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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wetland_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wetland_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Wetland names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wetland_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_temperature_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_temperature_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>By temperature zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_temperature_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_precipitation_amount" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_precipitation_amount"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>By precipitation amount</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_precipitation_amount-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Processes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Processes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Processes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hydrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_salinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_salinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Role of salinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_salinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Soil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecosystem_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecosystem_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecosystem services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecosystem_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecosystem services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecosystem_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Storage_reservoirs_and_flood_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_reservoirs_and_flood_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Storage reservoirs and flood protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_reservoirs_and_flood_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groundwater_replenishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groundwater_replenishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Groundwater replenishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groundwater_replenishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shoreline_stabilization_and_storm_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shoreline_stabilization_and_storm_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Shoreline stabilization and storm protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shoreline_stabilization_and_storm_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_purification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_purification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Water purification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_purification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wastewater_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wastewater_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Wastewater treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wastewater_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reservoirs_of_biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservoirs_of_biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Reservoirs of biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reservoirs_of_biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wetland_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wetland_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Wetland products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wetland_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_services_and_uses_of_wetlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_services_and_uses_of_wetlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Additional services and uses of wetlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_services_and_uses_of_wetlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disturbances_and_human_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disturbances_and_human_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disturbances and human impacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disturbances_and_human_impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disturbances and human impacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disturbances_and_human_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conversion_to_dry_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_to_dry_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Conversion to dry land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_to_dry_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drainage_of_floodplains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drainage_of_floodplains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Drainage of floodplains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drainage_of_floodplains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overfishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overfishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Overfishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overfishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balancing_wetland_conservation_with_the_needs_of_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balancing_wetland_conservation_with_the_needs_of_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Balancing wetland conservation with the needs of people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balancing_wetland_conservation_with_the_needs_of_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramsar_Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramsar_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ramsar Convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramsar_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Restoration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Restoration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Restoration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Levels_of_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levels_of_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Levels of restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levels_of_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prescribed_natural_or_assisted_regeneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prescribed_natural_or_assisted_regeneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Prescribed natural or assisted regeneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prescribed_natural_or_assisted_regeneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Partial reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complete_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complete_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Complete reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complete_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Traditional knowledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Climate change aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate_change_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Climate change aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greenhouse_gas_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenhouse_gas_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Greenhouse gas emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenhouse_gas_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change_mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Climate change mitigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Climate change adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Valuation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Valuation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Valuation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Valuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inventory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inventory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Inventory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inventory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring_and_mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring_and_mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Monitoring and mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring_and_mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legislation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>International efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>National efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wetland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vleiland" title="Vleiland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vleiland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="منطقة رطبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطقة رطبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCelga" title="Güelga – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Güelga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="জলাভূমি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জলাভূমি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahan_basah" title="Lahan basah – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Lahan basah" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2m-t%C4%93" title="Tâm-tē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tâm-tē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Водна-балотныя ўгоддзі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Водна-балотныя ўгоддзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%9E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Водна-балотныя ўгодзьдзі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Водна-балотныя ўгодзьдзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Влажна зона – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Влажна зона" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vla%C5%BEno_podru%C4%8Dje" title="Vlažno područje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vlažno područje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_humida" title="Zona humida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zona humida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mok%C5%99ad" title="Mokřad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mokřad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matoro" title="Matoro – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Matoro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlyptir" title="Gwlyptir – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlyptir" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5domr%C3%A5de" title="Vådområde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vådområde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuchtgebiet" title="Feuchtgebiet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feuchtgebiet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rgala" title="Märgala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Märgala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Υγροβιότοπος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υγροβιότοπος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humedal" title="Humedal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Humedal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malsekejo" title="Malsekejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malsekejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezegune" title="Hezegune – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hezegune" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="تالاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تالاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_humide" title="Zone humide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zone humide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_h%C3%BAmida" title="Zona húmida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Zona húmida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%B5%EC%A7%80" title="습지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="습지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF" title="आर्द्रभूमि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आर्द्रभूमि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vla%C5%BEno_podru%C4%8Dje" title="Vlažno područje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vlažno područje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahan_basah" title="Lahan basah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lahan basah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_humide" title="Zona humide – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Zona humide" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votlendi" title="Votlendi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Votlendi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_umida" title="Zona umida – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zona umida" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%94_(%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="ביצה (סביבה טבעית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביצה (סביבה טבעית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჭარბტენიანი ტერიტორიები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჭარბტენიანი ტერიტორიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8_makay" title="Tè makay – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tè makay" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_uliginosus" title="Locus uliginosus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Locus uliginosus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitr%C4%81js" title="Mitrājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mitrājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0lapyn%C4%97" title="Šlapynė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šlapynė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizeny%C5%91s_ter%C3%BClet" title="Vizenyős terület – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vizenyős terület" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Моклиште – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Моклиште" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="തണ്ണീർത്തടം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തണ്ണീർത്തടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="पाणथळ जमीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाणथळ जमीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah_lembap" title="Tanah lembap – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tanah lembap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9D%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E" title="ရေဝပ်ဒေသ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေဝပ်ဒေသ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drasland" title="Drasland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Drasland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सिमसार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिमसार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%9C%B0" title="湿地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="湿地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiatlun" title="Wiatlun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wiatlun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5tmark" title="Våtmark – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Våtmark" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5tmark" title="Våtmark – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Våtmark" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9" title="ਜਲਗਾਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਲਗਾਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%81" title="جلگاہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جلگاہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84_%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%90" title="لنده بل ځمکې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لنده بل ځمکې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokrad%C5%82o" title="Mokradło – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mokradło" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_%C3%BAmida" title="Zona úmida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zona úmida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zon%C4%83_umed%C4%83" title="Zonă umedă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zonă umedă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Водно-болотные угодья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Водно-болотные угодья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wetland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="තෙත්බිම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තෙත්බිම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wetland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آبستان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آبستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokra%C4%8F_(ekol%C3%B3gia)" title="Mokraď (ekológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mokraď (ekológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokri%C5%A1%C4%8De" title="Mokrišče – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mokrišče" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vla%C5%BEno_podru%C4%8Dje" title="Vlažno područje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vlažno područje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vla%C5%BEno_podru%C4%8Dje" title="Vlažno područje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vlažno područje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahan_baseuh" title="Lahan baseuh – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lahan baseuh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosteikko" title="Kosteikko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kosteikko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5tmark" title="Våtmark – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Våtmark" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நீர்த்தடம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்த்தடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="พื้นที่ชุ่มน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พื้นที่ชุ่มน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulak_alan" title="Sulak alan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sulak alan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8F" title="Водно-болотні угіддя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Водно-болотні угіддя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آبستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آبستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t_ng%E1%BA%ADp_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Đất ngập nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đất ngập nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%9C%B0" title="湿地 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="湿地" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%9C%B0" title="濕地 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="濕地" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdo_aw%C4%B1n" title="Erdo awın – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Erdo awın" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0lap%C4%ABm%C4%97" title="Šlapīmė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šlapīmė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of land area that is flooded or saturated with water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wetland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wetland (disambiguation)">Wetland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS_image_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Upland vs. wetland vs. lacustrine zones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USGS_image_cropped.jpg/176px-USGS_image_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USGS_image_cropped.jpg/264px-USGS_image_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USGS_image_cropped.jpg/352px-USGS_image_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="759" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:124px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Freshwater_swamp_forest_in_Gowainghat_Sylhet_Bangladesh_photo_taken_in_July_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Freshwater swamp forest in Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Freshwater_swamp_forest_in_Gowainghat_Sylhet_Bangladesh_photo_taken_in_July_2016.jpg/208px-Freshwater_swamp_forest_in_Gowainghat_Sylhet_Bangladesh_photo_taken_in_July_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Freshwater_swamp_forest_in_Gowainghat_Sylhet_Bangladesh_photo_taken_in_July_2016.jpg/312px-Freshwater_swamp_forest_in_Gowainghat_Sylhet_Bangladesh_photo_taken_in_July_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Freshwater_swamp_forest_in_Gowainghat_Sylhet_Bangladesh_photo_taken_in_July_2016.jpg/416px-Freshwater_swamp_forest_in_Gowainghat_Sylhet_Bangladesh_photo_taken_in_July_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourbi%C3%A8re_03_-_Parc_de_Frontenac_-_Juillet_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Peat bogs are freshwater wetlands that develop in areas with standing water and low soil fertility." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tourbi%C3%A8re_03_-_Parc_de_Frontenac_-_Juillet_2008.jpg/180px-Tourbi%C3%A8re_03_-_Parc_de_Frontenac_-_Juillet_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tourbi%C3%A8re_03_-_Parc_de_Frontenac_-_Juillet_2008.jpg/270px-Tourbi%C3%A8re_03_-_Parc_de_Frontenac_-_Juillet_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tourbi%C3%A8re_03_-_Parc_de_Frontenac_-_Juillet_2008.jpg/360px-Tourbi%C3%A8re_03_-_Parc_de_Frontenac_-_Juillet_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1524" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Remediated_wetlands_at_the_Mount_Polley_mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mount Polley wetlands in British Columbia, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Remediated_wetlands_at_the_Mount_Polley_mine.jpg/204px-Remediated_wetlands_at_the_Mount_Polley_mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Remediated_wetlands_at_the_Mount_Polley_mine.jpg/306px-Remediated_wetlands_at_the_Mount_Polley_mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Remediated_wetlands_at_the_Mount_Polley_mine.jpg/408px-Remediated_wetlands_at_the_Mount_Polley_mine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1316" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Wetlands come in different sizes and types. From top left: Upland vs. wetland vs. lacustrine zones; freshwater <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a> forest in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peat_bogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Peat bogs">peat bogs</a> are freshwater wetlands that develop in areas with <a href="/wiki/Standing_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing water">standing water</a> and low <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a>; a freshwater cattail (<i><a href="/wiki/Typha" title="Typha">Typha</a></i>) marsh that develops with standing water and high soil fertility.</div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>wetland</b> is a distinct <a href="/wiki/Semi-aquatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-aquatic">semi-aquatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Groundcover" title="Groundcover">groundcovers</a> are <a href="/wiki/Flooded" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooded">flooded</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soil_saturation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil saturation">saturated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, either permanently, for years or decades, or only seasonally. Flooding results in <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>-poor (<a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic</a>) processes taking place, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wetlands form a transitional zone between <a href="/wiki/Waterbodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterbodies">waterbodies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dry_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry land">dry lands</a>, and are different from other <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecosystem" title="Terrestrial ecosystem">terrestrial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a> due to their <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> having adapted to oxygen-poor <a href="/wiki/Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">waterlogged soils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are considered among the most <a href="/wiki/Biologically_diverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologically diverse">biologically diverse</a> of all ecosystems, serving as <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> to a wide range of aquatic and semi-aquatic <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, with often improved <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> due to plant removal of <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">excess nutrients</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>. </p><p>Wetlands exist on every <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a>, except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water in wetlands is either <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">saltwater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsar_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main types of wetland are defined based on the dominant <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and the source of the water. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a></i> are wetlands dominated by <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant#Emergent" title="Aquatic plant">emergent</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous vegetation">herbaceous vegetation</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Reed_(plant)" title="Reed (plant)">reeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattail" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattail">cattails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedge">sedges</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamps</a></i> are dominated by <a href="/wiki/Woody_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Woody vegetation">woody vegetation</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> (although <a href="/wiki/Reedswamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Reedswamp">reed swamps</a> in Europe are dominated by reeds, not trees). <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a> are wetlands with <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halophytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophytic">halophytic</a> woody plants that have evolved to tolerate <a href="/wiki/Salty_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Salty water">salty water</a>. </p><p>Examples of wetlands classified by the sources of water include <i><a href="/wiki/Tidal_wetland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal wetland">tidal wetlands</a></i>, where the water source is <a href="/wiki/Ocean_tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean tides">ocean tides</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a></i>, water source is mixed tidal and river waters; <i><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a></i>, water source is excess water from overflowed rivers or lakes; and <i><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernal pond">vernal ponds</a></i>, water source is <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a> or <a href="/wiki/Meltwater" title="Meltwater">meltwater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-water_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-water-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's largest wetlands include the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon River basin">Amazon River basin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FraserKeddy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FraserKeddy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a> in South America,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>-<a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a> delta.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wetlands contribute many <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a> that benefit people. These include for example <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a>, stabilization of shorelines, storm protection and <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a>. In addition, wetlands also process and condense <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> (in processes called <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">carbon fixation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">sequestration</a>), and other nutrients and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollutants</a>. Wetlands can act as a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">sink</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon source">source</a> of carbon, depending on the specific wetland. If they function as a carbon sink, they can help with <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>. However, wetlands can also be a significant <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">source of methane emissions</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_decomposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic decomposition">anaerobic decomposition</a> of soaked <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a>, and some are also emitters of <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humans are disturbing and damaging wetlands in many ways, including <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas extraction">oil and gas extraction</a>, building infrastructure, <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, alteration of wetlands including <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a> and draining, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mitsch2007_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitsch2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wetlands are more threatened by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> than any other <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> on Earth, according to the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Ecosystem_Assessment" title="Millennium Ecosystem Assessment">Millennium Ecosystem Assessment</a> from 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methods exist for assessing wetland <a href="/wiki/Ecological_health" title="Ecological health">ecological health</a>. These methods have contributed to <a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">wetland conservation</a> by raising public awareness of the functions that wetlands can provide.<sup id="cite_ref-ACADEMIC_PRESS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACADEMIC_PRESS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1971, work under an international treaty seeks to identify and protect "<a href="/wiki/Wetlands_of_international_importance" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands of international importance">wetlands of international importance</a>." </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_terminology">Definitions and terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions and terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_somewhat_smoggy_Midtown_Manhattan_skyline_as_seen_from_Jamaica_Bay_-_panoramio_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/A_somewhat_smoggy_Midtown_Manhattan_skyline_as_seen_from_Jamaica_Bay_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-A_somewhat_smoggy_Midtown_Manhattan_skyline_as_seen_from_Jamaica_Bay_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/A_somewhat_smoggy_Midtown_Manhattan_skyline_as_seen_from_Jamaica_Bay_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-A_somewhat_smoggy_Midtown_Manhattan_skyline_as_seen_from_Jamaica_Bay_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/A_somewhat_smoggy_Midtown_Manhattan_skyline_as_seen_from_Jamaica_Bay_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-A_somewhat_smoggy_Midtown_Manhattan_skyline_as_seen_from_Jamaica_Bay_-_panoramio_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2018" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marshlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshlands">Marshlands</a> are often noted within wetlands, as seen here at the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Bay_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge">Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_definitions">Technical definitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technical definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A simplified definition of wetland is "an area of land that is usually saturated with water".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More precisely, wetlands are areas where "water covers the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A patch of land that develops pools of water after a <a href="/wiki/Rain_storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain storm">rain storm</a> would not necessarily be considered a "wetland", even though the land is wet. Wetlands have unique characteristics: they are generally distinguished from other <a href="/wiki/Water_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Water bodies">water bodies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a> based on their <a href="/wiki/Water_level" title="Water level">water level</a> and on the types of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> that live within them. Specifically, wetlands are characterized as having a <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> that stands at or near the <a href="/wiki/Land_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Land surface">land surface</a> for a long enough period each year to support <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic plants">aquatic plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more concise definition is a community composed of <a href="/wiki/Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">hydric soil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophytes">hydrophytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wetlands have also been described as <a href="/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">ecotones</a>, providing a transition between dry land and water bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wetlands exist "...at the interface between truly <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial ecoregion">terrestrial</a> ecosystems and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic habitat">aquatic</a> systems, making them inherently different from each other, yet highly dependent on both."<sup id="cite_ref-mitsch2007_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitsch2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In environmental decision-making, there are subsets of definitions that are agreed upon to make regulatory and policy decisions. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar international wetland conservation treaty</a>, wetlands are defined as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Article 1.1: "...wetlands are areas of marsh, <a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">fen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peatland" title="Peatland">peatland</a> or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">salt</a>, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters."</li> <li>Article 2.1: "[Wetlands] may incorporate <a href="/wiki/Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">riparian</a> and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">islands</a> or bodies of marine water deeper than six meters at <a href="/wiki/Low_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Low tide">low tide</a> lying within the wetlands."</li></ul> <p>An ecological definition of a wetland is "an ecosystem that arises when inundation by water produces soils dominated by anaerobic and aerobic processes, which, in turn, forces the biota, particularly rooted plants, to adapt to flooding".<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes a precise legal definition of a wetland is required. The definition used for regulation by the United States government is: 'The term "wetlands" means those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally included swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas.'<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For each of these definitions and others, regardless of the purpose, hydrology is emphasized (shallow waters, water-logged soils). The soil characteristics and the plants and animals controlled by the wetland hydrology are often additional components of the definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunrise_at_viru_bog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sunrise_at_viru_bog.jpg/330px-Sunrise_at_viru_bog.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sunrise_at_viru_bog.jpg/495px-Sunrise_at_viru_bog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sunrise_at_viru_bog.jpg/660px-Sunrise_at_viru_bog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10026" data-file-height="4576" /></a><figcaption>Sunrise at Viru Bog, Estonia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of wetlands">Classification of wetlands</a></div> <p>Wetlands can be <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal</a> (inundated by tides) or non-tidal.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water in wetlands is either <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saline</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkaline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsar_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are four main kinds of wetlands – <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bog</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">fen</a> (bogs and fens being types of peatlands or <a href="/wiki/Mire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mire">mires</a>). Some experts also recognize <a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">wet meadows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a> as additional wetland types.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sub-types include <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_swamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangrove swamp">mangrove forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carr_(landform)" title="Carr (landform)">carrs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pocosin" title="Pocosin">pocosins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> peatlands, <a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">vernal pools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sink_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sink (geography)">sinks</a>, and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following three groups are used within <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> to classify wetland by type: Marine and coastal zone wetlands, inland wetlands and human-made wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, the best known classifications are the <a href="/wiki/Cowardin_classification_system" title="Cowardin classification system">Cowardin classification system</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the hydrogeomorphic (HGM) classification system. The Cowardin system includes five main types of wetlands: <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine habitats">marine</a> (ocean-associated), <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuarine</a> (mixed ocean- and river-associated), <a href="/wiki/Riverine" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverine">riverine</a> (within river channels), <a href="/wiki/Lacustrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacustrine">lacustrine</a> (lake-associated) and <a href="/wiki/Palustrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Palustrine">palustrine</a> (inland nontidal habitats). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peatlands">Peatlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Peatlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mire">Peatlands</a> are a unique kind of wetland where lush plant growth and slow decay of dead plants (under anoxic conditions) results in organic peat accumulating; bogs, fens, and mires are different names for peatlands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wetland_names">Wetland names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wetland names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Variations of names for wetland systems: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mire">Mire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tidal_Freshwater_forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tidal Freshwater forest (page does not exist)">Tidal Freshwater forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coniferous_swamp" title="Coniferous swamp">Coniferous swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">Peat swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_swamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangrove swamp">Mangrove swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Some wetlands have localized names unique to a region such as the prairie potholes of North America's northern plain, <a href="/wiki/Pocosin" title="Pocosin">pocosins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carolina_bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina bay">Carolina bays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baygall" class="mw-redirect" title="Baygall">baygalls</a><sup id="cite_ref-Watson_(2006)_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson_(2006)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Texas_P&W_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas_P&W-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Southeastern US, mallines of Argentina, Mediterranean seasonal ponds of Europe and California, <a href="/wiki/Turlough_(lake)" title="Turlough (lake)">turloughs</a> of Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Billabong" title="Billabong">billabongs</a> of Australia, among many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locations">Locations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_temperature_zone">By temperature zone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By temperature zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MiddleSpring.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MiddleSpring.JPG/220px-MiddleSpring.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MiddleSpring.JPG/330px-MiddleSpring.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MiddleSpring.JPG/440px-MiddleSpring.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Wetlands contrast the hot, arid landscape around Middle Spring, <a href="/wiki/Fish_Springs_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge">Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wetlands are found throughout the world in different climates.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperatures vary greatly depending on the location of the wetland. Many of the world's wetlands are in the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate zone">temperate zones</a>, midway between the North or South Poles and the equator. In these zones, summers are warm and winters are cold, but temperatures are not extreme. In subtropical zone wetlands, such as along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, average temperatures might be 11 °C (52 °F). Wetlands in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a> are subjected to much higher temperatures for a large portion of the year. Temperatures for wetlands on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> can exceed 50 °C (122 °F) and these habitats would therefore be subject to rapid evaporation. In northeastern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, which has a polar climate, wetland temperatures can be as low as −50 °C (−58 °F). <a href="/wiki/Peatland" title="Peatland">Peatlands</a> in arctic and subarctic regions insulate the <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>, thus delaying or preventing its thawing during summer, as well as inducing its formation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_precipitation_amount">By precipitation amount</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: By precipitation amount"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The amount of precipitation a wetland receives varies widely according to its area. Wetlands in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, and western <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> typically receive about 1,500 mm (59 in) per year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In some places in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, where heavy rains occur, they can receive up to 10,000 mm (390 in).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In some drier regions, wetlands exist where as little as 180 mm (7.1 in) precipitation occurs each year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Temporal variation:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a> systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasonal">Seasonal</a> systems</li> <li>Episodic (periodic or intermittent) systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephemeral">Ephemeral</a> (short-lived) systems</li></ul> <p>Surface flow may occur in some segments, with subsurface flow in other segments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processes">Processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wetlands vary widely due to local and regional differences in <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>, and other factors, including human involvement. Other important factors include fertility, natural disturbance, competition, <a href="/wiki/Herbivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivory">herbivory</a>, burial and salinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> accumulates, <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">fens</a> arise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrology">Hydrology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hydrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wetlands_Cape_May_New_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wetlands_Cape_May_New_Jersey.jpg/300px-Wetlands_Cape_May_New_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wetlands_Cape_May_New_Jersey.jpg/450px-Wetlands_Cape_May_New_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Wetlands_Cape_May_New_Jersey.jpg/600px-Wetlands_Cape_May_New_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>The wetlands of <a href="/wiki/Cape_May" title="Cape May">Cape May</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> comprise an extensive hydrological network that makes them an <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithologically</a> important location to study the many birds which use the preserve as a place to <a href="/wiki/Nest" title="Nest">nest</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mallows_Bay_Park_wetlands.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mallows_Bay_Park_wetlands.PNG/300px-Mallows_Bay_Park_wetlands.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mallows_Bay_Park_wetlands.PNG/450px-Mallows_Bay_Park_wetlands.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Mallows_Bay_Park_wetlands.PNG 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>A wetland in the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> in Mallows Bay Park in <a href="/wiki/Charles_County,_Maryland" title="Charles County, Maryland">Charles County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, in the United States.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most important factor producing wetlands is hydrology, or <a href="/wiki/Flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding">flooding</a>. The duration of flooding or prolonged soil saturation by <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> determines whether the resulting wetland has aquatic, <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marsh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>. Other important factors include soil fertility, natural disturbance, competition, <a href="/wiki/Herbivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivory">herbivory</a>, burial, and salinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> from dead plants accumulates, <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">fens</a> develop. </p><p>Wetland hydrology is associated with the spatial and temporal dispersion, flow, and physio-chemical attributes of surface and ground waters. Sources of hydrological flows into wetlands are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>, surface water (saltwater or freshwater), and groundwater. Water flows out of wetlands by <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>, surface flows and <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>, and subsurface water outflow. <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodynamics">Hydrodynamics</a> (the movement of water through and from a wetland) affects hydro-periods (temporal fluctuations in water levels) by controlling the water balance and water storage within a wetland.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landscape characteristics control wetland hydrology and water chemistry. The <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O<sub>2</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> concentrations of water depend upon <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> and mixing with the air (from winds or water flows). Water chemistry within wetlands is determined by the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>, nutrients, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">conductivity</a>, soil composition, <a href="/wiki/Water_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Water hardness">hardness</a>, and the sources of water. Water chemistry varies across landscapes and climatic regions. Wetlands are generally <a href="/wiki/Minerotrophic" title="Minerotrophic">minerotrophic</a> (waters contain dissolved materials from soils) with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Ombrotrophic" title="Ombrotrophic">ombrotrophic</a> bogs that are fed only by water from precipitation. </p><p>Because bogs receive most of their water from precipitation and humidity from the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, their water usually has low <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> ionic composition. In contrast, wetlands fed by groundwater or tides have a higher <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> of dissolved nutrients and minerals. </p><p>Fen peatlands receive water both from precipitation and ground water in varying amounts so their water chemistry ranges from acidic with low levels of dissolved minerals to alkaline with high accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_salinity">Role of salinity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Role of salinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salinity has a strong influence on wetland water chemistry, particularly in coastal wetlands<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in arid and semiarid regions with large precipitation deficits. Natural salinity is regulated by interactions between ground and surface water, which may be influenced by human activity.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil">Soil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Soil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> is the major <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">nutrient cycled</a> within wetlands. Most nutrients, such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> are found within the soil of wetlands. <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">Anaerobic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">aerobic respiration</a> in the soil influences the <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrient cycling">nutrient cycling</a> of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the solubility of phosphorus<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus contributing to the chemical variations in its water. Wetlands with low pH and saline conductivity may reflect the presence of acid <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfates</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wetlands with average salinity levels can be heavily influenced by calcium or magnesium. <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemical processes</a> in wetlands are determined by soils with low <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> potential.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The life forms of a wetland system includes its plants (<a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a>) and animals (<a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microbes</a> (bacteria, fungi). The most important factor is the wetland's duration of flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important factors include fertility and salinity of the water or soils. The chemistry of water flowing into wetlands depends on the source of water, the geological material that it flows through<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the nutrients discharged from organic matter in the soils and plants at higher elevations.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants and animals may vary within a wetland seasonally or in response to flood regimes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temperate_wetlands_in_Pennsylvania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Temperate_wetlands_in_Pennsylvania.jpg/220px-Temperate_wetlands_in_Pennsylvania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Temperate_wetlands_in_Pennsylvania.jpg/330px-Temperate_wetlands_in_Pennsylvania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Temperate_wetlands_in_Pennsylvania.jpg/440px-Temperate_wetlands_in_Pennsylvania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Humid wetland in Pennsylvania before a rain</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelumbo_nucifera_LOTUS_bud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nelumbo_nucifera_LOTUS_bud.jpg/170px-Nelumbo_nucifera_LOTUS_bud.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nelumbo_nucifera_LOTUS_bud.jpg/255px-Nelumbo_nucifera_LOTUS_bud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nelumbo_nucifera_LOTUS_bud.jpg/340px-Nelumbo_nucifera_LOTUS_bud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Bud of water lotus (<i><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Nelumbo nucifera</a></i>), an aquatic plant</figcaption></figure> <p>There are four main groups of <a href="/wiki/Hydrophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophyte">hydrophytes</a> that are found in wetland systems throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Submergent_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Submergent plant">Submerged</a> wetland vegetation can grow in saline and fresh-water conditions. Some species have underwater flowers, while others have long stems to allow the flowers to reach the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Submerged species provide a food source for native fauna, habitat for invertebrates, and also possess filtration capabilities. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Seagrasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagrasses">seagrasses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vallisneria" title="Vallisneria">eelgrass</a>. </p><p>Floating water plants or floating vegetation are usually small, like those in the <a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">Lemnoideae</a> subfamily (duckweeds). Emergent vegetation like the cattails (<i><a href="/wiki/Typha" title="Typha">Typha</a></i> spp.), sedges (<i><a href="/wiki/Carex" title="Carex">Carex</a></i> spp.) and arrow arum (<i><a href="/wiki/Peltandra_virginica" title="Peltandra virginica">Peltandra virginica</a></i>) rise above the surface of the water. </p><p>When trees and shrubs comprise much of the plant cover in saturated soils, those areas in most cases are called <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upland boundary of swamps is determined partly by water levels. This can be affected by dams<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some swamps can be dominated by a single species, such as <a href="/wiki/Silver_maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver maple">silver maple</a> swamps around the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, like those of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a>, have large numbers of different tree species.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include cypress (<i><a href="/wiki/Taxodium" title="Taxodium">Taxodium</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> swamps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Leopard_Frog_(Lithobates_pipiens).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Northern_Leopard_Frog_%28Lithobates_pipiens%29.jpg/170px-Northern_Leopard_Frog_%28Lithobates_pipiens%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Northern_Leopard_Frog_%28Lithobates_pipiens%29.jpg/255px-Northern_Leopard_Frog_%28Lithobates_pipiens%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Northern_Leopard_Frog_%28Lithobates_pipiens%29.jpg/340px-Northern_Leopard_Frog_%28Lithobates_pipiens%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2317" data-file-height="2383" /></a><figcaption>Many species of <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a> live in wetlands, while others visit them each year to lay eggs.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snapping_turtle_3_md.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Snapping_turtle_3_md.jpg/220px-Snapping_turtle_3_md.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Snapping_turtle_3_md.jpg/330px-Snapping_turtle_3_md.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Snapping_turtle_3_md.jpg/440px-Snapping_turtle_3_md.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Snapping_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Snapping turtle">Snapping turtles</a> are one of the many kinds of turtles found in wetlands.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many species of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> are highly dependent on wetland ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seventy-five percent of the United States' commercial fish and shellfish stocks depend solely on <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsar_a_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsar_a-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibians</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a> need both terrestrial and aquatic habitats in which to reproduce and feed. Because amphibians often inhabit depressional wetlands like prairie potholes and Carolina bays, the connectivity among these isolated wetlands is an important control of regional populations.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While tadpoles feed on algae, adult frogs forage on insects. Frogs are sometimes used as an indicator of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_health" title="Ecosystem health">ecosystem health</a> because their thin skin permits absorption of nutrients and toxins from the surrounding environment resulting in increased extinction rates in unfavorable and polluted environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptiles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alligator" title="Alligator">alligators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a> are common in wetlands of some regions. In freshwater wetlands of the Southeastern US, alligators are common and a freshwater species of crocodile occurs in South Florida. The Florida <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a> is the only place in the world where both crocodiles and alligators coexist.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">saltwater crocodile</a> inhabits estuaries and mangroves.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Snapping_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Snapping turtle">Snapping turtles</a> also inhabit wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wader" title="Wader">waders</a> use wetlands extensively.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a> of wetlands include numerous small and medium-sized species such as <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">voles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrats</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Platypus" title="Platypus">platypus</a> in addition to large herbivorous and <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predator</a> species such as the <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beavers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coypu" class="mw-redirect" title="Coypu">coypu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swamp_rabbit" title="Swamp rabbit">swamp rabbit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_panther" title="Florida panther">Florida panther</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>. Wetlands attract many mammals due to abundant seeds, berries, and other vegetation as food for herbivores, as well as abundant populations of invertebrates, small reptiles and amphibians as prey for predators.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">Invertebrates</a> of wetlands include aquatic insects such as <a href="/wiki/Dragonflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragonflies">dragonflies</a>, aquatic bugs and <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, midges, <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> such as crabs, crayfish, shrimps, microcrustaceans, mollusks like clams, mussels, snails and worms. Invertebrates comprise more than half of the known animal species in wetlands, and are considered the primary food web link between plants and higher animals (such as fish and birds).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecosystem_services">Ecosystem services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ecosystem services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">Ecosystem service</a></div> <p>Depending on a wetland's geographic and topographic location,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the functions it performs can support multiple <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a>, values, or benefits. <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Ecosystem_Assessment" title="Millennium Ecosystem Assessment">United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a> described wetlands as a whole to be of <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> significance and societal importance in the following areas:<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Water storage (flood control)</a></li> <li>Groundwater replenishment</li> <li>Shoreline stabilization and storm protection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">Water purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">Wastewater treatment</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">constructed wetlands</a>)</li> <li>Reservoirs of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a></li> <li>Pollination</li> <li>Wetland products</li> <li>Cultural values</li> <li>Recreation and <a href="/wiki/Eco_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco tourism">tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></li></ul> <p>According to the Ramsar Convention:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The economic worth of the ecosystem services provided to society by intact, naturally functioning wetlands is frequently much greater than the perceived benefits of converting them to 'more valuable' intensive land use – particularly as the profits from unsustainable use often go to relatively few individuals or corporations, rather than being shared by society as a whole.</p></blockquote> <p>To replace these wetland <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a>, enormous amounts of money would need to be spent on <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> plants, dams, levees, and other hard infrastructure, and many of the services are impossible to replace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_reservoirs_and_flood_protection">Storage reservoirs and flood protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Storage reservoirs and flood protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Floodplains and closed-depression wetlands can provide the functions of storage reservoirs and flood protection. The wetland system of <a href="/wiki/Floodplains" class="mw-redirect" title="Floodplains">floodplains</a> is formed from major rivers downstream from their <a href="/wiki/Headwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Headwaters">headwaters</a>. "The floodplains of major rivers act as natural storage reservoirs, enabling excess water to spread out over a wide area, which reduces its depth and speed. Wetlands close to the headwaters of streams and rivers can slow down rainwater runoff and spring snowmelt so that it does not run straight off the land into water courses. This can help prevent sudden, damaging floods downstream."<sup id="cite_ref-ramsar_a_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsar_a-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable river systems that produce wide floodplains include the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a>, the Niger river inland delta, the Zambezi River flood plain, the Okavango River inland delta, the Kafue River flood plain, the Lake Bangweulu flood plain (Africa), <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> (US), <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> (South America), <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> (China), <a href="/wiki/Danube_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube River">Danube River</a> (Central Europe) and <a href="/wiki/Murray-Darling" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray-Darling">Murray-Darling</a> River (Australia). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groundwater_replenishment">Groundwater replenishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Groundwater replenishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groundwater replenishment can be achieved for example by <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a>, and subterranean <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> and cave hydrological systems. The <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a> visibly seen in wetlands only represents a portion of the overall water cycle, which also includes atmospheric water (precipitation) and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>. Many wetlands are directly linked to groundwater and they can be a crucial regulator of both the quantity and <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">quality of water</a> found below the ground. Wetlands that have <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">permeable</a> substrates like <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> or occur in areas with highly variable and fluctuating water tables have especially important roles in <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_replenishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundwater replenishment">groundwater replenishment</a> or water recharge.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Substrates that are <a href="/wiki/Porous" class="mw-redirect" title="Porous">porous</a> allow water to filter down through the soil and underlying rock into <a href="/wiki/Aquifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifers">aquifers</a> which are the source of much of the world's <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>. Wetlands can also act as recharge areas when the surrounding water table is low and as a discharge zone when it is high. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shoreline_stabilization_and_storm_protection">Shoreline stabilization and storm protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Shoreline stabilization and storm protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangroves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marsh</a> can help with shoreline stabilization and storm protection. Tidal and inter-tidal wetland systems protect and stabilize coastal zones.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral reefs">Coral reefs</a> provide a protective barrier to coastal shoreline. <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangroves</a> stabilize the coastal zone from the interior and will migrate with the shoreline to remain adjacent to the boundary of the water. The main conservation benefit these systems have against storms and <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surges</a> is the ability to reduce the speed and height of waves and floodwaters. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> has begun the concept of managed coastal realignment. This management technique provides shoreline protection through restoration of natural wetlands rather than through applied engineering. In East Asia, reclamation of coastal wetlands has resulted in widespread transformation of the coastal zone, and up to 65% of coastal wetlands have been destroyed by coastal development.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One analysis using the impact of hurricanes versus storm protection provided naturally by wetlands projected the value of this service at US$33,000/hectare/year.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_purification">Water purification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Water purification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">Water purification</a> can be provided by floodplains, closed-depression wetlands, <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">freshwater marsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marsh</a>, mangroves. Wetlands cycle both sediments and nutrients, sometimes serving as buffers between <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial ecoregion">terrestrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic ecosystems">aquatic ecosystems</a>. A natural function of wetland vegetation is the up-take, storage, and (for nitrate) the removal of nutrients found in <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a> water from the surrounding landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Precipitation and surface runoff induces <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, transporting sediment in suspension into and through waterways. All types of sediments whether composed of clay, silt, sand or gravel and rock can be carried into wetland systems through erosion. Wetland vegetation acts as a physical barrier to slow water flow and then trap sediment for both short or long periods of time. Suspended sediment can contain heavy metals that are also retained when wetlands trap the sediment. </p><p>The ability of wetland systems to store or remove nutrients and trap sediment is highly efficient and effective but each system has a threshold. An overabundance of nutrient input from fertilizer run-off, sewage effluent, or non-point pollution will cause <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>. Upstream erosion from <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> can overwhelm wetlands making them shrink in size and cause dramatic <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> through excessive sedimentation load. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wastewater_treatment">Wastewater treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Wastewater treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constructed wetlands are built for wastewater treatment. An example of how a natural wetland is used to provide some degree of <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> is the <a href="/wiki/East_Kolkata_Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="East Kolkata Wetlands">East Kolkata Wetlands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata, India">Kolkata, India</a>. The wetlands cover 125 square kilometres (48 sq mi), and are used to treat Kolkata's sewage. The nutrients contained in the wastewater sustain fish farms and agriculture. </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flintenbreite_constructed_wetland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flintenbreite_constructed_wetland.jpg/220px-Flintenbreite_constructed_wetland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flintenbreite_constructed_wetland.jpg/330px-Flintenbreite_constructed_wetland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flintenbreite_constructed_wetland.jpg/440px-Flintenbreite_constructed_wetland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Constructed wetland in an ecological settlement in Flintenbreite near <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck, Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">constructed wetland</a> is an artificial wetland to treat <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">greywater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> runoff or <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also be designed for land reclamation after <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, or as a <a href="/wiki/Flood_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood mitigation">mitigation</a> step for natural areas lost to <a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">land development</a>. Constructed wetlands are engineered systems that use the natural functions of <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, and organisms to provide <a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">secondary treatment</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>. The design of the constructed wetland has to be adjusted according to the type of wastewater to be treated. Constructed wetlands have been used in both centralized and <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_wastewater_system" title="Decentralized wastewater system">decentralized wastewater systems</a>. Primary treatment is recommended when there is a large amount of suspended solids or soluble organic matter (measured as <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">biochemical oxygen demand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">chemical oxygen demand</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Constructed_wetland_:4_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constructed_wetland_:4-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Similar to natural wetlands, constructed wetlands also act as a <a href="/wiki/Biofilter" title="Biofilter">biofilter</a> and/or can remove a range of <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> (such as organic matter, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrients</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">heavy metals</a>) from the water. Constructed wetlands are designed to remove water pollutants such as suspended solids, organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus).<sup id="cite_ref-Constructed_wetland_:4_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constructed_wetland_:4-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All types of pathogens (i.e., bacteria, viruses, <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_worm" title="Parasitic worm">helminths</a>) are expected to be removed to some extent in a constructed wetland. Subsurface wetlands provide greater pathogen removal than surface wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-Constructed_wetland_:4_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constructed_wetland_:4-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reservoirs_of_biodiversity">Reservoirs of biodiversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Reservoirs of biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wetland systems' rich <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> has become a focal point catalysed by the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impact of maintaining biodiversity is seen at the local level through job creation, sustainability, and community productivity. A good example is the Lower Mekong basin which runs through Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, supporting over 55 million people. </p><p>A key fish species which is overfished,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Piramutaba catfish, <i><a href="/wiki/Brachyplatystoma_vaillantii" title="Brachyplatystoma vaillantii">Brachyplatystoma vaillantii</a></i>, migrates more than 3,300 km (2,100 mi) from its nursery grounds near the mouth of the Amazon River to its spawning grounds in Andean tributaries, 400 m (1,300 ft) above sea level, distributing plant seeds along the route. </p><p>Intertidal mudflats have a level of productivity similar to that of some wetlands even while possessing a low number of species. The abundant <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a> found within the mud are a food source for <a href="/wiki/Migratory_waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Migratory waterfowl">migratory waterfowl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mudflats, saltmarshes, mangroves, and seagrass beds have high levels of both species richness and productivity, and are home to important nursery areas for many commercial fish stocks. </p><p>Populations of many species are confined geographically to only one or a few wetland systems, often due to the long period of time that the wetlands have been physically isolated from other aquatic sources. For example, the number of <a href="/wiki/Endemic_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic species">endemic species</a> in the Selenga River Delta of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a> in Russia classifies it as a hotspot for biodiversity and one of the most biodiverse wetlands in the entire world.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wetland_products">Wetland products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Wetland products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broadmoor_Wildlife_Sanctuary_marsh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Broadmoor_Wildlife_Sanctuary_marsh.jpg/220px-Broadmoor_Wildlife_Sanctuary_marsh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Broadmoor_Wildlife_Sanctuary_marsh.jpg/330px-Broadmoor_Wildlife_Sanctuary_marsh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Broadmoor_Wildlife_Sanctuary_marsh.jpg/440px-Broadmoor_Wildlife_Sanctuary_marsh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Wetland at the Broadmoor Wildlife Sanctuary in Massachusetts, United States, in February</figcaption></figure> <p>Wetlands naturally produce an array of vegetation and other ecological products that can be harvested for personal and commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many fishes have all or part of their life-cycle occurring within a wetland system. Fresh and saltwater fish are the main source of protein for about one billion people<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and comprise 15% of an additional 3.5 billion people's protein intake.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another food staple found in wetland systems is rice, a popular grain that is consumed at the rate of one fifth of the total global calorie count. In Bangladesh, Cambodia and Vietnam, where rice paddies are predominant on the landscape, rice consumption reach 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsar_b_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsar_b-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some native wetland plants in the Caribbean and Australia are harvested sustainably for medicinal compounds; these include the red mangrove (<i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_mangle" title="Rhizophora mangle">Rhizophora mangle</a></i>) which possesses antibacterial, wound-healing, anti-ulcer effects, and antioxidant properties.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsar_b_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsar_b-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other mangrove-derived products include fuelwood, salt (produced by evaporating seawater), animal fodder, traditional medicines (e.g. from mangrove bark), fibers for textiles and dyes and tannins.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_services_and_uses_of_wetlands">Additional services and uses of wetlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Additional services and uses of wetlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some types of wetlands can serve as fire breaks that help slow the spread of minor wildfires. Larger wetland systems can influence local precipitation patterns. Some boreal wetland systems in catchment headwaters may help extend the period of flow and maintain water temperature in connected downstream waters.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollination services are supported by many wetlands which may provide the only suitable habitat for pollinating insects, birds, and mammals in highly developed areas.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disturbances_and_human_impacts">Disturbances and human impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Disturbances and human impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_impacts_on_the_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Human impacts on the environment">Human impacts on the environment</a></div> <p>Wetlands, the functions and services they provide as well as their flora and fauna, can be affected by several types of disturbances.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disturbances (sometimes termed stressors or alterations) can be human-associated or natural, direct or indirect, reversible or not, and isolated or cumulative. </p><p>Disturbances include <a href="/wiki/Exogeny" title="Exogeny">exogenous</a> factors such as flooding or drought.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans are disturbing and damaging wetlands for example by <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas extraction">oil and gas extraction</a>, building infrastructure, <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, alteration of wetlands including <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a> and draining, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mitsch2007_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitsch2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disturbance puts different levels of stress on an environment depending on the type and duration of disturbance.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Predominant disturbances of wetlands include:<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Enrichment/<a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a></li> <li>Organic loading and reduced dissolved oxygen</li> <li>Contaminant <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_acidification" title="Freshwater acidification">Acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">Salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">Sedimentation</a></li> <li>Altered solar input (<a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a>/shade)</li> <li>Vegetation removal</li> <li>Thermal alteration</li> <li>Drying/<a href="/wiki/Aridification" title="Aridification">aridification</a></li> <li>Inundation/flooding</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></li> <li>Other human impacts</li></ul> </div> <p>Disturbances can be further categorized as follows: </p> <ul><li>Minor disturbance: Stress that maintains ecosystem integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Moderate disturbance: Ecosystem integrity is damaged but can recover in time without assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Impairment or severe disturbance: Human intervention may be needed in order for ecosystem to recover.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a> comes from nitrogen inputs to aquatic systems and have drastically effected the dissolved nitrogen content of wetlands, introducing higher nutrient availability which leads to <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> occurs in wetland systems through <a href="/wiki/Land_use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use change">land use changes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, pollution, exploitation of resources, and <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>. For example, the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Water_hyacinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Water hyacinth">water hyacinth</a>, a native plant of South America into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> in East Africa as well as <a href="/wiki/Duckweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Duckweed">duckweed</a> into non-native areas of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia, have overtaken entire wetland systems overwhelming the habitats and reducing the diversity of native plants and animals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_to_dry_land">Conversion to dry land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Conversion to dry land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To increase economic productivity, wetlands are often converted into dry land with <a href="/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">dykes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drains</a> and used for agricultural purposes. The construction of dykes, and dams, has negative consequences for individual wetlands and entire watersheds.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 497">: 497 </span></sup> Their proximity to lakes and rivers means that they are often developed for human settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once settlements are constructed and protected by dykes, the settlements then become vulnerable to land subsidence and ever increasing risk of flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 497">: 497 </span></sup> The Mississippi River Delta around New Orleans, Louisiana is a well-known example;<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Danube Delta in Europe is another.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drainage_of_floodplains">Drainage of floodplains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Drainage of floodplains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a> or development activities that narrow floodplain corridors (such as the construction of <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a>) reduces the ability of coupled river-floodplain systems to control flood damage. That is because modified and less expansive systems must still manage the same amount of precipitation, causing flood peaks to be higher or deeper and floodwaters to travel faster. </p><p>Water management engineering developments in the past century have degraded floodplain wetlands through the construction of artificial embankments such as <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">dykes</a>, bunds, <a href="/wiki/Levees" class="mw-redirect" title="Levees">levees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Weirs">weirs</a>, barrages and <a href="/wiki/Dams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dams">dams</a>. All concentrate water into a main channel and waters that historically spread slowly over a large, shallow area are concentrated. Loss of wetland floodplains results in more severe and damaging flooding. Catastrophic human impact in the Mississippi River floodplains was seen in death of several hundred individuals during a <a href="/wiki/2005_levee_failures_in_Greater_New_Orleans" title="2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans">levee breach in New Orleans caused by Hurricane Katrina</a>. Human-made embankments along the Yangtze River floodplains have caused the main channel of the river to become prone to more frequent and damaging flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these events include the loss of <a href="/wiki/Riparian_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian vegetation">riparian vegetation</a>, a 30% loss of the vegetation cover throughout the river's basin, a doubling of the percentage of the land affected by soil erosion, and a reduction in reservoir capacity through <a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">siltation</a> build-up in floodplain lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsar_a_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsar_a-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overfishing">Overfishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Overfishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a> is a major problem for sustainable use of wetlands. Concerns are developing over certain aspects of farm fishing, which uses natural wetlands and waterways to harvest fish for human consumption. <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> is continuing to develop rapidly throughout the Asia-Pacific region especially in China where 90% of the total number of aquaculture farms occur, contributing 80% of global value.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsar_b_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsar_b-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some aquaculture has eliminated massive areas of wetland through practices such as the <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_farming" title="Shrimp farming">shrimp farming</a> industry's destruction of mangroves. Even though the damaging impact of large-scale shrimp farming on the coastal ecosystem in many Asian countries has been widely recognized for quite some time now, it has proved difficult to mitigate since other employment avenues for people are lacking. Also burgeoning demand for shrimp globally has provided a large and ready market.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Wetland conservation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hommik_Mukri_rabas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hommik_Mukri_rabas.jpg/280px-Hommik_Mukri_rabas.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hommik_Mukri_rabas.jpg/420px-Hommik_Mukri_rabas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hommik_Mukri_rabas.jpg/560px-Hommik_Mukri_rabas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3557" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption>Fog rising over the Mukri bog near <a href="/wiki/Mukri,_Estonia" title="Mukri, Estonia">Mukri, Estonia</a>. The bog has an area of 2,147 hectares (5,310 acres) and has been protected since 1992.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wetlands have historically subjected to large draining efforts for development (<a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">real estate</a> or agriculture), and <a href="/wiki/Flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding">flooding</a> to create recreational <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> or generate <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>. Some of the world's most important agricultural areas were wetlands that have been converted to farmland.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1970s, more focus has been put on preserving wetlands for their natural functions. Since 1900, 65–70% of the world's wetlands have been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to maintain wetlands and sustain their functions, alterations and disturbances that are outside the normal range of variation should be minimized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balancing_wetland_conservation_with_the_needs_of_people">Balancing wetland conservation with the needs of people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Balancing wetland conservation with the needs of people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wetlands are vital ecosystems that enhance the livelihoods for the millions of people who live in and around them. Studies have shown that it is possible to conserve wetlands while improving the livelihoods of people living among them. Case studies conducted in Malawi and Zambia looked at how <a href="/wiki/Dambo" title="Dambo">dambos</a> – wet, grassy valleys or depressions where water seeps to the surface – can be farmed sustainably. Project outcomes included a high yield of crops, development of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable farming</a> techniques, and water management strategies that generate enough water for irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramsar_Convention">Ramsar Convention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ramsar Convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_wetlands_of_international_importance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance">List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a> (full title: <i>Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat</i>), is an international <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> designed to address global concerns regarding wetland loss and degradation. The primary purposes of the treaty are to list wetlands of international importance and to promote their wise use, with the ultimate goal of preserving the world's wetlands. Methods include restricting access to some wetland areas, as well as educating the public to combat the misconception that wetlands are wastelands. The Convention works closely with five International Organisation Partners (IOPs). These are: <a href="/wiki/Birdlife_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Birdlife International">Birdlife International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute" title="International Water Management Institute">International Water Management Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetlands_International" title="Wetlands International">Wetlands International</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a>. The partners provide technical expertise, help conduct or facilitate field studies and provide financial support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration">Restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Restoration and <a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">restoration ecologists</a> intend to return wetlands to their natural trajectory by aiding directly with the natural processes of the ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These direct methods vary with respect to the degree of physical manipulation of the natural environment and each are associated with different levels of restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restoration is needed after disturbance or <a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(ecology)" title="Disturbance (ecology)">perturbation</a> of a wetland.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no one way to restore a wetland and the level of restoration required will be based on the level of disturbance although, each method of restoration does require preparation and administration.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levels_of_restoration">Levels of restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Levels of restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Factors influencing selected approach may include<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> budget, time scale limitations, project goals, level of disturbance, landscape and ecological constraints, political and administrative agendas and socioeconomic priorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prescribed_natural_or_assisted_regeneration">Prescribed natural or assisted regeneration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Prescribed natural or assisted regeneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For this strategy, there is no biophysical manipulation and the ecosystem is left to recover based on the process of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">succession</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus is to eliminate and prevent further disturbance from occurring and for this type of restoration requires prior research to understand the probability that the wetland will recover naturally. This is likely to be the first method of approach since it is the least intrusive and least expensive although some biophysical non-intrusive manipulation may be required to enhance the rate of succession to an acceptable level.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Example methods include prescribed burns to small areas, promotion of site specific soil <a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">microbiota</a> and plant growth using nucleation planting whereby plants radiate from an initial planting site,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and promotion of niche diversity or increasing the range of niches to promote use by a variety of different species.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These methods can make it easier for the natural species to flourish by removing environmental impediments and can speed up the process of succession. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partial_reconstruction">Partial reconstruction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Partial reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For this strategy, a mixture of natural regeneration and manipulated environmental control is used. This may require some engineering, and more intensive biophysical manipulations including ripping of <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">agrichemical</a> applications of herbicides or insecticides, laying of <a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">mulch</a>, mechanical seed dispersal, and tree planting on a large scale.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these circumstances the wetland is impaired and without human assistance it would not recover within an acceptable period of time as determined by ecologists. Methods of restoration used will have to be determined on a site by site basis as each location will require a different approach based on levels of disturbance and the local ecosystem dynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Complete_reconstruction">Complete reconstruction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Complete reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></div> <p>This most expensive and intrusive method of reconstruction requires engineering and ground up reconstruction. Because there is a redesign of the entire ecosystem it is important that the natural trajectory of the ecosystem be considered and that the plant species promoted will eventually return the ecosystem towards its natural trajectory.<sup id="cite_ref-clewell2013_10-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clewell2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many cases constructed wetlands are often designed to treat stormwater/wastewater runoff. They can be used in developments as part of <a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">water-sensitive urban design</a> systems and have benefits such as flood mitigation, removing pollutants, carbon sequestration, providing habitat for wildlife and biodiversity in often highly urbanised and fragmented landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditional_knowledge">Traditional knowledge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Traditional knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ideas from <a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">traditional ecological knowledge</a> can be applied as a holistic approach to the restoration of wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ideas focus more on responding to the observations detected from the environment considering that each part of a wetland ecosystem is interconnected. Applying these practices on specific locations of wetlands increase productivity, biodiversity, and improve its resilience. These practices include monitoring wetland resources, planting propagules, and addition of key species in order to create a self-sustaining wetland ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change_aspects">Climate change aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Climate change aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenhouse_gas_emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Greenhouse gas emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In Southeast Asia, <a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">peat swamp forests</a> and soils are being drained, burnt, mined, and overgrazed, contributing to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wetlands_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wetlands-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of peat drainage, the organic carbon that had built up over thousands of years and is normally under water is suddenly exposed to the air. The peat decomposes and is converted into <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>), which is then released into the atmosphere. Peat fires cause the same process to occur rapidly and in addition create enormous clouds of smoke that cross international borders, which now happens almost yearly in Southeast Asia. While peatlands constitute only 3% of the world's land area, their degradation produces 7% of all CO<sub>2</sub> emissions.</p><div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm/220px--Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="115" data-mwtitle="Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm/Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm/Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm/Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm/Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm/Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm/Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm/Methane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMethane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMethane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMethane_emissions_from_wetlands.webm&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A heat map of the planet showing methane emissions from wetlands from 1980 to 2021</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands</a> of concern consist primarily of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> emissions. Wetlands are the <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">largest natural source</a> of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane" title="Atmospheric methane">atmospheric methane</a> in the world, and are therefore a major area of concern with respect to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wetlands account for approximately 20–30% of atmospheric methane through emissions from soils and plants, and contribute an approximate average of 161 Tg of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands_:5_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands_:5-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wetlands are characterized by <a href="/wiki/Waterlogging_(agriculture)" title="Waterlogging (agriculture)">water-logged</a> <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a> and distinctive communities of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> that have <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adapted</a> to the constant presence of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. This high level of water saturation creates conditions conducive to methane production. Most <a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">methanogenesis</a>, or methane production, occurs in <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">oxygen-poor</a> environments. Because the <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microbes</a> that live in warm, moist environments consume oxygen more rapidly than it can <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffuse</a> in from the atmosphere, wetlands are the ideal anaerobic environments for <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (biochemistry)">fermentation</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogen</a> activity. However, levels of methanogenesis fluctuates due to the availability of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, soil temperature, and the composition of the soil. A warmer, more anaerobic environment with soil rich in organic matter would allow for more efficient methanogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Some wetlands are a significant source of methane emissions<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands_:0_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands_:0-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some are also emitters of <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands_:4_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands_:4-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands_:3_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands_:3-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nitrous oxide is a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> 300 times that of carbon dioxide and is the dominant <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone</a>-depleting substance emitted in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands_:1_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands_:1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wetlands can also act as a sink for greenhouse gases.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change_mitigation">Climate change mitigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Climate change mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#Wetlands" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation § Wetlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Wetlands" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration § Wetlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></div> <p>Studies have favorably identified the potential for coastal wetlands (also called <a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">blue carbon</a> ecosystems) to provide some degree of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> in two ways: by conservation, reducing the greenhouse gas emissions arising from the loss and degradation of such habitats, and by restoration, to increase carbon dioxide drawdown and its long-term storage.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, CO<sub>2</sub> removal using coastal blue carbon restoration has questionable cost-effectiveness when considered only as a climate mitigation action, either for <a href="/wiki/Carbon_offset" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon offset">carbon-offsetting</a> or for inclusion in <a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally Determined Contributions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When wetlands are restored they have mitigation effects through their ability to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">sink carbon</a>, converting a greenhouse gas (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>) to solid plant material through the process of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, and also through their ability to store and regulate water.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wetlands store approximately 44.6 million tonnes of carbon per year globally (estimate from 2003).<sup id="cite_ref-Chmura,_G._L._2003_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chmura,_G._L._2003-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marshes</a> and mangrove swamps in particular, the average <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> rate is <span class="nowrap">210 g CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>−2</sup> y<sup>−1</sup></span> while <a href="/wiki/Peatlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Peatlands">peatlands</a> sequester approximately <span class="nowrap">20–30 g CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>−2</sup> y<sup>−1</sup></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chmura,_G._L._2003_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chmura,_G._L._2003-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coastal wetlands, such as tropical <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a> and some temperate <a href="/wiki/Salt_marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt marshes">salt marshes</a>, are known to be sinks for carbon that otherwise contribute to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> in its gaseous forms (carbon dioxide and methane).<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability of many tidal wetlands to store carbon and minimize methane flux from tidal sediments has led to sponsorship of <a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">blue carbon</a> initiatives that are intended to enhance those processes.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change_adaptation">Climate change adaptation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Climate change adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></div> <p>The restoration of coastal blue carbon ecosystems is highly advantageous for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a>, coastal protection, food provision and biodiversity conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the middle of the 20th century, human-caused <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> has resulted in observable changes in the global <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup> A warming climate makes extremely wet and very dry occurrences more severe, causing more severe floods and droughts. For this reason, some of the ecosystem services that wetlands provide (e.g. water storage and flood control, groundwater replenishment, shoreline stabilization and storm protection) are important for climate change adaptation measures.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most parts of the world and under all <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario#Emissions_scenarios" title="Climate change scenario">emission scenarios</a>, water cycle variability and accompanying extremes are anticipated to rise more quickly than the changes of average values.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Valuation">Valuation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Valuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The value of a wetland to local communities typically involves first mapping a region's wetlands, then assessing the functions and ecosystem services the wetlands provide individually and cumulatively, and finally evaluating that information to prioritize or rank individual wetlands or wetland types for conservation, management, restoration, or development.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the longer term, it requires keeping inventories<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of known wetlands and monitoring a representative sample of the wetlands to determine changes due to both natural and human factors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assessment">Assessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rapid assessment methods are used to score, rank, rate, or categorize various functions, <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a>, species, communities, levels of disturbance, and/or <a href="/wiki/Ecological_health" title="Ecological health">ecological health</a> of a wetland or group of wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often done to prioritize particular wetlands for conservation (avoidance) or to determine the degree to which loss or alteration of wetland functions should be compensated, such as by restoring degraded wetlands elsewhere or providing additional protections to existing wetlands. Rapid assessment methods are also applied before and after a wetland has been restored or altered to help monitor or predict the effects of those actions on various wetland functions and the services they provide. Assessments are typically considered to be "rapid" when they require only a single visit to the wetland lasting less than one day, which in some cases may include interpretation of aerial imagery and <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">geographic information system</a> (GIS) analyses of existing spatial data, but not detailed post-visit laboratory analyses of water or biological samples. </p><p>To achieve consistency among persons doing the assessment, rapid methods present indicator variables as questions or checklists on standardized data forms, and most methods standardize the scoring or rating procedure that is used to combine question responses into estimates of the levels of specified functions relative to the levels estimated in other wetlands ("calibration sites") assessed previously in a region.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapid assessment methods, partly because they often use dozens of indicators of conditions surrounding a wetland as well as within the wetland itself, aim to provide estimates of wetland functions and services that are more accurate and repeatable than simply describing a wetland's class type.<sup id="cite_ref-ACADEMIC_PRESS_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACADEMIC_PRESS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A need for wetland assessments to be rapid arises mainly when government agencies set deadlines for decisions affecting a wetland or when the number of wetlands needing information on their functions or condition is large. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inventory">Inventory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Inventory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although developing a global inventory of wetlands has proven to be a large and difficult undertaking, many efforts at more local scales have been successful.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current efforts are based on available data, but both classification and spatial resolution have sometimes proven to be inadequate for regional or site-specific environmental management decision making. Identifying small, long, and narrow wetlands within the landscape is difficult. Many of today's <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> satellites do not have sufficient spatial and spectral resolution to monitor wetland conditions, although multispectral IKONOS<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and QuickBird<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> data may offer improved spatial resolutions once it is 4 m or higher. Most of the pixels are just mixtures of several plant species or vegetation types. They are difficult to isolate, translating into an inability to classify the vegetation that defines the wetland. The growing availability of 3D vegetation and topography data from LiDAR has partially addressed the limitation of traditional multispectral imagery, as demonstrated in some case studies worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-xu2022_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xu2022-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring_and_mapping">Monitoring and mapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Monitoring and mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wetland needs to be monitored<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over time to assess whether it is functioning at an ecologically sustainable level or whether it is becoming degraded.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Degraded wetlands will suffer a loss in water quality, loss of sensitive species, and aberrant functioning of soil geochemical processes. </p><p>Practically, many natural wetlands are difficult to monitor from the ground as they quite often are difficult to access and may require exposure to dangerous plants and animals as well as diseases borne by insects or other invertebrates. Remote sensing such as aerial imagery and satellite imaging<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides effective tools to map and monitor wetlands across large geographic regions and over time. Many remote sensing methods can be used to map wetlands. The integration of multi-sourced data such as <a href="/wiki/LiDAR" class="mw-redirect" title="LiDAR">LiDAR</a> and aerial photos proves more effective at mapping wetlands than the use of aerial photos alone,<sup id="cite_ref-xu2022_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xu2022-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially with the aid of modern machine learning methods (e.g., deep learning). Overall, using digital data provides a standardized data-collection procedure and an opportunity for data integration within a <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">geographic information system</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_efforts">International efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: International efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramsar_Convention&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat</a> is an international <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> for the conservation and sustainable use of <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar sites</a> (wetlands).<sup id="cite_ref-Ramsar_Convention_ramsar_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramsar_Convention_ramsar-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands. It is named after the city of <a href="/wiki/Ramsar,_Mazandaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar, Mazandaran">Ramsar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, where the convention was signed in 1971. </p><p>Every three years, representatives of the contracting parties meet as the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention#Conference_of_the_Contracting_Parties" title="Ramsar Convention">Conference of the Contracting Parties</a> (COP), the policy-making organ of the <a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">convention</a> which adopts decisions (site designations, resolutions and recommendations) to administer the work of the convention and improve the way in which the parties are able to implement its objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramsar_Convention_Contracting_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramsar_Convention_Contracting-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, COP14 was co-held in Wuhan, China, and Geneva, Switzerland. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_Navua_Ramsar_Site,_Fiji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Upper_Navua_Ramsar_Site%2C_Fiji.jpg/220px-Upper_Navua_Ramsar_Site%2C_Fiji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Upper_Navua_Ramsar_Site%2C_Fiji.jpg/330px-Upper_Navua_Ramsar_Site%2C_Fiji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Upper_Navua_Ramsar_Site%2C_Fiji.jpg/440px-Upper_Navua_Ramsar_Site%2C_Fiji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Upper_Navua_Conservation_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Navua Conservation Area">Upper Navua Conservation Area</a> Ramsar site in Fiji</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wise_use.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wise_use.jpg/220px-Wise_use.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wise_use.jpg/330px-Wise_use.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wise_use.jpg/440px-Wise_use.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable fishing">Sustainable fishing</a> in India, an example of wise use.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_efforts">National efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: National efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each country and region tends to have a codified definition of wetlands for legal purposes. In the United States, wetlands are defined as "those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas".<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition has been used in the enforcement of the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a>. Some US states, such as <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, have separate definitions that may differ from the federal government's. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a>, the term wetland is defined "as land that (A) has a predominance of hydric soils, (B) is inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support a prevalence of hydrophytic vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions and (C) under normal circumstances supports a prevalence of such vegetation." Related to these legal definitions, "normal circumstances" are expected to occur during the wet portion of the growing season under normal climatic conditions (not unusually dry or unusually wet) and in the absence of significant disturbance. It is not uncommon for a wetland to be dry for long portions of the growing season. Still, under normal environmental conditions, the soils will be inundated to the surface, creating anaerobic conditions persisting through the wet portion of the growing season.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_wetland_policies_in_Canada" title="Wetlands and wetland policies in Canada">Wetlands and wetland policies in Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-rubec2009_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubec2009-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other Individual Provincial and Territorial Based Policies<sup id="cite_ref-rubec2009_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubec2009-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Wetlands_of_International_Importance" title="List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance">List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_wetlands" title="Mediterranean wetlands">Mediterranean wetlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_wetland_sites_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ramsar wetland sites in Pakistan">List of Ramsar wetland sites in Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_Australia" title="List of Ramsar sites in Australia">List of Ramsar sites in Australia</a></div> <p>The world's largest wetlands include the swamp forests of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon River basin">Amazon River basin</a>, the peatlands of the <a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FraserKeddy_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FraserKeddy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a> in South America,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>-<a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a> delta.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/32px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" 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portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wetland_plants" title="List of wetland plants">List of wetland plants</a></li> <li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22wetland%22" title="Special:Search/intitle:"wetland"">All pages with titles containing <i>wetland</i></a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Keddy2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy2010_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKeddy2010" class="citation book cs1">Keddy, P.A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317201346/https://books.google.com/books?id=eVeaSqFy2VgC"><i>Wetland ecology: principles and conservation</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521519403" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521519403"><bdi>978-0521519403</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVeaSqFy2VgC">the original</a> on 2023-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wetland+ecology%3A+principles+and+conservation&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521519403&rft.aulast=Keddy&rft.aufirst=P.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVeaSqFy2VgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWetland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ramsar-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ramsar_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsar_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsar_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs/main/ramsar/1-30_4000_0__">"Official page of the Ramsar Convention"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+page+of+the+Ramsar+Convention&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramsar.org%2Fcda%2Fen%2Framsar-pubs%2Fmain%2Framsar%2F1-30_4000_0__&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWetland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson2014_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson,_N.C.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Davidson, N.C. (2014). "How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area". <i>Marine and Freshwater Research</i>. <b>65</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">934–</span>941. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FMF14173">10.1071/MF14173</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85617334">85617334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Freshwater+Research&rft.atitle=How+much+wetland+has+the+world+lost%3F+Long-term+and+recent+trends+in+global+wetland+area&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E934-%3C%2Fspan%3E941&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FMF14173&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85617334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Davidson%2C+N.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWetland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-water-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-water_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/what.cfm">"US EPA"</a>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+EPA&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.epa.gov%2Ftype%2Fwetlands%2Fwhat.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWetland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FraserKeddy-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FraserKeddy_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FraserKeddy_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraserKeddy2005" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, L.; Keddy, P.A., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYeccNT_AsQC&pg=PP1"><i>The World's Largest Wetlands: Their Ecology and Conservation</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521834049" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521834049"><bdi>978-0521834049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Largest+Wetlands%3A+Their+Ecology+and+Conservation&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0521834049&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtYeccNT_AsQC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWetland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/bolivia/our_work/pantanal_programme/">"WWF Pantanal Programme"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WWF+Pantanal+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwf.panda.org%2Fwho_we_are%2Fwwf_offices%2Fbolivia%2Four_work%2Fpantanal_programme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWetland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiri,_C.Pengra,_B.Zhu,_Z.Singh,_A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Giri, C.; Pengra, B.; Zhu, Z.; Singh, A.; Tieszen, L.L. (2007). "Monitoring mangrove forest dynamics of the Sundarbans in Bangladesh and India using multi-temporal satellite data from 1973 to 2000". <i>Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science</i>. <b>73</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">91–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ECSS...73...91G">2007ECSS...73...91G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecss.2006.12.019">10.1016/j.ecss.2006.12.019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estuarine%2C+Coastal+and+Shelf+Science&rft.atitle=Monitoring+mangrove+forest+dynamics+of+the+Sundarbans+in+Bangladesh+and+India+using+multi-temporal+satellite+data+from+1973+to+2000&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecss.2006.12.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ECSS...73...91G&rft.au=Giri%2C+C.&rft.au=Pengra%2C+B.&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Z.&rft.au=Singh%2C+A.&rft.au=Tieszen%2C+L.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWetland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBange2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bange, H. W. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wetlands+Ecol+Manage&rft.atitle=Wetland+mitigation+and+compensation%3A+Canadian+experience&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32876048%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11273-008-9078-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009WetEM..17....3R&rft.aulast=Rubec&rft.aufirst=C.+D.A.&rft.au=Hanson%2C+A.+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWetland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetland&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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href="/wiki/Template:Wetlands" title="Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wetlands" title="Template talk:Wetlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wetlands399" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wetlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backswamp" title="Backswamp">Backswamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_meadow" title="Beach meadow">Beach meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bofedales" title="Bofedales">Bofedales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_bog" title="Blanket bog">Blanket bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_bog" title="Cataract bog">Cataract bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal bog">Coastal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermi_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermi bog">Kermi bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateau bog">Plateau bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygonal bog">Polygonal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_bog" title="Raised bog">Raised bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_bog" title="String bog">String bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland bog">Upland bog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callows" title="Callows">Callows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_(landform)" title="Carr (landform)">Carr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alder_carr" title="Alder carr">Alder carr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9nega" title="Ciénega">Ciénega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_river_(river_type)" title="Clearwater river (river type)">Clearwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_dome" title="Cypress dome">Cypress dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambo" title="Dambo">Dambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fen-meadow" title="Fen-meadow">Fen-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor fen">Poor fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich fen">Rich fen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flark" title="Flark">Flark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_valley" title="Grass valley">Grass valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelta" title="Guelta">Guelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamun" title="Hamun">Hamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igap%C3%B3" title="Igapó">Igapó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ings" title="Ings">Ings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdunal_wetland" title="Interdunal wetland">Interdunal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagg_(landform)" title="Lagg (landform)">Lagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_salt_marsh" title="Inland salt marsh">Inland salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_marsh" title="High marsh">High marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_marsh" title="Low marsh">Low marsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_(lake)" title="Mere (lake)">Mere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misse" title="Misse">Misse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">Moorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakihi" title="Pakihi">Pakihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">Palsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palustrine_wetland" title="Palustrine wetland">Palustrine wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peatland" title="Peatland">Peatland, mire, and quagmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocosin" title="Pocosin">Pocosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole_(landform)" title="Pothole (landform)">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">Reed bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_(hydrology)" title="Slough (hydrology)">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coniferous_swamp" title="Coniferous swamp">Coniferous swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myristica_swamp" title="Myristica swamp"><i>Myristica</i> swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">Peat swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub_swamp" title="Shrub swamp">Shrub swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">Wet meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest" title="Várzea forest">Várzea forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_river_(river_type)" title="Whitewater river (river type)">Whitewater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yaéré">Yaéré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converted_wetland" title="Converted wetland">Converted wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swale_(landform)" title="Swale (landform)">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-meadow" title="Water-meadow">Water-meadow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wetland_plants" title="List of wetland plants">List of wetland plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fen_plants" title="List of fen plants">List of fen plants</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soil mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrotelm" title="Acrotelm">Acrotelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapric" title="Sapric">Sapric or muck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">Hydric soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_gas" title="Marsh gas">Marsh gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombrotrophic" title="Ombrotrophic">Ombrotrophic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halosere" title="Halosere">Halosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosere" title="Hydrosere">Hydrosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludification" title="Paludification">Paludification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_dieback" title="Salt marsh dieback">Salt marsh dieback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_classification" title="Wetland classification">Classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Directory_of_Important_Wetlands_in_Australia" title="A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia">A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wetlands_Inventory" title="National Wetlands Inventory">National Wetlands Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Classification_System_for_Wetland_Type" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type">Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_organ" title="Marsh organ">Marsh organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Wetlands_of_International_Importance" title="List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_die-off" title="Salt marsh die-off">Salt marsh die-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_indicator_status" title="Wetland indicator status">Wetland indicator status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Haor_and_Wetland_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board">Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Waterfowl_Foundation" title="Delta Waterfowl Foundation">Delta Waterfowl Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Peatland_Conservation_Council" title="Irish Peatland Conservation Council">Irish Peatland Conservation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowview_Biological_Research_Station" title="Meadowview Biological Research Station">Meadowview Biological Research Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wetland_Scientists" title="Society of Wetland Scientists">Society of Wetland Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_International" title="Wetlands International">Wetlands International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_butter" title="Bog butter">Bog butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_iron" title="Bog iron">Bog iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bogs" title="List of bogs">List of bogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmatology" title="Telmatology">Telmatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbary" title="Turbary">Turbary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/16px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/24px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/32px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" title="Portal:Wetlands">Wetlands portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands" title="Category:Wetlands">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aquatic_ecosystems487" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template talk:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aquatic_ecosystems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aquatic ecosystems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aquatic_ecosystems487" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_components_and_freshwater_ecosystems487" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General components and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic adaptation">Aquatic adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">Aquatic animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insect" title="Aquatic insect">Insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">Mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bird" title="Water bird">Water bird</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_biomonitoring" title="Aquatic biomonitoring">Aquatic biomonitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology#Aquatic_population_dynamics" title="Agent-based model in biology">Aquatic population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_science" title="Aquatic science">Aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">Benthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter" title="Colored dissolved organic matter">Colored dissolved organic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">Ecohydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">Food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobenthos" title="Macrobenthos">Macrobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiobenthos" title="Meiobenthos">Meiobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">Nekton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuston" title="Neuston">Neuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuston" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleuston">Pleuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_trap" title="Sediment trap">Sediment trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">Semiaquatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis#Stable_isotope_analysis_in_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Isotope analysis">Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_metabolism" title="Stream metabolism">Stream metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (marine biology)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/140px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/210px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/280px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freshwater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biome" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater biome">Freshwater biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater environmental quality parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyporheic_zone" title="Hyporheic zone">Hyporheic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_ecosystem" title="Lake ecosystem">Lake ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophyte">Macrophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish pond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheotaxis" title="Rheotaxis">Rheotaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">Upland and lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_(WWF)" title="List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)">List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_in_Africa_and_Madagascar" title="List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar">Africa and Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_ecoregions" title="List of marine ecoregions">List of marine ecoregions</a></li> <li>Specific examples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades" title="Geography and ecology of the Everglades">Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecology_of_Maharashtra" title="Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_of_the_North_Pacific_Subtropical_Gyre" title="Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre">North Pacific Subtropical Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">San Francisco Estuary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Marine_ecosystems_(components)487" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine ecosystems</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Marine_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template:Marine aquatic ecosystems">components</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">Iron fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_marine_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Large marine ecosystem">Large marine ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chemistry" title="Marine chemistry">Marine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">Marine food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fertilization" title="Ocean fertilization">Ocean fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_physical-biological_process" title="Oceanic physical-biological process">Oceanic physical-biological process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_turbidity" title="Ocean turbidity">Ocean turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">Viral shunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_fall" title="Whale fall">Whale fall</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldivesfish2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/140px-Maldivesfish2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/210px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/280px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_community" title="Deep-sea community">Deep-sea community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">Marine fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">Marine invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Marine larval ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">Seashore wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine bacteriophage">Marine bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes" title="Marine prokaryotes">Marine prokaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protists" title="Marine protists">Marine protists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_vertebrate" title="Marine vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Marine mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">Marine reptile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">Saltwater fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">Marine coastal ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Seamount#Ecology" title="Davidson Seamount">Davidson Seamount § Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biomes">Marine biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_reef" title="Oyster reef">Oyster reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">Seagrass meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_ground" title="Sponge ground">Sponge ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_reef" title="Sponge reef">Sponge reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">Coral bleaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_values_of_mangroves" title="Ecological values of mangroves">Ecological values of mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries and climate change">Fisheries and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/16px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/24px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/32px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/16px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/24px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aquatic_ecology" title="Category:Aquatic ecology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biogeographic_regionalisations145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0f0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biomes" title="Template:Biomes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biomes" title="Template talk:Biomes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biomes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biomes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biogeographic_regionalisations145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biogeography#Biogeographic_regionalisations" title="Biogeography">Biogeographic regionalisations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial<br />biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#90A010;">Polar/montane</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">Montane grasslands and shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;">Temperate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">Coniferous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">Broadleaf and mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">Deciduous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#20A010;">Tropical and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">Tropical rainforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests">Coniferous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">Moist broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">Dry broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFDC60;">Dry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">Deserts and xeric shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:mediumseagreen;">Wet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Aquatic<br />biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">Neritic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">Demersal zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:silver;">Other biomes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolithic zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Biogeographic <br /> realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#329B32;">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrotropical_realm" title="Afrotropical realm">Afrotropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holarctic_realm" title="Holarctic realm">Holarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearctic_realm" title="Nearctic realm">Nearctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_realm" title="Oceanian realm">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;background:#55AAFF;">Marine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_realm" title="Arctic realm">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Pacific" title="Central Indo-Pacific">Central Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Pacific" title="Eastern Indo-Pacific">Eastern Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Australasia" title="Temperate Australasia">Temperate Australasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Atlantic" title="Temperate Northern Atlantic">Temperate Northern Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Northern_Pacific" title="Temperate Northern Pacific">Temperate Northern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_South_America" title="Temperate South America">Temperate South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate_Southern_Africa" title="Temperate Southern Africa">Temperate Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Atlantic" title="Tropical Atlantic">Tropical Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Eastern_Pacific" title="Tropical Eastern Pacific">Tropical Eastern Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Indo-Pacific" title="Western Indo-Pacific">Western Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biogeographic_provinces" title="List of biogeographic provinces">Biogeographic provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">Bioregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ecoregions" title="Lists of ecoregions">Lists of ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200 ecoregions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0f0f0;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation" title="Altitudinal zonation">Altitudinal zonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_land_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological land classification">Ecological land classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floristic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic kingdom">Floristic kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation_classification" title="Vegetation classification">Vegetation classifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoogeographic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoogeographic region">Zoogeographic regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata957" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata957" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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