopart%2Fmun006&rft.issn=1053-1858&rft.aulast=Theobald&rft.aufirst=N.+A.&rft.au=Haider-Markel%2C+D.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjopart%252Fmun006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchererCurry2007" class="citation journal cs1">Scherer, Nancy; Curry, Brett (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.986356">"Descriptive Race Representation and Public Support for the U.S. Courts"</a>. SSRN Electronic Journal. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.986356">10.2139/ssrn.986356</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068">1556-5068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSRN+Electronic+Journal&rft.atitle=Descriptive+Race+Representation+and+Public+Support+for+the+U.S.+Courts&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.986356&rft.issn=1556-5068&rft.aulast=Scherer&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Curry%2C+Brett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.986356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayesHibbing2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, Matthew; Hibbing, Matthew V. (13 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11109-016-9345-9">"The Symbolic Benefits of Descriptive and Substantive Representation"</a>. Political Behavior. 39 (1): 31–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11109-016-9345-9">10.1007/s11109-016-9345-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-9320">0190-9320</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254934399">254934399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+Symbolic+Benefits+of+Descriptive+and+Substantive+Representation&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254934399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0190-9320&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11109-016-9345-9&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Hibbing%2C+Matthew+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11109-016-9345-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaytonO'BrienPiscopo2018" class="citation journal cs1">Clayton, Amanda; O'Brien, Diana Z.; Piscopo, Jennifer M. (25 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fajps.12391">"All Male Panels? Representation and Democratic Legitimacy"</a>. American Journal of Political Science. 63 (1): 113–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fajps.12391">10.1111/ajps.12391</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-5853">0092-5853</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158870325">158870325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=All+Male+Panels%3F+Representation+and+Democratic+Legitimacy&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=2018-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158870325%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0092-5853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fajps.12391&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Diana+Z.&rft.au=Piscopo%2C+Jennifer+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fajps.12391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuyama2018" class="citation book cs1">Fukuyama, Francis (2018). Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374129293" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374129293"><bdi>978-0374129293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity%3A+The+Demand+for+Dignity+and+the+Politics+of+Resentment&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0374129293&rft.aulast=Fukuyama&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mike Gonzales. 2018. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203190145/https://www.heritage.org/civil-society/commentary/it-time-debate-and-end-identity-politics">It Is Time to Debate—and End—Identity Politics</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Unfit/doc" title="Template:Unfit/doc">[unfit]</a>". The Heritage Foundation.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed_JrMichaels2023" class="citation book cs1">Reed Jr, Adolph; Michaels, Walter Benn (2023). No Politics but Class Politics. Eris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1912475575" title="Special:BookSources/978-1912475575"><bdi>978-1912475575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Politics+but+Class+Politics&rft.pub=Eris&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1912475575&rft.aulast=Reed+Jr&rft.aufirst=Adolph&rft.au=Michaels%2C+Walter+Benn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Christopher T. Stout. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PGnaDwAAQBAJ">The Case for Identity Politics: Polarization, Demographic Change, and Racial Appeals</a>. University of Virginia Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTáíwò2022" class="citation book cs1">Táíwò, Olúfhemi O. (2022). Elite Capture: How the Powerful Took Over Identity Politics (And Everything Else). <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1642596885" title="Special:BookSources/978-1642596885"><bdi>978-1642596885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elite+Capture%3A+How+the+Powerful+Took+Over+Identity+Politics+%28And+Everything+Else%29&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1642596885&rft.aulast=T%C3%A1%C3%ADw%C3%B2&rft.aufirst=Ol%C3%BAfhemi+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+politics" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Identity_politics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Identity politics">Identity politics</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Identity_politics" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Identity politics">Identity politics</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206100016/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/project/57/religion_in_international_affairs.html">Initiative on Religion in International Affairs</a> at Harvard</li> <li>Joan Mandel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://userpages.umbc.edu/~korenman/wmst/identity_pol.html">"How Political Is the Personal?: Identity Politics, Feminism and Social Change"</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore_County" title="University of Maryland, Baltimore County">University of Maryland, Baltimore County</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattleweekly.com/news/a-marxist-critiques-identity-politics/">"A Marxist Critiques Identity Politics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Weekly" title="Seattle Weekly">Seattle Weekly</a>. 25 April 2017.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/08/identity-politics-gay-rights-neoliberalism-stonewall-feminism-race">"Identity Politics Can Only Get Us So Far"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a>. 3 August 2017.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/14/identity-politics-right-left-trump-racism">"Why identity politics benefits the right more than the left"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 14 July 2018.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&oldid=1276091476">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&oldid=1276091476</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights" title="Category:Human rights">Human rights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Identity_politics" title="Category:Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Intersectionality" title="Category:Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Majority%E2%80%93minority_relations" title="Category:Majority–minority relations">Majority–minority relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_terminology" title="Category:Political terminology">Political terminology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">CS1 maint: location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2017">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)" title="Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)">CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2018">Use dmy dates from August 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2020">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2023">Articles needing additional references from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_minor_POV_problems_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with minor POV problems from November 2021">Articles with minor POV problems from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 February 2025, at 20:55 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Identity_politics&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Identity politics</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 39 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-t4ft7","wgBackendResponseTime":1360,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.002","walltime":"1.209","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7910,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":247399,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8968,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":39,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":421142,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1031.392 1 -total"," 64.79% 668.238 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.71% 193.023 47 Template:Cite_book"," 14.95% 154.185 23 Template:Cite_web"," 10.71% 110.498 22 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.43% 76.658 1 Template:Commons_category"," 7.42% 76.564 2 Template:Sister_project"," 7.29% 75.217 2 Template:Side_box"," 5.62% 57.961 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.09% 52.513 2 Template:If_then_show"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.614","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7607457,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-t4ft7","timestamp":"20250219123028","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Identity politics","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Identity_politics","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2914650","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2914650","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-06T23:16:00Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T20:55:30Z","headline":"political position based on the interests and perspectives of social groups with which people identify"}</script> </body> </html>