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class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity_and_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity_and_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Antiquity and Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity_and_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Early Modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Early 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s_onwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s_onwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 1950s onwards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s_onwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Genetic history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour_and_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour_and_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Behaviour and biology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour_and_biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Behaviour and biology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_structure_and_territorial_behaviours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_structure_and_territorial_behaviours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Social structure and territorial behaviours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_structure_and_territorial_behaviours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Reproduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_from_American_bison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_from_American_bison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Differences from American bison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_from_American_bison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Conservation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conservation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reintroduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reintroduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Reintroduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reintroduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbers_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Numbers and distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbers_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Numbers by country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Cultural significance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">European bison</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Домбей – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Домбей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisent" title="Wisent – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wisent" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="بيسون أوروبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيسون أوروبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_bonasus" title="Bison bonasus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bison bonasus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_bonasus" title="Bison bonasus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bison bonasus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubr" title="Zubr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zubr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80" title="Зубр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Зубр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80_%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Зубр еўрапейскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зубр еўрапейскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Зубар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зубар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Зубър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зубър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisent" title="Wisent – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wisent" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropski_bizon" title="Evropski bizon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Evropski bizon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizon_Europa" title="Bizon Europa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bizon Europa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis%C3%B3_europeu" title="Bisó europeu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bisó europeu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_bonasus" title="Bison bonasus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bison bonasus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubr_evropsk%C3%BD" title="Zubr evropský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zubr evropský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A6isk_bison" title="Europæisk bison – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Europæisk bison" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisent" title="Wisent – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wisent" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_w%C3%B3naan%C3%ADd%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99%CC%81%CA%BC_ay%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Tó wónaanídę́ę́ʼ ayání – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó wónaanídę́ę́ʼ ayání" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopa_piison" title="Euroopa piison – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Euroopa piison" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B2%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ευρωπαϊκός βίσονας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευρωπαϊκός βίσονας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_bonasus" title="Bison bonasus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bison bonasus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_bizono" title="Eŭropa bizono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭropa bizono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europako_bisonte" title="Europako bisonte – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Europako bisonte" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="گاومیش کوهان‌دار اروپایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاومیش کوهان‌دار اروپایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeiskur_bisonur" title="Europeiskur bisonur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Europeiskur bisonur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_d%27Europe" title="Bison d'Europe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bison d'Europe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADos%C3%BAn_Eorpach" title="Bíosún Eorpach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bíosún Eorpach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisonte_europeo" title="Bisonte europeo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bisonte europeo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD%EB%93%A4%EC%86%8C" title="유럽들소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽들소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D6%80" title="Զուբր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զուբր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubr" title="Zubr – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zubr" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europski_bizon" title="Europski bizon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Europski bizon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_eropa" title="Bison eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bison eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_bonasus" title="Bison bonasus – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bison bonasus" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Домбай – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Домбай" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_bonasus" title="Bison bonasus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bison bonasus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99" title="ביזון אירופי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביזון אירופי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisent" title="Wisent – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wisent" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="დომბა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დომბა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80" title="Зубр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зубр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartukol_(Bison_bonasus)" title="Gartukol (Bison bonasus) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Gartukol (Bison bonasus)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80" title="Зубр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зубр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_bonasus" title="Bison bonasus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bison bonasus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbrs" title="Sumbrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sumbrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumbras" title="Stumbras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stumbras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pai_b%C3%B6l%C3%A9ny" title="Európai bölény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Európai bölény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Европски бизон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Европски бизон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89" title="بيسون اوروبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيسون اوروبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_Eropah" title="Bison Eropah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bison Eropah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisent" title="Wisent – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wisent" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisent" title="Wisent – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Wisent" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ヨーロッパバイソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨーロッパバイソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83" title="Акха сту – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Акха сту" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiisent" title="Wiisent – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wiisent" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visent" title="Visent – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Visent" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visent" title="Visent – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Visent" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubr" title="Zubr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zubr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B3%D9%86" title="یورپی بائسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یورپی بائسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBubr_europejski" title="Żubr europejski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żubr europejski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisonte-europeu" title="Bisonte-europeu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bisonte-europeu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbru" title="Zimbru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zimbru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80" title="Зубр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зубр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="European bison" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizoni_evropian" title="Bizoni evropian – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bizoni evropian" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisent" title="Wisent – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wisent" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubor_lesn%C3%BD" title="Zubor lesný – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zubor lesný" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zober" title="Zober – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zober" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Европски бизон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Европски бизон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europski_bizon" title="Europski bizon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Europski bizon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visentti" title="Visentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Visentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visent" title="Visent – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Visent" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="ஐரோப்பியக் காட்டெருமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரோப்பியக் காட்டெருமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80" title="Зубр – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зубр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa_bizonu" title="Avrupa bizonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avrupa bizonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80" title="Зубр – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Зубр" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80" title="Зубр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зубр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubr" title="Zubr – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Zubr" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2_bison_ch%C3%A2u_%C3%82u" title="Bò bison châu Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bò bison châu Âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisent" title="Wisent – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Wisent" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_bonasus" title="Bison bonasus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bison bonasus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%8E%E7%89%9B" title="欧洲野牛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="欧洲野牛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%8E%E7%89%9B" title="歐洲野牛 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="歐洲野牛" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizon%C3%AA_Ewropa" title="Bizonê Ewropa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bizonê Ewropa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stombros" title="Stombros – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Stombros" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%8E%E7%89%9B" title="欧洲野牛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="欧洲野牛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q81091#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Eurasian species of mammal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wisent" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wisent_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wisent (disambiguation)">Wisent (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the extinct wild cattle species and ancestor of domestic cattle, the <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">European bison <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: Late Pleistocene – recent <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.95633846154px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:European_bison_(Bison_bonasus)_male_Bia%C5%82owieza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/European_bison_%28Bison_bonasus%29_male_Bia%C5%82owieza.jpg/220px-European_bison_%28Bison_bonasus%29_male_Bia%C5%82owieza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/European_bison_%28Bison_bonasus%29_male_Bia%C5%82owieza.jpg/330px-European_bison_%28Bison_bonasus%29_male_Bia%C5%82owieza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/European_bison_%28Bison_bonasus%29_male_Bia%C5%82owieza.jpg/440px-European_bison_%28Bison_bonasus%29_male_Bia%C5%82owieza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5820" data-file-height="3880" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A male bison in the process of <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">moulting</a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /> <a href="/wiki/Near_Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Threatened">Near Threatened</a>  (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Bison" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">B. bonasus</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Bison bonasus <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Bison bonasus bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758)</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Caucasian_wisent" title="Caucasian wisent">Bison bonasus caucasicus</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_wisent" title="Carpathian wisent">Bison bonasus hungarorum</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-overlays="["_50f62a7a64957da6cb7d9b8cf68adc78e4f1b6e9"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=European_bison&revid=1259467431&groups=_50f62a7a64957da6cb7d9b8cf68adc78e4f1b6e9" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=European_bison&revid=1259467431&groups=_50f62a7a64957da6cb7d9b8cf68adc78e4f1b6e9 2x" alt="Map" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  European bison (Bison bonasus)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:BisonBonasusIUCN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BisonBonasusIUCN.svg/220px-BisonBonasusIUCN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BisonBonasusIUCN.svg/330px-BisonBonasusIUCN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BisonBonasusIUCN.svg/440px-BisonBonasusIUCN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Range of B. bonasus (Compiled by: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2020) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;">  Resident</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> Bos bonasus Linnaeus, 1758 </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The European bison (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: bison) (Bison bonasus) or the European wood bison, also known as the wisent<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈviːzənt/</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈwiːzənt/</a>), the zubr<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈzuːbər/</a>), or sometimes colloquially as the European buffalo,<a href="#cite_note-6">[c]</a> is a European <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a>. It is one of two extant species of bison, alongside the <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a>. The European bison is the heaviest wild <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">land animal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and individuals in the past may have been even larger than their modern-day descendants. During <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, bison became extinct in much of Europe and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, surviving into the 20th century only in northern-central Europe and the northern <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>. During the early years of the 20th century, bison were hunted to <a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">extinction in the wild</a>. By the late 2010s, the species numbered several thousand and had been returned to the wild by <a href="/wiki/Captive_breeding" title="Captive breeding">captive breeding</a> programmes. It is no longer in immediate danger of extinction, but remains absent from most of its historical range. It is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> (Bos primigenius), the extinct ancestor of domestic <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, with which it once co-existed. Besides humans, bison have few predators. In the 19th century, there were scattered reports of <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wolf" title="Eurasian wolf">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic lions">lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caspian_tigers" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian tigers">tigers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_brown_bear" title="Eurasian brown bear">bears</a> hunting bison. In the past, especially during the Middle Ages, humans commonly killed bison for their hide and meat. They used their horns to make <a href="/wiki/Drinking_horn" title="Drinking horn">drinking horns</a>. European bison were <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">hunted to extinction</a> in the wild in the early 20th century, with the last wild animals of the B. b. bonasus subspecies being shot in the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a> (on today's <a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Poland_border" title="Belarus–Poland border">Belarus–Poland border</a>) in 1921. The last of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_wisent" title="Caucasian wisent">Caucasian wisent</a> subspecies (B. b. caucasicus) was shot in the northwestern Caucasus in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_wisent" title="Carpathian wisent">Carpathian wisent</a> (B. b. hungarorum) had been hunted to extinction by 1852. The Białowieża or lowland European bison was kept alive in captivity, and has since been reintroduced into several countries in Europe. In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> classified the European bison as an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species_(IUCN_status)" title="Endangered species (IUCN status)">endangered species</a>, no longer extinct in the wild. Its status has improved since then, changing to <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a> and later to <a href="/wiki/Near-threatened_species" title="Near-threatened species">near-threatened</a>. European bison were first scientifically described by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1758. Some later descriptions treat the European bison as <a href="/wiki/Conspecific" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecific">conspecific</a> with the American bison. Three subspecies of the European bison existed in the recent past, but only one, the <a href="/wiki/Nominate_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominate subspecies">nominate subspecies</a> (B. b. bonasus), survives today. The ancestry and relationships of the wisent to fossil bison species remain controversial and disputed. The European bison is one of the <a href="/wiki/National_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="National animal">national animals</a> of Poland and Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-all_about_bison-8">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-lbn-pż-9">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> and ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a> were the first to name bison as such; the 2nd-century AD authors <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oppian" title="Oppian">Oppian</a> referred to them as <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Greek language">Hellenistic Greek</a>: βίσων, romanized: bisōn.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[7]</a> Earlier, in the 4th century BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> referred to bison as βόνασος, bónasos.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[7]</a> He also noted that the <a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a> called it μόναπος (monapos).<a href="#cite_note-Arist4th-11">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Claudius Aelianus</a>, writing in the late 2nd or early 3rd centuries AD, also referred to the species as βόνασος, and both <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Solinus" title="Gaius Julius Solinus">Gaius Julius Solinus</a> used <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: bĭson and bonāsus.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[7]</a> Both <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> mention bison (<abbr title="plural">pl</abbr>. bisontes).<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[7]</a> Later Latin spellings of the term included visontes, vesontes, and bissontes.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Trevisa" title="John Trevisa">John Trevisa</a> is the earliest author cited by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> as using, in his 1398 translation of <a href="/wiki/Bartholomeus_Anglicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomeus Anglicus">Bartholomeus Anglicus</a>'s De proprietatibus rerum, the Latin plural bisontes in English, as "bysontes" (<a href="/wiki/Middle_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle English language">Middle English</a>: byſontes and bysountes).<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philemon_Holland" title="Philemon Holland">Philemon Holland</a>'s 1601 translation of Pliny's Natural History, referred to "bisontes". The <a href="/wiki/Marginalia" title="Marginalia">marginalia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> gives "bison" as a <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">gloss</a> for the Biblical animal called the "<a href="/wiki/Pygarg" title="Pygarg">pygarg</a>" mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Randle_Cotgrave" title="Randle Cotgrave">Randle Cotgrave</a>'s 1611 French–English dictionary notes that <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: bison was already in use, and it may have influenced the adoption of the word into English, or alternatively it may have been borrowed direct from Latin.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Minsheu" title="John Minsheu">John Minsheu</a>'s 1617 lexicon, Ductor in linguas, gives a definition for Bíson (<a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern English language">Early Modern English</a>: "a wilde oxe, great eied, broad-faced, that will neuer be tamed").<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[7]</a> In the 18th century the name of the European animal was applied to the closely related American bison (initially in Latin in 1693, by <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_bison" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian bison">Indian bison</a> (the gaur, Bos gaurus).<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[7]</a> Historically the word was also applied to Indian domestic cattle, the <a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">zebu</a> (B. indicus or B. primigenius indicus).<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[7]</a> Because of the scarcity of the European bison the word 'bison' was most familiar in relation to the American species.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[7]</a> By the time of the adoption of 'bison' into Early Modern English, the early medieval English name for the species had long been obsolete: the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: wesend had descended from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a>: *wisand, *wisund and was related to <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: vísundr.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[7]</a> The word 'wisent' was then borrowed in the 19th century from modern <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Wisent [ˈviːzɛnt], itself related to <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old High German language">Old High German</a>: wisunt, wisent, wisint, and to <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle High German language">Middle High German</a>: wisant, wisent, wisen, and ultimately, like the Old English name, from Proto-Germanic.<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> root: *wis-, also found in <a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">weasel</a>, originally referred to the animal's <a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">musk</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The word 'zubr' in English is a borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: żubr <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ʐubr]</a>, previously also used to denote one race of the European bison.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> The Polish żubr is similar to the word for the European bison in other modern <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>: žubr and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: зубр. The noun for the European bison in all living Slavonic tongues is thought to be derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a>: *zǫbrъ ~ *izǫbrъ, which itself possibly comes from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>: *ǵómbʰ- for tooth, horn or peg.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Bison.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/European_Bison.JPG/220px-European_Bison.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/European_Bison.JPG/330px-European_Bison.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/European_Bison.JPG/440px-European_Bison.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Side view of a European bison bull</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_bonasus_02_MWNH_1527.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bison_bonasus_02_MWNH_1527.jpg/220px-Bison_bonasus_02_MWNH_1527.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bison_bonasus_02_MWNH_1527.jpg/330px-Bison_bonasus_02_MWNH_1527.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bison_bonasus_02_MWNH_1527.jpg/440px-Bison_bonasus_02_MWNH_1527.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Skull of a European bison</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:What_colour_is_a_European_Bison%27s_tongue%3F_(955617578).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/What_colour_is_a_European_Bison%27s_tongue%3F_%28955617578%29.jpg/220px-What_colour_is_a_European_Bison%27s_tongue%3F_%28955617578%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/What_colour_is_a_European_Bison%27s_tongue%3F_%28955617578%29.jpg/330px-What_colour_is_a_European_Bison%27s_tongue%3F_%28955617578%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/What_colour_is_a_European_Bison%27s_tongue%3F_%28955617578%29.jpg/440px-What_colour_is_a_European_Bison%27s_tongue%3F_%28955617578%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Bison bull showing tongue colouration</figcaption></figure> The European bison is the heaviest surviving wild <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">land animal</a> in Europe. Similar to their American cousins, European bison were potentially larger historically than remnant descendants;<a href="#cite_note-WWFRussia-16">[13]</a> modern animals are about 2.8 to 3.3 m (9.2 to 10.8 ft) in length, not counting a tail of 30 to 92 cm (12 to 36 in), 1.8 to 2.1 m (5.9 to 6.9 ft) in height, and 615 to 920 kg (1,356 to 2,028 lb) in weight for males, and about 2.4 to 2.9 m (7.9 to 9.5 ft) in body length without tails, 1.69 to 1.97 m (5.5 to 6.5 ft) in height, and 424 to 633 kg (935 to 1,396 lb) in weight for females.<a href="#cite_note-WWFRussia-16">[13]</a> At birth, calves are quite small, weighing between 15 and 35 kg (33 and 77 lb). In the free-ranging population of the Białowieża Forest of Belarus and Poland, body masses among adults (aged 6 and over) are 634 kg (1,398 lb) on average in the cases of males, and 424 kg (935 lb) among females.<a href="#cite_note-lhnet.org-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> An occasional big bull European bison can weigh up to 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) or more<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burnie-21">[18]</a> with old bull records of 1,900 kg (4,200 lb) for lowland wisent and 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) for Caucasian wisent.<a href="#cite_note-WWFRussia-16">[13]</a> On average, it is lighter in body mass, and yet slightly taller at the shoulder, than its American relatives, the <a href="/wiki/Wood_bison" title="Wood bison">wood bison</a> (Bison bison athabascae) and the <a href="/wiki/Plains_bison" title="Plains bison">plains bison</a> (Bison bison bison).<a href="#cite_note-QuaternaryInternational2016-22">[19]</a> Compared to the American species, the wisent has shorter hair on the neck, head, and forequarters, but longer tail and horns. See <a href="#Differences_from_American_bison">differences from American bison</a>. The European bison makes a variety of vocalisations depending on its mood and behaviour, but when anxious, it emits a growl-like sound, known in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> as chruczenie (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[xrutʂɛɲɛ]</a>). This sound can also be heard from wisent males during the mating season.<a href="#cite_note-pzł-23">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_of_Altamira_and_Paleolithic_Cave_Art_of_Northern_Spain-110113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cave_of_Altamira_and_Paleolithic_Cave_Art_of_Northern_Spain-110113.jpg/220px-Cave_of_Altamira_and_Paleolithic_Cave_Art_of_Northern_Spain-110113.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cave_of_Altamira_and_Paleolithic_Cave_Art_of_Northern_Spain-110113.jpg/330px-Cave_of_Altamira_and_Paleolithic_Cave_Art_of_Northern_Spain-110113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cave_of_Altamira_and_Paleolithic_Cave_Art_of_Northern_Spain-110113.jpg/440px-Cave_of_Altamira_and_Paleolithic_Cave_Art_of_Northern_Spain-110113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>Bison depicted at <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Altamira" title="Cave of Altamira">cave of Altamira</a></figcaption></figure>The similar skeletal morphology of the wisent with the <a href="/wiki/Steppe_bison" title="Steppe bison">steppe bison</a> (Bison priscus) which also formerly inhabited Europe complicates the understanding of the early evolution of the European bison. Genetic evidence indicates that European bison were present across Europe, from France to the Caucasus during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a>, where they co-existed alongside steppe bison.<a href="#cite_note-:5-24">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> European bison belong to two mitochondrial lineages, which are estimated to have split over 400,000 years ago, Bb1 (also known as Bison X) and Bb2. Bb1 became extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene, with all modern European bison belonging to the Bb2 lineage.<a href="#cite_note-:4-25">[22]</a> At the end of the Last Glacial Period steppe bison became extinct in Europe, leaving European bison as the only bison species in the region.<a href="#cite_note-:5-24">[21]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:21_Bison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/21_Bison.jpg/210px-21_Bison.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/21_Bison.jpg/315px-21_Bison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/21_Bison.jpg/420px-21_Bison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IYEDP3wO5k">Higgs Bison research</a>, 22:08, 16 October 2016, Australian Centre for Ancient DNA<a href="#cite_note-Soubrier2016-26">[23]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Historically, the lowland European bison's range encompassed most of the lowlands of northern Europe, extending from the <a href="/wiki/Massif_Central" title="Massif Central">Massif Central</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. It may have once lived in the Asiatic part of what is now the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>, reaching to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> in east.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> The European bison is known in southern Sweden only between 9500 and 8700 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>, and in Denmark similarly is documented only from the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Boreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Boreal">Pre-Boreal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> It is not recorded from the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, nor from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Euskomedia-29">[26]</a> although prehistorical absence of the species among British Isles is debatable; bison fossils of unclarified species have been found on <a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a> or Brown Bank, and <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, followed by fossil records of <a href="/wiki/Bison_schoetensacki" title="Bison schoetensacki">Pleistocene woodland bison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steppe_bison" title="Steppe bison">steppe bison</a> from the isles.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[31]</a> Furthermore, a 16-kyr-old specimen belonging to the ancient Bison X group of European bison has been found in Northern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> The extinct <a href="/wiki/Steppe_bison" title="Steppe bison">steppe bison</a> (B. priscus) is known from across Eurasia and North America, last occurring <a href="/wiki/7th_millennium_BC" title="7th millennium BC">7,000 BC</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> to 5,400 BC,<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> and is depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Altamira" title="Cave of Altamira">Cave of Altamira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bison_schoetensacki" title="Bison schoetensacki">Pleistocene woodland bison</a> (B. schoetensacki) has been proposed to have last existed around 36,000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[31]</a> But other authors restrict B. schoetensacki to remains that are hundreds of thousands of years older.<a href="#cite_note-:4-25">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a> appear to distinguish between B. bonasus and B. priscus.<a href="#cite_note-Briggs2016-38">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_and_Middle_Ages">Antiquity and Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Antiquity and Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> Within mainland Europe, its range decreased as human populations expanded and cut down forests. They seemed to be common in <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s period on Mount Mesapion (possibly the modern <a href="/wiki/Ograzhden_(mountain)" title="Ograzhden (mountain)">Ograzhden</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Arist4th-11">[8]</a> In the same wider area <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> calling them <a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonian</a> bulls and bison, gives details on how they were captured alive; adding also the fact that a golden Paeonian bull head was offered to <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> by the Paeonian king Dropion (3rd century BC) who lived in what is today <a href="/wiki/Tikve%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikveš">Tikveš</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> The last references (<a href="/wiki/Oppian" title="Oppian">Oppian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Claudius Aelianus</a>) to the animal in the transitional <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_biogeographical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean biogeographical region">Mediterranean</a>/<a href="/wiki/Continental_biogeographical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental biogeographical region">Continental biogeographical region</a> in the Balkans in the area of modern borderline between <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> date to the 3rd century AD.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> In northern <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, the wisent was thought to have survived until the 9th or 10th century AD, but more recent data summary shows that the species survived up to 13th - 14th century AD in eastern Bulgaria and up to 16th - 17th century AD in the northern part of the country.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> There is a possibility that the species' range extended to <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a> during the 7th–8th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Its population in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> was extinct in the 8th century AD. The species survived in the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vosges_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Vosges Mountains">Vosges Mountains</a> until the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-pucek-45">[42]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, the wisent apparently still occurred in the forest steppes east of the Urals, in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>, and seems to have reached <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a> in the east. The northern boundary in the Holocene was probably around 60°N in Finland.<a href="#cite_note-Sipko-46">[43]</a> European bison survived in a few natural forests in Europe, but their numbers dwindled. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modern_period">Early Modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Modern period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CaucasianBison-Demidoff1898.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/CaucasianBison-Demidoff1898.png/220px-CaucasianBison-Demidoff1898.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/CaucasianBison-Demidoff1898.png/330px-CaucasianBison-Demidoff1898.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/CaucasianBison-Demidoff1898.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>A specimen of the now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_wisent" title="Caucasian wisent">Caucasian subspecies</a>, 1889</figcaption></figure> In 1513 the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a>, at this point one of the last areas on Earth where the European bison still roamed free, was transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Trakai_Voivodeship" title="Trakai Voivodeship">Troki Voivodeship</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship_(1513%E2%80%931795)" title="Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795)">Podlaskie Voivodeship</a>, which after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a> became part of the Polish Crown. In the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, at first European bison in the Białowieża Forest were legally the property of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Dukes_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Dukes of Lithuania">Grand Dukes of Lithuania</a> and later belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Crown of the Kingdom of Poland</a>. Polish-Lithuanian rulers took measures to protect the European bison, such as King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a> who instituted the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> for <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> bison in Białowieża in the mid-16th century. Wild European bison herds existed in the forest until the mid-17th century. In 1701, King <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a> greatly increased protection over the forest; the first written sources mentioning the use of some forest meadows for the production of winter fodder for the bison come from this period.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> In the early 19th century, after the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions of the Polish Commonwealth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian rulers">Russian tsars</a> retained old Polish-Lithuanian laws protecting the European bison herd in Białowieża. Despite these measures and others, the European bison population continued to decline over the following century, with only Białowieża and Northern Caucasus populations surviving into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-bison-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-49">[46]</a> The last European bison in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> died in 1790.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early 20th century">edit</a>]</div> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, occupying German troops killed 600 of the European bison in the Białowieża Forest for sport, meat, hides and horns.<a href="#cite_note-bison-48">[45]</a> A German scientist informed army officers that the European bison were facing imminent extinction, but at the very end of the war, retreating German soldiers shot all but nine animals.<a href="#cite_note-bison-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-49">[46]</a> The last wild European bison in Poland was killed in 1921. The last wild European bison in the world was killed by poachers in 1927 in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Caucasus" title="Western Caucasus">western Caucasus</a>. By that year, 48<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> remained, all held by zoos. The International Society for the Preservation of the Wisent was founded on 25 and 26 August 1923 in Berlin, following the example of the <a href="/wiki/American_Bison_Society" title="American Bison Society">American Bison Society</a>. The first chairman was Kurt Priemel, director of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Zoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Zoo">Frankfurt Zoo</a>, and among the members were experts like Hermann Pohle, <a href="/wiki/Max_Hilzheimer" title="Max Hilzheimer">Max Hilzheimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Riemer" title="Julius Riemer">Julius Riemer</a>. The first goal of the society was to take stock of all living bison, in preparation for a breeding programme. Important members were the Polish Hunting Association and the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> zoological gardens, as well as a number of Polish private individuals, who provided funds to acquire the first bison cows and bulls. The breeding book was published in the company's annual report from 1932. While Priemel aimed to grow the population slowly with pure conservation of the breeding line, <a href="/wiki/Lutz_Heck" title="Lutz Heck">Lutz Heck</a> planned to grow the population faster by cross-breeding with American bison in a separate breeding project in Munich, in 1934. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> Heck gained the support of then Reichsjägermeister <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, who hoped for huntable big game.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Heck promised his powerful supporter in writing: "Since surplus bulls will soon be set, the hunting of the Wisent will be possible again in the foreseeable future". Göring himself took over the patronage of the German Professional Association of Wisent Breeders and Hegers, founded at Heck's suggestion. Kurt Priemel, who had since resigned as president of the International Society for the Preservation of the Wisent, warned in vain against "manification". Heck answered by announcing that Göring would take action against Priemel if he continued to oppose his crossing plans. Priemel was then banned from publishing in relation to bison breeding, and the regular bookkeeper of the International Society, Erna Mohr, was forced to hand over the official register in 1937. Thus, the older society was effectively incorporated into the newly created Professional Association. After the Second World War, therefore, only the pure-blooded bison in the game park <a href="/wiki/Springe" title="Springe">Springe</a> near Hanover were recognised as part of the international herd book.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s_onwards">1950s onwards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1950s onwards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Jerzy_Karpinski_zubry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jan_Jerzy_Karpinski_zubry.jpg/220px-Jan_Jerzy_Karpinski_zubry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jan_Jerzy_Karpinski_zubry.jpg/330px-Jan_Jerzy_Karpinski_zubry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jan_Jerzy_Karpinski_zubry.jpg/440px-Jan_Jerzy_Karpinski_zubry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Białowieża Forest, 1955</figcaption></figure> The first two bison were released into the wild in the Białowieża Forest in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> By 1964 more than 100 existed.<a href="#cite_note-ley196412-56">[53]</a> Over the following decades, thanks to Polish and international efforts, the Białowieża Forest regained its position as the location with the world's largest population of European bison, including those in the wild.<a href="#cite_note-pzł-23">[20]</a> In 2005–2007, a wild bison nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Pubal" title="Pubal">Pubal</a> became renowned in southeast Poland due to his friendly interactions with humans and unwillingness to reintegrate into the wild.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> As of 2014 there were 1,434 wisents in Poland, out of which 1,212 were in free-range herds and 522 belonged to the wild population in the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a>. Compared to 2013, the total population in 2014 increased by 4.1%, while the free-ranging population increased by 6.5%.<a href="#cite_note-eurowildlife-58">[55]</a> Bison from Poland have also been transported beyond the country's borders to boost the local populations of other countries, among them Bulgaria, Spain, Romania, Czechia and others.<a href="#cite_note-90l-59">[56]</a> Poland has been described as the world's breeding centre of the European bison,<a href="#cite_note-pzł-23">[20]</a> where the bison population doubled between 1995 and 2017, reaching 2,269 by the end of 2019<a href="#cite_note-wyniki-60">[57]</a> – the total population has been increasing by around 15% to 18% yearly.<a href="#cite_note-lbn-pż-9">[6]</a> In July 2022 a small population was released into woodland by Canterbury in Kent to trial their reintroduction into the UK.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> In May 2024, a small population was released in central Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-rcb-radiocovadabeira.pt-62">[59]</a> In 2012 and 2019 bisons were released in protected areas on Bornholm and Northern Jutland, Denmark. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_history">Genetic history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genetic history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EuropeanBisonLyd3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/EuropeanBisonLyd3.png/220px-EuropeanBisonLyd3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/EuropeanBisonLyd3.png/330px-EuropeanBisonLyd3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/EuropeanBisonLyd3.png/440px-EuropeanBisonLyd3.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>European bison's skeleton</figcaption></figure> A 2003 study of mitochondrial DNA indicated four distinct maternal lineages in the tribe <a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a>: <ul><li>Taurine <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">zebu</a></li> <li>Wisent</li> <li>American bison and <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">gayal</a></li></ul> Y chromosome analysis associated wisent and American bison.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> An earlier study, using amplified fragment-length polymorphism fingerprinting, showed a close association of wisent and American bison and probably with yak. It noted the interbreeding of Bovini species made determining relationships problematic.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> European bison can crossbreed with American bison. This hybrid is known in Poland as a <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBubrobizon" class="extiw" title="pl:Żubrobizon">żubrobizon</a>. The products of a German interbreeding programme were destroyed after the Second World War. This programme was related to the impulse which created the <a href="/wiki/Heck_cattle" title="Heck cattle">Heck cattle</a>. The cross-bred individuals created at other zoos were eliminated from breed books by the 1950s. A Russian <a href="/wiki/Back-breeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Back-breeding">back-breeding</a> programme resulted in a wild herd of hybrid animals, which presently lives in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Biosphere Reserve">Caucasian Biosphere Reserve</a> (550 animals in 1999). Wisent-cattle hybrids also occur, similar to the North American <a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">beefalo</a>. Cattle and European bison hybridise fairly readily. First-generation males are infertile. In 1847, a herd of wisent-cattle hybrids named <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">żubroń</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈʒuːbrɒnj/</a>) was created by Leopold Walicki. The animals were intended to become durable and cheap alternatives to cattle. The experiment was continued by researchers from the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a> until the late 1980s. Although the program resulted in a quite successful animal that was both hardy and could be bred in marginal grazing lands, it was eventually discontinued. Currently, the only surviving żubroń herd consists of just a few animals in Białowieża Forest, Poland and Belarus. In 2016, the first whole genome sequencing data from two European bison bulls from the Białowieża Forest revealed that the bison and bovine species diverged from about 1.7 to 0.85 Mya, through a speciation process involving limited gene flow.<a href="#cite_note-Gautier2016-65">[62]</a> These data further support the occurrence of more recent secondary contacts, posterior to the divergence between <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">Bos primigenius primigenius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_aurochs" title="Indian aurochs">B. p. namadicus</a> (ca. 150,000 years ago), between the wisent and (European) taurine cattle lineages. An independent study of mitochondrial DNA and autosomal markers confirmed these secondary contacts (with an estimate of up to 10% of bovine ancestry in the modern wisent genome) leading the authors to go further in their conclusions by proposing the wisent to be a hybrid between <a href="/wiki/Steppe_bison" title="Steppe bison">steppe bison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> with a hybridisation event originating before 120,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Soubrier2016-26">[23]</a> However, other studies considered the 10% estimate for aurochs gene flow a gross overstimate and based on flawed data, and not supported by the data from the full nuclear genome of the wisent.<a href="#cite_note-:4-25">[22]</a> Some of the authors however support the hypothesis that similarity of wisent and cattle (<a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a>) <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial genomes</a> is result of <a href="/wiki/Incomplete_lineage_sorting" title="Incomplete lineage sorting">incomplete lineage sorting</a> during <a href="/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">divergence</a> of Bos and <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a> from their common ancestors rather than further post-<a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> (ancient hybridisation between Bos and Bison). But they agree that limited gene flow from Bos primigenius taurus could account for the affiliation between wisent and cattle <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclear</a> <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> (in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondrial</a> ones).<a href="#cite_note-Massilani2016-66">[63]</a> Alternatively, genome sequencing completed on remains attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Bison_schoetensacki" title="Bison schoetensacki">Pleistocene woodland bison</a> (B. schoetensacki), and published in 2017, posited that genetic similarities between the Pleistocene woodland bison and the wisent suggest that B. schoetensaki was the ancestor of the European wisent.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-67">[64]</a> However, other studies have disputed the attribution of the remains to this species, otherwise known from remains hundreds of thousands of years older, instead referring them to an unnamed lineage of bison closely related to B. bonasus.<a href="#cite_note-:4-25">[22]</a> A 2018 study proposed that the lineage leading to the wisent and to the lineage ancestral to both the American bison and Bison priscus had split over 1 million years ago, with the mitochondrial DNA discrepancy being the result of incomplete lineage sorting. The authors also proposed that during the late Middle Pleistocene there had been interbreeding between the ancestor of the wisent and the common ancestor of Bison priscus and the American bison.<a href="#cite_note-:4-25">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_biology">Behaviour and biology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Behaviour and biology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_structure_and_territorial_behaviours">Social structure and territorial behaviours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social structure and territorial behaviours">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Adult females with calves</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C110.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/C110.jpg/220px-C110.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/C110.jpg/330px-C110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/C110.jpg/440px-C110.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Bison usually live in small herds of about 10 animals; the image shows a herd in a nursery in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>.</figcaption></figure> The European bison is a <a href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">herd animal</a>, which lives in both mixed and solely male groups. Mixed groups consist of adult females, calves, young aged 2–3 years, and young adult bulls. The average herd size is dependent on environmental factors, though on average, they number eight to 13 animals per herd. Herds consisting solely of bulls are smaller than mixed ones, containing two individuals on average. European bison herds are not family units. Different herds frequently interact, combine, and quickly split after exchanging individuals.<a href="#cite_note-pucek-45">[42]</a> Bison social structure has been described by specialists as a <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">matriarchy</a>, as it is the cows of the herd that lead it, and decide where the entire group moves to graze.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> Although larger and heavier than the females, the oldest and most powerful male bulls are usually satellites that hang around the edges of the herd to protect the group.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> Bulls begin to serve a more active role in the herd when a danger to the group's safety appears, as well as during the mating season – when they compete with each other.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Territory held by bulls is correlated by age, with young bulls aged between five and six tending to form larger home ranges than older males. The European bison does not defend territory, and herd ranges tend to greatly overlap. Core areas of territory are usually sited near meadows and water sources.<a href="#cite_note-pucek-45">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reproduction">edit</a>]</div> The rutting season occurs from August through to October. Bulls aged 4–6 years, though sexually mature, are prevented from mating by older bulls. Cows usually have a gestation period of 264 days, and typically give birth to one calf at a time.<a href="#cite_note-pucek-45">[42]</a> On average, male calves weigh 27.6 kg (60.8 lb) at birth, and females 24.4 kg (53.8 lb). Body size in males increases proportionately to the age of 6 years. While females have a higher increase in body mass in their first year, their growth rate is comparatively slower than that of males by the age of 3–5. Bulls reach sexual maturity at the age of two, while cows do so in their third year.<a href="#cite_note-pucek-45">[42]</a> European bison have lived as long as 30 years in captivity,<a href="#cite_note-babalu-71">[68]</a> but in the wild their lifespan is usually between 18 and 24 years, with females living longer than males.<a href="#cite_note-żubryonline-72">[69]</a> Productive breeding years are between four and 20 years of age in females, and only between six and 12 years of age in males. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diet">edit</a>]</div> European bison feed predominantly on grasses, although they also browse on <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoots</a> and leaves; in summer, an adult male can consume 32 kg of food in a day.<a href="#cite_note-BSG-73">[70]</a> European bison in the Białowieża Forest in Poland have traditionally been fed hay in the winter for centuries, and large herds may gather around this diet supplement.<a href="#cite_note-BSG-73">[70]</a> European bison need to drink every day, and in winter can be seen breaking ice with their heavy hooves.<a href="#cite_note-UU-74">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_from_American_bison">Differences from American bison</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Differences from American bison">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euroameribison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Euroameribison.jpg/220px-Euroameribison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Euroameribison.jpg/330px-Euroameribison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Euroameribison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>Skulls of European bison (left) and American bison (right)</figcaption></figure> Although superficially similar, a number of physical and behavioural differences are seen between the European bison and the American bison. The bison has 14 pairs of ribs, while the American bison has 15.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_bison_(bison_bonasus)_in_Tallinn_Zoo,_Estonia_(2023_March).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/European_bison_%28bison_bonasus%29_in_Tallinn_Zoo%2C_Estonia_%282023_March%29.jpg/220px-European_bison_%28bison_bonasus%29_in_Tallinn_Zoo%2C_Estonia_%282023_March%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/European_bison_%28bison_bonasus%29_in_Tallinn_Zoo%2C_Estonia_%282023_March%29.jpg/330px-European_bison_%28bison_bonasus%29_in_Tallinn_Zoo%2C_Estonia_%282023_March%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/European_bison_%28bison_bonasus%29_in_Tallinn_Zoo%2C_Estonia_%282023_March%29.jpg/440px-European_bison_%28bison_bonasus%29_in_Tallinn_Zoo%2C_Estonia_%282023_March%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>European bison has a lankier body than the American bison (<a href="/wiki/Tallinn_Zoo" title="Tallinn Zoo">Tallinn Zoo</a>, Estonia, 2023 March)</figcaption></figure> Adult European bison are (on average) taller than American bison, and have longer legs.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> European bison tend to <a href="/wiki/Browsing_(predation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Browsing (predation)">browse</a> more, and <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">graze</a> less than their American relatives; to accommodate this their necks are set differently. Compared to the American bison, the nose of the European bison is set further forward than the forehead when the neck is in a neutral position. The body of the wisent is less hairy, though its tail is hairier than that of the American species. The horns of the European bison point forward through the plane of their faces, making them more adept at fighting through the interlocking of horns in the same manner as domestic cattle, unlike the American bison, which favours charging.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> European bison are less tameable than the American ones, and breed with domestic cattle less readily.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> The European bison is less shaggy, with a more lanky body shape.<a href="#cite_note-Rewilding_Europe_2014-79">[76]</a> In terms of behavioural capability, European bison runs slower and with less stamina yet jumps higher and longer than American bisons, showing signs of more developed adaptations into mountainous habitats.<a href="#cite_note-WWFRussia-16">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conservation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8-_%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8-_%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_5.jpg/220px-%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8-_%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8-_%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_5.jpg/330px-%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8-_%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8-_%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_5.jpg/440px-%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8-_%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Valchi_Dol" title="Valchi Dol">Valchi Dol</a> reserve in Bulgaria</figcaption></figure> The protection of the European bison has a long history; between the 15th and 18th centuries, those in the forest of Białowieża were protected and their diet supplemented.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> Efforts to restore this species to the wild began in 1929, with the establishment of the Bison Restitution Centre at Białowieża, Poland.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> Subsequently, in 1948, the Bison Breeding Centre was established within the <a href="/wiki/Prioksko-Terrasny_Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve">Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve</a>. The modern herds are managed as two separate lines – one consisting of only Bison bonasus bonasus (all descended from only seven animals) and one consisting of all 12 ancestors, including the one B. b. caucasicus bull.<a href="#cite_note-BSGE-83">[80]</a> The latter is generally not considered a separate subspecies because they contain DNA from both B. b. bonasus and B. b. caucasicius, although some scientists classify them as a new subspecies, B. b. montanus.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> Only a limited amount of <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">population bottleneck</a> has been found, having a small effect on skeletal growth in cows and a small rise in calf mortality. Genetic variability continues to shrink. From five initial bulls, all current European bison bulls have one of only two remaining <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosomes</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reintroduction">Reintroduction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reintroduction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reserva_CIBE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Reserva_CIBE.jpg/220px-Reserva_CIBE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Reserva_CIBE.jpg/330px-Reserva_CIBE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Reserva_CIBE.jpg/440px-Reserva_CIBE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>European bison reserve in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, where a reintroduction programme in <a href="/wiki/San_Cebri%C3%A1n_de_Mud%C3%A1" title="San Cebrián de Mudá">San Cebrián de Mudá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a> is in place.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%283%29.jpg/220px-%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%283%29.jpg/330px-%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%283%29.jpg/440px-%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5917" data-file-height="3945" /></a><figcaption>Bison in <a href="/wiki/Skole_Beskids_National_Nature_Park" title="Skole Beskids National Nature Park">Skole Beskids National Nature Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stryi_Raion" title="Stryi Raion">Stryi Raion</a> in Ukraine</figcaption></figure> Beginning in 1951, European bison have been <a href="/wiki/Reintroduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Reintroduction">reintroduced</a> into the wild, including some areas where they were never found wild.<a href="#cite_note-rwbz-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> Free-ranging herds are currently found in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Slovakia,<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> Latvia, Switzerland, Kyrgyzstan, Germany,<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">forest preserves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Caucasus" title="Western Caucasus">Western Caucasus</a>. The Białowieża Primeval Forest, an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_woodland" title="Ancient woodland">ancient woodland</a> that straddles the border between Poland and Belarus, continues to have the largest free-living European bison population in the world with around 1000 wild bison counted in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-ostoja-90">[87]</a> Herds have also been introduced in Moldova (2005),<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Spain (2010),<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> Denmark (2012),<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> the Czech Republic (2014),<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> and Portugal (2024)<a href="#cite_note-rcb-radiocovadabeira.pt-62">[59]</a> Reintroduction of bison to a 20 square mile grasslands area in the <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aarcu_Mountains" title="Țarcu Mountains">Țarcu Mountains</a> of Romania in 2014 was found to have resulted in an additional 54,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> draw-down annually.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> The Wilder Blean project, headed up by the Wildwood Trust and <a href="/wiki/Kent_Wildlife_Trust" title="Kent Wildlife Trust">Kent Wildlife Trust</a>, introduced European bison to the UK <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_rewilding" title="Pleistocene rewilding">for the first time in 6000 years</a> (although there was an unsuccessful attempt in Scotland in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-AlladaleReserve-96">[93]</a> and the European bison is not confirmed to be native to England while the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> once used to be inhabited by now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Steppe_bison" title="Steppe bison">Steppe bison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bison_schoetensacki" title="Bison schoetensacki">Pleistocene woodland bison</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-rwbz-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> The herd of 3 females, with plans to also release a male in the following months, was set free in July 2022 within a 2,500-acre conservation area in <a href="/wiki/West_Blean_and_Thornden_Woods" title="West Blean and Thornden Woods">West Blean and Thornden Woods</a>, near Canterbury.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Unknown to the rangers, one of the females was pregnant and gave birth to a calf in October 2022, marking the first wild bison born in the UK for the first time in millennia.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> As below-mentioned, there are established herds in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, however European bison has not been recorded naturally from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsulas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Euskomedia-29">[26]</a> while these regions were once inhabited by Pleistocene woodland bison and Steppe bison.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers_and_distribution">Numbers and distribution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Numbers and distribution">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numbers_by_country">Numbers by country</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Numbers by country">edit</a>]</div> The total worldwide population recorded in 2019 was around 7,500 – about half of this number being in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, with over 25% of the global population located in Poland alone.<a href="#cite_note-lbn-pż-9">[6]</a> For 2016, the number was 6,573 (including 4,472 free-ranging) and has been increasing.<a href="#cite_note-eurowildlife-58">[55]</a> Some local populations are estimated as: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>: 10 animals<a href="#cite_note-All_About_Bison:Europe-105">[102]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>: 29 animals in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>: 2,385 animals<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> in 2023.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>: Around 150 animals in northeastern Bulgaria;<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> a smaller population has been reintroduced in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>: 106 animals in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-eurowildlife-58">[55]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: Two herds were established in the summer of 2012, as part of conservation of the species. First, fourteen animals were released in meadows near the town of <a href="/wiki/Randers" title="Randers">Randers</a>, and later, seven animals on <a href="/wiki/Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a>. In June 2012, one male and six females were moved from Poland to the Danish island Bornholm. The plan was to examine if it is possible to establish a wild population of bison on the island over a five-year period.<a href="#cite_note-denbis-110">[107]</a> In 2018, it was decided to keep the bison on Bornholm, but maintained within the large fenced-in part of the <a href="/wiki/Almindingen" title="Almindingen">Almindingen</a> forest where originally introduced. In 2019, the bison that initially had been introduced near Randers were moved to the more suitable and spacious <a href="/wiki/Lille_Vildmose" title="Lille Vildmose">Lille Vildmose</a>; these were supplemented by seven animals from the Netherlands in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: One herd was established in 2005 in the Alps near the village of Thorenc (close to the city of Grasse), as part of conservation of the species. In 2015, it contained around 50 animals.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: A herd of 8 animals (1 male, 5 females, and 2 calves) was released into nature in April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Rothaarsteig" title="Rothaarsteig">Rothaarsteig</a> natural reserve near <a href="/wiki/Bad_Berleburg" title="Bad Berleburg">Bad Berleburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> after 850 years of absence since the species became extinct in that region.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> As of May 2015, 13 free-roaming wisents lived there.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In September 2017 one of the free-living Polish animals swam the border river Oder and migrated to Germany. It was the first wild bison seen in Germany for more than 250 years. German authorities ordered the animal to be killed and it was shot dead by hunters in September 2017.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> As of 2020, the population has steadily increased to 26 individuals, living in one subpopulation.<a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1">[1]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>: 11 animals in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%90rs%C3%A9g_National_Park" title="Őrség National Park">Őrség National Park</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> and few more in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s-Maros_National_Park" title="Körös-Maros National Park">Körös-Maros National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: A small herd can be found in the Natura Viva Park near Verona, Italy, where the animals are protected and are prepared to be put in nature again in the wild areas of Romania.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>: Animals were reintroduced at one point.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>: Animals were reintroduced in <a href="/wiki/Pape_Nature_Reserve" title="Pape Nature Reserve">Pape Nature Reserve</a> in 2007.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>: 214 free-ranging animals as of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-lithuaniabison2017-119">[116]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>: Extirpated from Moldova since the 18th century, wisents were reintroduced with the arrival of three European bison from Białowieża Forest in Poland several days before Moldova's Independence Day on 27 August 2005.<a href="#cite_note-molbis-120">[117]</a> Moldova is currently interested in expanding their wisent population, and began talks with Belarus in 2019 regarding a bison exchange program between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> Bisons can be found in <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83durea_Domneasc%C4%83" title="Pădurea Domnească">Pădurea Domnească</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C4%83durea_Domneasc%C4%83_-_zimbru_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/P%C4%83durea_Domneasc%C4%83_-_zimbru_-_01.jpg/220px-P%C4%83durea_Domneasc%C4%83_-_zimbru_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/P%C4%83durea_Domneasc%C4%83_-_zimbru_-_01.jpg/330px-P%C4%83durea_Domneasc%C4%83_-_zimbru_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/P%C4%83durea_Domneasc%C4%83_-_zimbru_-_01.jpg/440px-P%C4%83durea_Domneasc%C4%83_-_zimbru_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Bisons in <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83durea_Domneasc%C4%83" title="Pădurea Domnească">Pădurea Domnească</a>, Moldova</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: Natuurpark Lelystad: In 1976, the first wisent arrived from Białowieża. Natuurpark Lelystad is a breeding centre with a herd of approx. 25 animals living together with <a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_horse" title="Przewalski's horse">Przewalski's horses</a>. All wisents are registered in the European Studbook and are of the Lowland line. It is one of the suppliers for re-introduction projects in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Zuid-Kennemerland_National_Park" title="Zuid-Kennemerland National Park">Kraansvlak</a> herd established in 2007 with three wisents, and expanded to six in 2008;<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> the Maashorst herd established in 2016 with 11 wisents;<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> and the Veluwe herd established in 2016 with a small herd.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> In 2020 a new herd of 14 bison was established in the Slikken van de Heen.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Numbers at the end of 2017 were: Lelystad 24, Kraansvlak 22, Maashorst 15 and the Veluwe 5, for a total of 66 animals.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: By the end of 2019 the number was 2,269, of which 2,048 were free-roaming and 221 were living in captivity, including zoos. A total of 770 belonged to the wild population in the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a> and 668 to <a href="/wiki/Bieszczady_National_Park" title="Bieszczady National Park">Bieszczady National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wyniki-60">[57]</a> The total population has been increasing by around 15% to 18% yearly.<a href="#cite_note-lbn-pż-9">[6]</a> Between 1995 and 2017 the number of bison in Poland doubled; from 2012 to 2017 it rose by 30%.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> Poland has been described as the world's breeding centre of the European bison.<a href="#cite_note-pzł-23">[20]</a> Zubr from Poland have also been transported beyond the country's borders to boost the local populations of other countries – among them Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Moldova, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, and others.<a href="#cite_note-90l-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-swizbis-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-molbis-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-denbis-110">[107]</a> As the number of animals is growing, more bison are spotted in areas where they have not been seen in centuries, especially migrating males in Spring. The placement of about 40 free-roaming bison in the <a href="/wiki/Lasy_Janowskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasy Janowskie">Lasy Janowskie</a> in 2020/2021 resulted in ecologists' efforts to redesign some bridges of the S19 highway (constructed in 2020–2022) to allow large animals to cross it.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_Tracking_Bunea_%C2%A9_Calin_Serban.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bison_Tracking_Bunea_%C2%A9_Calin_Serban.jpg/277px-Bison_Tracking_Bunea_%C2%A9_Calin_Serban.jpg" decoding="async" width="277" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bison_Tracking_Bunea_%C2%A9_Calin_Serban.jpg/416px-Bison_Tracking_Bunea_%C2%A9_Calin_Serban.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bison_Tracking_Bunea_%C2%A9_Calin_Serban.jpg/554px-Bison_Tracking_Bunea_%C2%A9_Calin_Serban.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>European Bisons in Făgăraș Mountains, Foundation Conservation Carpathia project area, Romania</figcaption></figure></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: A herd of 8 bisons were introduced in central Portugal for the first time in 2024 in Termas de Monfortinho and Herdade do Vale Freitoso, through the "Rewilding Portugal" programme.<a href="#cite_note-rcb-radiocovadabeira.pt-62">[59]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>: The European bison were reintroduced in 1958, when the first two animals were brought from Poland and kept in a reserve in <a href="/wiki/Ha%C8%9Beg" title="Hațeg">Hațeg</a>. Similar locations later appeared in <a href="/wiki/Vama_Buz%C4%83ului" title="Vama Buzăului">Vama Buzăului</a> (Valea Zimbrilor Nature Reserve) and <a href="/wiki/Buc%C8%99ani,_D%C3%A2mbovi%C8%9Ba" title="Bucșani, Dâmbovița">Bucșani, Dâmbovița</a>. The idea of free bison, on the Romanian territory, was born in 1999, through a program supported by the World Bank and the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-rl-128">[125]</a> Almost 160 free-roaming animals, as of 2019, population slowly increasing in the four areas where wild bison can be found: Northern Romania – <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2n%C4%83tori-Neam%C8%9B_Natural_Park" title="Vânători-Neamț Natural Park">Vânători-Neamț Natural Park</a>, and South-West Romania – <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aarcu_Mountains" title="Țarcu Mountains">Țarcu Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poiana_Rusc%C4%83_Mountains" title="Poiana Ruscă Mountains">Poiana Ruscă Mountains</a>, as part of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616084938/https://life-bison.com/">Life-Bison project</a> initiated by WWF Romania and <a href="/wiki/Rewilding_Europe" title="Rewilding Europe">Rewilding Europe</a>, with co-funding from the EU through its <a href="/wiki/The_LIFE_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="The LIFE Programme">LIFE Programme</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rl-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> but also in the Southern Carpathians, in the Făgăraș Mountains, as part of the Foundation Conservation Carpathia project, carried out within the LIFE Carpathia project.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Since 2019, Foundation Conservation Carpathia has started to reintroduce the European Bison in the Făgăraș Mountains, after more than 200 years since their disappearance from the central forests of Romania. Foundation Conservation Carpathia aims to reintroduce 75 European bisons into the Făgăraș Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> In June 2024, 14 additional bison were brought to the southern Carpathian mountains from Germany and Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>: As of 2020, the population of Wisents in Russia has greatly recovered and stands at 1,588 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>: In March 2022, 5 animals (one bull and four cows) were reintroduced where bison went extinct c.1800. Animals were transported from the Białowieża Forest and reintroduced on the <a href="/wiki/Fru%C5%A1ka_Gora" title="Fruška Gora">Fruška Gora</a> mountain.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>: A bison reserve was established in <a href="/wiki/Topo%C4%BE%C4%8Dianky" title="Topoľčianky">Topoľčianky</a> in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> The reserve has a maximum capacity of 13 animals but has bred around 180 animals for various zoos. As of 2020, there was also a wild breeding herd of 48 animals in <a href="/wiki/Poloniny_National_Park" title="Poloniny National Park">Poloniny National Park</a> with an increasing population.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: Two herds in northern Spain were established in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> As of 2018, the total population neared a hundred animals, half of them in <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a>, but also in Asturias, Valencia, Extremadura and the Pyrenees.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: There are approximately 139 animals.<a href="#cite_note-All_About_Bison:Europe-105">[102]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: More than 50 animals.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Coming from Poland, one male and four females were introduced in November 2019 into the natural reserve and forest of <a href="/wiki/Suchy" title="Suchy">Suchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Vaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Vaud">Vaud Canton</a>, western Switzerland. On 15 June 2020, the first baby of that population was born.<a href="#cite_note-swizbis-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> Besides the Suchy breeding station, several zoos in Switzerland are keeping bison too. From September 2022, at least five animals will be kept in semi-freedom in <a href="/wiki/Welschenrohr-G%C3%A4nsbrunnen" title="Welschenrohr-Gänsbrunnen">Welschenrohr</a>, with hiking paths cutting through the enclosure.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>: A population of around 400 animals, population was recently introduced to several national parks and is increasing.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> State program of conservation and reproduction was approved in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> <a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: In 2011, 3 animals were introduced into <a href="/wiki/Alladale_Wilderness_Reserve" title="Alladale Wilderness Reserve">Alladale Wilderness Reserve</a> in Scotland. Plans to move more into the reserve were made, but the project failed due to not being "well thought through",<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> and the project was terminated in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-AlladaleReserve-96">[93]</a> 11 years later, 3 female bison were introduced to the <a href="/wiki/West_Blean_and_Thornden_Woods" title="West Blean and Thornden Woods">West Blean and Thornden Woods</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent, England">Kent, England</a> on 18 July 2022.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> A calf, also female, was unexpectedly born in September 2022, bringing the total number to 4.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> On 24 December 2022 a bull was introduced after delays brought about by <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>-related complications. This makes these 5 bison the first "complete" wild herd in the UK in thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distribution">Distribution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turnir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Turnir.jpg/220px-Turnir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Turnir.jpg/330px-Turnir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Turnir.jpg/440px-Turnir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Bison sparring in the reserve in <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></figcaption></figure> The largest European bison herds — of both captive and wild populations — are still located in Poland and Belarus,<a href="#cite_note-lbn-pż-9">[6]</a> the majority of which can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a> including the most numerous population of free-living European bison in the world with most of the animals living on the Polish side of the border.<a href="#cite_note-ostoja-90">[87]</a> Poland remains the world's breeding centre for the wisent.<a href="#cite_note-pzł-23">[20]</a> In the years 1945 to 2014, from the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_National_Park" title="Białowieża National Park">Białowieża National Park</a> alone, 553 specimens were sent to most captive populations of the bison in Europe as well as all breeding sanctuaries for the species in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-ostoja-90">[87]</a> Since 1983, a small reintroduced population lives in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>. This population suffers from inbreeding depression and needs the introduction of unrelated animals for "blood refreshment". In the long term, authorities hope to establish a population of about 1,000 animals in the area. One of the northernmost current populations of the European bison lives in <a href="/wiki/Vologodskaya_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Vologodskaya Oblast">Vologodskaya Oblast</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dvina" title="Northern Dvina">Northern Dvina</a> valley at about 60°N. It survives without supplementary winter feeding. Another Russian population lives in the forests around the <a href="/wiki/Desna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Desna River">Desna River</a> on the border between Russia and Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Sipko-46">[43]</a> The north-easternmost population lives in <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_Park" title="Pleistocene Park">Pleistocene Park</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Chersky_(urban-type_settlement)" title="Chersky (urban-type settlement)">Chersky</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, a project to recreate the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> ecosystem which began to be altered 10,000 years ago. Five wisents were introduced on 24 April 2011. The wisents were brought to the park from the <a href="/wiki/Prioksko-Terrasny_Nature_Reserve" title="Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve">Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve</a> near <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. The bison originated from a population in Denmark. Winter temperatures often drop below −50 °C. Four of the five bison have subsequently died due to problems acclimatizing to the low winter temperature. Plans are being made to reintroduce two herds in Germany<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> and in the Netherlands in <a href="/wiki/Oostvaardersplassen" title="Oostvaardersplassen">Oostvaardersplassen</a> Nature Reserve<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Flevoland" title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Veluwe" title="Veluwe">Veluwe</a>. In 2007, a bison <a href="/wiki/Pilot_experiment" title="Pilot experiment">pilot project</a> in a fenced area was begun in <a href="/wiki/Zuid-Kennemerland_National_Park" title="Zuid-Kennemerland National Park">Zuid-Kennemerland National Park</a> in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> Because of their limited genetic pool, they are considered highly vulnerable to illnesses such as <a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">foot-and-mouth disease</a>. In March 2016, a herd was released in the Maashorst Nature Reserve in <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a>. Zoos in 30 countries also have quite a few bison involved in captive-breeding programs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cultural significance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hajnowka_pomnik_Zubra_ogolny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hajnowka_pomnik_Zubra_ogolny.jpg/220px-Hajnowka_pomnik_Zubra_ogolny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hajnowka_pomnik_Zubra_ogolny.jpg/330px-Hajnowka_pomnik_Zubra_ogolny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Hajnowka_pomnik_Zubra_ogolny.jpg/440px-Hajnowka_pomnik_Zubra_ogolny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2947" data-file-height="2494" /></a><figcaption>European bison monument in <a href="/wiki/Hajn%C3%B3wka" title="Hajnówka">Hajnówka</a></figcaption></figure> Representations of the European bison from different ages, across millennia of human society's existence, can be found throughout Eurasia in the form of drawings and <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">rock carvings</a>; one of the oldest and most famous instances of the latter can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Altamira" title="Cave of Altamira">Cave of Altamira</a>, present-day Spain, where cave art featuring the wisent from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> was discovered.<a href="#cite_note-sztych2014-151">[148]</a> The bison has also been represented in a wide range of art in human history, such as sculptures, paintings, photographs, <a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">glass art</a>, and more.<a href="#cite_note-sztych2008-152">[149]</a> Sculptures of the wisent constructed in the 19th and 20th centuries continue to stand in a number of European cities; arguably the most notable of these are the <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pos%C4%85g_%C5%BBubra_w_Spale" class="extiw" title="pl:Posąg Żubra w Spale">zubr statue in Spała from 1862</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Zichy" title="Mihály Zichy">Mihály Zichy</a> and the two bison sculptures in <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> sculpted by <a href="/wiki/August_Gaul" title="August Gaul">August Gaul</a> in 1910–1913. However, a number of other monuments to the animal also exist, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Hajn%C3%B3wka" title="Hajnówka">Hajnówka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pszczyna" title="Pszczyna">Pszczyna</a> or at the <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Zoo" title="Kyiv Zoo">Kyiv Zoo</a> entrance.<a href="#cite_note-sztych2008-152">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-sztych2014-151">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Hussowczyk" title="Mikołaj Hussowczyk">Mikołaj Hussowczyk</a>, a poet writing in Latin about the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> during the early 16th century, described the bison in a historically significant fictional work from 1523.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> The European bison is considered one of the national animals of Poland and Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-all_about_bison-8">[5]</a> Due to this and the fact that half of the worldwide European bison population can be found spread across these two countries,<a href="#cite_note-lbn-pż-9">[6]</a> the wisent is still featured prominently in the <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> of these neighbouring states (especially in the overlapping region of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Poland" title="Eastern Poland">Eastern Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Belarus">Western Belarus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-sztych2008-152">[149]</a> Examples in Poland include the coats of arms of: the counties of <a href="/wiki/Hajn%C3%B3wka_County" title="Hajnówka County">Hajnówka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambr%C3%B3w_County" title="Zambrów County">Zambrów</a>, the towns <a href="/wiki/Sok%C3%B3%C5%82ka" title="Sokółka">Sokółka</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBywiec" title="Żywiec">Żywiec</a>, the villages <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa" title="Białowieża">Białowieża</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narewka" title="Narewka">Narewka</a>, as well as the coats of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Pomian_coat_of_arms" title="Pomian coat of arms">Pomian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wieniawa_coat_of_arms" title="Wieniawa coat of arms">Wieniawa</a> families. Examples in Belarus include the <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Region" title="Grodno Region">Grodno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brest_Region" title="Brest Region">Brest</a> voblasts, the town of <a href="/wiki/Svislach" title="Svislach">Svislach</a>, and others. The European bison can also be found on the coats of arms of places in neighbouring countries: <a href="/wiki/Perloja" title="Perloja">Perloja</a> in southern Lithuania, <a href="/wiki/Lypovets" title="Lypovets">Lypovets</a> in west-central Ukraine, and <a href="/wiki/Zub%C5%99%C3%AD_(Vset%C3%ADn_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubří (Vsetín District)">Zubří</a> in east Czechia – as well as further outside the region, such as <a href="/wiki/Kortezubi" title="Kortezubi">Kortezubi</a> in the Basque Country, and <a href="/wiki/Jabel" title="Jabel">Jabel</a> in Germany. A flavoured vodka called <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka" title="Żubrówka">Żubrówka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ʐuˈbrufka]</a>), originating as a recipe of the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a> in the 14th century, has since 1928 been industrially produced as a brand in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-żubrówka-154">[151]</a> In the decades that followed, it became known as the "world's best known Polish vodka"<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> and sparked the creation of a number of copy brands inspired by the original in Belarus, Russia, Germany, as well as other brands in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> The original Polish brand is known for placing a decorative blade of <a href="/wiki/Hierochloe_odorata" title="Hierochloe odorata">bison grass</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a> in each bottle of their product; both the plant's name in Polish and the vodka are named after żubr, the Polish name for the European bison.<a href="#cite_note-żubrówka-154">[151]</a> The bison also appears commercially as a symbol of a number of other Polish brands, such as the popular beer brand <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubr_(beer)" title="Żubr (beer)">Żubr</a> and on the logo of Poland's second largest bank, <a href="/wiki/Bank_Polska_Kasa_Opieki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank Polska Kasa Opieki">Bank Pekao S.A.</a><a href="#cite_note-sztych2008-152">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_National_Park" title="Białowieża National Park">Białowieża National Park</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Borrowing from the German Wisent. See <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wisent" class="extiw" title="wikt:wisent">wisent</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wisent" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wisent">Wisent</a> for etymology. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> A less commonly used name for the European bison in English, borrowed from Polish. Previously also used to refer to one race of the species. See <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zubr#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:zubr">zubr</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%BCubr" class="extiw" title="wikt:żubr">żubr</a> for more info. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Used mostly in American sources. Bison are only distantly related to <a href="/wiki/True_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="True buffalo">true buffalo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPlumb,_G.Kowalczyk,_R.Hernandez-Blanco,_J.A.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Plumb, G.; Kowalczyk, R.; Hernandez-Blanco, J.A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2814/45156279">"Bison bonasus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2020: e.T2814A45156279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T2814A45156279.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T2814A45156279.en</a>. Retrieved 19 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Bison+bonasus&rft.volume=2020&rft.pages=e.T2814A45156279&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T2814A45156279.en&rft.au=Plumb%2C+G.&rft.au=Kowalczyk%2C+R.&rft.au=Hernandez-Blanco%2C+J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F2814%2F45156279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+bison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelterbran,_Valeri_R.2007" class="citation book cs1">Helterbran, Valeri R. (2007). Why Flamingos Are Pink ...and 250 Other Things You Should Know. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 28. <q>Bison are not related to true buffalo (Asia's water buffalo and Africa's Cape buffalo) and are only distantly related to the wisent, a European buffalo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Flamingos+Are+Pink+...and+250+Other+Things+You+Should+Know&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Taylor+Trade+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Helterbran%2C+Valeri+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+bison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QaeVb8cW7xeJwxC5613OyXCmxKyLfrU1tTeg26-gVufLapEcnMF7aquc7KvO2bfm_L-jnytxYpPw9poHT2dQcaokeswIFlF08SS3SSoaRpI1ReDt46X-noReSDei5SLHwvN6VaH9xThsddhb7O55ZWclzzFzYRvsFFh9E9Jmr4M7EYfrig0v3cTgBP1pyGYigxrI0PB4W6ZPgCgoS67gqcmlv6DP3ExGjnx09Rm0yUC1cFpXGWsNA0Eqw8-SuLh9v7uYqLOK">Conservation Note, Issue 12</a>. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Information. 1962. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925174250/https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QaeVb8cW7xeJwxC5613OyXCmxKyLfrU1tTeg26-gVufLapEcnMF7aquc7KvO2bfm_L-jnytxYpPw9poHT2dQcaokeswIFlF08SS3SSoaRpI1ReDt46X-noReSDei5SLHwvN6VaH9xThsddhb7O55ZWclzzFzYRvsFFh9E9Jmr4M7EYfrig0v3cTgBP1pyGYigxrI0PB4W6ZPgCgoS67gqcmlv6DP3ExGjnx09Rm0yUC1cFpXGWsNA0Eqw8-SuLh9v7uYqLOK">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021. <q>No doubt you know that the American buffalo is not a buffalo, but a bison. Our buffalo is related to the European buffalo or wisent, not to the hard-working Asian buffalo or the ferocious Cape buffalo of Africa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservation+Note%2C+Issue+12&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=U.S.+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service%2C+Office+of+Information&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.googleusercontent.com%2Fbooks%2Fcontent%3Freq%3DAKW5QaeVb8cW7xeJwxC5613OyXCmxKyLfrU1tTeg26-gVufLapEcnMF7aquc7KvO2bfm_L-jnytxYpPw9poHT2dQcaokeswIFlF08SS3SSoaRpI1ReDt46X-noReSDei5SLHwvN6VaH9xThsddhb7O55ZWclzzFzYRvsFFh9E9Jmr4M7EYfrig0v3cTgBP1pyGYigxrI0PB4W6ZPgCgoS67gqcmlv6DP3ExGjnx09Rm0yUC1cFpXGWsNA0Eqw8-SuLh9v7uYqLOK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+bison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905080818/http://www.lhnet.org/history-of-the-disappearance-and-return-wisent-in-the-caucasian-mountains/">"70 years Wisent in the Caucasian mountains"</a>. www.lhnet.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lhnet.org/history-of-the-disappearance-and-return-wisent-in-the-caucasian-mountains/">the original</a> on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lhnet.org&rft.atitle=70+years+Wisent+in+the+Caucasian+mountains&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lhnet.org%2Fhistory-of-the-disappearance-and-return-wisent-in-the-caucasian-mountains%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+bison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-all_about_bison-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-all_about_bison_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-all_about_bison_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allaboutbison.com/bison-world-news/europe/poland/">"Poland"</a>. 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Dziennik Zachodni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131163522/https://dziennikzachodni.pl/zubr-dostal-kosza-wiec-uciekl-z-pszczynskiego-rezerwatu/ar/240797">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2021. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia182/2009/09/03/cidades,i=139677/EXEMPLAR+DE+BISAO+FEMEA+QUE+VIVE+NO+ZOOLOGICO+DE+BRASILIA+PODE+SER+O+MAIS+VELHO+DA+ESPECIE.shtml">the original</a> on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=correiobraziliense.com.br&rft.atitle=Female+European+bison+in+Bras%C3%ADlia+Zoo+may+be+the+species+oldest&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft.aulast=Medeiros&rft.aufirst=Lu%C3%ADsa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.correiobraziliense.com.br%2Fapp%2Fnoticia182%2F2009%2F09%2F03%2Fcidades%2Ci%3D139677%2FEXEMPLAR%2BDE%2BBISAO%2BFEMEA%2BQUE%2BVIVE%2BNO%2BZOOLOGICO%2BDE%2BBRASILIA%2BPODE%2BSER%2BO%2BMAIS%2BVELHO%2BDA%2BESPECIE.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+bison" class="Z3988">(in Portuguese) </li> <li id="cite_note-żubryonline-72"><a href="#cite_ref-żubryonline_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasy.gov.pl/pl/informacje/kampanie_i_akcje/zubryonline">"ŻubryOnline"</a>. 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Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.: IUCN/SSC Bison Specialist Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Bison+Status+Survey+and+Conservation+Action+Plan&rft.place=Gland%2C+Switzerland+and+Cambridge%2C+UK.&rft.pub=IUCN%2FSSC+Bison+Specialist+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Pucek%2C+Z.&rft.au=Belousova%2C+I.P.&rft.au=Krasi%C3%B1ska%2C+M.&rft.au=Krasi%C3%B1ski%2C+Z.A.&rft.au=Olech%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+bison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UU-74"><a href="#cite_ref-UU_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrent_Huffman" class="citation web cs1">Brent Huffman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Bison_bonasus.html">"Ultimate Ungulate"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226095419/http://www.ultimateungulate.com/artiodactyla/bison_bonasus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2016. 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Retrieved 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bull+release+completes+UK%27s+first+wild+bison+herd+in+millennia&rft.date=2022-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2022%2Fdec%2F24%2Fbull-release-first-uk-wild-bison-herd-millennia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+bison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisent-welt.de/">"Startseite – Wisent Welt"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111203200821/http://www.wisent-welt.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2011. 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Retrieved 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka+%E2%80%93+kultowa+w%C3%B3dka+z+trawk%C4%85.+Powstawanie%2C+historia%2C+drinki.&rft.pub=Kurier+Poranny&rft.date=2010-12-25&rft.au=Janka+Werpachowska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fporanny.pl%2Fzubrowka-kultowa-wodka-z-trawka-powstawanie-historia-drinki%2Far%2F5351702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+bison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roust.com/brands/zubrowka">"Żubrówka"</a>. Roust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203172512/http://www.roust.com/brands/zubrowka">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2019. 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Gazeta Prawna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203163954/https://prawo.gazetaprawna.pl/artykuly/886588,prawo-wlasnosci-intelektualnej-nie-kazdy-moze-sprzedawc-zubrowke.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nie+ka%C5%BCdy+mo%C5%BCe+sprzedaw%C4%87+%22%C5%BCubr%C3%B3wk%C4%99%22.+Witas%3A+Nie+tolerujemy%2C+gdy+kto%C5%9B+do+butelki+wk%C5%82ada+traw%C4%99&rft.pub=Gazeta+Prawna&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft.au=Patryk+S%C5%82owik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprawo.gazetaprawna.pl%2Fartykuly%2F886588%2Cprawo-wlasnosci-intelektualnej-nie-kazdy-moze-sprzedawc-zubrowke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+bison" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> This article incorporates text from the <a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a> fact-file "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.arkive.org/bison-bonasus">European bison</a>" under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=European_bison&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bison_bonasus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bison bonasus">European bison</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a topic profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q81091" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q81091">European bison</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/walkers_mammals_of_the_world/artiodactyla/artiodactyla.bovidae.bison.html">Bison entry</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041013015200/http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/walkers_mammals_of_the_world/artiodactyla/artiodactyla.bovidae.bison.html">Archived</a> 13 October 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from Walker's Mammals of the World</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711184244/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/caucasianbison.htm">The Extinction Website – Caucasian European bison (Bison bonasus caucasicus)</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060522194018/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/carpathianbison.htm">The Extinction Website – Carpathian European bison (Bison bonasus hungarorum)</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Bison_bonasus.html">European bison/wisent</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/9604413.stm">BBC NEWS Reversal fortunes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terreco.univ.kiev.ua/_media/library/bizon/history-current-state-and-perspectives-of-conservation-of-european-bison-in-ukraine.pdf">I. Parnikoza, V. Boreiko, V. Sesin, M. Kaliuzhna History, current state and perspectives of conservation of European bison in Ukraine // European Bison Conservation Newsletter Vol 2 (2009) pp: 5–16 </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120821134817/http://www.lhnet.org/wisent-european-bison/">Species fact sheet on LHNet database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasy.gov.pl/zubr">"Wisent online" from Browsk Forest District in Białowieża National Park, Poland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140521234933/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2014/05/19/rewilding-europe-brings-back-the-continents-largest-land-animal/">National Geographic – Rewilding Europe Brings Back the Continent's Largest Land Animal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bison-ebcc.eu/">European Bison Conservation Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616084938/https://life-bison.com/">Rewilding bison in Romania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bison-ebcc.eu/bison_data_2014.pdf">Distribution and quantity of the European bison in 2014</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923190952/http://www.bison-ebcc.eu/bison_data_2014.pdf">Archived</a> 23 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF; 213 kB)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Ruminantia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminantia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antilocapra" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Antilocapra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn (A. americana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapi (O. johnstoni)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_giraffe" title="Northern giraffe">Northern giraffe (G. camelopardalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_giraffe" title="Southern giraffe">Southern giraffe (G. giraffa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulated_giraffe" title="Reticulated giraffe">Reticulated giraffe (G. reticulata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_giraffe" title="Masai giraffe">Masai giraffe (G. tippelskirchi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moschus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">Moschus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_musk_deer" title="Anhui musk deer">Anhui musk deer (M. anhuiensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_musk_deer" title="Dwarf musk deer">Dwarf musk deer (M. berezovskii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_musk_deer" title="Alpine musk deer">Alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_musk_deer" title="Kashmir musk deer">Kashmir musk deer (M. cupreus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_musk_deer" title="Black musk deer">Black musk deer (M. fuscus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_musk_deer" title="White-bellied musk deer">Himalayan musk deer (M. leucogaster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Hyemoschus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Water chevrotain (H. aquaticus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Moschiola" title="Moschiola">Moschiola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_spotted_chevrotain" title="Indian spotted chevrotain">Indian spotted chevrotain (M. indica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-striped_chevrotain" title="Yellow-striped chevrotain">Yellow-striped chevrotain (M. kathygre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_spotted_chevrotain" title="Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain">Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (M. meminna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Tragulus" title="Tragulus">Tragulus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_mouse-deer" title="Java mouse-deer">Java mouse-deer (T. javanicus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">Lesser mouse-deer (T. kanchil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_mouse-deer" title="Greater mouse-deer">Greater mouse-deer (T. napu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mouse-deer" title="Philippine mouse-deer">Philippine mouse-deer (T. nigricans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_mouse-deer" title="Vietnam mouse-deer">Vietnam mouse-deer (T. versicolor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson%27s_mouse-deer" title="Williamson's mouse-deer">Williamson's mouse-deer (T. williamsoni)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Cervidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Family <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cervinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">Muntiacus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_yellow_muntjac" title="Bornean yellow muntjac">Bornean yellow muntjac (M. atherodes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-fronted_muntjac" title="Hairy-fronted muntjac">Hairy-fronted muntjac (M. crinifrons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fea%27s_muntjac" title="Fea's muntjac">Fea's muntjac (M. feae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_muntjac" title="Gongshan muntjac">Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_muntjac" title="Sumatran muntjac">Sumatran muntjac (M. montanus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_red_muntjac" title="Southern red muntjac">Southern red muntjac (M. muntjak)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Hoat_muntjac" title="Pu Hoat muntjac">Pu Hoat muntjac (M. puhoatensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_muntjac" title="Leaf muntjac">Leaf muntjac (M. putaoensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac (M. reevesi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_muntjac" title="Roosevelt's muntjac">Roosevelt's muntjac (M. rooseveltorum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truong_Son_muntjac" title="Truong Son muntjac">Truong Son muntjac (M. truongsonensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_red_muntjac" title="Northern red muntjac">Northern red muntjac (M. vaginalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_muntjac" title="Giant muntjac">Giant muntjac (M. vuquangensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Elaphodus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Tufted deer (E. cephalophus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Dama_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dama (genus)">Dama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer (D. dama)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Axis_(genus)" title="Axis (genus)">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital (A. axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_deer" title="Calamian deer">Calamian deer (A. calamianensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_deer" title="Bawean deer">Bawean deer (A. kuhlii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Hog deer (A. porcinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Rucervus" title="Rucervus">Rucervus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha (R. duvaucelii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer (R. eldii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Elaphurus" title="Elaphurus">Elaphurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer (E. davidianus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Rusa_(genus)" title="Rusa (genus)">Rusa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_spotted_deer" title="Visayan spotted deer">Visayan spotted deer (R. alfredi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_deer" title="Philippine deer">Philippine sambar (R. mariannus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Rusa deer (R. timorensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar (R. unicolor)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer (C. albirostris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer (C. elaphus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk (C. canadensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer (C. hanglu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer (C. nippon)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Alces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose (A. alces)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Hydropotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer (H. inermis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">Capreolus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">European roe deer (C. capreolus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Rangifer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer (R. tarandus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippocamelus" title="Hippocamelus">Hippocamelus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">Taruca (H. antisensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">South Andean deer (H. bisulcus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Brocket_deer" title="Brocket deer">Mazama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">Red brocket (M. americana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_red_brocket" title="Small red brocket">Small red brocket (M. bororo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merida_brocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida brocket">Merida brocket (M. bricenii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_brocket" title="Dwarf brocket">Dwarf brocket (M. chunyi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_brocket" title="Gray brocket">Gray brocket (M. gouazoubira)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_brocket" title="Pygmy brocket">Pygmy brocket (M. nana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_brown_brocket" title="Amazonian brown brocket">Amazonian brown brocket (M. nemorivaga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_red_brocket" title="Little red brocket">Little red brocket (M. rufina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_red_brocket" title="Central American red brocket">Central American red brocket (M. temama)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Ozotoceros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Pampas deer (O. bezoarticus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Blastocerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Marsh deer (B. dichotomus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Pudu" title="Pudu">Pudu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (P. mephistophiles)</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_pudu" title="Southern pudu">Southern pudu (P. pudu)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Pudella" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudella">Pudella</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudella_carlae" title="Pudella carlae">Peruvian Yungas pudu (P. carlae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (P. mephistophiles)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus" title="Odocoileus">Odocoileus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer (O. hemionus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatan_brown_brocket" title="Yucatan brown brocket">Yucatan brown brocket (O. pandora)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer (O. virginianus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grazing_antelope" title="Grazing antelope">Hippotraginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippotragus" title="Hippotragus">Hippotragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roan_antelope" title="Roan antelope">Roan antelope (H. equinus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Sable antelope (H. niger)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">Oryx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_oryx" title="East African oryx">East African oryx (O. beisa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_oryx" title="Scimitar oryx">Scimitar oryx (O. dammah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">Gemsbok (O. gazella)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx (O. leucoryx)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax (A. nasomaculatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Kobus_(antelope)" title="Kobus (antelope)">Kobus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterbuck" title="Waterbuck">Waterbuck (K. ellipsiprymnus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">Kob (K. kob)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">Lechwe (K. leche)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_lechwe" title="Nile lechwe">Nile lechwe (K. megaceros)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puku" title="Puku">Puku (K. vardonii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">Redunca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_reedbuck" title="Southern reedbuck">Southern reedbuck (R. arundinum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_reedbuck" title="Mountain reedbuck">Mountain reedbuck (R. fulvorufula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohor_reedbuck" title="Bohor reedbuck">Bohor reedbuck (R. redunca)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepycerotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aepyceros" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepyceros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Impala (A. melampus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Peleinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pelea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Grey rhebok (P. capreolus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Beatragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Hirola (B. hunteri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus" title="Damaliscus">Damaliscus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus_lunatus" title="Damaliscus lunatus">Common tsessebe (D. lunatus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontebok" title="Bontebok">Bontebok (D. pygargus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Alcelaphus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Hartebeest (A. buselaphus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Connochaetes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">Black wildebeest (C. gnou)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">Blue wildebeest (C. taurinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantholops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Caprinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Ammotragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Barbary sheep (A. lervia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabitragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr (A. jayakari)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Budorcas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Takin (B. taxicolor)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">Wild goat (C. aegagrus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Caucasian_tur" title="West Caucasian tur">West Caucasian tur (C. caucasia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Caucasian_tur" title="East Caucasian tur">East Caucasian tur (C. cylindricornis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor (C. falconeri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Domestic goat (C. hircus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex (C. ibex)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Nubian ibex (C. nubiana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_ibex" title="Iberian ibex">Iberian ibex (C. pyrenaica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex (C. sibirica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">Walia ibex (C. walie)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">Capricornis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_serow" title="Japanese serow">Japanese serow (C. crispus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_serow" title="Red serow">Red serow (C. rubidus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_serow" title="Mainland serow">Mainland serow (C. sumatraensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_serow" title="Taiwan serow">Taiwan serow (C. swinhoei)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Tahr" title="Tahr">Hemitragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr (H. jemlahicus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">Naemorhedus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_goral" title="Red goral">Red goral (N. baileyi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_goral" title="Long-tailed goral">Long-tailed goral (N. caudatus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral (N. goral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_goral" title="Chinese goral">Chinese goral (N. griseus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Oreamnos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat (O. americanus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Ovibos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox (O. moschatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiritragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr (N. hylocrius)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">Ovis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">Argali (O. ammon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Domestic sheep (O. aries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep (O. canadensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep (O. dalli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">Mouflon (O. gmelini)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_sheep" title="Snow sheep">Snow sheep (O. nivicola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial (O. vignei)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudois">Pseudois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">Bharal (P. nayaur)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Rupicapra" title="Rupicapra">Rupicapra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_chamois" title="Pyrenean chamois">Pyrenean chamois (R. pyrenaica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">Chamois (R. rupicapra)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Bovinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boselaphini" title="Boselaphini">Boselaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Tetracerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Four-horned antelope (T. quadricornis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Boselaphus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Nilgai (B. tragocamelus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo (B. arnee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Domestic water buffalo (B. bubalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_anoa" title="Lowland anoa">Lowland anoa (B. depressicornis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">Tamaraw (B. mindorensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_anoa" title="Mountain anoa">Mountain anoa (B. quarlesi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison (B. bison)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European bison (B. bonasus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle (B. domesticus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal (B. frontalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur (B. gaurus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Domestic yak (B. grunniens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu (B. indicus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng (B. javanicus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">Wild yak (B. mutus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle (B. taurus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Pseudoryx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Saola (P. nghetinhensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Syncerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo (S. caffer)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphini" title="Tragelaphini">Tragelaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphus" title="Tragelaphus">Tragelaphus</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudus</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyala" title="Nyala">Nyala (T. angasii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_nyala" title="Mountain nyala">Mountain nyala (T. buxtoni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">Bongo (T. eurycerus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_kudu" title="Lesser kudu">Lesser kudu (T. imberbis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnessed_bushbuck" title="Harnessed bushbuck">Harnessed bushbuck (T. scriptus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatunga" title="Sitatunga">Sitatunga (T. spekeii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">Greater kudu (T. strepsiceros)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_bushbuck" title="Cape bushbuck">Cape bushbuck (T. sylvaticus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">Taurotragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_eland" title="Giant eland">Giant eland (T. derbianus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">Common eland (T. oryx)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Antilopinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopini" title="Antilopini">Antilopini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Ammodorcas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Dibatag (A. clarkei)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Antidorcas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Springbok (A. marsupialis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Antilope</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck (A. cervicapra)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Eudorcas" title="Eudorcas">Eudorcas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongalla_gazelle" title="Mongalla gazelle">Mongalla gazelle (E. albonotata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-fronted_gazelle" title="Red-fronted gazelle">Red-fronted gazelle (E. rufifrons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle" title="Thomson's gazelle">Thomson's gazelle (E. thomsonii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gazelle" title="Heuglin's gazelle">Heuglin's gazelle (E. tilonura)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazella</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Chinkara (G. bennettii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_gazelle" title="Cuvier's gazelle">Cuvier's gazelle (G. cuvieri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">Dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlanger%27s_gazelle" title="Erlanger's gazelle">Erlanger's gazelle (G. erlangeri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">Mountain gazelle (G. gazella)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhim_gazelle" title="Rhim gazelle">Rhim gazelle (G. leptoceros)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speke%27s_gazelle" title="Speke's gazelle">Speke's gazelle (G. spekei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">Goitered gazelle (G. subgutturosa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Litocranius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Gerenuk (L. walleri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Nanger" title="Nanger">Nanger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dama_gazelle" title="Dama gazelle">Dama gazelle (N. dama)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle (N. granti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright's gazelle">Bright's gazelle (N. notatus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter's gazelle">Peter's gazelle (N. petersii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle" title="Soemmerring's gazelle">Soemmerring's gazelle (N. soemmerringii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Procapra" title="Procapra">Procapra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_gazelle" title="Mongolian gazelle">Mongolian gazelle (P. gutturosa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_(antelope)" title="Goa (antelope)">Goa (P. picticaudata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_gazelle" title="Przewalski's gazelle">Przewalski's gazelle (P. przewalskii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saigini</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Saiga" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga antelope (S. tatarica)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neotragini" title="Neotragini">Neotragini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Dorcatragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Beira (D. megalotis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">Madoqua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%27s_dik-dik" title="Günther's dik-dik">Günther's dik-dik (M. guentheri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%27s_dik-dik" title="Kirk's dik-dik">Kirk's dik-dik (M. kirkii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_dik-dik" title="Silver dik-dik">Silver dik-dik (M. piacentinii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt%27s_dik-dik" title="Salt's dik-dik">Salt's dik-dik (M. saltiana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Neotragus" title="Neotragus">Neotragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_antelope" title="Royal antelope">Royal antelope (N. pygmaeus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Nesotragus" title="Nesotragus">Nesotragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bates%27s_pygmy_antelope" title="Bates's pygmy antelope">Bates' pygmy antelope (N. batesi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suni" title="Suni">Suni (N. moschatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Oreotragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Klipspringer (O. oreotragus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Ourebia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Oribi (O. ourebi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Raphicerus" title="Raphicerus">Raphicerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steenbok" title="Steenbok">Steenbok (R. campestris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_grysbok" title="Cape grysbok">Cape grysbok (R. melanotis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_grysbok" title="Sharpe's grysbok">Sharpe's grysbok (R. sharpei)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aders%27s_duiker" title="Aders's duiker">Aders's duiker (C. adersi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke%27s_duiker" title="Brooke's duiker">Brooke's duiker (C. brookei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters%27s_duiker" title="Peters's duiker">Peters' duiker (C. callipygus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-legged_duiker" title="White-legged duiker">White-legged duiker (C. crusalbum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_duiker" title="Bay duiker">Bay duiker (C. dorsalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey%27s_duiker" title="Harvey's duiker">Harvey's duiker (C. harveyi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jentink%27s_duiker" title="Jentink's duiker">Jentink's duiker (C. jentinki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_duiker" title="White-bellied duiker">White-bellied duiker (C. leucogaster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_forest_duiker" title="Red forest duiker">Red forest duiker (C. natalensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_duiker" title="Black duiker">Black duiker (C. niger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_duiker" title="Black-fronted duiker">Black-fronted duiker (C. nigrifrons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogilby%27s_duiker" title="Ogilby's duiker">Ogilby's duiker (C. ogilbyi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_duiker" title="Ruwenzori duiker">Ruwenzori duiker (C. rubidis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-flanked_duiker" title="Red-flanked duiker">Red-flanked duiker (C. rufilatus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker" title="Yellow-backed duiker">Yellow-backed duiker (C. silvicultor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott%27s_duiker" title="Abbott's duiker">Abbott's duiker (C. spadix)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyns%27s_duiker" title="Weyns's duiker">Weyns's duiker (C. weynsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_duiker" title="Zebra duiker">Zebra duiker (C. zebra)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Philantomba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">Blue duiker (P. monticola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_duiker" title="Maxwell's duiker">Maxwell's duiker (P. maxwellii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter%27s_duiker" title="Walter's duiker">Walter's duiker (P. walteri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Sylvicapra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Common duiker (S. grimmia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Suina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">Babyrousa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buru_babirusa" title="Buru babirusa">Buru babirusa (B. babyrussa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi_babirusa" title="North Sulawesi babirusa">North Sulawesi babirusa (B. celebensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togian_babirusa" title="Togian babirusa">Togian babirusa (B. togeanensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Hylochoerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Giant forest hog (H. meinertzhageni)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Phacochoerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phacochoerus">Phacochoerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warthog" title="Desert warthog">Desert warthog (P. aethiopicus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">Common warthog (P. africanus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Porcula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Pygmy hog (P. salvania)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Potamochoerus" title="Potamochoerus">Potamochoerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushpig" title="Bushpig">Bushpig (P. larvatus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_river_hog" title="Red river hog">Red river hog (P. porcus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_bearded_pig" title="Palawan bearded pig">Palawan bearded pig (S. ahoenobarbus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_bearded_pig" title="Bornean bearded pig">Bornean bearded pig (S. barbatus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_warty_pig" title="Visayan warty pig">Visayan warty pig (S. cebifrons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Celebes warty pig (S. celebensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Domestic pig (S. domesticus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_warty_pig" title="Flores warty pig">Flores warty pig (S. heureni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver%27s_warty_pig" title="Oliver's warty pig">Oliver's warty pig (S. oliveri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_warty_pig" title="Philippine warty pig">Philippine warty pig (S. philippensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild boar (S. scrofa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_warty_pig" title="Timor warty pig">Timor warty pig (S. timoriensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_warty_pig" title="Javan warty pig">Javan warty pig (S. verrucosus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">Tayassuidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">Tayassu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">White-lipped peccary (T. pecari)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Catagonus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Chacoan peccary (C. wagneri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Dicotyles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Collared peccary (D. tajacu)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Tylopoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Camelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Lama_(genus)" title="Lama (genus)">Lama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama (L. glama)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco (L. guanicoe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca (L. pacos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">Vicuña (L. vicugna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camelus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Domestic Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary/Arabian camel (C. dromedarius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">Wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Whippomorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus_(genus)" title="Hippopotamus (genus)">Hippopotamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus (H. amphibius)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Choeropsis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Pygmy hippopotamus (C. liberiensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cetacea" title="Template:Cetacea">Cetacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bison_bonasus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bison bonasus">Bison bonasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bison_bonasus/">Bison_bonasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/bison-bonasus/">bison-bonasus</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id20931">20931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=73507">73507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/LWY7">LWY7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/328110">328110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BISOBO">BISOBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:305222">305222</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/6e7c199e-e0fb-40c8-9d7e-734612a46c8e">6e7c199e-e0fb-40c8-9d7e-734612a46c8e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2441184">2441184</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/42407">42407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10660048">10660048</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183836">183836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/2814">2814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200670">14200670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000376446">NHMSYS0000376446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9902">9902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/20708/">20708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=907684">907684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=149695">149695</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=2700">2700</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Bos bonasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109646855" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q109646855">Q109646855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/MLPT">MLPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2441185">2441185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=555653">555653</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006257">1006257</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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