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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Radiative forcing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiative_forcing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_of_specific_gases_to_the_greenhouse_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_of_specific_gases_to_the_greenhouse_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Contributions of specific gases to the greenhouse effect </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contributions_of_specific_gases_to_the_greenhouse_effect-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contributions of specific gases to the greenhouse effect subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contributions_of_specific_gases_to_the_greenhouse_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_role_of_water_vapor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_role_of_water_vapor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Special role of water vapor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_role_of_water_vapor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_warming_potential_(GWP)_and_CO2_equivalents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_warming_potential_(GWP)_and_CO2_equivalents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Global warming potential (GWP) and CO2 equivalents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_warming_potential_(GWP)_and_CO2_equivalents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_all_greenhouse_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_all_greenhouse_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 List of all greenhouse gases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_all_greenhouse_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_affecting_concentrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_affecting_concentrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Factors affecting concentrations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Factors_affecting_concentrations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Factors affecting concentrations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Factors_affecting_concentrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airborne_fraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airborne_fraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Airborne fraction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airborne_fraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_lifetime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_lifetime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Atmospheric lifetime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_lifetime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_geologic_time_scales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_geologic_time_scales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 During geologic time scales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_geologic_time_scales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Monitoring </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Monitoring-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Monitoring subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Data_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Data networks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Types of sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types of sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Natural sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human-made_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human-made_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Human-made sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human-made_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reducing_human-caused_greenhouse_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reducing_human-caused_greenhouse_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reducing human-caused greenhouse gases </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reducing_human-caused_greenhouse_gases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reducing human-caused greenhouse gases subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reducing_human-caused_greenhouse_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Needed_emissions_cuts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Needed_emissions_cuts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Needed emissions cuts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Needed_emissions_cuts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal_from_the_atmosphere_through_negative_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_from_the_atmosphere_through_negative_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Removal from the atmosphere through negative emissions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal_from_the_atmosphere_through_negative_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History of discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Other planets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Greenhouse gas</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" > 82 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kweekhuisgas" title="Kweekhuisgas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kweekhuisgas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="غازات دفيئة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غازات دفيئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnik_qazlar%C4%B1" title="Parnik qazları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Parnik qazları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="গ্রিনহাউজ গ্যাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রিনহাউজ গ্যাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un-sek_kh%C3%AC-th%C3%A9" title="Un-sek khì-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Un-sek khì-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Парніковыя газы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парніковыя газы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्रीनहाउस गैस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ग्रीनहाउस गैस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Greenhouse gas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Парников газ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парников газ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་དྲོད་ཁང་རླུང་གཟུགས་ཟེར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གང་འདྲ་ཞིག་ལ་དྲོད་ཁང་རླུང་གཟུགས་ཟེར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_amb_efecte_d%27hivernacle" title="Gas amb efecte d'hivernacle – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gas amb efecte d'hivernacle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklen%C3%ADkov%C3%A9_plyny" title="Skleníkové plyny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skleníkové plyny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivhusgas" title="Drivhusgas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Drivhusgas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AD%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="ڭازات د بيت لغرس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڭازات د بيت لغرس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treibhausgas" title="Treibhausgas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Treibhausgas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8" title="हरितगृह ग्याँस – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हरितगृह ग्याँस" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasvuhoonegaasid" title="Kasvuhoonegaasid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kasvuhoonegaasid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Αέρια του θερμοκηπίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αέρια του θερμοκηπίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_de_efecto_invernadero" title="Gas de efecto invernadero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gas de efecto invernadero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forceja_gaso" title="Forceja gaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Forceja gaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berotegi-efektuko_gas" title="Berotegi-efektuko gas – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Berotegi-efektuko gas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2_%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="گاز گلخانه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاز گلخانه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_%C3%A0_effet_de_serre" title="Gaz à effet de serre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaz à effet de serre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_de_efecto_invernadoiro" title="Gas de efecto invernadoiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gas de efecto invernadoiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81" title="ગ્રીનહાઉસ વાયુ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગ્રીનહાઉસ વાયુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EC%8B%A4_%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="온실 기체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="온실 기체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्रीनहाउस गैस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रीनहाउस गैस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakleni%C4%8Dki_plinovi" title="Staklenički plinovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Staklenički plinovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_rumah_kaca" title="Gas rumah kaca – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gas rumah kaca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B3%C3%B0urh%C3%BAsalofttegund" title="Gróðurhúsalofttegund – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gróðurhúsalofttegund" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_serra" title="Gas serra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gas serra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%96_%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%94" title="גז חממה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גז חממה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სათბურის აირები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სათბურის აირები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Парниктік газдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Парниктік газдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesijoto" title="Gesijoto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gesijoto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_lak%C3%B2z_ef%C3%A8_t%C3%A8mik" title="Gaz lakòz efè tèmik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gaz lakòz efè tèmik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz%C3%AAn_seray%C3%AA" title="Gazên serayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gazên serayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_thermocepicum" title="Gas thermocepicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gas thermocepicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltumn%C4%ABcas_g%C4%81ze" title="Siltumnīcas gāze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Siltumnīcas gāze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A4regas" title="Zäregas – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zäregas" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iltnamio_dujos" title="Šiltnamio dujos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiltnamio dujos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_invernerial" title="Gas invernerial – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gas invernerial" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_s%C3%A8rra" title="Gas sèrra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gas sèrra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cvegh%C3%A1zhat%C3%A1s%C3%BA_g%C3%A1zok" title="Üvegházhatású gázok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Üvegházhatású gázok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Стакленички гасови – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стакленички гасови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etona_mampihiboka_hafanana" title="Etona mampihiboka hafanana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Etona mampihiboka hafanana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82" title="हरितगृह वायू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हरितगृह वायू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ოტიბურიშ აირეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოტიბურიშ აირეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_rumah_hijau" title="Gas rumah hijau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gas rumah hijau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хүлэмжийн хий – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүлэмжийн хий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7" title="မှန်လုံအိမ်ဓာတ်ငွေ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မှန်လုံအိမ်ဓာတ်ငွေ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasirara" title="Kasirara – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kasirara" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broeikasgas" title="Broeikasgas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Broeikasgas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%A4%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9" title="温室効果ガス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="温室効果ガス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimagass" title="Klimagass – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klimagass" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivhusgass" title="Drivhusgass – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Drivhusgass" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_d%27efi%C3%A8ch_de_s%C3%A8rra" title="Gas d'efièch de sèrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gas d'efièch de sèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8" title="ਗ੍ਰੀਨਹਾਊਸ ਗੈਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ੍ਰੀਨਹਾਊਸ ਗੈਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="د شنې خونې غاز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د شنې خونې غاز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_cieplarniany" title="Gaz cieplarniany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gaz cieplarniany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gases_do_efeito_estufa" title="Gases do efeito estufa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gases do efeito estufa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_cu_efect_de_ser%C4%83" title="Gaz cu efect de seră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gaz cu efect de seră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Парниковые газы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парниковые газы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94" title="හරිතාගාර වායු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හරිතාගාර වායු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Greenhouse gas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umoya_Longcolile" title="Umoya Longcolile – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Umoya Longcolile" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklen%C3%ADkov%C3%BD_plyn" title="Skleníkový plyn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skleníkový plyn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplogredni_plin" title="Toplogredni plin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Toplogredni plin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Гасови стаклене баште – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гасови стаклене баште" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakleni%C4%8Dki_plinovi" title="Staklenički plinovi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Staklenički plinovi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasvihuonekaasu" title="Kasvihuonekaasu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kasvihuonekaasu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4xthusgas" title="Växthusgas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Växthusgas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பைங்குடில் வளிமம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பைங்குடில் வளிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="గ్రీన్‌హౌస్ వాయువు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రీన్‌హౌస్ వాయువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on 22 November 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gas in an atmosphere with certain absorption characteristics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the physical properties of greenhouse gases. For how human activities are adding to greenhouse gases, see <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg/300px-Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg/450px-Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg/600px-Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption> Greenhouse gases <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">trap some of the heat</a> that results when sunlight heats the Earth's surface. Three important greenhouse gases are shown symbolically in this image: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg/300px-Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg/450px-Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg/600px-Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Physical drivers</a> of global warming that has happened so far. Future <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> for long lived drivers like carbon dioxide emissions is not represented. Whiskers on each bar show the possible <a href="/wiki/Observational_error" title="Observational error">error range</a>. </figcaption></figure> Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are the gases in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> that raise the surface temperature of <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> such as the Earth. What distinguishes them from other gases is that they <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorb</a> the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">wavelengths of radiation</a> that a <a href="/wiki/Outgoing_longwave_radiation" title="Outgoing longwave radiation">planet emits</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AR6WG1annexVII-1">[1]</a> The Earth is warmed by sunlight, causing its surface to <a href="/wiki/Radiant_energy" title="Radiant energy">radiate heat</a>, which is then mostly absorbed by greenhouse gases. Without greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the average temperature of <a href="/wiki/Earth#Surface" title="Earth">Earth's surface</a> would be about −18 °C (0 °F),<a href="#cite_note-NASACO2-2">[2]</a> rather than the present average of 15 °C (59 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Trenberth2003-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> The five most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, listed in decreasing order of average global <a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">mole fraction</a>, are:<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>. Other greenhouse gases of concern include <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbons</a> (CFCs and <a href="/wiki/HCFCs" class="mw-redirect" title="HCFCs">HCFCs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrofluorocarbons">hydrofluorocarbons</a> (HFCs), <a href="/wiki/Perfluorocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorocarbons">perfluorocarbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride" title="Sulfur hexafluoride">SF 6</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trifluoride" title="Nitrogen trifluoride">NF 3</a>. Water vapor causes about half of the greenhouse effect, acting in response to other gases as a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change feedback">climate change feedback</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> Human activities since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> (around 1750) have increased <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">carbon dioxide by over 50%</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NOAA2022-8">[8]</a> and methane levels by 150%.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Carbon dioxide emissions are causing about three-quarters of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane" title="Atmospheric methane">methane emissions</a> cause most of the rest.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">carbon dioxide emissions</a> by humans come from the burning of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EPA_GHGdata-11">[11]</a> with remaining contributions from <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a>: 687  <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">Methane emissions</a> originate from agriculture, fossil fuel production, waste, and other sources.<a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> takes thousands of years to fully absorb CO2 from the atmosphere,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> while methane lasts in the atmosphere for an average of only 12 years.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Natural flows of carbon</a> happen between the atmosphere, <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecosystem" title="Terrestrial ecosystem">terrestrial ecosystems</a>, the ocean, and <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a>. These flows have been fairly balanced over the past 1 million years,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> although greenhouse gas levels have varied widely in <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">the more distant past</a>. Carbon dioxide levels are now higher than they have been for 3 million years.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> If current emission rates continue then global warming will surpass 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) sometime between 2040 and 2070. This is a level which the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC) says is "dangerous".<a href="#cite_note-:5-18">[18]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties_and_mechanisms">Properties and mechanisms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties and mechanisms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmospheric_Transmission.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption and adjacent text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Atmospheric_Transmission.svg/300px-Atmospheric_Transmission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Atmospheric_Transmission.svg/450px-Atmospheric_Transmission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Atmospheric_Transmission.svg/600px-Atmospheric_Transmission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Atmospheric absorption and scattering at different <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic waves</a>. The largest absorption band of carbon dioxide is not far from the maximum in the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">thermal emission</a> from ground, and it partly closes the window of transparency of water—explaining carbon dioxide's major heat-trapping effect.</figcaption></figure> Greenhouse gases are <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> active, meaning that they absorb and emit <a href="/wiki/Thermal_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal infrared">infrared radiation</a> in the same long wavelength range as what is emitted by the Earth's surface, clouds and atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-AR6_WGI_AnnexVII-19">[19]</a>: 2233  99% of the Earth's dry atmosphere (excluding <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>) is made up of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (N 2) (78%) and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (O 2) (21%). Because their <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> contain <a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">two atoms of the same element</a>, they have no asymmetry in the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_dipole_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular dipole moment">distribution of their electrical charges</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Archer2011Ch4-20">[20]</a> and so are <a href="/wiki/Selection_rule#Vibrational_spectra" title="Selection rule">almost totally unaffected</a> by infrared thermal radiation,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> with only an extremely minor effect from <a href="/wiki/Collision-induced_absorption_and_emission#Planets" title="Collision-induced absorption and emission">collision-induced absorption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> A further 0.9% of the atmosphere is made up by <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> (Ar), which is <a href="/wiki/Monatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monatomic">monatomic</a>, and so completely transparent to thermal radiation. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (0.04%), <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> and even less abundant <a href="/wiki/Trace_gas" title="Trace gas">trace gases</a> account for less than 0.1% of Earth's atmosphere, but because their molecules contain atoms of different elements, there is an asymmetry in <a href="/wiki/Molecular_dipole_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular dipole moment">electric charge distribution</a> which allows <a href="/wiki/Molecular_vibration" title="Molecular vibration">molecular vibrations</a> to interact with electromagnetic radiation. This makes them infrared active, and so their presence causes <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Archer2011Ch4-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiative_forcing">Radiative forcing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Radiative forcing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenhouse_gas_absorption_coefficients.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Greenhouse_gas_absorption_coefficients.svg/300px-Greenhouse_gas_absorption_coefficients.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Greenhouse_gas_absorption_coefficients.svg/450px-Greenhouse_gas_absorption_coefficients.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Greenhouse_gas_absorption_coefficients.svg/600px-Greenhouse_gas_absorption_coefficients.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Outgoing_longwave_radiation" title="Outgoing longwave radiation">Longwave-infrared</a> <a href="/wiki/Absorption_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption coefficient">absorption coefficients</a> of primary greenhouse gases. Water vapor absorbs over a broad range of wavelengths. Earth emits thermal radiation particularly strongly in the vicinity of the carbon dioxide 15-micron absorption band. The relative importance of water vapor decreases with increasing altitude.</figcaption></figure> Earth absorbs some of the radiant energy received from the sun, reflects some of it as light and reflects or radiates the rest back to space as <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">heat</a>. A planet's surface temperature depends on this balance between incoming and outgoing energy. When <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's energy balance">Earth's energy balance</a> is shifted, its surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.<a href="#cite_note-epa_ggas-25">[25]</a> Radiative forcing is a metric calculated in watts per square meter, which characterizes the impact of an external change in a factor that influences climate. It is calculated as the difference in top-of-atmosphere (TOA) energy balance immediately caused by such an external change. A positive forcing, such as from increased concentrations of greenhouse gases, means more energy arriving than leaving at the top-of-atmosphere, which causes additional warming, while negative forcing, like from <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfates</a> forming in the atmosphere from <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, leads to cooling.<a href="#cite_note-AR6_WGI_AnnexVII-19">[19]</a>: 2245 <a href="#cite_note-epa_cforce-26">[26]</a> Within the lower atmosphere, greenhouse gases exchange thermal radiation with the surface and limit radiative heat flow away from it, which reduces the overall rate of upward radiative heat transfer.<a href="#cite_note-Wallace2006-27">[27]</a>: 139 <a href="#cite_note-Manabe1964-28">[28]</a> The increased concentration of greenhouse gases is also cooling the upper atmosphere, as it is much thinner than the lower layers, and any heat re-emitted from greenhouse gases is more likely to travel further to space than to interact with the fewer gas molecules in the upper layers. The upper atmosphere is also shrinking as the result.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_of_specific_gases_to_the_greenhouse_effect">Contributions of specific gases to the greenhouse effect</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contributions of specific gases to the greenhouse effect">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a></div>Anthropogenic changes to the natural greenhouse effect are sometimes referred to as the enhanced greenhouse effect.<a href="#cite_note-AR6_WGI_AnnexVII-19">[19]</a>: 2223  This table shows the most important contributions to the overall greenhouse effect, without which the average temperature of <a href="/wiki/Earth#Surface" title="Earth">Earth's surface</a> would be about −18 °C (0 °F),<a href="#cite_note-NASACO2-2">[2]</a> instead of around 15 °C (59 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Trenberth2003-3">[3]</a> This table also specifies tropospheric <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>, because this gas has a cooling effect in the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, but a warming influence comparable to <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">CFCs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Percent contribution to total greenhouse effect </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="2">K&T (1997)<a href="#cite_note-kiehl197-31">[31]</a></th> <th colspan="2">Schmidt (2010)<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2010paper-32">[32]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Contributor</th> <th>Clear Sky</th> <th>With Clouds</th> <th>Clear Sky</th> <th>With Clouds </th></tr> <tr> <td>Water vapor</td> <td>60</td> <td>41</td> <td>67</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clouds</td> <td></td> <td>31</td> <td></td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>18</td> <td>24</td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tropospheric <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> (O3)</td> <td>8</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">N2O</a> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">CH4</a></td> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other</td> <td></td> <td>9</td> <td>9</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5" style="font-size: 0.85em; padding: 5px 2px 5px 10px; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;"> K&T (1997) used 353 ppm CO2 and calculated 125 W/m2 total clear-sky greenhouse effect; relied on single atmospheric profile and cloud model. "With Clouds" percentages are from Schmidt (2010) interpretation of K&T (1997). Schmidt (2010) used 1980 climatology with 339 ppm CO2 and 155 W/m2 total greenhouse effect; accounted for temporal and 3-D spatial distribution of absorbers. </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_role_of_water_vapor">Special role of water vapor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Special role of water vapor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_H2O_absorption_atmospheric_gases_unique_pattern_energy_wavelengths_of_energy_transparent_to_others.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CO2_H2O_absorption_atmospheric_gases_unique_pattern_energy_wavelengths_of_energy_transparent_to_others.png/310px-CO2_H2O_absorption_atmospheric_gases_unique_pattern_energy_wavelengths_of_energy_transparent_to_others.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CO2_H2O_absorption_atmospheric_gases_unique_pattern_energy_wavelengths_of_energy_transparent_to_others.png/465px-CO2_H2O_absorption_atmospheric_gases_unique_pattern_energy_wavelengths_of_energy_transparent_to_others.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CO2_H2O_absorption_atmospheric_gases_unique_pattern_energy_wavelengths_of_energy_transparent_to_others.png/620px-CO2_H2O_absorption_atmospheric_gases_unique_pattern_energy_wavelengths_of_energy_transparent_to_others.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="107" /></a><figcaption>Atmospheric gases only absorb some wavelengths of energy but are transparent to others. The absorption patterns of water vapor (blue peaks) and carbon dioxide (pink peaks) overlap in some wavelengths.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_climate_forcings-33">[33]</a></figcaption></figure> Water vapor is the most important greenhouse gas overall, being responsible for 41–67% of the greenhouse effect,<a href="#cite_note-kiehl197-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2010paper-32">[32]</a> but its global concentrations are not directly affected by human activity. While local water vapor concentrations can be affected by developments such as <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, it has little impact on the global scale due to its short <a href="/wiki/Residence_time_(fluid_dynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Residence time (fluid dynamics)">residence time</a> of about nine days.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Indirectly, an increase in global temperatures cause will also increase water vapor concentrations and thus their warming effect, in a process known as water vapor feedback. It occurs because <a href="/wiki/Clausius%E2%80%93Clapeyron_relation" title="Clausius–Clapeyron relation">Clausius–Clapeyron relation</a> establishes that more water vapor will be present per unit volume at elevated temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-Held&Soden2000-35">[35]</a> Thus, local atmospheric concentration of water vapor varies from less than 0.01% in extremely cold regions and up to 3% by mass in saturated air at about 32 °C.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_warming_potential_(GWP)_and_CO2_equivalents">Global warming potential (GWP) and CO2 equivalents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Global warming potential (GWP) and CO2 equivalents">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_warming_potential&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perfluorotributylamine-global-warming-potential.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Perfluorotributylamine-global-warming-potential.jpg/220px-Perfluorotributylamine-global-warming-potential.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Perfluorotributylamine-global-warming-potential.jpg/330px-Perfluorotributylamine-global-warming-potential.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Perfluorotributylamine-global-warming-potential.jpg/440px-Perfluorotributylamine-global-warming-potential.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of global warming potential (GWP) of three greenhouse gases over a 100-year period: <a href="/wiki/Perfluorotributylamine" title="Perfluorotributylamine">Perfluorotributylamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, compared to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (the latter is the reference value, therefore it has a GWP of one)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a> (GWP) is an index to measure how much <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal radiation</a> a greenhouse gas would absorb over a given time frame after it has been added to the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> (or emitted to the atmosphere). The GWP makes different greenhouse gases comparable with regard to their "effectiveness in causing <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Global_warming_potential_:2-37">[37]</a>: 2232  It is expressed as a multiple of the <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> that would be absorbed by the same <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> of added <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO2), which is taken as a reference gas. Therefore, the GWP has a value of 1 for CO2. For other <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> it depends on how strongly the gas absorbs infrared thermal radiation, how quickly the gas leaves the atmosphere, and the time frame being considered. For example, <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane</a> has a GWP over 20 years (GWP-20) of 81.2<a href="#cite_note-Global_warming_potential_:0-38">[38]</a> meaning that, for example, a <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_gas_emissions" title="Fugitive gas emissions">leak</a> of a tonne of methane is equivalent to emitting 81.2 tonnes of carbon dioxide measured over 20 years. As methane has a much shorter atmospheric lifetime than carbon dioxide, its GWP is much less over longer time periods, with a GWP-100 of 27.9 and a GWP-500 of 7.95.<a href="#cite_note-Global_warming_potential_:0-38">[38]</a>: 7SM-24  The carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e or CO2eq or CO2-e or CO2-eq) can be calculated from the GWP. For any gas, it is the mass of CO2 that would warm the earth as much as the mass of that gas. Thus it provides a common scale for measuring the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">climate effects</a> of different gases. It is calculated as GWP times mass of the other gas.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_all_greenhouse_gases">List of all greenhouse gases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of all greenhouse gases">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg/330px-1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg/495px-1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg/660px-1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>The radiative forcing (warming influence) of long-lived atmospheric greenhouse gases has accelerated, almost doubling in 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA_AGGI_2023-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-butmon-41">[41]</a></figcaption></figure> The contribution of each gas to the enhanced greenhouse effect is determined by the characteristics of that gas, its abundance, and any indirect effects it may cause. For example, the direct radiative effect of a mass of methane is about 84 times stronger than the same mass of carbon dioxide over a 20-year time frame.<a href="#cite_note-TableOfWarmingPotentials5-42">[42]</a> Since the 1980s, greenhouse gas forcing contributions (relative to year 1750) are also estimated with high accuracy using IPCC-recommended expressions derived from <a href="/wiki/Radiative_transfer_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiative transfer model">radiative transfer models</a>.<a href="#cite_note-butmon2-43">[43]</a> The concentration of a greenhouse gas is typically measured in parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) by volume. A CO2 concentration of 420 ppm means that 420 out of every million air molecules is a CO2 molecule. The first 30 ppm increase in CO2 concentrations took place in about 200 years, from the start of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> to 1958; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years, from 1958 to 2014.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA2022-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kibert2016-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Similarly, the average annual increase in the 1960s was only 37% of what it was in 2000 through 2007.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Many observations are available online in a variety of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Chemistry_Observational_Databases" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric Chemistry Observational Databases">Atmospheric Chemistry Observational Databases</a>. The table below shows the most influential long-lived, well-mixed greenhouse gases, along with their tropospheric concentrations and direct <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcings</a>, as identified by the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC).<a href="#cite_note-ar5-47">[47]</a> Abundances of these <a href="/wiki/Trace_gas" title="Trace gas">trace gases</a> are regularly measured by atmospheric scientists from samples collected throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> It excludes water vapor because changes in its concentrations are calculated as a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change feedback">climate change feedback</a> indirectly caused by changes in other greenhouse gases, as well as ozone, whose concentrations are only modified indirectly by various <a href="/wiki/List_of_refrigerants" title="List of refrigerants">refrigerants</a> that cause <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a>. Some short-lived gases (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mineral_dust" title="Mineral dust">mineral dust</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a>) are also excluded because of limited role and strong variation, along with minor refrigerants and other <a href="/wiki/Halogenation" title="Halogenation">halogenated</a> gases, which have been mass-produced in smaller quantities than those in the table.<a href="#cite_note-ar5-47">[47]</a>: 731–738  and Annex III of the 2021 IPCC WG1 Report<a href="#cite_note-ar6-51">[51]</a>: 4–9  <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>IPCC list of greenhouse gases with lifetime, 100-year <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a>, concentrations in the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> and radiative forcings. The abbreviations TAR, AR4, AR5 and AR6 refer to the different IPCC reports over the years. The baseline is pre-industrialization (year 1750). </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Species </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="#Atmospheric_lifetime">Lifetime</a> (years) <a href="#cite_note-ar5-47">[47]</a>: 731  </th> <th rowspan="2">100-yr <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">GWP</a> <a href="#cite_note-ar5-47">[47]</a>: 731  </th> <th colspan="5">Mole Fraction [ppt – except as noted]a + <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a> [W m−2] <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_ERFB">[B]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Concentrations over time<a href="#cite_note-hats-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-agage-53">[53]</a> up to year 2022 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Baseline Year 1750 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Third_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Third Assessment Report">TAR</a><a href="#cite_note-tar-54">[54]</a> Year 1998 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fourth Assessment Report">AR4</a><a href="#cite_note-ar4-55">[55]</a> Year 2005 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">AR5</a><a href="#cite_note-ar5-47">[47]</a>: 678  Year 2011 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">AR6</a><a href="#cite_note-ar6-51">[51]</a>: 4–9  Year 2019 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a> [ppm] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_COLA">[A]</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>278 </td> <td>365 (1.46) </td> <td>379 (1.66) </td> <td>391 (1.82) </td> <td>410 (2.16) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg/110px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg/165px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg/220px-Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="708" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">CH4</a> [ppb] </td> <td>12.4 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>700 </td> <td>1,745 (0.48) </td> <td>1,774 (0.48) </td> <td>1,801 (0.48) </td> <td>1866 (0.54) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:CH4_mm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CH4_mm.png/110px-CH4_mm.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CH4_mm.png/165px-CH4_mm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CH4_mm.png/220px-CH4_mm.png 2x" data-file-width="3503" data-file-height="1977" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">N2O</a> [ppb] </td> <td>121 </td> <td>265 </td> <td>270 </td> <td>314 (0.15) </td> <td>319 (0.16) </td> <td>324 (0.17) </td> <td>332 (0.21) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HATS_Nitrous_Oxide_concentration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/HATS_Nitrous_Oxide_concentration.png/110px-HATS_Nitrous_Oxide_concentration.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/HATS_Nitrous_Oxide_concentration.png/165px-HATS_Nitrous_Oxide_concentration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/HATS_Nitrous_Oxide_concentration.png/220px-HATS_Nitrous_Oxide_concentration.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="406" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trichlorofluoromethane" title="Trichlorofluoromethane">CFC-11</a> </td> <td>45 </td> <td>4,660 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>268 (0.07) </td> <td>251 (0.063) </td> <td>238 (0.062) </td> <td>226 (0.066) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hats_f11_global.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hats_f11_global.png/110px-Hats_f11_global.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hats_f11_global.png/165px-Hats_f11_global.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hats_f11_global.png/220px-Hats_f11_global.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="405" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane" title="Dichlorodifluoromethane">CFC-12</a> </td> <td>100 </td> <td>10,200 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>533 (0.17) </td> <td>538 (0.17) </td> <td>528 (0.17) </td> <td>503 (0.18) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hats_f12_global.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hats_f12_global.png/110px-Hats_f12_global.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hats_f12_global.png/165px-Hats_f12_global.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hats_f12_global.png/220px-Hats_f12_global.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="405" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorotrifluoromethane" title="Chlorotrifluoromethane">CFC-13</a> </td> <td>640 </td> <td>13,900 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4 (0.001) </td> <td>– </td> <td>2.7 (0.0007) </td> <td>3.28 (0.0009) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agage2.eas.gatech.edu/data_archive/data_figures/monthly/pdf/CFC-13_mm.pdf">cfc13</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane" title="1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane">CFC-113</a> </td> <td>85 </td> <td>6,490 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>84 (0.03) </td> <td>79 (0.024) </td> <td>74 (0.022) </td> <td>70 (0.021) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hats_f113_global.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hats_f113_global.png/110px-Hats_f113_global.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hats_f113_global.png/165px-Hats_f113_global.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hats_f113_global.png/220px-Hats_f113_global.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="405" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane" title="1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane">CFC-114</a> </td> <td>190 </td> <td>7,710 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>15 (0.005) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>16 (0.005) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agage2.eas.gatech.edu/data_archive/data_figures/monthly/pdf/CFC-114_mm.pdf">cfc114</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CFC-115" class="mw-redirect" title="CFC-115">CFC-115</a> </td> <td>1,020 </td> <td>5,860 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>7 (0.001) </td> <td>– </td> <td>8.37 (0.0017) </td> <td>8.67 (0.0021) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agage2.eas.gatech.edu/data_archive/data_figures/monthly/pdf/CFC-115_mm.pdf">cfc115</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HCFC-22" class="mw-redirect" title="HCFC-22">HCFC-22</a> </td> <td>11.9 </td> <td>5,280 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>132 (0.03) </td> <td>169 (0.033) </td> <td>213 (0.0447) </td> <td>247 (0.0528) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HCFC22_concentration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/HCFC22_concentration.jpg/110px-HCFC22_concentration.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/HCFC22_concentration.jpg/165px-HCFC22_concentration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/HCFC22_concentration.jpg/220px-HCFC22_concentration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="374" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HCFC-141b" class="mw-redirect" title="HCFC-141b">HCFC-141b</a> </td> <td>9.2 </td> <td>2,550 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>10 (0.001) </td> <td>18 (0.0025) </td> <td>21.4 (0.0034) </td> <td>24.4 (0.0039) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HCFC141b_concentration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/HCFC141b_concentration.jpg/110px-HCFC141b_concentration.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/HCFC141b_concentration.jpg/165px-HCFC141b_concentration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/HCFC141b_concentration.jpg/220px-HCFC141b_concentration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="374" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HCFC-142b" class="mw-redirect" title="HCFC-142b">HCFC-142b</a> </td> <td>17.2 </td> <td>5,020 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>11 (0.002) </td> <td>15 (0.0031) </td> <td>21.2 (0.0040) </td> <td>22.3 (0.0043) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HCFC142b_concentration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/HCFC142b_concentration.jpg/110px-HCFC142b_concentration.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/HCFC142b_concentration.jpg/165px-HCFC142b_concentration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/HCFC142b_concentration.jpg/220px-HCFC142b_concentration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="374" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane" title="1,1,1-Trichloroethane">CH3CCl3</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>160 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>69 (0.004) </td> <td>19 (0.0011) </td> <td>6.32 (0.0004) </td> <td>1.6 (0.0001) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:BK_MC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BK_MC.jpg/110px-BK_MC.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BK_MC.jpg/165px-BK_MC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BK_MC.jpg/220px-BK_MC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="374" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">CCl4</a> </td> <td>26 </td> <td>1,730 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>102 (0.01) </td> <td>93 (0.012) </td> <td>85.8 (0.0146) </td> <td>78 (0.0129) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hats_ccl4_global.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hats_ccl4_global.png/110px-Hats_ccl4_global.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hats_ccl4_global.png/165px-Hats_ccl4_global.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hats_ccl4_global.png/220px-Hats_ccl4_global.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="406" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HFC-23" class="mw-redirect" title="HFC-23">HFC-23</a> </td> <td>222 </td> <td>12,400 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>14 (0.002) </td> <td>18 (0.0033) </td> <td>24 (0.0043) </td> <td>32.4 (0.0062) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HFC-23_mm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/HFC-23_mm.png/110px-HFC-23_mm.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/HFC-23_mm.png/165px-HFC-23_mm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/HFC-23_mm.png/220px-HFC-23_mm.png 2x" data-file-width="3503" data-file-height="1977" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HFC-32" class="mw-redirect" title="HFC-32">HFC-32</a> </td> <td>5.2 </td> <td>677 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>4.92 (0.0005) </td> <td>20 (0.0022) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:BK_HFC32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/BK_HFC32.jpg/110px-BK_HFC32.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/BK_HFC32.jpg/165px-BK_HFC32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/BK_HFC32.jpg/220px-BK_HFC32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="374" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HFC-125" class="mw-redirect" title="HFC-125">HFC-125</a> </td> <td>28.2 </td> <td>3,170 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>– </td> <td>3.7 (0.0009) </td> <td>9.58 (0.0022) </td> <td>29.4 (0.0069) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HFC125_concentration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/HFC125_concentration.jpg/110px-HFC125_concentration.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/HFC125_concentration.jpg/165px-HFC125_concentration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/HFC125_concentration.jpg/220px-HFC125_concentration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="374" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HFC-134a" class="mw-redirect" title="HFC-134a">HFC-134a</a> </td> <td>13.4 </td> <td>1,300 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>7.5 (0.001) </td> <td>35 (0.0055) </td> <td>62.7 (0.0100) </td> <td>107.6 (0.018) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HFC-134a_mm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/HFC-134a_mm.png/110px-HFC-134a_mm.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/HFC-134a_mm.png/165px-HFC-134a_mm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/HFC-134a_mm.png/220px-HFC-134a_mm.png 2x" data-file-width="3503" data-file-height="1977" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HFC-143a" class="mw-redirect" title="HFC-143a">HFC-143a</a> </td> <td>47.1 </td> <td>4,800 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>12.0 (0.0019) </td> <td>24 (0.0040) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HFC143a_concentration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HFC143a_concentration.jpg/110px-HFC143a_concentration.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HFC143a_concentration.jpg/165px-HFC143a_concentration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HFC143a_concentration.jpg/220px-HFC143a_concentration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="374" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/HFC-152a" class="mw-redirect" title="HFC-152a">HFC-152a</a> </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>138 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.5 (0.0000) </td> <td>3.9 (0.0004) </td> <td>6.4 (0.0006) </td> <td>7.1 (0.0007) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:HFC152a_concentration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/HFC152a_concentration.jpg/110px-HFC152a_concentration.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/HFC152a_concentration.jpg/165px-HFC152a_concentration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/HFC152a_concentration.jpg/220px-HFC152a_concentration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="374" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoromethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrafluoromethane">CF4</a> (PFC-14) </td> <td>50,000 </td> <td>6,630 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>80 (0.003) </td> <td>74 (0.0034) </td> <td>79 (0.0040) </td> <td>85.5 (0.0051) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrafluoromethane_concentration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tetrafluoromethane_concentration.jpg/110px-Tetrafluoromethane_concentration.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tetrafluoromethane_concentration.jpg/165px-Tetrafluoromethane_concentration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Tetrafluoromethane_concentration.jpg/220px-Tetrafluoromethane_concentration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="374" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexafluoroethane" title="Hexafluoroethane">C2F6</a> (PFC-116) </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>11,100 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3 (0.001) </td> <td>2.9 (0.0008) </td> <td>4.16 (0.0010) </td> <td>4.85 (0.0013) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hexafluoroethane_concentration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hexafluoroethane_concentration.jpg/110px-Hexafluoroethane_concentration.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hexafluoroethane_concentration.jpg/165px-Hexafluoroethane_concentration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hexafluoroethane_concentration.jpg/220px-Hexafluoroethane_concentration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="374" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride" title="Sulfur hexafluoride">SF6</a> </td> <td>3,200 </td> <td>23,500 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4.2 (0.002) </td> <td>5.6 (0.0029) </td> <td>7.28 (0.0041) </td> <td>9.95 (0.0056) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfur_Hexafluoride_concentration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sulfur_Hexafluoride_concentration.png/110px-Sulfur_Hexafluoride_concentration.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sulfur_Hexafluoride_concentration.png/165px-Sulfur_Hexafluoride_concentration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sulfur_Hexafluoride_concentration.png/220px-Sulfur_Hexafluoride_concentration.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="406" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfuryl_fluoride" title="Sulfuryl fluoride">SO2F2</a> </td> <td>36 </td> <td>4,090 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1.71 (0.0003) </td> <td>2.5 (0.0005) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SO2F2_mm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SO2F2_mm.png/110px-SO2F2_mm.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SO2F2_mm.png/165px-SO2F2_mm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SO2F2_mm.png/220px-SO2F2_mm.png 2x" data-file-width="3503" data-file-height="1977" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trifluoride" title="Nitrogen trifluoride">NF3</a> </td> <td>500 </td> <td>16,100 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>0.9 (0.0002) </td> <td>2.05 (0.0004) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Trifluoride_concentration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nitrogen_Trifluoride_concentration.jpg/110px-Nitrogen_Trifluoride_concentration.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nitrogen_Trifluoride_concentration.jpg/165px-Nitrogen_Trifluoride_concentration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Nitrogen_Trifluoride_concentration.jpg/220px-Nitrogen_Trifluoride_concentration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="374" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> a <a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">Mole fractions</a>: μmol/mol = ppm = parts per million (106); nmol/mol = ppb = parts per billion (109); pmol/mol = ppt = parts per trillion (1012). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_COLA">A</a> The IPCC states that "no single atmospheric lifetime can be given" for CO2.<a href="#cite_note-ar5-47">[47]</a>: 731  This is mostly due to the rapid growth and cumulative magnitude of the disturbances to Earth's <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> by the geologic extraction and burning of fossil carbon.<a href="#cite_note-Friedlingstein2020-56">[56]</a> As of year 2014, fossil CO2 emitted as a theoretical 10 to 100 GtC pulse on top of the existing atmospheric concentration was expected to be 50% removed by land vegetation and ocean <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">sinks</a> in less than about a century, as based on the projections of <a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">coupled models</a> referenced in the AR5 assessment.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> A substantial fraction (20–35%) was also projected to remain in the atmosphere for centuries to millennia, where fractional persistence increases with pulse size.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_ERFB">B</a> Values are relative to year 1750. AR6 reports the effective radiative forcing which includes effects of rapid adjustments in the atmosphere and at the surface.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors_affecting_concentrations">Factors affecting concentrations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Factors affecting concentrations">edit</a>]</div> Atmospheric concentrations are determined by the balance between sources (emissions of the gas from human activities and natural systems) and sinks (the removal of the gas from the atmosphere by conversion to a different chemical compound or absorption by bodies of water).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>: 512  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airborne_fraction">Airborne fraction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Airborne fraction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_Dioxide_Partitioning.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Carbon_Dioxide_Partitioning.svg/300px-Carbon_Dioxide_Partitioning.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Carbon_Dioxide_Partitioning.svg/450px-Carbon_Dioxide_Partitioning.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Carbon_Dioxide_Partitioning.svg/600px-Carbon_Dioxide_Partitioning.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>Most CO2 emissions have been absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a>, including plant growth, soil uptake, and ocean uptake (<a href="/wiki/Global_Carbon_Project#Global_Carbon_Budget" title="Global Carbon Project">2020 Global Carbon Budget</a>).</figcaption></figure> The proportion of an emission remaining in the atmosphere after a specified time is the "<a href="/wiki/Airborne_fraction" title="Airborne fraction">airborne fraction</a>" (AF). The annual airborne fraction is the ratio of the atmospheric increase in a given year to that year's total emissions. The annual airborne fraction for CO2 had been stable at 0.45 for the past six decades even as the emissions have been increasing. This means that the other 0.55 of emitted CO2 is absorbed by the land and atmosphere carbon sinks within the first year of an emission.<a href="#cite_note-Friedlingstein2020-56">[56]</a> In the high-emission scenarios, the effectiveness of carbon sinks will be lower, increasing the atmospheric fraction of CO2 even though the raw amount of emissions absorbed will be higher than in the present.<a href="#cite_note-AR6WG1CH5-62">[62]</a>: 746  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmospheric_lifetime">Atmospheric lifetime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Atmospheric lifetime">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arora_2018_methane_lifetime.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arora_2018_methane_lifetime.png/300px-Arora_2018_methane_lifetime.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arora_2018_methane_lifetime.png/450px-Arora_2018_methane_lifetime.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arora_2018_methane_lifetime.png/600px-Arora_2018_methane_lifetime.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Estimated atmospheric methane lifetime before the industrial era (shaded area); changes in methane lifetime since 1850 as simulated by a climate model (blue line), and the reconciled graph (red line).<a href="#cite_note-Arora2018-63">[63]</a></figcaption></figure> Major greenhouse gases are well mixed and take many years to leave the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-betts-64">[64]</a> The atmospheric lifetime of a greenhouse gas refers to the time required to restore equilibrium following a sudden increase or decrease in its concentration in the atmosphere. Individual atoms or molecules may be lost or deposited to sinks such as the soil, the oceans and other waters, or vegetation and other biological systems, reducing the excess to background concentrations. The average time taken to achieve this is the <a href="/wiki/Mean_lifetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean lifetime">mean lifetime</a>. This can be represented through the following formula, where the lifetime <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>τ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }"> of an atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Chemical_species" title="Chemical species">species</a> X in a one-<a href="/wiki/Climate_model#Box_models" title="Climate model">box model</a> is the average time that a molecule of X remains in the box.<a href="#cite_note-JacobDJ1999-65">[65]</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>τ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }"> can also be defined as the ratio of the mass <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"> (in kg) of X in the box to its removal rate, which is the sum of the flow of X out of the box (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{\text{out}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>out</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{\text{out}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68e9ff5a0b3dd2de8188c5fc3845fdb20acab0cc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.102ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{\text{out}}}">), chemical loss of X (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}">), and <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(chemistry)" title="Deposition (chemistry)">deposition</a> of X (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}">) (all in kg/s): <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {m}{F_{\text{out}}+L+D}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>τ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>m</mi> <mrow> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>out</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>L</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {m}{F_{\text{out}}+L+D}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5729ab18728a4b20bdd9883369edaad180a2e8f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:18.427ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {m}{F_{\text{out}}+L+D}}}">.<a href="#cite_note-JacobDJ1999-65">[65]</a></dd></dl> If input of this gas into the box ceased, then after time <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>τ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }">, its concentration would decrease by about 63%. Changes to any of these variables can alter the atmospheric lifetime of a greenhouse gas. For instance, methane's atmospheric lifetime is estimated to have been lower in the 19th century than now, but to have been higher in the second half of the 20th century than after 2000.<a href="#cite_note-Arora2018-63">[63]</a> Carbon dioxide has an even more variable lifetime, which cannot be specified down to a single number.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-TableOfWarmingPotentials5-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-AR6_WGI_AnnexVII-19">[19]</a>: 2237  Scientists instead say that while the first 10% of carbon dioxide's airborne fraction (not counting the ~50% absorbed by land and ocean sinks within the emission's first year) is removed "quickly", the vast majority of the airborne fraction – 80% – lasts for "centuries to millennia". The remaining 10% stays for tens of thousands of years. In some models, this longest-lasting fraction is as large as 30%.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_exponential_decay_comparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/CO2_exponential_decay_comparison.png/220px-CO2_exponential_decay_comparison.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/CO2_exponential_decay_comparison.png/330px-CO2_exponential_decay_comparison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/CO2_exponential_decay_comparison.png/440px-CO2_exponential_decay_comparison.png 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>A comparison of CO2 persistence in the atmosphere with an exponential decay function with the same half-life.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_geologic_time_scales">During geologic time scales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: During geologic time scales">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere#Concentrations_in_the_geologic_past" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere § Concentrations in the geologic past</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere&action=edit#Concentrations_in_the_geologic_past">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phanerozoic_Carbon_Dioxide.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phanerozoic_Carbon_Dioxide.png/315px-Phanerozoic_Carbon_Dioxide.png" decoding="async" width="315" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phanerozoic_Carbon_Dioxide.png/473px-Phanerozoic_Carbon_Dioxide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Phanerozoic_Carbon_Dioxide.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>CO2 concentrations over the last 500 Million years</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_40k.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/CO2_40k.png/220px-CO2_40k.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/CO2_40k.png/330px-CO2_40k.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/CO2_40k.png/440px-CO2_40k.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Concentration of atmospheric CO2 over the last 40,000 years, from the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> to the present day. The current rate of increase is much higher than at any point during the last <a href="/wiki/Deglaciation" title="Deglaciation">deglaciation</a>.</figcaption></figure> Estimates in 2023 found that the current carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere may be the highest it has been in the last 14 million years.<a href="#cite_note-Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere_Ahmed-2023-69">[69]</a> However the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a> estimated similar levels 3 to 3.3 million years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene_climate#Mid-Pliocene_and_future_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliocene climate">mid-Pliocene warm period</a>. This period can be a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">proxy</a> for likely climate outcomes with current levels of CO2.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>: Figure 2.34  Carbon dioxide is believed to have played an important effect in regulating Earth's temperature throughout its 4.54 billion year history. Early in the Earth's life, scientists have found evidence of liquid water indicating a warm world even though the Sun's output is believed to have only been 70% of what it is today. Higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the early Earth's atmosphere might help explain this <a href="/wiki/Faint_young_sun_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Faint young sun paradox">faint young sun paradox</a>. When Earth first formed, <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a> may have contained more greenhouse gases and CO2 concentrations may have been higher, with estimated <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> as large as 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a> (10 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a>), because there was no bacterial <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> to <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduce</a> the gas to carbon compounds and oxygen. <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a>, a very active greenhouse gas, may have been more prevalent as well.<a href="#cite_note-Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere_Walker-1985-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monitoring">Monitoring</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Monitoring">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_monitoring" title="Greenhouse gas monitoring">Greenhouse gas monitoring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_inventory" title="Greenhouse gas inventory">Greenhouse gas inventory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_monitoring" title="Greenhouse gas monitoring">Greenhouse gas monitoring</a> involves the direct <a href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measurement</a> of atmospheric concentrations and direct and indirect measurement of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>. Indirect methods calculate emissions of greenhouse gases based on related metrics such as fossil fuel extraction.<a href="#cite_note-Friedlingstein2020-56">[56]</a> There are several different methods of measuring carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, including <a href="/wiki/Infrared_gas_analyzer" title="Infrared gas analyzer">infrared analyzing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pressure_measurement" title="Pressure measurement">manometry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Methane and nitrous oxide are measured by other instruments, such as the range-resolved infrared <a href="/wiki/Differential_absorption_lidar" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential absorption lidar">differential absorption lidar</a> (DIAL).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Space-based_measurements_of_carbon_dioxide" title="Space-based measurements of carbon dioxide">Greenhouse gases are measured from space</a> such as by the <a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Carbon_Observatory" title="Orbiting Carbon Observatory">Orbiting Carbon Observatory</a> and through networks of <a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">ground stations</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Carbon_Observation_System" title="Integrated Carbon Observation System">Integrated Carbon Observation System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Friedlingstein2020-56">[56]</a> The Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) is defined by atmospheric scientists at <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> as the ratio of total direct radiative forcing due to long-lived and well-mixed greenhouse gases for any year for which adequate global measurements exist, to that present in year 1990.<a href="#cite_note-butmon-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> These radiative forcing levels are relative to those present in year 1750 (i.e. prior to the start of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial era">industrial era</a>). 1990 is chosen because it is the baseline year for the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>, and is the publication year of the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_First_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC First Assessment Report">first IPCC Scientific Assessment of Climate Change</a>. As such, NOAA states that the AGGI "measures the commitment that (global) society has already made to living in a changing climate. It is based on the highest quality atmospheric observations from sites around the world. Its uncertainty is very low."<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_networks">Data networks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Data networks">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere#Data_networks" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere § Data networks</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere&action=edit#Data_networks">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earth_System_Research_Laboratories" title="Earth System Research Laboratories">ERSL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> WDCGG,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and RAMCES.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The NOAA/ESRL Baseline Observatory Network, and the <a href="/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography">Scripps Institution of Oceanography</a> Network<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> data are hosted at the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Dioxide_Information_Analysis_Center" title="Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center">CDIAC</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">ORNL</a>. The World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG), part of <a href="/wiki/Global_Atmospheric_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Atmospheric Watch">GAW</a>, data are hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency" title="Japan Meteorological Agency">JMA</a>. The Reseau Atmospherique de Mesure des Composes an Effet de Serre database (RAMCES) is part of <a href="/wiki/Institute_Pierre_Simon_Laplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute Pierre Simon Laplace">IPSL</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_sources">Types of sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Types of sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_sources">Natural sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Natural sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a></div> The natural flows of carbon between the atmosphere, ocean, <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecosystem" title="Terrestrial ecosystem">terrestrial ecosystems</a>, and sediments are fairly balanced; so carbon levels would be roughly stable without human influence.<a href="#cite_note-Prentice_etal_20012-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-U2-82">[82]</a> Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere primarily through <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> and enters the terrestrial and oceanic biospheres. Carbon dioxide also dissolves directly from the atmosphere into bodies of water (ocean, lakes, etc.), as well as dissolving in precipitation as raindrops fall through the atmosphere. When dissolved in water, carbon dioxide reacts with water molecules and forms <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a>, which contributes to <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidity</a>. It can then be absorbed by rocks through <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a>. It also can acidify other surfaces it touches or be washed into the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Planet-83">[83]</a><div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">Atmospheric carbon cycle</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_carbon_cycle&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthropogenic_changes_in_the_global_carbon_cycle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Anthropogenic_changes_in_the_global_carbon_cycle.png/370px-Anthropogenic_changes_in_the_global_carbon_cycle.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Anthropogenic_changes_in_the_global_carbon_cycle.png/555px-Anthropogenic_changes_in_the_global_carbon_cycle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Anthropogenic_changes_in_the_global_carbon_cycle.png/740px-Anthropogenic_changes_in_the_global_carbon_cycle.png 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>Schematic representation of the overall perturbation of the global carbon cycle caused by anthropogenic activities, averaged from 2010 to 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Atmospheric_carbon_cycle_Friedlingstein2020-84">[84]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric carbon cycle</a> accounts for the exchange of gaseous <a href="/wiki/Carbon_compounds" title="Carbon compounds">carbon compounds</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO2), between Earth's atmosphere, the oceans, and the terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>. It is one of the faster components of the planet's overall <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>, supporting the exchange of more than 200 billion tons of carbon (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Gigatons" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigatons">gigatons</a> carbon or GtC) in and out of the atmosphere throughout the course of each year.<a href="#cite_note-Atmospheric_carbon_cycle_GlobalCarbonCycle-85">[85]</a> Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 remain stable over longer timescales only when there exists a balance between these two flows. <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CH4), <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a> (CO), and other human-made compounds are present in smaller concentrations and are also part of the atmospheric carbon cycle.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human-made_sources">Human-made sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Human-made sources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_by_Economic_Sector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_by_Economic_Sector.svg/300px-Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_by_Economic_Sector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_by_Economic_Sector.svg/450px-Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_by_Economic_Sector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_by_Economic_Sector.svg/600px-Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_by_Economic_Sector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Taking into account direct and indirect emissions, industry is the sector with the highest share of global emissions. Data as of 2019 from the IPCC.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></div> The vast majority of carbon dioxide emissions by humans come from the burning of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>. Additional contributions come from cement manufacturing, <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> production, and changes in <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> like <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a>: 687 <a href="#cite_note-EPA_GHGdata-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">Methane emissions</a> originate <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a>, fossil fuel production, waste, and other sources.<a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[13]</a> If current <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">emission rates</a> continue then temperature rises will surpass 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) sometime between 2040 and 2070, which is the level the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC) says is "dangerous".<a href="#cite_note-:5-18">[18]</a> Most greenhouse gases have both natural and human-caused sources. An exception are purely human-produced synthetic halocarbons which have no natural sources. During the pre-industrial <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, concentrations of existing gases were roughly constant, because the large natural sources and sinks roughly balanced. In the industrial era, human activities have added greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, mainly through the burning of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> and clearing of forests.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a>: 115 <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions#Overview_of_main_sources" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions § Overview of main sources</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas_emissions&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The major anthropogenic (human origin) sources of greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N 2O), methane and three groups of fluorinated gases (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride" title="Sulfur hexafluoride">sulfur hexafluoride</a> (SF 6), <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrofluorocarbons">hydrofluorocarbons</a> (HFCs) and <a href="/wiki/Perfluorocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorocarbons">perfluorocarbons</a> (PFCs, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)).<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Though the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> is heavily driven by <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapor feedback">water vapor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> human emissions of water vapor are not a significant contributor to warming. Although <a href="/wiki/CFCs" class="mw-redirect" title="CFCs">CFCs</a> are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a> which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a> rather than by their contribution to global warming. Ozone depletion has only a minor role in greenhouse warming, though the two processes are sometimes confused in the media. In 2016, negotiators from over 170 nations meeting at the summit of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> reached a legally binding accord to phase out <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrofluorocarbons">hydrofluorocarbons</a> (HFCs) in the <a href="/wiki/Kigali_Amendment" title="Kigali Amendment">Kigali Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The use of CFC-12 (except some essential uses) has been phased out due to its <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depleting</a> properties.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The phasing-out of less active <a href="/wiki/Haloalkane" title="Haloalkane">HCFC-compounds</a> will be completed in 2030.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reducing_human-caused_greenhouse_gases">Reducing human-caused greenhouse gases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reducing human-caused greenhouse gases">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Needed_emissions_cuts">Needed emissions cuts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Needed emissions cuts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#Needed_emissions_cuts" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation § Needed emissions cuts</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_mitigation&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenhouse_gas_emission_scenarios_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greenhouse_gas_emission_scenarios_01.svg/300px-Greenhouse_gas_emission_scenarios_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greenhouse_gas_emission_scenarios_01.svg/450px-Greenhouse_gas_emission_scenarios_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greenhouse_gas_emission_scenarios_01.svg/600px-Greenhouse_gas_emission_scenarios_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Global greenhouse gas emission scenarios, based on policies and pledges as of 11/21</figcaption></figure> The annual "Emissions Gap Report" by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a> stated in 2022 that it was necessary to almost halve emissions. "To get on track for limiting global warming to 1.5°C, global annual GHG emissions must be reduced by 45 per cent compared with emissions projections under policies currently in place in just eight years, and they must continue to decline rapidly after 2030, to avoid exhausting the limited remaining atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">carbon budget</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_mitigation_UNEP-2022-96">[96]</a>: xvi  The report commented that the world should focus on broad-based economy-wide transformations and not incremental change.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_mitigation_UNEP-2022-96">[96]</a>: xvi  In 2022, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released its <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">Sixth Assessment Report</a> on climate change. It warned that greenhouse gas emissions must peak before 2025 at the latest and decline 43% by 2030 to have a good chance of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F).<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Or in the words of Secretary-General of the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a>: "Main emitters must drastically cut emissions starting this year".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_from_the_atmosphere_through_negative_emissions">Removal from the atmosphere through negative emissions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Removal from the atmosphere through negative emissions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></div> Several technologies remove greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere. Most widely analyzed are those that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, either to geologic formations such as <a href="/wiki/Bio-energy_with_carbon_capture_and_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage">bio-energy with carbon capture and storage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_air_capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide air capture">carbon dioxide air capture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RoyalSociety-100">[100]</a> or to the soil as in the case with <a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RoyalSociety-100">[100]</a> Many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale human-made negative emissions to avoid serious climate change.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Negative emissions approaches are also being studied for atmospheric methane, called <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane_removal" title="Atmospheric methane removal">atmospheric methane removal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_discovery">History of discovery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: History of discovery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#History" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19120814_Coal_Consumption_Affecting_Climate_-_Rodney_and_Otamatea_Times.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/19120814_Coal_Consumption_Affecting_Climate_-_Rodney_and_Otamatea_Times.jpg/220px-19120814_Coal_Consumption_Affecting_Climate_-_Rodney_and_Otamatea_Times.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/19120814_Coal_Consumption_Affecting_Climate_-_Rodney_and_Otamatea_Times.jpg/330px-19120814_Coal_Consumption_Affecting_Climate_-_Rodney_and_Otamatea_Times.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/19120814_Coal_Consumption_Affecting_Climate_-_Rodney_and_Otamatea_Times.jpg/440px-19120814_Coal_Consumption_Affecting_Climate_-_Rodney_and_Otamatea_Times.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption> This 1912 article succinctly describes how burning coal creates carbon dioxide that causes climate change.<a href="#cite_note-Otamatea_Times-103">[103]</a></figcaption></figure> In the late 19th century, scientists experimentally discovered that N 2 and O 2 do not absorb infrared radiation (called, at that time, "dark radiation"), while water (both as true vapor and condensed in the form of microscopic droplets suspended in clouds) and CO2 and other poly-atomic gaseous molecules do absorb infrared radiation.<a href="#cite_note-CarbonicAcid-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In the early 20th century, researchers realized that greenhouse gases in the atmosphere made Earth's overall temperature higher than it would be without them. The term greenhouse was first applied to this phenomenon by <a href="/wiki/Nils_Ekholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Nils Ekholm">Nils Gustaf Ekholm</a> in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> During the late 20th century, a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific opinion on climate change">scientific consensus</a> evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">consequences</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Physical_impacts_of_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical impacts of climate change">environment</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_human_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming on human health">human health</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_planets">Other planets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other planets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#Bodies_other_than_Earth" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect § Bodies other than Earth</a></div> Greenhouse gases exist in many <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">atmospheres</a>, creating greenhouse effects on <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Titan" title="Atmosphere of Titan">Titan</a>, and particularly in the thick <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">atmosphere of Venus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> While Venus has been described as the ultimate end state of <a href="/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effect" title="Runaway greenhouse effect">runaway greenhouse effect</a>, such a process would have virtually no chance of occurring from any increases in greenhouse gas concentrations caused by humans,<a href="#cite_note-IPCC2009-110">[110]</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s brightness is too low and it would likely need to increase by some tens of percents, which will take a few billion years.<a href="#cite_note-Hansen_et_al_2013-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/30px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/44px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/59px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a> – Processes used to measure emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a> – Limit on carbon dioxide emission for a given climate impact</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a> – Storing carbon in a carbon pool</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change feedback">Climate change feedback</a> – Feedback related to climate changePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_monitoring" title="Greenhouse gas monitoring">Greenhouse gas monitoring</a> – Measurement of greenhouse gas emissions and levels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_inventory" title="Greenhouse gas inventory">Greenhouse gas inventory</a> – Inventory for emissions of greenhouse gases</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AR6WG1annexVII-1"><a href="#cite_ref-AR6WG1annexVII_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMatthewsMöllervan_DiemennFuglesvedt2021" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, J.B.R.; Möller, V.; van Diemenn, R.; Fuglesvedt, J.R.; et al. (9 August 2021). "Annex VII: Glossary". In <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_Masson-Delmotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Valérie Masson-Delmotte">Masson-Delmotte, Valérie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Panmao_Zhai" title="Panmao Zhai">Zhai, Panmao</a>; Pirani, Anna; Connors, Sarah L.; Péan, Clotilde; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. 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id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td 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title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a 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temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" 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