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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Avarer" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Avarer" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" 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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Avarer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 68 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarar" title="Avarar – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Avarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarere" title="Avarere – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Avarere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarer" title="Avarer – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Avarer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aware" title="Aware – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aware" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaren" title="Awaren – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Awaren" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="آفار أوراسيا – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آفار أوراسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaros" title="Avaros – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Avaros" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81varos" title="Ávaros – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ávaros" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarlar" title="Avarlar – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avarlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%BC%D3%99_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1)" title="Аварҙар (күсмә халыҡ) – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аварҙар (күсмә халыҡ)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Авары – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Авары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Авари – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Авари" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awarn" title="Awarn – bairisk" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Awarn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bairisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avari" title="Avari – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Avari" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80vars_de_Pann%C3%B2nia" title="Àvars de Pannònia – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àvars de Pannònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Аварсем – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аварсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava%C5%99i" title="Avaři – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Avaři" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaren" title="Awaren – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Awaren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awary" title="Awary – lavsorbisk" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Awary" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="lavsorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Άβαροι – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άβαροι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pannonian Avars" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_%C3%A1varo" title="Pueblo ávaro – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo ávaro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaroj_(mezepoka_popolo)" title="Avaroj (mezepoka popolo) – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Avaroj (mezepoka popolo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaro" title="Abaro – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abaro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="آوارهای اوراسیایی – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آوارهای اوراسیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avars" title="Avars – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Avars" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeraziatyske_Avaren" title="Jeraziatyske Avaren – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jeraziatyske Avaren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81varos" title="Ávaros – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ávaros" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4" title="아바르 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아바르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%80)" title="Ավարներ (ցեղեր) – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավարներ (ցեղեր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="यूरेशियाई आवार लोग – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूरेशियाई आवार लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroazijski_Avari" title="Euroazijski Avari – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Euroazijski Avari" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avari" title="Avari – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Avari" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar_Eurasia" title="Avar Eurasia – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Avar Eurasia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avari" title="Avari – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Avari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אווארים פאנוניים – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אווארים פאנוניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B)" title="Аварлар (көшпелі халық) – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аварлар (көшпелі халық)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аварлар – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аварлар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avari" title="Avari – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Avari" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av%C4%81ri_(senie)" title="Avāri (senie) – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Avāri (senie)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarai" title="Avarai – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Avarai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avares" title="Avares – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Avares" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarok" title="Avarok – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Avarok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Авари – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Авари" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Авар – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Авар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaren_(Europa)" title="Avaren (Europa) – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Avaren (Europa)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="アヴァール – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アヴァール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avars_de_Pan%C3%B2nia" title="Avars de Panònia – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Avars de Panònia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarlar" title="Avarlar – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avarlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="یوریشیائی آوار لوک – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوریشیائی آوار لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awarowie" title="Awarowie – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Awarowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81varos" title="Ávaros – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ávaros" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avari" title="Avari – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Avari" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Авары – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авары" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar%C3%ABt" title="Avarët – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Avarët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Avars" title="Eurasian Avars – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eurasian Avars" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avari_(Stredn%C3%A1_%C3%81zia)" title="Avari (Stredná Ázia) – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Avari (Stredná Ázia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avari" title="Avari – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avari" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Авари – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Авари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avari" title="Avari – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Avari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaarit_(muinainen_kansa)" title="Avaarit (muinainen kansa) – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avaarit (muinainen kansa)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อาวาร์ยูเรเชีย – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาวาร์ยูเรเชีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarlar" title="Avarlar – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avarlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Авари – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авари" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Avar_Pannonia" title="Người Avar Pannonia – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Avar Pannonia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="阿瓦尔人 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿瓦尔人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8F%AF%E7%88%BE%E4%BA%BA" title="阿華爾人 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿華爾人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="阿瓦尔人 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿瓦尔人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avarer&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pannonian_Avars" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q68962" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><i>Se <a href="/wiki/Kaukasiske_avarer" title="Kaukasiske avarer">kaukasiske avarer</a> for den moderne folkegruppen</i></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Coins_of_the_Avars_6th-7th_centuries_CE_imitating_Ravenna_mint_types_of_Heraclius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coins_of_the_Avars_6th-7th_centuries_CE_imitating_Ravenna_mint_types_of_Heraclius.jpg/300px-Coins_of_the_Avars_6th-7th_centuries_CE_imitating_Ravenna_mint_types_of_Heraclius.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coins_of_the_Avars_6th-7th_centuries_CE_imitating_Ravenna_mint_types_of_Heraclius.jpg/450px-Coins_of_the_Avars_6th-7th_centuries_CE_imitating_Ravenna_mint_types_of_Heraclius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coins_of_the_Avars_6th-7th_centuries_CE_imitating_Ravenna_mint_types_of_Heraclius.jpg/600px-Coins_of_the_Avars_6th-7th_centuries_CE_imitating_Ravenna_mint_types_of_Heraclius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Avariske gullmynter fra 500-600-tallet som etterligner myntene til keiser <a href="/wiki/Herakleios" title="Herakleios">Herakleios</a> preget i <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Avarene</b> eller egentlig <b>pannoniske avarer</b> (også kjent som <i>obri</i> i gammelrussiske kilder<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <i>abaroi</i> eller <i>varchonitai</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eller pseudo-avarer<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stromerriket" title="Østromerriket">bysantinske</a> kilder) var en gruppe <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">eurasiske</a> <a href="/wiki/Nomade" title="Nomade">nomader</a> av ukjent opprinnelse<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waldman_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i <a href="/wiki/Tidlig_middelalder" title="Tidlig middelalder">tidlig middelalder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Betegnelsen «pannoniske avarer» (etter det området som de til sist slo seg ned i, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>) er benyttet for skille dem fra <a href="/wiki/Kaukasiske_avarer" title="Kaukasiske avarer">avarer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a>, et adskilt folk som de pannoniske avarer kan eller ikke kan ha vært knyttet til. </p><p>Disse avarene vandret inn i <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> på <a href="/wiki/500-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="500-tallet">500-tallet</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Folkevandringstiden" title="Folkevandringstiden">folkevandringstiden</a> da mange folk var på vandring og spredte seg. De etablerte et rike som kalles for det avariske khaganatet som strakte seg over <a href="/wiki/Den_pannoniske_slette" title="Den pannoniske slette">den pannoniske slette</a> og betydelige områder av Sentral- og Øst-Europa (omtrentlig dagens <a href="/wiki/Ungarn" title="Ungarn">Ungarn</a> og <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>) fra slutten av 500-tallet og til begynnelsen av 800-tallet.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selv om betegnelsen «avarer» første gang opptrådte på midten av 400-tallet, som kom de pannoniske avarer på den historiske scenen på midten av 500-tallet<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> på <a href="/wiki/Den_pontisk-kaspiske_steppe" title="Den pontisk-kaspiske steppe">den pontisk-kaspiske steppe</a> som et folk som forsøkte å unnslippe overherredømmet til <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrkerne" title="Göktürkerne">göktürkerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomadisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadisme">nomadisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Konf%C3%B8derasjon" title="Konføderasjon">konføderasjon</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sentral-Asia" title="Sentral-Asia">Sentral-Asia</a>, kjent som flere stater med det felles navnet <a href="/wiki/Det_tyrkiske_khaganatet" title="Det tyrkiske khaganatet">Göktürk-khaganatet</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avarer&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avarer&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Historie"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deres opprinnelse er uklar da det ikke finnes etterlatte skriftlige kilder om folket av dem selv, kun andres omtale av dem. <a href="/wiki/Karl_den_store" title="Karl den store">Karl den stores</a> biograf, <a href="/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard">Einhard</a>, kalte dem for «<a href="/wiki/Huner" class="mw-redirect" title="Huner">hunere</a>», noe som ikke er riktig.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De formodes å være et tyrkisk folk, og de ble sannsynligvis fordrevet fra deres områder og søkte vestover hvor de omkring 555 e.Kr. bosatte seg i det nåværende <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">ukrainske</a> området og søkte derfra videre mot vest til Donau. Den første dokumenterte kontakt med <a href="/wiki/Romerriket" title="Romerriket">romere</a> skjedde vinteren <a href="/wiki/558" title="558">558</a>/<a href="/wiki/559" title="559">559</a> i <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopel" title="Konstantinopel">Konstantinopel</a>. Sammen med <a href="/wiki/Langobarder" title="Langobarder">langobarder</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Germanere" title="Germanere">germansk</a> folkegruppe, ødela de <a href="/wiki/Gepidene" title="Gepidene">gepidenes</a> kongedømme i <a href="/wiki/Transilvania" title="Transilvania">Transilvania</a>. De etablerte deretter en nasjon i Donauområdet og herfra utvidet de sitt område ned mot de slaviske områdene og trengte inn i <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> og <a href="/wiki/Hellas" title="Hellas">Hellas</a>. </p><p>Avarene fortsatte som en regional stormakt som hadde stor påvirkning på handelsvegene mot øst og var på denne tiden den viktigste maktfaktoren mellom <a href="/wiki/Frankerriket" title="Frankerriket">Frankerriket</a> og <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stromerriket" title="Østromerriket">Østromerriket</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karl_den_store" title="Karl den store">Karl den store</a> grunnla en østlig grensemark som beskyttelse mot avarene.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denne grensen het først <i>Avarermarken</i>, men fikk senere navnet <i>Marchia Orientalis</i> som betyr «den østlige mark». Området ble grunnlaget for det senere <a href="/wiki/%C3%98sterrike" title="Østerrike">Østerrike</a>. I felttogene i årene mellom <a href="/wiki/791" title="791">791</a> og <a href="/wiki/803" title="803">803</a> beseiret frankerkongen Karl den store avarene og deres rike fikk deretter en nedgang. </p><p>Den avariske befolkningen ble siden for en stor del opptatt i den sørslaviske befolkningen. Navnet for den gamle regionen <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> inneholder den avariske fyrstetittelen «ban» etter hærføreren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khagan_Baian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khagan Baian (ikke skrevet ennå)">Khagan Baian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avarer&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avarer&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=133085">CNG Coins</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Se <i><a href="/wiki/Nestorkr%C3%B8niken" title="Nestorkrøniken">Nestorkrøniken</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\A\V\Avars.htm">«Avars»</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of Ukraine</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">I henhold til Grousset, René (1970): <i>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</i>, Rutgers University Press, s. 171, kalte den bysantinske historikeren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theophylact_Simocatta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theophylact Simocatta (ikke skrevet ennå)">Theophylact Simocatta</a> dem for «pseudo-avarer» ettersom han mente de virkelige avarer var <a href="/wiki/Rouran" title="Rouran">Rouran</a> (i indre Kina)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Frassetto, Michael (2003): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yW-GfElbafQC"><i>Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation</i></a>, ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/1576072630" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1576072630</a>, s. 54–55. Sitat: «The exact origins of the Avars remain uncertain...»; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45428/Avar">«Avar»</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Sitat: «Avar, one of a people of undetermined origin and language...»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waldman-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waldman_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC"><i>Encyclopedia of European Peoples</i></a>, Infobase Publishing, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/1438129181" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4381-2918-1</a>, s. 46–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009): <i>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</i>, Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0691135894" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0691135894</a>, s. 390–391. Sitat: «... the Avars certainly contained peoples belonging to several different ethnolinguistic groups, so that attempts to identify them with one or another specific eastern people are misguided.»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Pritsak, Omeljan (1982): <i>The Slavs and the Avars</i>. Spoleto, s. 359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Pohl, Walter (2002): <i>Die Awaren: ein Steppenvolk im Mitteleuropa, 567–822 n. Chr</i>, C.H.Beck , <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9783406489693" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-48969-3</a>, s. 26-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> Curta, Florin (2006): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC&pg=RA2-PA100"><i>Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</i></a>, Cambridge medieval textbooks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780521815390" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Einhard: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.asp#War%20with%20the%20Huns">«The Life of Charlemagne»</a>, #13, <i>Medieval Sourcebook</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Navn med ordet mark i seg betyr grense eller grenseområde, også på norsk</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <div id="catlinks"><p id="portlinks" class="catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portaler" title="Wikipedia:Portaler">Portal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Portal:Historie" title="Portal:Historie">Historie</a></p></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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