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Location and Hydrological Context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1._Location_and_Hydrological_Context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2.Diverse_Ecosystem_Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2.Diverse_Ecosystem_Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>2.Diverse Ecosystem Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2.Diverse_Ecosystem_Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3._Distinct_Vegetation_Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3._Distinct_Vegetation_Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>3. Distinct Vegetation Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3._Distinct_Vegetation_Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4._Floristic_Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4._Floristic_Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>4. Floristic Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4._Floristic_Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles_and_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles_and_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Roles and functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles_and_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_logging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_logging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role in logging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_logging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vegetation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riparian_zones_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riparian_zones_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Riparian zones in Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riparian_zones_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle North America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water's_edge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water's_edge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Water's edge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water's_edge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inundated_riparian_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inundated_riparian_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Inundated riparian zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inundated_riparian_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Western</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Central Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repair_and_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repair_and_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Repair and restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repair_and_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Riparian zone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="منطقة مشاطئة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطقة مشاطئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2" title="তীরবর্তী অঞ্চল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তীরবর্তী অঞ্চল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparijska_zona" title="Riparijska zona – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Riparijska zona" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_riberenca" title="Zona riberenca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zona riberenca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torlannol" title="Torlannol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Torlannol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripaal" title="Ripaal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ripaal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B6%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Παρόχθια ζώνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παρόχθια ζώνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_ribere%C3%B1a" title="Zona ribereña – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zona ribereña" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88eriveraj_areoj" title="Ĉeriveraj areoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉeriveraj areoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="پهنه رودخانه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پهنه رودخانه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_riparienne" title="Zone riparienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zone riparienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_de_ribeira" title="Zona de ribeira – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Zona de ribeira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%95%88%EC%A7%80%EB%8C%80" title="하안지대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하안지대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_riparian" title="Zona riparian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zona riparian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_riparia" title="Zona riparia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zona riparia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparische_zone" title="Riparische zone – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Riparische zone" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%BE%BA" title="水辺 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水辺" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_rip%C3%A1ria" title="Zona ripária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zona ripária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прибрежная зона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прибрежная зона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obre%C5%BEni_pas" title="Obrežni pas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obrežni pas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rantakasvien_vy%C3%B6hyke" title="Rantakasvien vyöhyke – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rantakasvien vyöhyke" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian_alan" title="Riparian alan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Riparian alan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прибережна зона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прибережна зона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%B2%B8%E5%B8%A6" title="河岸带 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="河岸带" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Interface between land and a river or stream</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Riparian" redirects here. For the legal doctrine, see <a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian water rights</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian language</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_a_riparian_area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Example_of_a_riparian_area.png/330px-Example_of_a_riparian_area.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Example_of_a_riparian_area.png/495px-Example_of_a_riparian_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Example_of_a_riparian_area.png/660px-Example_of_a_riparian_area.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>A riparian area is the transition from the aquatic area to the upland area. Vegetation is expected to change from species adapted to wetter sites near the channel to species adapted to drier sites in the upland, with a mixture of species occurring in between. In this example, an assessment of riparian function would consider the riparian areas, mixed riparian/upland areas, and aquatic area in the reach. Not all riparian areas have all of these features.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Riparian_forest" title="Riparian forest">Riparian forest</a></div> <p>A <b>riparian zone</b> or <b>riparian area</b> is the interface between land and a <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">stream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some regions, the terms <b>riparian woodland</b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Riparian_forest" title="Riparian forest">riparian forest</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Riparian_buffer" title="Riparian buffer">riparian buffer</a> zone</b>, <b>riparian corridor</b>, and <b>riparian strip</b> are used to characterize a riparian zone. The word <i>riparian</i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ripa" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ripa">ripa</a></i>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">river bank</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Read_Riparian_Areas:_Functions_and_Strategies_for_Management_at_NAP.edu_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read_Riparian_Areas:_Functions_and_Strategies_for_Management_at_NAP.edu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Riparian</b> is also the proper nomenclature for one of the terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plant habitats and communities along the river margins and banks are called riparian vegetation, characterized by <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">hydrophilic plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riparian zones are important in <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">environmental resource management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of their role in <a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">soil conservation</a>, their habitat <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, and the influence they have on <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">semiaquatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, and even non-vegetative areas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riparian zones may be natural or engineered for soil stabilization or <a href="/wiki/Land_rehabilitation" title="Land rehabilitation">restoration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These zones are important natural <a href="/wiki/Biofilter" title="Biofilter">biofilters</a>, protecting aquatic environments from excessive <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sedimentation</a>, polluted <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They supply shelter and food for many <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic animals</a> and shade that limits stream temperature change.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When riparian zones are damaged by <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">silviculture</a>, biological restoration can take place, usually by human intervention in <a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">erosion control</a> and revegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the area adjacent to a <a href="/wiki/Watercourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercourse">watercourse</a> has standing water or saturated soil for as long as a season, it is normally termed a <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> because of its <a href="/wiki/Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">hydric soil</a> characteristics. Because of their prominent role in supporting a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diversity of species</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> riparian zones are often the subject of national protection in a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_action_plan" title="Biodiversity action plan">biodiversity action plan</a>. These are also known as a "plant or vegetation waste buffer".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research shows that riparian zones are instrumental in <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> improvement for both surface runoff and water flowing into streams through subsurface or <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> flow.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riparian zones can play a role in lowering nitrate contamination in surface runoff, such as manure and other <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> from <a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">agricultural fields</a>, that would otherwise damage <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> and human health.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly, the attenuation of <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Denitrification" title="Denitrification">denitrification</a> of the nitrates from <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> in this buffer zone is important.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of wetland riparian zones shows a particularly high rate of removal of nitrate entering a stream and thus has a place in agricultural management.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in terms of carbon transport from terrestrial ecosystems to aquatic ecosystems, riparian groundwater can play an important role.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, a distinction can be made between parts of the riparian zone that connect large parts of the landscape to streams, and riparian areas with more local groundwater contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_features_of_a_typical_riparian_forest_include">Key features of a typical riparian forest include</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Key features of a typical riparian forest include"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1._Location_and_Hydrological_Context">1. Location and Hydrological Context</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1. Location and Hydrological Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>   - Riparian forests are primarily situated alongside rivers or streams, with varying degrees of proximity to the water's edge. </p><p>   - These ecosystems are intimately connected with dynamic water flow and soil processes, influencing their characteristics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2.Diverse_Ecosystem_Components">2.Diverse Ecosystem Components</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2.Diverse Ecosystem Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>   - Riparian forests feature a diverse combination of elements, including: </p><p>   - Mesic terrestrial vegetation (vegetation adapted to moist conditions). </p><p>   - Dependent animal life, relying on the riparian environment for habitat and resources. </p><p>   - Local microclimate influenced by the presence of water bodies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="3._Distinct_Vegetation_Structure">3. Distinct Vegetation Structure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 3. Distinct Vegetation Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>   - The vegetation in riparian forests exhibits a multi-layered structure. </p><p>   - Moisture-dependent trees are the dominant feature, giving these forests a unique appearance, especially in savanna regions. </p><p>   - These moisture-dependent trees define the landscape, accompanied by a variety of mesic <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understorey</a>, shrub, and ground cover species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="4._Floristic_Composition">4. Floristic Composition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 4. Floristic Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>   - Riparian forests often host plant species that have high moisture requirements. </p><p>   - The flora typically includes species native to the region, adapted to the moist conditions provided by proximity to water bodies. </p><p> In summary, riparian forests are characterized by their location along waterways, their intricate interplay with water and soil dynamics, a diverse array of vegetation layers, and a plant composition favoring moisture-dependent species.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riparian_strip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Riparian_strip.jpg/330px-Riparian_strip.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Riparian_strip.jpg/495px-Riparian_strip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Riparian_strip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>A well-preserved natural riparian strip on a tributary to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles_and_functions">Roles and functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roles and functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisuerga2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pisuerga2.JPG/220px-Pisuerga2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pisuerga2.JPG/330px-Pisuerga2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pisuerga2.JPG/440px-Pisuerga2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Thick riparian vegetation along the <a href="/wiki/Pisuerga" title="Pisuerga">Pisuerga River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Riparian zones dissipate stream energy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">meandering</a> curves of a river, combined with vegetation and root systems, slow the flow of water, which reduces soil erosion and flood damage.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sediment is trapped, reducing suspended solids to create less <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbid</a> water, replenish soils, and build stream banks.<sup id="cite_ref-Riparian_Mitigation_–_Mitico_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riparian_Mitigation_–_Mitico-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollutants are filtered from surface runoff, enhancing water quality via biofiltration.<sup id="cite_ref-Read_Riparian_Areas:_Functions_and_Strategies_for_Management_at_NAP.edu_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read_Riparian_Areas:_Functions_and_Strategies_for_Management_at_NAP.edu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The riparian zones also provide <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>, increased biodiversity, and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">wildlife corridors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enabling aquatic and riparian organisms to move along river systems avoiding isolated communities.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riparian vegetation can also provide <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">forage</a> for wildlife and livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-Riparian_Mitigation_–_Mitico_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riparian_Mitigation_–_Mitico-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riparian zones are also important for the fish that live within rivers, such as brook and charr.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impacts on riparian zones can affect fish, and restoration is not always sufficient to recover fish populations.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They provide native <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a> irrigation by extending seasonal or perennial flows of water.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nutrients from terrestrial vegetation (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Plant_litter" title="Plant litter">plant litter</a> and insect drop) are transferred to aquatic food webs, and are a vital source of energy in aquatic food webs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vegetation surrounding the stream helps to shade the water, mitigating <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">water temperature changes</a>. Thinning of riparian zones has been observed to cause increased maximum temperatures, higher fluctuations in temperature, and elevated temperatures being observed more frequently and for longer periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extreme changes in water temperature can have lethal effects on fish and other organisms in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vegetation also contributes wood debris to streams, which is important to maintaining <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riparian zones also act as important buffers against nutrient loss in the wake of natural disasters, such as hurricanes.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the characteristics of riparian zones that reduce the inputs of nitrogen from agricultural runoff also retain the necessary nitrogen in the ecosystem after hurricanes threaten to dilute and wash away critical nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a social aspect, riparian zones contribute to nearby property values through amenity and views, and they improve enjoyment for footpaths and bikeways through supporting <a href="/wiki/Greenway_(landscape)#Foreshoreway" title="Greenway (landscape)">foreshoreway</a> networks. Space is created for riparian sports such as fishing, swimming, and launching for vessels and paddle craft.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The riparian zone acts as a sacrificial erosion buffer to absorb impacts of factors including <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, increased runoff from <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>, and increased <a href="/wiki/Wake_(physics)" title="Wake (physics)">boat wake</a> without damaging structures located behind a setback zone.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Riparian zones play a crucial role in preserving the vitality of streams and rivers, especially when faced with challenges stemming from catchment land use, including agricultural and urban development. These changes in land utilization can exert adverse impacts on the health of streams and rivers and, consequently, contribute to a decline in their reproductive rates." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_logging">Role in logging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Role in logging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The protection of riparian zones is often a consideration in <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> operations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The undisturbed soil, soil cover, and vegetation provide shade, plant litter, and woody material and reduce the delivery of <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil eroded</a> from the harvested area.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors such as soil types and <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">root</a> structures, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climatic</a> conditions, and vegetative cover determine the effectiveness of riparian buffering. Activities associated with logging, such as sediment input, introduction or removal of species, and the input of polluted water all degrade riparian zones.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegetation">Vegetation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vegetation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willow_Creek,_Trout_Creek_Mountains,_Oregon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Willow_Creek%2C_Trout_Creek_Mountains%2C_Oregon.jpg/170px-Willow_Creek%2C_Trout_Creek_Mountains%2C_Oregon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Willow_Creek%2C_Trout_Creek_Mountains%2C_Oregon.jpg/255px-Willow_Creek%2C_Trout_Creek_Mountains%2C_Oregon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Willow_Creek%2C_Trout_Creek_Mountains%2C_Oregon.jpg/340px-Willow_Creek%2C_Trout_Creek_Mountains%2C_Oregon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption>Riparian zone along Trout Creek in the <a href="/wiki/Trout_Creek_Mountains" title="Trout Creek Mountains">Trout Creek Mountains</a>, part of the Burns Bureau of Land Management District in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>. The creek provides critical habitat for <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The assortment of riparian zone trees varies from those of wetlands and typically consists of plants that are either emergent aquatic plants, or <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> that thrive in proximity to water.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Africa's fynbos biome, Riparian ecosystem are heavily invaded by alien <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">woody plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riparian plant communities along lowland streams exhibit remarkable species diversity, driven by the unique environmental gradients inherent to these ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Riparian_zones_in_Africa">Riparian zones in Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Riparian zones in Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riparian forest can be found in Benin, West Africa. In Benin, where the savanna ecosystem prevails, "riparian forests" include various types of woodlands, such as <a href="/wiki/Semi-deciduous" title="Semi-deciduous">semi-deciduous</a> forests, dry forests, open forests, and <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">woodland savannas</a>. These woodlands can be found alongside rivers and streams.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nigeria, you can also discover riparian zones within the Ibadan region of Oyo state. Ibadan, one of the oldest towns in Africa, covers a total area of 3,080 square kilometers and is characterized by a network of perennial water streams that create these valuable riparian zones.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the research conducted by Adeoye et al. (2012) on land use changes in Southwestern Nigeria, it was observed that 46.18 square kilometers of the area are occupied by water bodies. Additionally, most streams and rivers in this region are accompanied by riparian forests. Nevertheless, the study also identified a consistent reduction in the extent of these riparian forests over time, primarily attributed to a significant deforestation rate.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nigeria, according to Momodu et al. (2011), there has been a notable decline of about 50% in the riparian forest coverage within the period of 1978 to 2000. This reduction is primarily attributed to alterations in land use and land cover. Additionally, their research indicates that if current trends continue, the riparian forests may face further depletion, potentially leading to their complete disappearance by the year 2040.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riparian zones can also be found in Cape Agulhas region of South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riparian areas along South African rivers have experienced significant deterioration as a result of human activities. Similar to many other developed and developing areas worldwide, the extensive building of dams in upstream river areas and the extraction of water for irrigation purposes have led to diminished water flows and changes in the riparian environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water's_edge"><span id="Water.27s_edge"></span>Water's edge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Water's edge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Herbaceous Perennial</b>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peltandra_virginica" title="Peltandra virginica">Peltandra virginica</a></i> – Arrow Arum</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sagittaria_lancifolia" title="Sagittaria lancifolia">Sagittaria lancifolia</a></i> – Arrowhead</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carex_stricta" title="Carex stricta">Carex stricta</a></i> – Tussock Sedge</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iris_virginica" title="Iris virginica">Iris virginica</a></i> – Southern Blue Flag <a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">Iris</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inundated_riparian_zone">Inundated riparian zone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Inundated riparian zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Herbaceous Perennial</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-silvics_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silvics-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. originally mislabeled as "USDA Silvics", which is a site on forestry; actually a government site giving a list of trees used in plantings? (September 2016)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sagittaria_latifolia" title="Sagittaria latifolia">Sagittaria latifolia</a></i> – Duck Potato</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schoenoplectus_tabernaemontani" title="Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani">Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani</a></i> – Softstem <a href="/wiki/Bulrush" title="Bulrush">Bulrush</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scirpus_americanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scirpus americanus">Scirpus americanus</a></i> – Three-square Bulrush</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eleocharis_quadrangulata" title="Eleocharis quadrangulata">Eleocharis quadrangulata</a></i> – Square-stem Spikerush</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eleocharis_obtusa" title="Eleocharis obtusa">Eleocharis obtusa</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Spikerush" class="mw-redirect" title="Spikerush">Spikerush</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western">Western</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Western"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In western North America and the Pacific coast, the riparian vegetation includes: </p><p><b>Riparian trees</b><sup id="cite_ref-cooke_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cooke-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens">Sequoia sempervirens</a></i> – Coast Redwood</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thuja_plicata" title="Thuja plicata">Thuja plicata</a></i> – Western Redcedar</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abies_grandis" title="Abies grandis">Abies grandis</a></i> – Grand Fir</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picea_sitchensis" title="Picea sitchensis">Picea sitchensis</a></i> – Sitka Spruce</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis_lawsoniana" title="Chamaecyparis lawsoniana">Chamaecyparis lawsoniana</a></i> – Port Orford-cedar</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Taxus brevifolia</a></i> – Pacific Yew</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populus_fremontii" title="Populus fremontii">Populus fremontii</a></i> – Fremont Cottonwood</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populus_trichocarpa" title="Populus trichocarpa">Populus trichocarpa</a></i> – Black Cottonwood</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platanus_racemosa" title="Platanus racemosa">Platanus racemosa</a></i> – California Sycamore</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alnus_rhombifolia" title="Alnus rhombifolia">Alnus rhombifolia</a></i> – White Alder</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alnus_rubra" title="Alnus rubra">Alnus rubra</a></i> – Red Alder</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acer_macrophyllum" title="Acer macrophyllum">Acer macrophyllum</a></i> – Big-leaf Maple</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_latifolia" title="Fraxinus latifolia">Fraxinus latifolia</a></i> – Oregon ash</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prunus_emarginata" title="Prunus emarginata">Prunus emarginata</a></i> – Bitter Cherry</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salix_lasiolepis" title="Salix lasiolepis">Salix lasiolepis</a></i> – Arroyo Willow</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salix_lucida" title="Salix lucida">Salix lucida</a></i> – Pacific Willow</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_agrifolia" title="Quercus agrifolia">Quercus agrifolia</a></i> – Coast live oak</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_garryana" title="Quercus garryana">Quercus garryana</a></i> – Garry oak</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populus_tremuloides" title="Populus tremuloides">Populus tremuloides</a></i> – Quaking Aspen</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umbellularia_californica" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbellularia californica">Umbellularia californica</a></i> – California Bay Laurel</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cornus_nuttallii" title="Cornus nuttallii">Cornus nuttallii</a></i> – Pacific Dogwood</li></ul> </div> <p><b>Riparian shrubs</b><sup id="cite_ref-cooke_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cooke-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acer_circinatum" title="Acer circinatum">Acer circinatum</a></i> – Vine Maple</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ribes" title="Ribes">Ribes spp.</a></i> – Gooseberies and Currants</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_pisocarpa" title="Rosa pisocarpa">Rosa pisocarpa</a></i> – Swamp Rose or Cluster Rose</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symphoricarpos_albus" title="Symphoricarpos albus">Symphoricarpos albus</a></i> – Snowberry</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spiraea_douglasii" title="Spiraea douglasii">Spiraea douglasii</a></i> – Douglas spirea</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rubus" title="Rubus">Rubus spp.</a></i> – Blackberries, Raspberries, Thimbleberry, Salmonberry</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_occidentale" title="Rhododendron occidentale">Rhododendron occidentale</a></i> – Western Azalea</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oplopanax_horridus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oplopanax horridus">Oplopanax horridus</a></i> – Devil's Club</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oemleria_cerasiformis" title="Oemleria cerasiformis">Oemleria cerasiformis</a></i> – Indian Plum, Osoberry</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lonicera_involucrata" title="Lonicera involucrata">Lonicera involucrata</a></i> – Twinberry</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cornus_stolonifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornus stolonifera">Cornus stolonifera</a></i> – Red-osier Dogwood</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salix" class="mw-redirect" title="Salix">Salix spp.</a></i> – Willows</li></ul> </div> <p><b>Other plants</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Polypodium" title="Polypodium">Polypodium</a></i> – Polypody Ferns</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polystichum" title="Polystichum">Polystichum</a></i> – Sword Ferns</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woodwardia" title="Woodwardia">Woodwardia</a></i> – Giant Chain Ferns</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pteridium" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridium">Pteridium</a></i> – Goldback Ferns</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dryopteris" title="Dryopteris">Dryopteris</a></i> – Wood Ferns</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adiantum" title="Adiantum">Adiantum</a></i> – Maidenhair Ferns</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carex" title="Carex">Carex spp.</a></i> – Sedges</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juncus" title="Juncus">Juncus spp.</a></i> – Rushes</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Festuca_californica" title="Festuca californica">Festuca californica</a></i> – California Fescue bunchgrass</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leymus_condensatus" title="Leymus condensatus">Leymus condensatus</a></i> – Giant Wildrye bunchgrass</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melica_californica" title="Melica californica">Melica californica</a></i> – California Melic bunchgrass</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimulus" title="Mimulus">Mimulus spp.</a></i> – Monkeyflower and varieties</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilegia" title="Aquilegia">Aquilegia spp.</a></i> – Columbine</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> there are different types of riparian vegetation,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the interactions between hydrology and ecology are similar as occurs in other geographic areas.<sup id="cite_ref-mission_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carex" title="Carex">Carex spp.</a></i> – Sedges</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juncus" title="Juncus">Juncus spp.</a></i> – Rushes</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swamp_Oak_Forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Swamp_Oak_Forest.jpg/250px-Swamp_Oak_Forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Swamp_Oak_Forest.jpg/375px-Swamp_Oak_Forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Swamp_Oak_Forest.jpg/500px-Swamp_Oak_Forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>A riparian zone in <a href="/wiki/Western_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Sydney">Western Sydney</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Typical riparian vegetation in temperate New South Wales, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Acacia melanoxylon</a></i> – Blackwood</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_pravissima" title="Acacia pravissima">Acacia pravissima</a></i> – Ovens Wattle</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_rubida" title="Acacia rubida">Acacia rubida</a></i> – Red Stem Wattle</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bursaria_lasiophylla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bursaria lasiophylla (page does not exist)">Bursaria lasiophylla</a></i> – Blackthorn</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callistemon_citrinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Callistemon citrinus">Callistemon citrinus</a></i> – Crimson Bottlebrush</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callistemon_sieberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Callistemon sieberi">Callistemon sieberi</a></i> – River Bottlebrush</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Casuarina_cunninghamiana" title="Casuarina cunninghamiana">Casuarina cunninghamiana</a></i> – River She-Oak</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_bridgesiana" title="Eucalyptus bridgesiana">Eucalyptus bridgesiana</a></i> – Apple Box</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_camaldulensis" title="Eucalyptus camaldulensis">Eucalyptus camaldulensis</a></i> – River Red Gum</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_melliodora" title="Eucalyptus melliodora">Eucalyptus melliodora</a></i> – Yellow Box</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_viminalis" title="Eucalyptus viminalis">Eucalyptus viminalis</a></i> – Manna Gum</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunzea_ericoides" title="Kunzea ericoides">Kunzea ericoides</a></i> – Burgan</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptospermum_obovatum" title="Leptospermum obovatum">Leptospermum obovatum</a></i> – River Tea-Tree</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melaleuca_ericifolia" title="Melaleuca ericifolia">Melaleuca ericifolia</a></i> – Swamp Paperbark</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Central_Europe">Central Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typical riparian zone trees in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acer_campestre" title="Acer campestre">Acer campestre</a></i> – Field Maple</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acer_pseudoplatanus" title="Acer pseudoplatanus">Acer pseudoplatanus</a></i> – Sycamore Maple</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alnus_glutinosa" title="Alnus glutinosa">Alnus glutinosa</a></i> – Black Alder</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_betulus" title="Carpinus betulus">Carpinus betulus</a></i> – European Hornbeam</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Fraxinus excelsior</a></i> – European Ash</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juglans_regia" title="Juglans regia">Juglans regia</a></i> – Persian Walnut</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malus_sylvestris" title="Malus sylvestris">Malus sylvestris</a></i> – European Wild Apple</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populus_alba" title="Populus alba">Populus alba</a></i> – White Poplar</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populus_nigra" title="Populus nigra">Populus nigra</a></i> – Black Poplar</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">Quercus robur</a></i> – Pedunculate Oak</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salix_alba" title="Salix alba">Salix alba</a></i> – White Willow</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salix_%C3%97_fragilis" title="Salix × fragilis">Salix fragilis</a></i> – Crack Willow</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tilia_cordata" title="Tilia cordata">Tilia cordata</a></i> – Small-leaved Lime</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_laevis" title="Ulmus laevis">Ulmus laevis</a></i> – European White Elm</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_minor" title="Ulmus minor">Ulmus minor</a></i> – Field Elm</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repair_and_restoration">Repair and restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Repair and restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Land clearing followed by floods can quickly erode a riverbank, taking valuable grasses and soils downstream, and later allowing the sun to bake the land dry.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riparian zones can be restored through relocation (of human-made products), rehabilitation, and time.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Natural_Sequence_Farming" title="Natural Sequence Farming">Natural Sequence Farming</a> techniques have been used in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Hunter_Shire" title="Upper Hunter Shire">Upper Hunter</a> Valley of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia, in an attempt to restore eroded farms to optimum productivity rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Natural Sequence Farming technique involves placing obstacles in the water's pathway to lessen the energy of a flood and help the water to deposit soil and <a href="/wiki/Seep_(hydrology)" title="Seep (hydrology)">seep</a> into the flood zone.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another technique is to quickly establish <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">ecological succession</a> by encouraging fast-growing plants such as "weeds" (<a href="/wiki/Pioneer_species" title="Pioneer species">pioneer species</a>) to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These may spread along the watercourse and cause <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, but may stabilize the soil, place carbon into the ground, and protect the land from drying. The weeds will improve the streambeds so trees and grasses can return and, ideally, replace the weeds.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several other techniques used by government and non-government agencies to address riparian and streambed degradation, ranging from the installation of bed control structures such as log sills to the use of pin groynes or rock emplacement.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other possible approaches include control of invasive species, monitoring of herbivore activity, and cessation of human activity in a particular zone followed by natural re-vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservation efforts have also encouraged incorporating the value of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a> provided by riparian zones into management plans, as these benefits have traditionally been absent in the consideration and designing of these plans.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cottonwood_Creek,_BLM,_Oregon,_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cottonwood Creek riparian area in southeastern Oregon before restoration, 1988"><img alt="A rocky, brown stream bank mostly bare of vegetation, with a few aspen trees in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cottonwood_Creek%2C_BLM%2C_Oregon%2C_1988.jpg/331px-Cottonwood_Creek%2C_BLM%2C_Oregon%2C_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Cottonwood_Creek%2C_BLM%2C_Oregon%2C_1988.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cottonwood Creek riparian area in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> before restoration, 1988</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cottonwood_Creek,_BLM,_Oregon,_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cottonwood Creek riparian area during recovery, 2000"><img alt="The same stream bank lined with short grasses, with more aspen trees in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cottonwood_Creek%2C_BLM%2C_Oregon%2C_2000.jpg/322px-Cottonwood_Creek%2C_BLM%2C_Oregon%2C_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Cottonwood_Creek%2C_BLM%2C_Oregon%2C_2000.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cottonwood Creek riparian area during recovery, 2000</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cottonwood_Creek,_BLM,_Oregon,_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cottonwood Creek riparian area after restoration, 2002"><img alt="The same stream bank lined with higher grasses that obscure most of the water, with a thicker aspen grove behind" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cottonwood_Creek%2C_BLM%2C_Oregon%2C_2002.jpg/295px-Cottonwood_Creek%2C_BLM%2C_Oregon%2C_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Cottonwood_Creek%2C_BLM%2C_Oregon%2C_2002.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="278" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cottonwood Creek riparian area after restoration, 2002</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_forest" title="Gallery forest">Gallery forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Green belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwelling" title="Outwelling">Outwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">Riparian water rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian-zone_restoration" title="Riparian-zone restoration">Riparian-zone restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riprap" title="Riprap">Riprap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest" title="Várzea forest">Várzea forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_waters" title="Vulnerable waters">Vulnerable waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-meadow" title="Water-meadow">Water-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickard, M., M. Gonzalez, W. Elmore, S. Leonard, D. Smith, S. Smith, J. Staats, P. Summers, D. Weixelman, S. Wyman (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blm.gov/sites/default/files/documents/files/TR_1737-15.pdf">"Riparian area management: Proper functioning condition assessment for lotic areas"</a>. Technical Reference 1737-15. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Denver, CO.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/technical/?cid=nrcs143_014199#what">"Riparian Areas Environmental Uniqueness, Functions, and Values"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611200856/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/technical/?cid=nrcs143_014199#what">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Riparian+Areas+Environmental+Uniqueness%2C+Functions%2C+and+Values&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrcs.usda.gov%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fnrcs%2Fdetail%2Fnational%2Ftechnical%2F%3Fcid%3Dnrcs143_014199%23what&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiparian+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Read_Riparian_Areas:_Functions_and_Strategies_for_Management_at_NAP.edu-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Read_Riparian_Areas:_Functions_and_Strategies_for_Management_at_NAP.edu_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Read_Riparian_Areas:_Functions_and_Strategies_for_Management_at_NAP.edu_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/10327/chapter/4"><i>Read "Riparian Areas: Functions and Strategies for Management" at NAP.edu</i></a>. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F10327">10.17226/10327</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08295-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08295-2"><bdi>978-0-309-08295-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Read+%22Riparian+Areas%3A+Functions+and+Strategies+for+Management%22+at+NAP.edu&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F10327&rft.isbn=978-0-309-08295-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F10327%2Fchapter%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiparian+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biologydictionary.net/riparian-zone/">"Riparian Zone: Definition and Characteristics"</a>. <i>Biology Dictionary</i>. 17 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Riparian+Zone%3A+Definition+and+Characteristics&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiologydictionary.net%2Friparian-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiparian+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/10327/chapter/3"><i>Read "Riparian Areas: Functions and Strategies for Management" at NAP.edu</i></a>. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F10327">10.17226/10327</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08295-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08295-2"><bdi>978-0-309-08295-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Read+%22Riparian+Areas%3A+Functions+and+Strategies+for+Management%22+at+NAP.edu&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F10327&rft.isbn=978-0-309-08295-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F10327%2Fchapter%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiparian+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurdonRambergSargacForio2020" class="citation journal cs1">Burdon, Francis J.; Ramberg, Ellinor; Sargac, Jasmina; Forio, Marie Anne Eurie; de Saeyer, Nancy; Mutinova, Petra Thea; Moe, Therese Fosholt; Pavelescu, Mihaela Oprina; Dinu, Valentin; Cazacu, Constantin; Witing, Felix; Kupilas, Benjamin; Grandin, Ulf; Volk, Martin; Rîşnoveanu, Geta (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fw12041178">"Assessing the Benefits of Forested Riparian Zones: A Qualitative Index of Riparian Integrity Is Positively Associated with Ecological Status in European Streams"</a>. <i>Water</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 1178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fw12041178">10.3390/w12041178</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-8662065">1854/LU-8662065</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2073-4441">2073-4441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+Benefits+of+Forested+Riparian+Zones%3A+A+Qualitative+Index+of+Riparian+Integrity+Is+Positively+Associated+with+Ecological+Status+in+European+Streams&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1178&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-8662065&rft.issn=2073-4441&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fw12041178&rft.aulast=Burdon&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rft.au=Ramberg%2C+Ellinor&rft.au=Sargac%2C+Jasmina&rft.au=Forio%2C+Marie+Anne+Eurie&rft.au=de+Saeyer%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Mutinova%2C+Petra+Thea&rft.au=Moe%2C+Therese+Fosholt&rft.au=Pavelescu%2C+Mihaela+Oprina&rft.au=Dinu%2C+Valentin&rft.au=Cazacu%2C+Constantin&rft.au=Witing%2C+Felix&rft.au=Kupilas%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Grandin%2C+Ulf&rft.au=Volk%2C+Martin&rft.au=R%C3%AE%C5%9Fnoveanu%2C+Geta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fw12041178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiparian+zone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iufro.org/science/divisions/division-8/80000/80100/80105/">"IUFRO: 8.01.05 - Riparian and coastal ecosystems / 8.01.00 - Forest ecosystem functions / 8.00.00 - Forest Environment"</a>. <i>www.iufro.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2003). "Nitrogen removal from water containing high nitrate nitrogen in a paddy field (wetland)". <i>Water Science and Technology</i>. <b>48</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2166%2Fwst.2003.0576">10.2166/wst.2003.0576</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15137172">15137172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Nitrogen+removal+from+water+containing+high+nitrate+nitrogen+in+a+paddy+field+%28wetland%29&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2166%2Fwst.2003.0576&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15137172&rft.aulast=Nakasone&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Kuroda%2C+H.&rft.au=Kato%2C+T.&rft.au=Tabuchi%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiparian+zone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMengisSchifHarrisEnglish1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mengis, M.; Schif, S. 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"Multiple Geochemical and Isotopic Approaches for Assessing Ground Water NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> Elimination in a Riparian Zone". <i>Ground Water</i>. <b>37</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">448–</span>457. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999GrWat..37..448M">1999GrWat..37..448M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-6584.1999.tb01124.x">10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01124.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131501907">131501907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ground+Water&rft.atitle=Multiple+Geochemical+and+Isotopic+Approaches+for+Assessing+Ground+Water+NO%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E+Elimination+in+a+Riparian+Zone&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E448-%3C%2Fspan%3E457&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131501907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-6584.1999.tb01124.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999GrWat..37..448M&rft.aulast=Mengis&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Schif%2C+S.+L.&rft.au=Harris%2C+M.&rft.au=English%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Aravena%2C+R.&rft.au=Elgood%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=MacLean%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiparian+zone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Parkyn, Stephanie. (2004). <i>Review of Riparian Buffer Zone Effectiveness</i>. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (New Zealand), www.maf.govt.nz/publications.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangAzumaIwamiOhji2004" class="citation journal cs1">Tang, C.; Azuma, K.; Iwami, Y.; Ohji, B.; Sakura, Y. (2004). "Nitrate behaviour in the groundwater of a headwater wetland, Chiba, Japan". <i>Hydrological Processes</i>. <b>18</b> (16): <span class="nowrap">3159–</span>3168. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004HyPr...18.3159T">2004HyPr...18.3159T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhyp.5755">10.1002/hyp.5755</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129664003">129664003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrological+Processes&rft.atitle=Nitrate+behaviour+in+the+groundwater+of+a+headwater+wetland%2C+Chiba%2C+Japan&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3159-%3C%2Fspan%3E3168&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129664003%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhyp.5755&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004HyPr...18.3159T&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Azuma%2C+K.&rft.au=Iwami%2C+Y.&rft.au=Ohji%2C+B.&rft.au=Sakura%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiparian+zone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nac.unl.edu/tools/riparianbibliography.htm">Riparian Bibliography, National Agroforestry Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424001523/http://nac.unl.edu/tools/riparianbibliography.htm">Archived</a> 2015-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nac.unl.edu/buffers/index.html">Conservation Buffer Design Guidelines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512105645/http://nac.unl.edu/buffers/index.html">Archived</a> 2015-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riparian_zone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Riparian_forests" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Riparian forests">Riparian forests</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nac.unl.edu/practices/riparianforestbuffers.htm">Riparian Forest Buffers, National Agroforestry Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529225708/http://nac.unl.edu/practices/riparianforestbuffers.htm">Archived</a> 2016-05-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319060415/http://krpcds.org/report/amita.pdf">Dissertation on riparian vegetation of Chalakudy River</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212224326/https://www.denix.osd.mil/denix/Public/ES-Programs/Conservation/Legacy/Riparian/riparian2.html">Restoration strategies for riparian habitats, U.S. military</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blm.gov/or/programs/nrst/index.php">National Riparian Service Team, Bureau of Land Management</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riparianhabitatrestoration.ca/LAME/lvw.htm">Riparian Habitat Restoration in the Las Vegas Wash</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.state.nd.us/rrbrp/">Red River Basin Riparian Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/forst2/mf2724.pdf">Riparian Forest Buffers, Kansas State University</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/org.centerforagroforestry.practices.2"><i>Agroforestry Practices – Riparian Forest Buffers (2004)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_system_(geomorphology)" title="Drainage system (geomorphology)">Drainage system (geomorphology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strahler_number" title="Strahler number">Strahler number (stream order)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="River valley">River valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_sinuosity" class="mw-redirect" title="River sinuosity">River sinuosity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion (river)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar (river morphology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_bank" title="Cut bank">Cut bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_cutoff" title="Meander cutoff">Meander cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_channel_migration" title="River channel migration">River channel migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip-off_slope" title="Slip-off slope">Slip-off slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_river" title="Bedrock river">Bedrock river</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedform" title="Bedform">Bedforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidune" title="Antidune">Antidune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripple_marks" title="Ripple marks">Current ripple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">Aggradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_level" title="Base level">Base level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degradation_(geology)" title="Degradation (geology)">Degradation (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_and_tectonics" title="Erosion and tectonics">Erosion and tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_rejuvenation" title="River rejuvenation">River rejuvenation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion#Water" title="Erosion">Water erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack%27s_law" title="Hack's law">Hack's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicoidal_flow" title="Helicoidal flow">Helicoidal flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair%27s_law" title="Playfair's law">Playfair's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_that_have_reversed_direction" title="List of rivers that have reversed direction">List of rivers that have reversed direction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:River_morphology" title="Category:River morphology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aquatic_ecosystems487" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template talk:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aquatic_ecosystems487" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_components_and_freshwater_ecosystems487" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General components and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic adaptation">Aquatic adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">Aquatic animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insect" title="Aquatic insect">Insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">Mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bird" title="Water bird">Water bird</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_biomonitoring" title="Aquatic biomonitoring">Aquatic biomonitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology#Aquatic_population_dynamics" title="Agent-based model in biology">Aquatic population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_science" title="Aquatic science">Aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">Benthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter" title="Colored dissolved organic matter">Colored dissolved organic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">Ecohydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">Food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobenthos" title="Macrobenthos">Macrobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiobenthos" title="Meiobenthos">Meiobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">Nekton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuston" title="Neuston">Neuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuston" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleuston">Pleuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_trap" title="Sediment trap">Sediment trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">Semiaquatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis#Stable_isotope_analysis_in_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Isotope analysis">Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_metabolism" title="Stream metabolism">Stream metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (marine biology)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/140px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/210px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/280px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freshwater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biome" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater biome">Freshwater biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater environmental quality parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyporheic_zone" title="Hyporheic zone">Hyporheic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_ecosystem" title="Lake ecosystem">Lake ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophyte">Macrophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish pond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheotaxis" title="Rheotaxis">Rheotaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">Upland and lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_(WWF)" title="List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)">List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_in_Africa_and_Madagascar" title="List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar">Africa and Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_ecoregions" title="List of marine ecoregions">List of marine ecoregions</a></li> <li>Specific examples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades" title="Geography and ecology of the Everglades">Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecology_of_Maharashtra" title="Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_of_the_North_Pacific_Subtropical_Gyre" title="Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre">North Pacific Subtropical Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">San Francisco Estuary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Marine_ecosystems_(components)487" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine ecosystems</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Marine_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template:Marine aquatic ecosystems">components</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">Iron fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_marine_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Large marine ecosystem">Large marine ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chemistry" title="Marine chemistry">Marine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">Marine food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fertilization" title="Ocean fertilization">Ocean fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_physical-biological_process" title="Oceanic physical-biological process">Oceanic physical-biological process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_turbidity" title="Ocean turbidity">Ocean turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">Viral shunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_fall" title="Whale fall">Whale fall</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldivesfish2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/140px-Maldivesfish2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/210px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/280px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_community" title="Deep-sea community">Deep-sea community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">Marine fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">Marine invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Marine larval ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">Seashore wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine bacteriophage">Marine bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes" title="Marine prokaryotes">Marine prokaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protists" title="Marine protists">Marine protists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_vertebrate" title="Marine vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Marine mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">Marine reptile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">Saltwater fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">Marine coastal ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Seamount#Ecology" title="Davidson Seamount">Davidson Seamount § Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biomes">Marine biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_reef" title="Oyster reef">Oyster reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">Seagrass meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_ground" title="Sponge ground">Sponge ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_reef" title="Sponge reef">Sponge reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">Coral bleaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_values_of_mangroves" title="Ecological values of mangroves">Ecological values of mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries and climate change">Fisheries and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/16px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/24px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/32px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/16px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/24px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aquatic_ecology" title="Category:Aquatic ecology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biogeographic_regionalisations145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0f0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biomes" title="Template:Biomes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biomes" title="Template talk:Biomes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biomes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biomes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biogeographic_regionalisations145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biogeography#Biogeographic_regionalisations" title="Biogeography">Biogeographic regionalisations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial<br />biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90A010;">Polar/montane</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">Montane grasslands and shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;">Temperate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">Coniferous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">Broadleaf and mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">Deciduous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#20A010;">Tropical and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">Tropical rainforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests">Coniferous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">Moist broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">Dry broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFDC60;">Dry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">Deserts and xeric shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:mediumseagreen;">Wet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riparian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Aquatic<br />biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">Neritic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">Demersal zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:silver;">Other biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolithic zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Biogeographic <br /> realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holarctic_realm" title="Holarctic realm">Holarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearctic_realm" title="Nearctic realm">Nearctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_realm" title="Oceanian realm">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Marine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_realm" title="Arctic realm">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Pacific" title="Central Indo-Pacific">Central Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Pacific" title="Eastern Indo-Pacific">Eastern Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Australasia" title="Temperate Australasia">Temperate Australasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Atlantic" title="Temperate Northern Atlantic">Temperate Northern Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Pacific" title="Temperate Northern Pacific">Temperate Northern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_South_America" title="Temperate South America">Temperate South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Southern_Africa" title="Temperate Southern Africa">Temperate Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Atlantic" title="Tropical Atlantic">Tropical Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Eastern_Pacific" title="Tropical Eastern Pacific">Tropical Eastern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Indo-Pacific" title="Western Indo-Pacific">Western Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biogeographic_provinces" title="List of biogeographic provinces">Biogeographic provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">Bioregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ecoregions" title="Lists of ecoregions">Lists of ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200 ecoregions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation" title="Altitudinal zonation">Altitudinal zonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_land_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological land classification">Ecological land classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floristic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic kingdom">Floristic kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation_classification" title="Vegetation classification">Vegetation classifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoogeographic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoogeographic region">Zoogeographic regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wetlands399" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wetlands" title="Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wetlands" title="Template talk:Wetlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wetlands399" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backswamp" title="Backswamp">Backswamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_meadow" title="Beach meadow">Beach meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bofedales" title="Bofedales">Bofedales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_bog" title="Blanket bog">Blanket bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_bog" title="Cataract bog">Cataract bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal bog">Coastal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermi_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermi bog">Kermi bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateau bog">Plateau bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygonal bog">Polygonal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_bog" title="Raised bog">Raised bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_bog" title="String bog">String bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland bog">Upland bog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callows" title="Callows">Callows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_(landform)" title="Carr (landform)">Carr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alder_carr" title="Alder carr">Alder carr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9nega" title="Ciénega">Ciénega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_river_(river_type)" title="Clearwater river (river type)">Clearwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_dome" title="Cypress dome">Cypress dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambo" title="Dambo">Dambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fen-meadow" title="Fen-meadow">Fen-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor fen">Poor fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich fen">Rich fen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flark" title="Flark">Flark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_valley" title="Grass valley">Grass valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelta" title="Guelta">Guelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamun" title="Hamun">Hamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igap%C3%B3" title="Igapó">Igapó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ings" title="Ings">Ings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdunal_wetland" title="Interdunal wetland">Interdunal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagg_(landform)" title="Lagg (landform)">Lagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_salt_marsh" title="Inland salt marsh">Inland salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_marsh" title="High marsh">High marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_marsh" title="Low marsh">Low marsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_(lake)" title="Mere (lake)">Mere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misse" title="Misse">Misse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">Moorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakihi" title="Pakihi">Pakihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">Palsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palustrine_wetland" title="Palustrine wetland">Palustrine wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peatland" title="Peatland">Peatland, mire, and quagmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocosin" title="Pocosin">Pocosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole_(landform)" title="Pothole (landform)">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">Reed bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_(hydrology)" title="Slough (hydrology)">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coniferous_swamp" title="Coniferous swamp">Coniferous swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myristica_swamp" title="Myristica swamp"><i>Myristica</i> swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">Peat swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub_swamp" title="Shrub swamp">Shrub swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">Wet meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest" title="Várzea forest">Várzea forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_river_(river_type)" title="Whitewater river (river type)">Whitewater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yaéré">Yaéré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converted_wetland" title="Converted wetland">Converted wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swale_(landform)" title="Swale (landform)">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-meadow" title="Water-meadow">Water-meadow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wetland_plants" title="List of wetland plants">List of wetland plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fen_plants" title="List of fen plants">List of fen plants</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soil mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrotelm" title="Acrotelm">Acrotelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapric" title="Sapric">Sapric or muck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">Hydric soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_gas" title="Marsh gas">Marsh gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombrotrophic" title="Ombrotrophic">Ombrotrophic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halosere" title="Halosere">Halosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosere" title="Hydrosere">Hydrosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludification" title="Paludification">Paludification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_dieback" title="Salt marsh dieback">Salt marsh dieback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_classification" title="Wetland classification">Classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Directory_of_Important_Wetlands_in_Australia" title="A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia">A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wetlands_Inventory" title="National Wetlands Inventory">National Wetlands Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Classification_System_for_Wetland_Type" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type">Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_organ" title="Marsh organ">Marsh organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Wetlands_of_International_Importance" title="List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_die-off" title="Salt marsh die-off">Salt marsh die-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_indicator_status" title="Wetland indicator status">Wetland indicator status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Haor_and_Wetland_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board">Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Waterfowl_Foundation" title="Delta Waterfowl Foundation">Delta Waterfowl Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Peatland_Conservation_Council" title="Irish Peatland Conservation Council">Irish Peatland Conservation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowview_Biological_Research_Station" title="Meadowview Biological Research Station">Meadowview Biological Research Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wetland_Scientists" title="Society of Wetland Scientists">Society of Wetland Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_International" title="Wetlands International">Wetlands International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_butter" title="Bog butter">Bog butter</a></li> <li><a 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