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Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 kalbų</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafeem" title="Grafeem – afrikanų" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grafeem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikanų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphem" title="Graphem – Šveicarijos vokiečių" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Graphem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Šveicarijos vokiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وحدة خطية – arabų" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحدة خطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – asturianų" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturianų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – baškirų" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – baltarusių" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltarusių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – bulgarų" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafemenn" title="Grafemenn – bretonų" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Grafemenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – katalonų" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%A9m" title="Grafém – čekų" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grafém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čekų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – danų" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphem" title="Graphem – vokiečių" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Graphem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vokiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme – anglų" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Grapheme" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafemo" title="Grafemo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grafemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – ispanų" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispanų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafeem" title="Grafeem – estų" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Grafeem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – baskų" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="تک‌نگاره – persų" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تک‌نگاره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafeemi" title="Grafeemi – suomių" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Grafeemi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="suomių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%C3%A8me" title="Graphème – prancūzų" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Graphème" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prancūzų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – galisų" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myn-screeu" title="Myn-screeu – meniečių" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Myn-screeu" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="meniečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%94" title="גרפמה – hebrajų" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרפמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – kroatų" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%A8m" title="Grafèm – Haičio" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Grafèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haičio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%A9ma" title="Graféma – vengrų" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Graféma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="vengrų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – indoneziečių" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – italų" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E8%A8%98%E7%B4%A0" title="書記素 – japonų" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="書記素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – javiečių" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="გრაფემა – gruzinų" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრაფემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzinų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – kazachų" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazachų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%86%8C_(%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%ED%95%99)" title="자소 (언어학) – korėjiečių" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자소 (언어학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korėjiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – kirgizų" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C4%93ma" title="Grafēma – latvių" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grafēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafeem" title="Grafeem – olandų" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grafeem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – naujoji norvegų" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="naujoji norvegų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – norvegų bukmolas" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegų bukmolas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%A8ma" title="Grafèma – očitarų" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grafèma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="očitarų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjaimikko" title="Kirjaimikko – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirjaimikko" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95" title="ਲਿਪਾਂਕ – pendžabų" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਪਾਂਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendžabų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – lenkų" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="lenkų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – portugalų" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – rumunų" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – rusų" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="අක්ෂරීමය – sinhalų" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අක්ෂරීමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhalų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grapheme" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%A9ma" title="Graféma – slovakų" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Graféma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – slovėnų" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovėnų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – serbų" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – švedų" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வரிவடிவம் – tamilų" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வரிவடிவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="หน่วยอักขระ – tajų" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยอักขระ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – turkų" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – ukrainiečių" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainiečių" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_(%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9)" title="اکائی (فانٹ) – urdų" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اکائی (فانٹ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – uzbekų" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – venetų" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%8D" title="字位 – kinų kalbos vu tarmė" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="字位" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="kinų kalbos vu tarmė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%8D" title="字位 – kinų" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="字位" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinų" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-k%C3%AC-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Su-kì-sò͘ – kinų kalbos pietų minų tarmė" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-kì-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="kinų kalbos pietų minų tarmė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="文字素 – kinų kalbos Kantono tarmė" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文字素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kinų kalbos Kantono tarmė" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2545446#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Keisti tarpkalbines nuorodas" class="wbc-editpage">Keisti nuorodas</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Vardų sritys"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grafema" title="Rodyti puslapio turinį [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Straipsnis</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new 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title="Ankstesnės puslapio versijos [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istorija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Įrankiai" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Įrankiai</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Įrankiai</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">paslėpti</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Daugiau nustatymų" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Veiksmai </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grafema"><span>Skaityti</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&veaction=edit" title="Redaguoti šį puslapį [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Keisti</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&action=edit" title="Redaguoti šio puslapio išeities kodą [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Keisti vikitekstą</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&action=history"><span>Istorija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bendra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specialus:Kas_%C4%AF_%C4%8Dia_rodo/Grafema" title="Viki puslapių sąrašas, kuris nurodo čia [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Susiję straipsniai</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specialus:Pakeitimai_susijusiuose_puslapiuose/Grafema" rel="nofollow" title="Paskutiniai keitimai puslapiuose, pasiekiamuose iš šio puslapio [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Susiję keitimai</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specialus:Specialieji_puslapiai" title="Specialiųjų puslapių sąrašas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialieji puslapiai</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&oldid=6761001" title="Nuolatinė nuoroda į šią puslapio versiją"><span>Nuolatinė nuoroda</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&action=info" title="Daugiau žinių apie šį puslapį"><span>Puslapio informacija</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialus:CiteThisPage&page=Grafema&id=6761001&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacija kaip cituoti šį puslapį"><span>Cituoti straipsnį</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialus:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Flt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGrafema"><span>Gauti sutrumpintą URL nuorodą</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialus:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Flt.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGrafema"><span>Atsisiųsti QR kodą</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Spausdinti/eksportuoti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialus:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Grafema"><span>Kurti knygą</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specialus:DownloadAsPdf&page=Grafema&action=show-download-screen"><span>Parsisiųsti kaip PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&printable=yes" title="Šio puslapio versija spausdinimui [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versija spausdinimui</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Kituose projektuose </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Graphemes" hreflang="en"><span>Vikiteka</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2545446" title="Nuoroda į susietą duomenų saugyklos įrašą [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Vikiduomenys įrašas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Išvaizda"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Išvaizda</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">paslėpti</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Straipsnis iš Vikipedijos, laisvosios enciklopedijos.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lt" dir="ltr"><table align="center" class="current" style="background: #fcf3e3; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-size: 100%; width: auto; {{{style}}}"> <tbody><tr> <td> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vaizdas:NoFonti.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/NoFonti.svg/46px-NoFonti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="46" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/NoFonti.svg/69px-NoFonti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/NoFonti.svg/92px-NoFonti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span>  </td> <td><b>Šiam straipsniui ar jo daliai <a href="/wiki/Vikipedija:Patikrinamumas" title="Vikipedija:Patikrinamumas">trūksta išnašų į patikimus šaltinius</a>.</b><br /><small>Jūs galite padėti Vikipedijai pridėdami <a href="/wiki/Vikipedija:%C5%A0altini%C5%B3_nurodymas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikipedija:Šaltinių nurodymas">tinkamas išnašas</a> su šaltiniais.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Grafema</b> (<a href="/wiki/Graik%C5%B3_kalba" title="Graikų kalba">gr.</a> <span style="font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;">γράφω</span> <i>grafo</i> 'rašau'), <b>rašto ženklas</b>, <b>rašmuo</b> – <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1to_sistema" title="Rašto sistema">rašto</a> sudėtinė dalis, svarbiausias jo vienetas. Jis lygintinas su <a href="/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema">fonema</a>, kuri yra svarbiausia <a href="/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba">kalbos</a> fonetinės sistemos dalis. </p><p>Priklausomai nuo rašto sistemos ir ja užrašomos <a href="/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba">kalbos</a>, joje naudojamų grafemų aibė gali labai svyruoti nuo keliolikos iki keliasdešimt tūkstančių. Grafemų regioniniai variantai dar gali būti vadinami raidėmis, hieroglifais (<a href="/wiki/Egipto_ra%C5%A1tas" class="mw-redirect" title="Egipto raštas">Egipto</a> ir kai kuriuose kituose raštuose), glifais (<a href="/wiki/Maj%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Majų raštas">majų rašte</a>) ir pan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rūšys"><span id="R.C5.AB.C5.A1ys"></span>Rūšys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Rūšys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redaguoti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Rūšys"><span>redaguoti vikitekstą</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Vaizdas:KAyiuSAKIK.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/KAyiuSAKIK.png" decoding="async" width="184" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="154" /></a><figcaption>Mišrios grafemos pavyzdys: Majų glifas K’A’-yi-u-?-SAK-IK’, sudarytas iš įvairių tipų elementų</figcaption></figure> <p>Visas grafemas galima skirstyti į keletą rūšių pagal jų kilmę ir funkciją: </p> <ul><li>Grafemos, skirtos <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDodis" title="Žodis">žodžiams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leksema" title="Leksema">leksemoms</a>). Pati gausiausia grafemų grupė. Šios grafemos pagal kilmę gali būti skirstomos į šias rūšis: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid%C4%97" title="Raidė">Raidės</a> – fonetiniu pagrindu sudarytos grafemos, turinčios tik fonetinę vertę. Tos <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1to_sistema" title="Rašto sistema">rašto sistemos</a>, kur vyrauja raidės, yra vadinamos <a href="/wiki/Ab%C4%97c%C4%97l%C4%97" title="Abėcėlė">abėcėlėmis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd%C5%BEadas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdžadas (puslapis neegzistuoja)">abdžadais</a> ir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abugida (puslapis neegzistuoja)">abugidomis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silabograma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silabograma (puslapis neegzistuoja)">Silabogramos</a> – irgi fonetiniu pagrindu sudarytos grafemos, žyminčios <a href="/wiki/Skiemuo" title="Skiemuo">skiemenis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideograma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideograma (puslapis neegzistuoja)">Ideogramos</a> – grafemos, turinčios ir fonetinę vertę, ir tam tikrą reikšmę, t. y., idėją.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinatyvas" title="Determinatyvas">Determinatyvai</a> – grafemos, išreiškiančios tam tikrą idėją, parodančios daikto kategoriją, bet neturinčios fonetinės vertės, t. y., netariamos.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piktograma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piktograma (puslapis neegzistuoja)">Piktogramos</a> – grafemos, savo išvaizda artimos piešiniams ar ornamentams, turinčios reikšmę. Jų fonetinė reikšmė ne visada apibrėžta.</li> <li>Mišrios – grafemos, turinčios skirtingos kilmės elementų, kaip kad <a href="/wiki/Maj%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Majų raštas">majų</a> glifai.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skaitmuo" title="Skaitmuo">Skaitmenys</a> – grafemos, skirtos išreikšti skaitinėms vertėms. Savo prigimtimi jos visos yra ideogramos.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyrybos_%C5%BEenklas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skyrybos ženklas (puslapis neegzistuoja)">Skyrybos ženklai</a> – grafemos, neturinčios tarimo, bet galinčios parodyti kalbos intonaciją.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sandara">Sandara</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Sandara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redaguoti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Sandara"><span>redaguoti vikitekstą</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Vaizdas:Taito_2_l.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Taito_2_l.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Taito – viena sudėtingiausių žinomų grafemų</figcaption></figure> <p>Grafemos gali būti tiek labai paprastos, tiek labai sudėtingos. Paprasčiausia įmanoma grafema yra skyrybos ženklas <a href="/wiki/Tarpas" title="Tarpas">tarpas</a>. Viena sudėtingiausių žinomų grafemų yra <a href="/wiki/Japon%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Japonų raštas">japonų</a> <a href="/wiki/Kand%C5%BEi" title="Kandži">kandži</a> <i>taito</i>, reiškiantis 'drakono skridimas' (neįeina į reikalingų mokėti kandži sąrašą). </p><p>Kiekvienoje rašto sistemoje grafemos yra sudarytos iš smulkesnių detalių, kurios neretai turi savo klasifikaciją, tipologiją, naudojamą to rašto <a href="/wiki/Kaligrafija" title="Kaligrafija">kaligrafijoje</a>. Pvz., <a href="/wiki/Kin%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Kinų raštas">kinų rašte</a> yra išskiriami apie 10 brūkšnių tipų, o <a href="/wiki/Dantira%C5%A1tis" title="Dantiraštis">dantiraštyje</a> – 6 „dantų“ tipai. Tose rašto sistemose, kur naudojamos sudėtingos grafemos, brūkšniai sudaro elementus, o šie savo ruožtu sudaro vieną grafemą. </p><p>Egzistuoja sudėtinės grafemos, kurių pagrindiniai tipai yra tokie: </p> <ul><li>Grafemos su <a href="/wiki/Diakritiniai_%C5%BEenklai" title="Diakritiniai ženklai">diakritiniais ženklais</a>. Pvz., ą, ū;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligat%C5%ABra" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ligatūra">Ligatūros</a>: sujungtos kelios grafemos, kaip kad Æ, ﬂ, œ, Љ, ﷲ</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Santykis_su_fonema">Santykis su fonema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Santykis su fonema" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redaguoti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Santykis su fonema"><span>redaguoti vikitekstą</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Vaizdas:Accadian_for_ni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Accadian_for_ni.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption>Alografija: akadų dantiraštyje garsas <i>ni</i> galėjo būti rašomas šiais ženklais</figcaption></figure> <p>Grafemos santykis su fonema labai skiriasi nuo rašto sistemos. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonografinis_ra%C5%A1tas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonografinis raštas (puslapis neegzistuoja)">Fonografinėse</a> rašto sistemose paprastai grafemos labiau susiję su fonemomis. Pvz., žodyje <a href="/wiki/Lietuvi%C5%B3_kalba" title="Lietuvių kalba">liet.</a> <i>labas</i> penkios grafemos atitinka penkias fonemas, o žodyje <a href="/wiki/Angl%C5%B3_kalba" title="Anglų kalba">angl.</a> <i>ship</i> keturios grafemos atitinka tris fonemas ([šip]). </p><p>Grafemos santykį su fonema apibūdina šie terminai: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polifonija" title="Polifonija">Polifonija</a>. Daugybėje kalbų viena grafema naudojama reikšti kelių rūšių fonemoms. Pvz., lietuvių kalboje grafema <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a> gali būti tariama kaip trumpoji [e] žodyje <i>mesti</i> arba kaip ilgoji [e] žodyje <i>kelias</i>. Ši grafemų polifonija ypač būdinga senosioms ideografinėms rašto sistemoms: pvz., <a href="/wiki/Dantira%C5%A1tis" title="Dantiraštis">dantiraščio</a> ženklas gali būti tariamas daugybe būdų, priklausomai nuo konteksto, o japonų rašte tas pats <a href="/wiki/Kand%C5%BEi" title="Kandži">kandži</a> gali įgyti net dešimt tarimo variantų.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alografija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alografija (puslapis neegzistuoja)">Alografija</a> – atvirkštinis variantas: tas pats garsas (fonema) gali būti užrašomas keliais būdais. Pvz., anglų kalboje garsas [f] gali būti išreiškiamas per grafemas 'F', 'f', 'ff', 'FF', 'ph', 'PH', 'Ph', 'gh', 'GH'.</li></ul> <p>Raidinėse rašto sistemose neretai naudojami grafemų junginiai, kurie išreiškia vieną garsą. Tokie junginiai yra vadinami <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digrafas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digrafas (puslapis neegzistuoja)">digrafais</a></i> (<i>sh, ch, ll</i> ar <i>ff</i> anglų kalboje, <i>ch</i> lietuvių kalboje), trigrafais (<i>sch</i> vokiečių kalboje), tetragrafais (<i>tsch</i> vokiečių kalboje), pentagrafais (<i>tszch</i> vokiškame žodyje <i>Nietszche</i>) ir pan. Bet lygiai taip pat viena grafema gali išreikšti garsų junginį: pvz., grafema <a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a> anglų kalboje išreiškia garsų junginį <i>ks</i>. </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Rodomas puslapis "<a dir="ltr" href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafema&oldid=6761001">https://lt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grafema&oldid=6761001</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specialus:Kategorijos" title="Specialus:Kategorijos">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Ra%C5%A1to_%C5%BEenklai" title="Kategorija:Rašto ženklai">Rašto ženklai</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Paslėptos kategorijos: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Straipsniai_be_%C5%A1altini%C5%B3_nenurodyta_nuo_kada" title="Kategorija:Straipsniai be šaltinių nenurodyta nuo kada">Straipsniai be šaltinių nenurodyta nuo kada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Straipsniai_be_%C5%A1altini%C5%B3_be_skydelio_datos" title="Kategorija:Straipsniai be šaltinių be skydelio datos">Straipsniai be šaltinių be skydelio datos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Straipsniai_be_%C5%A1altini%C5%B3" title="Kategorija:Straipsniai be šaltinių">Straipsniai be šaltinių</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Šis puslapis paskutinį kartą keistas 26 lapkričio 2022 12:58.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekstas pateikiamas pagal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike Licenciją</a>; gali būti taikomos papildomos sąlygos. 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