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<li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Et-Tell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Et-Tell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Et-Tell</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Et-Tell-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Et-Tell subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Et-Tell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bronze_and_Iron_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_and_Iron_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bronze and Iron Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_and_Iron_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_and_Roman_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_and_Roman_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hellenistic and Roman periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_and_Roman_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Araj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Araj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Al-Araj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Araj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El-Mesydiah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El-Mesydiah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>El-Mesydiah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El-Mesydiah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_or_two_Bethsaidas?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_or_two_Bethsaidas?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>One or two Bethsaidas?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_or_two_Bethsaidas?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1217_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1217_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>1217 battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1217_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bethsaida</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بيت صيدا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيت صيدا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Віфсаіда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Віфсаіда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Бетсаида – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бетсаида" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bethsaida" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%B4%CE%AC" title="Βηθσαϊδά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βηθσαϊδά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بیت صیدا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیت صیدا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethsa%C3%AFde" title="Bethsaïde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bethsaïde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsa%C3%AFda" title="Betsaïda – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Betsaïda" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EC%8B%B8%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%A4" title="베싸이다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베싸이다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Բեթսաիդա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեթսաիդա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94" title="תל בית צידה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תל בית צידה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bethsaida" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9tszaida" title="Bétszaida – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bétszaida" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بيت صيدا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيت صيدا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsa%C3%AFda" title="Betsaïda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Betsaïda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%84%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%80" title="ベツサイダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベツサイダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вифсаида – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вифсаида" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bethsaida" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsajda" title="Betsajda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Betsajda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Витсаида – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Витсаида" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Віфсаїда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віфсаїда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بیت صیدا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیت صیدا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsaida" title="Betsaida – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Betsaida" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsayda" title="Betsayda – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Betsayda" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bethsaida&params=32_54_36_N_35_37_50_E_type:city_region:IL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°54′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°37′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.91000°N 35.63056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.91000; 35.63056</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Jewish settlement of Galilee</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bethesda_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bethesda (disambiguation)">Bethesda</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bethsaida_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bethsaida (disambiguation)">Bethsaida (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Julias in Transjordan, see <a href="/wiki/Livias" title="Livias">Livias</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Bethsaida</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בית צידה</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_Bethsaida_village_in_summer_2011_(7).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ruins_of_Bethsaida_village_in_summer_2011_%287%29.JPG/220px-Ruins_of_Bethsaida_village_in_summer_2011_%287%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ruins_of_Bethsaida_village_in_summer_2011_%287%29.JPG/330px-Ruins_of_Bethsaida_village_in_summer_2011_%287%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ruins_of_Bethsaida_village_in_summer_2011_%287%29.JPG/440px-Ruins_of_Bethsaida_village_in_summer_2011_%287%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golan_location_map_2.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bethsaida is located in the Golan Heights"><img alt="Bethsaida is located in the Golan Heights" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Golan_location_map_2.PNG/250px-Golan_location_map_2.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Golan_location_map_2.PNG/375px-Golan_location_map_2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Golan_location_map_2.PNG/500px-Golan_location_map_2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="739" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.554%;left:59.392%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bethsaida"><img alt="Bethsaida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within the Golan Heights</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the Golan Heights</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_outline_northeast.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bethsaida is located in the Golan Heights"><img alt="Bethsaida is located in the Golan Heights" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Israel_outline_northeast.png/250px-Israel_outline_northeast.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Israel_outline_northeast.png/375px-Israel_outline_northeast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Israel_outline_northeast.png/500px-Israel_outline_northeast.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="628" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.281%;left:71.869%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bethsaida"><img alt="Bethsaida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Bethsaida (the Golan Heights)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the Golan Heights</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بيت صيدا</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bethsaida&params=32_54_36_N_35_37_50_E_type:city_region:IL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°54′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°37′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.91000°N 35.63056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.91000; 35.63056</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1st century BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">65 AD</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bethsaida</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">beth-<span style="font-size:90%">SAY</span>-id-ə</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Βηθσαϊδά</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Bēthsaïdá</i></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בֵּית צַידָה</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Bēṯ Ṣayḏā</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'<a href="/wiki/Beth_(Hebrew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth (Hebrew)">House of</a> the Fisherman' or 'House of the Hunter', from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Hebrew root</a> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צ-י-ד</span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Case_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franz_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بيت صيدا</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bayt Ṣaydā</i></span>), also known as <b>Julias</b> or <b>Julia</b> (Ancient Greek: <span lang="grc">Ἰουλία</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ioulía</i></span>), is a place mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. Julias lay in an administrative district known as <a href="/wiki/Gaulonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulonitis">Gaulonitis</a>. Historians have suggested that the name is also referenced in rabbinic literature under the epithet <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ṣayḏān</i></span> (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">צַידָן</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethsaida&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethsaida&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:44&version=nrsv">John 1:44</a>, Bethsaida was the hometown of the apostles <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%208:22–26&version=nrsv">Mark 8:22–26</a>), Jesus reportedly restored a blind man's sight at a place just outside the ancient village of Bethsaida. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%209:10–11&version=nrsv">Luke 9:10–11</a>, Jesus miraculously <a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">feeds five thousand</a> near Bethsaida. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>, places Bethsaida on the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> says that the town of Bethsaida (at that time called Julia), was situated 120 <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit)" title="Stadion (unit)">stadia</a> from the lake <a href="/wiki/Hulah_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulah Lake">Semechonitis</a>, not far from the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> as it passes into the middle of the Sea of Galilee.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/De_Situ_Terrae_Sanctae" class="mw-redirect" title="De Situ Terrae Sanctae">De Situ Terrae Sanctae</a></i>, a 6th-century account written by Theodosius the <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">archdeacon</a> describes Bethsaida's location in relation to <a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a>, saying that it was 6 mi (9.7 km) distant from Capernaum.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distance between Bethsaida and <a href="/wiki/Paneas" class="mw-redirect" title="Paneas">Paneas</a> is said to have been 50 mi (80 km).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Bethsaida is believed to be located on the northern shore of the Sea of Galilee, within the <a href="/wiki/Bethsaida_Valley" title="Bethsaida Valley">Bethsaida Valley</a>, there is disagreement among scholars as to precisely where. Since the nineteenth century, three places have been considered as the possible location of Biblical Betsaida: the Bedouin village of <b>Messadiye</b>; the small, deserted settlement of <b>El-Araj</b> (Beit HaBek, "House of the Bey"); and the archaeological site (<a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tel</a>) of <b>Et-Tell</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the latter two locations have come to appear more likely. While Messadiye and El-Araj are closer to the Sea of Galilee, Et-Tell shows significant archaeological remains including fragments of fishing equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethsaida&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Et-Tell</b>, a site on the east bank of the Jordan River, is promoted by the Bethsaida Excavations Project, led by Rami Arav.</li> <li><b>El-Araj</b> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bethsaida&params=32.893322_N_35.619139_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°53′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°37′09″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.893322°N 35.619139°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.893322; 35.619139</span></span></span></a></span></span>) is proposed by a second group, led by Mordechai Aviam, under the auspices of the Center for Holy Land Studies (CHLS).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Et-Tell">Et-Tell</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethsaida&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Et-Tell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeologists tend to agree that the capital of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a> was situated at et-Tell, a place also inhabited on a lesser scale during the first centuries BCE and CE and sometimes identified with the town of Bethsaida of <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> fame.<sup id="cite_ref-Tell2016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tell2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first excavations of the site were conducted in 1987–1989, by the Golan Research Institute. In 2008–2010, and in 2014, archaeological excavations of the site were conducted by Rami Arav on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Omaha" title="University of Nebraska Omaha">University of Nebraska</a> of <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Arav, the ruin of <i>et-Tell</i> is said to be Bethsaida, a ruined site on the east side of the Jordan on rising ground, 2 km (1.2 mi) from the sea. This distance poses a problem, however, insofar that if it were a <a href="/wiki/Fishing_village" title="Fishing village">fishing village</a>, it is situated far from the shore of the Sea of Galilee. In an attempt to rectify the problem, the following <a href="/wiki/Hypotheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypotheses">hypotheses</a> have been devised: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">Tectonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rifting</a> has uplifted et-Tell (the site is located on the Great African-Syrian Rift fault).</li> <li>The water level has dropped from increased population usage, and land <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>. In fact, the excavation of <a href="/wiki/Magdala" title="Magdala">Magdala</a>'s harbor has proven that the ancient water-level was much higher than it is today.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a> has been extended by <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_and_Iron_Ages">Bronze and Iron Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethsaida&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bronze and Iron Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tel_Bethsaida_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tel_Bethsaida_%282%29.jpg/220px-Tel_Bethsaida_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tel_Bethsaida_%282%29.jpg/330px-Tel_Bethsaida_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tel_Bethsaida_%282%29.jpg/440px-Tel_Bethsaida_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Inside the Iron-Age city gate, et-Tell</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_Bethsaida_village_in_summer_2011_(7).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ruins_of_Bethsaida_village_in_summer_2011_%287%29.JPG/220px-Ruins_of_Bethsaida_village_in_summer_2011_%287%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ruins_of_Bethsaida_village_in_summer_2011_%287%29.JPG/330px-Ruins_of_Bethsaida_village_in_summer_2011_%287%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ruins_of_Bethsaida_village_in_summer_2011_%287%29.JPG/440px-Ruins_of_Bethsaida_village_in_summer_2011_%287%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Shrine with <a href="/wiki/Standing_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing stone">standing stones</a> at Iron-Age city gate, et-Tell</figcaption></figure> <p>Excavations indicate that the settlement was founded in the 11th century BCE, in the biblical period.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Et-Tell was inhabited during both the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. The fortified town there is associated by researchers with the biblical kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMJ_view_20130115_202912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/IMJ_view_20130115_202912.jpg/220px-IMJ_view_20130115_202912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/IMJ_view_20130115_202912.jpg/330px-IMJ_view_20130115_202912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/IMJ_view_20130115_202912.jpg/440px-IMJ_view_20130115_202912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A stele from <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bethsaida</a> (et-Tell) depicting a Canaanite deity, possibly <a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%A1ku" title="Kašku">Kašku</a>. On display at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Most imposing archaeological finds, mainly from the Stratum V city gate, date to the 8th century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-Tell2016_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tell2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as of 2024, archaeologists have found the northwestern chamber wall of the Geshurite city gate of Stratum VI, dating to the 11th-10th centuries BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The et-Tell site would have been easily the largest and strongest city to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a> during the Iron Age II era.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The archaeologists tentatively identify the city with biblical Zer, a name used during the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple_period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple period">First Temple period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_and_Roman_periods">Hellenistic and Roman periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethsaida&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hellenistic and Roman periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Et-Tell was reinhabited again in the third century BCE and continued on a lesser scale during the first century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological excavations at site have revealed <a href="/wiki/Fishing_tackle" title="Fishing tackle">fishing gear</a>, including lead weights used for <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">fishing nets</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle" title="Sewing needle">sewing needles</a> for repairing fishing nets. The findings indicate that most of the city's <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> was based on fishing on the Sea of Galilee. Two <a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">silver coins</a> dating to 143 BCE, as well as Seleucid bronze coins, bronze coins from the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a>, King of the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a> (reigned c. 103–76 BCE), and one coin from the time of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip the Tetrarch</a> (a son of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>), ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a> (reigned 4 BCE – 34 CE), were discovered at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip the Tetrarch applied the name "Julias" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ἰουλιάδα</span>) to the site, which he named after Caesar's daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Al-Araj">Al-Araj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethsaida&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Al-Araj"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Location: <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bethsaida&params=32.893322_N_35.619139_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°53′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°37′09″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.893322°N 35.619139°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.893322; 35.619139</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, around the year 30/31 CE (or 32/33 CE) <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a> raised the village of Bethsaida in Lower <a href="/wiki/Gaulanitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulanitis">Gaulanitis</a> to the rank of a <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> and renamed it "Julias", in honor of <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a>, also called Julia Augusta,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the wife of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. It lay near the place where the Jordan enters the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Julias/Bethsaida was a city east of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, in a "desert place" (that is, uncultivated ground used for <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a>), if this is the location to which Jesus retired by boat with his disciples to rest a while (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%206:31&version=nrsv">Mark 6:31</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%209:10&version=nrsv">Luke 9:10</a>). The multitude following on foot along the northern shore of the lake would cross the Jordan by the <a href="/wiki/Ford_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford (river)">ford</a> at its mouth, which is used by foot travelers to this day. The "desert" of the narrative is just the <i>barrīyeh</i> of the Arabs, where the animals are driven out for pasture. The "green grass" of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%206:39&version=nrsv">Mark 6:39</a>, and the "much grass" of <a href="/wiki/John_6" title="John 6">John 6</a>:10, point to some place in the plain of <i>el-Baṭeiḥah</i>, on the rich soil of which the grass is green and plentiful, compared to the scanty herbage on the higher slopes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2017, archaeologists announced the discovery of a <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Roman bathhouse</a> at el-Araj, which is taken as proof that the site was a <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bathhouse was located in a layer below the Byzantine layer, with an intervening layer of <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> that indicated a break in occupation between 250 and 350 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also found what might be the remains of a Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church building</a>, matching the description of a traveller in 750 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On account of these discoveries, the archaeologists believe that el-Araj is now the most likely candidate for the location of Bethsaida.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, what some describe as the Church of <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> was unearthed by the El-Araj excavations team during the fourth season at the site of <a href="/wiki/Bethsaida_Julias" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethsaida Julias">Bethsaida-Julias</a> / Beithabbak (El-Araj), on the north shore of <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> near where the Jordan river enters the lake. The excavation was carried out by Prof. Mordechai Aviam of <a href="/wiki/Kinneret_College" title="Kinneret College">Kinneret College</a> and Prof. R. Steven Notley of <a href="/wiki/Nyack_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyack College">Nyack College</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine period">Byzantine period</a> church is believed by some to have been built over the house of the apostle brothers, Peter and Andrew. Only the southern rooms of the church were excavated. A well-protected ornamental mosaic floor, gilded glass tesserae, and a marble chancel decorated with a wreath have been found in some of the excavated rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Professor Notley: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We have a Roman village, in the village we have pottery, coins, also <a href="/wiki/Stone_vessels_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone vessels (Judaism)">stone vessels</a>, which are typical of first-century Jewish life, so now we strengthen our suggestion and identification that El-Araj is a much better candidate for Bethsaida than e-Tell.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2022, the archaeological team uncovered a large mosaic that is over 1500 years old containing an inscription. This invokes St. Peter as "the chief and commander of the heavenly apostles". and mentions a donor named "Constantine, a servant of Christ". These terminologies are consistent with Byzantine usage.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, Notley said that this "strengthen[s] our argument that [it] should be considered the leading candidate for first century Bethsaida."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="El-Mesydiah">El-Mesydiah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethsaida&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: El-Mesydiah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El-Mesydiah, also spelled el-Mes‛adīyeh is a third, but generally considered least likely possibility. It is located on the present shoreline, but preliminary excavations, including the use of ground penetrating radar, initially revealed only a small number of ruins dating from before the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine period</a>. Some were inclined to favor el-Mes‛adīyeh which stands on an artificial mound about 1.5 mi (2.4 km) from the mouth of the River Jordan. However, the name is in origin radically different from Bethsaida. The substitution of <i>sīn</i> for <i>ṣād</i> is easy, but the insertion of the guttural <i>‛ain</i> is impossible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="One_or_two_Bethsaidas?"><span id="One_or_two_Bethsaidas.3F"></span>One or two Bethsaidas?</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethsaida&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: One or two Bethsaidas?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many scholars <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2019)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> maintain that all the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> references to Bethsaida apply to one place, namely, Bethsaida Julias. The arguments for and against this view may be summarized as follows. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> ran right round the lake, including most of the level coastland on the east. Thus <a href="/wiki/Gamala" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamala">Gamala</a>, on the eastern shore, was within the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, who commanded in Galilee.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judas of Gamala<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is also called <a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Gamala, far up the slope towering over the eastern shore of the sea, were in Galilee, <i><a href="/wiki/A_fortiori" class="mw-redirect" title="A fortiori">a fortiori</a></i> Bethsaida, a town which lay on the very edge of the Jordan, may be described as in Galilee. </p><p>Josephus makes it plain that Gamala, while added to his jurisdiction, was not in Galilee, but in <a href="/wiki/Gaulanitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulanitis">Gaulanitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if Judas were born in Gamala, and so might properly be called a Gaulanite, he may, like others, have come to be known as belonging to the province in which his active life was spent. "Jesus of <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>" for instance was born in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaea">Judaea</a>. Josephus also explicitly says that Bethsaida was in Lower Gaulanitis .<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, Luke places the country of the <a href="/wiki/Gerasenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerasenes">Gerasenes</a> on the other side of the sea from Galilee (<a href="/wiki/Luke_8" title="Luke 8">Luke 8</a>:26) – <i>antipéra tês Galilaías</i> ("over against Galilee"). </p> <ul><li>To go to the other side – <i>eis tò péran</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mark_6" title="Mark 6">Mark 6</a>:45) – does not of necessity imply passing from the west to the east coast of the lake, since Josephus uses the verb <i>diaperaióō</i> of a passage from <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> to <a href="/wiki/Taricheae" class="mw-redirect" title="Taricheae">Taricheae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But <ol><li>this involved a passage from a point on the west to a point on the south shore, "crossing over" two considerable bays; whereas if the boat started from any point in el-Baṭeiḥah, to which we seem to be limited by the "much grass", and by the definition of the district as belonging to Bethsaida, to sail to et-Tell or el-Araj, it was a matter of coasting not more than a couple of miles, with no bay to cross.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>No case can be cited where the phrase <i>eis tò péran</i> certainly means anything else than "to the other side".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Mark says that the boat started to go unto the other side to Bethsaida, while John, gives the direction "over the sea unto Capernaum" (<a href="/wiki/John_6" title="John 6">John 6</a>:17). The two towns were therefore practically in the same line. Now there is no question that Capernaum was on "the other side", nor is there any suggestion that the boat was driven out of its course; and it is quite obvious that, sailing toward Capernaum, whether at Tell Ḥūm or at <a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Minya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbat al-Minya">Khān Minyeh</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bethsaida#Minya_not_a_candidate_for_Capernaum_for_a_century_now,_and_Capernaum_as_Hum_had_its_own_harbour,_so_why_bring_in_Minya?_Far_outsated_19th_century_source?" title="Talk:Bethsaida">discuss</a></i>]</sup> it would never reach Bethsaida Julias<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2018)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bethsaida#Impossible_to_understand." title="Talk:Bethsaida">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ol></li> <li>The words of Mark (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%206:45&version=nrsv">Mark 6:45</a>), it is suggested,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been too strictly interpreted: as the Gospel was written probably at Rome, its author being a native, not of Galilee, but of Jerusalem. Want of precision on topographical points, therefore, need not surprise us. But as we have seen above, the "want of precision" must also be attributed to the writer of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%206:17&version=nrsv">John 6:17</a>. The agreement of these two favors the strict interpretation. Further, if the Gospel of Mark embodies the recollections of Peter, it would be difficult to find a more reliable authority for topographical details connected with the sea on which his fisher life was spent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>In support of the single-city theory it is further argued that </p> <ul><li><ol><li>Jesus withdrew to Bethsaida as being in the jurisdiction of Philip, when he heard of the murder of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> by <a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a>, and would not have sought again the territories of the latter so soon after leaving them.</li> <li>Medieval works of travel notice only one Bethsaida.</li> <li>The east coast of the sea was definitely attached to Galilee in AD 84, and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (c. 140) places Julias in Galilee. It is therefore significant that only the Fourth Gospel speaks of "Bethsaida of Galilee".</li> <li>There could hardly have been two Bethsaidas so close together.</li></ol></li></ul> <p>But: </p> <ul><li><ol><li>It is not said that Jesus came hither that he might leave the territory of Antipas for that of Philip; and in view of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%206:30&version=nrsv">Mark 6:30</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luke_9" title="Luke 9">Luke 9</a>:10, the inference from <a href="/wiki/Matthew_14" title="Matthew 14">Matthew 14</a>:13 that he did so, is not warranted.</li> <li>The Bethsaida of medieval writers was evidently on the west of the Jordan River. If it lay on the east, it is inconceivable that none of them should have mentioned the river in this connection.</li> <li>If the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> was not written until well into the 2nd century, then <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a> was not the same person as the author <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a>. But this is a very precarious assumption. John, writing after AD 84, would hardly have used the phrase "Bethsaida of Galilee" of a place only recently attached to that province, writing, as he was, at a distance from the scene, and recalling the former familiar conditions.</li> <li>In view of the frequent repetition of names in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> the nearness of the two Bethsaidas raises no difficulty. The abundance of fish at each place furnished a good reason for the recurrence of the name.</li></ol></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1217_battle">1217 battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethsaida&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1217 battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a>, the well-mounted crusader army led by King <a href="/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary" title="Andrew II of Hungary">Andrew II of Hungary</a> defeated Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">Al-Adil I</a> at Bethsaida on the Jordan River on 10 November 1217. Muslim forces retreated to their fortresses and towns.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howard_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethsaida&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_of_Galilee_Boat" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sea of Galilee Boat">The Sea of Galilee Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woes_to_the_unrepentant_cities" title="Woes to the unrepentant cities">Woes to the unrepentant cities</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethsaida&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical geographer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Klein_(scholar)" title="Samuel Klein (scholar)">Samuel Klein</a> opines that this place is to be recognised in the name <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ṣaidan</i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> <i>Gittin</i> 7:5, Mishnah <i>Avodah Zarah</i> 3:7, Mishnah <i>Gittin</i> 4:7 (<a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">BT</a> <i>Gittin</i> 46a), and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> (<i>Sheḳalim</i> 6:2). Klein wrote: "`Bethsaida = Julias at the confluence of the Jordan in the lake, [a place] not proven in Jewish tradition.` (Sch.) – However, I suspect that Bethsaida occurs in the Talmudic literature called <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ṣaidan</i></span>. ...The fact that the name <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ṣaidan</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ציידן</span></span>) is not preceded by the word 'Beth' (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בית</span></span>) presents no difficulty in explaining the two names as being identical, since similar things are more common among Galilean names (e.g. <i>Maon</i> and <i>Meron</i>; <i>Beth-Maon</i> and <i>Beth-Meron</i>)" (Klein 1915:167–168). <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Danby" title="Herbert Danby">Herbert Danby</a>, in his English translation of the Mishnah, erroneously transliterated the proper name <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צידן</span></span> in all places as "<a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>" in Phoenicia, even though Sidon is almost always spelt in Hebrew as <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צִידוֹן</span></span>, with a <i><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">waw</a></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ו</span></span>). <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Jastrow" title="Marcus Jastrow">Marcus Jastrow</a> also follows the general view that <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צידן</span></span> is none other than Sidon of Phoenicia. Conversely, the Yemenite <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, punctuated by Yosef Amir, has distinguished between the two sites, assigning the vowels <a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">pataḥ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">qamaṣ</a> for <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ṣaidan</i></span> = <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צַידָן</span></span>, but <a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">ḥiraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">ḥolam</a> for the Phoenician city Sidon = <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צִידוֹן</span></span>. German theologian <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz-Wolfgang_Kuhn" class="extiw" title="de:Heinz-Wolfgang Kuhn">H.W. Kuhn</a>, citing archaeologist Richard A. Freund (Freund 1995:267–311), further supports this view, and writes: "The Rabbinic literature in which Bethsaida appears, as already mentioned, is never called 'Julias', but rather speaks of '(Beth-)saida' (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ציידן</span></span> = <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ṣaidan</i></span>, etc.; [whereas] <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בית ציידן</span></span> = <i>Beth ṣaidan</i>, or anything similar, also does not appear in rabbinic texts), so like the canonical gospels, it uses this name for the village. From these texts I refer merely to one [village] presumably" (Kuhn 2015:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_HUBgAAQBAJ&dq=%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9F&pg=PA153">153</a>). An anecdote has been passed down in the <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Rabba" title="Midrash Rabba">Midrash Rabba</a> (<i>Kohelet Rabba</i> 2:11), where <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> asked Rabbi Yehoshua b. Hananiah about the preeminence of the Land of Israel over other lands, particularly where the Scripture (Deuteronomy 8:9) imputes of the country that it is "a land wherein you shall eat bread without scarceness, [and] you shall not lack any thing therein." When asked whether or not the country could produce for him three things: <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">peppercorns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">pheasants</a> (<i>phasianum</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, the rabbi brought for him peppercorns from Nasḥana, pheasants from Ṣaidan and silk from <a href="/wiki/Gush_Halav" class="mw-redirect" title="Gush Halav">Gush Halav</a>, – meaning, the place was reckoned as in the Land of Israel proper.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> (<i>Sheḳalim</i> 6:2), after mentioning <a href="/wiki/Lake_Hulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Hulah">Lake Hulah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>, Saidan is then mentioned as a place where there was an abundance of different kinds of fish, as alluded to in Ezekiel <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1247.htm#10">47:8–10</a>, and where it was said of a certain river that "their fish shall be after their kinds." <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Klein_(scholar)" title="Samuel Klein (scholar)">Klein</a> has speculated that this Saidan refers to Bethsaida along the Jordan River (Klein 1915:167–168).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethsaida&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/bethsaida">"Definition of Bethsaida"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Bethsaida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fbethsaida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethsaida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Case-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Case_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium-where-is-biblical-bethsaida-where-jesus-walked-on-water-the-case-of-e-tell-1.9082557">"Where Is Biblical Bethsaida, Where Jesus Walked on Water? The Case of This Jordan River Mound"</a>. Ruth Schuster for <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Where+Is+Biblical+Bethsaida%2C+Where+Jesus+Walked+on+Water%3F+The+Case+of+This+Jordan+River+Mound&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Farchaeology%2F.premium-where-is-biblical-bethsaida-where-jesus-walked-on-water-the-case-of-e-tell-1.9082557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethsaida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franz-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franz_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranz2007" class="citation web cs1">Franz, Gordon (10 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plymouthbrethren.org/article/5091">"Text and Tell: The Excavations at Bethsaida"</a>. <i>PlymouthBrethren.org</i> (2nd,revised and updated from the one published in <i>Archaeology in the Biblical World</i>, (1995) 3/1: 6-11 ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PlymouthBrethren.org&rft.atitle=Text+and+Tell%3A+The+Excavations+at+Bethsaida&rft.date=2007-11-10&rft.aulast=Franz&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplymouthbrethren.org%2Farticle%2F5091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethsaida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ishtori_Haparchi" title="Ishtori Haparchi">Ishtori Haparchi</a>, <i>Kaftor wa-Ferach</i> vol. 2, (3rd edition, published by ed. Avraham Yosef Havatzelet), chapter 11, Jerusalem 2007, p. 54 (note 30) (Hebrew).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (1947). H. Rackham (ed.). <i>Natural History</i>. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 275 (book v, chapter xv, section 71).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=275+%28book+v%2C+chapter+xv%2C+section+71%29&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethsaida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D3%3Awhiston+chapter%3D10%3Awhiston+section%3D7">3.10.7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rami Arav & Richard Freund (eds.), <i>Bethsaida: A City by the North Shore of the Sea of Galilee</i>, vol. 3, Truman State University 2004, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_KIKUyQHJNQC&pg=PR12">xii</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931112-38-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-931112-38-X">1-931112-38-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsafrir1986" class="citation journal cs1">Tsafrir, Yoram (1986). 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Translated by J.H. Bernard. 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Fortress Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">258–</span>279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-0195-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-0195-9"><bdi>978-1-5064-0195-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bethsaida&rft.btitle=Galilee+in+the+Late+Second+Temple+and+Mishnaic+Periods%2C+Volume+2%3A+The+Archaeological+Record+from+Cities%2C+Towns%2C+and+Villages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-0195-9&rft.aulast=Arav&rft.aufirst=Rami&rft.au=Savage%2C+Carl+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzTlCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethsaida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aryeh Kindler, "The Coins of the Tetrarch Philip and Bethsaida", <i>Cathedra</i> 53, September 1989, pp. 26–24 (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D18%3Awhiston+chapter%3D2%3Awhiston+section%3D1">18.2.1.</a> (18.26)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.prnewswire.com&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+the+Apostles+Discovered+at+Bethsaida%2C+Says+CSAJCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fil%2Fnews-releases%2Fthe-church-of-the-apostles-discovered-at-bethsaida-says-csajco-300888229.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethsaida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAviamNotley2021" class="citation journal cs1">Aviam, Mordechai; Notley, R. Steven (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/77149915">"In Search of the City of the Apostles"</a>. <i>Novum Testamentum</i>. <b>63</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685365-12341710">10.1163/15685365-12341710</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-1009">0048-1009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+the+City+of+the+Apostles&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685365-12341710&rft.issn=0048-1009&rft.aulast=Aviam&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft.au=Notley%2C+R.+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F77149915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethsaida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeizman" class="citation web cs1">Weizman, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/ancient-galilee-church-unearthed-said-to-be-home-to-apostles-peter-and-andrew/">"Ancient Galilee church unearthed, said to be home to apostles Peter and Andrew"</a>. <i>www.timesofisrael.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Ancient+Galilee+church+unearthed%2C+said+to+be+home+to+apostles+Peter+and+Andrew&rft.aulast=Weizman&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fancient-galilee-church-unearthed-said-to-be-home-to-apostles-peter-and-andrew%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethsaida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-08-12/ty-article-magazine/archaeologists-find-entreaty-to-st-peter-in-early-church-by-sea-of-galilee/00000182-8762-d8ab-a3b3-e77f7f870000">"Archaeologists Find Entreaty to St. Peter in Early Church by Sea of Galilee"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+Find+Entreaty+to+St.+Peter+in+Early+Church+by+Sea+of+Galilee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2022-08-12%2Fty-article-magazine%2Farchaeologists-find-entreaty-to-st-peter-in-early-church-by-sea-of-galilee%2F00000182-8762-d8ab-a3b3-e77f7f870000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethsaida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_SegniAshkenaziAviamNotley2023" class="citation journal cs1">Di Segni, Leah; Ashkenazi, Jacob; Aviam, Mordechai; Notley, R. Steven (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/118048617">"The Greek Inscriptions from 'The Church of St. Peter' at Bethsaida (el-'Araj)"</a>. <i>Liber Annuus</i>. <b>73</b>: <span class="nowrap">365–</span>384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.LA.5.141408">10.1484/J.LA.5.141408</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0081-8933">0081-8933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liber+Annuus&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Inscriptions+from+%E2%80%98The+Church+of+St.+Peter%E2%80%99+at+Bethsaida+%28el-%E2%80%98Araj%29&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E384&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.LA.5.141408&rft.issn=0081-8933&rft.aulast=Di+Segni&rft.aufirst=Leah&rft.au=Ashkenazi%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Aviam%2C+Mordechai&rft.au=Notley%2C+R.+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F118048617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethsaida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuster2023" class="citation news cs1">Schuster, Ruth (2023-11-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2023-11-08/ty-article-magazine/archaeologists-find-site-early-christians-venerated-as-apostle-peters-home/0000018b-ae8c-d3c1-a39b-beedd7520000">"Archaeologists may have found traditional home of Jesus' apostles by the Sea of Galilee"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+may+have+found+traditional+home+of+Jesus%27+apostles+by+the+Sea+of+Galilee&rft.date=2023-11-08&rft.aulast=Schuster&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Farchaeology%2F2023-11-08%2Fty-article-magazine%2Farchaeologists-find-site-early-christians-venerated-as-apostle-peters-home%2F0000018b-ae8c-d3c1-a39b-beedd7520000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethsaida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeipel2022" class="citation web cs1">Heipel, Edie (2022-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/252110/st-peter-s-house-believed-found-shore-sea-of-galilee">"St. Peter's house believed to have been found"</a>. Catholic News Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Peter%27s+house+believed+to+have+been+found&rft.pub=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.date=2022-08-24&rft.aulast=Heipel&rft.aufirst=Edie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F252110%2Fst-peter-s-house-believed-found-shore-sea-of-galilee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethsaida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flavius Josephus, <i>The Jewish War</i>, II, xx, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flavius Josephus, <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>, XVIII, i, l.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flavius Josephus, <i>Antiquities of the Jews</i>, XVIII, i, 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flavius Josephus, <i>The Jewish War</i>, II, xx, 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flavius Josephus, <i>The Jewish War</i>, II, ix, 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flavius Josephus, <i>The Life of Flavius Josephus</i>, 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Sanday_(theologian)" title="William Sanday (theologian)">William Sanday</a>, <i>Sacred Sites of the Gospels</i>, 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Richard, <i>The Crusades, c. 1071 – c. 1291</i>. p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howard_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Howard2011" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Howard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWEUg5pMqJYC&q=%22jordan%22+%22King+Andrew%22+%221217%22+november+%22Bethsaida%22&pg=PT22"><i>The Crusades: A History of One of the Most Epic Military Campaigns of All Time</i></a>. BookCaps Study Guides [for Kindle; Golgotha Press for paperback]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610428040" title="Special:BookSources/9781610428040"><bdi>9781610428040</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%3A+A+History+of+One+of+the+Most+Epic+Military+Campaigns+of+All+Time&rft.pub=BookCaps+Study+Guides+%5Bfor+Kindle%3B+Golgotha+Press+for+paperback%5D&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781610428040&rft.au=Jonathan+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWEUg5pMqJYC%26q%3D%2522jordan%2522%2B%2522King%2BAndrew%2522%2B%25221217%2522%2Bnovember%2B%2522Bethsaida%2522%26pg%3DPT22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethsaida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethsaida&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreund1995" class="citation journal cs1">Freund, Richard A. (1995). "The Search for the Bethsaida in Rabbinic Literature". <i>Bethsaida: A City by the North Shore of the Sea of Galilee</i>. <b>1</b>. Kirksville, Mo.: Thomas Jefferson University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bethsaida%3A+A+City+by+the+North+Shore+of+the+Sea+of+Galilee&rft.atitle=The+Search+for+the+Bethsaida+in+Rabbinic+Literature&rft.volume=1&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Freund&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethsaida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein1915" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Klein_(scholar)" title="Samuel Klein (scholar)">Klein, S.</a> (1915). "Hebräische Ortsnamen bei Josephus". <i>Monatsschrift für die Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums</i> (in German). <b>59</b> (7/9). Breslau: <span class="nowrap">167–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23080489">23080489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monatsschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Geschichte+und+Wissenschaft+des+Judenthums&rft.atitle=Hebr%C3%A4ische+Ortsnamen+bei+Josephus&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=7%2F9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23080489%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethsaida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2015" class="citation book cs1">Kuhn, Heinz-Wolfgang (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7itq6zYtSJwC"><i>Bethsaida – Julias (et-Tell), the First Twenty-Five Years of Excavation (1987–2011)</i></a>. Vandenhoech & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-54025-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-54025-1"><bdi>978-3-525-54025-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bethsaida+%E2%80%93+Julias+%28et-Tell%29%2C+the+First+Twenty-Five+Years+of+Excavation+%281987%E2%80%932011%29&rft.pub=Vandenhoech+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-525-54025-1&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Heinz-Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7itq6zYtSJwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethsaida" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethsaida&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arav R and RA Freund (2004) <i>Bethsaida: A City by the North Shore of the Sea of Galilee</i> Truman State University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931112-39-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931112-39-0">978-1-931112-39-0</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223114044/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Early%20History%20-%20Archaeology/Bethsaida-%20An%20Ancient%20Fishing%20Village%20on%20the%20shore"><i>Bethsaida: An Ancient Fishing Village on the shore of the Sea of Galilee </i></a>, 2001, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethsaida&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishmag.com/69mag/bethsaida/bethsaida.htm">Bethsaida, Jacqueline Schaalje</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fromthegrapevine.com/nature/archaeologists-discover-lost-home-jesus-apostles">"Archaeologists discover lost home of Jesus's Apostles" by Benyamin Cohen, The Grapevine, August 7, 2017</a></li> <li><i>This article incorporates text from the</i> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Bible_Encyclopedia" title="International Standard Bible Encyclopedia">International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</a><i> article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/topical/b/bethsaida.htm#isb">"Bethsaida"</a>, a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TBnMV3PBL8&t"><span class="plainlinks">Bethsaida from 3,000 years ago - Historical Sites in Israel</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox0" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_fishing0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">History of fishing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">History of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture" title="Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture">Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e" title="Chasse-marée">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Cornwall" title="Fishing in Cornwall">Fishing in Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery_Protection_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishery Protection Squadron">Fishery Protection Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_stage" title="Fishing stage">Fishing stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">Garum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cod_Fisheries:_The_History_of_an_International_Economy" title="The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy">The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migratory_Fishery_of_Labrador" title="Migratory Fishery of Labrador">Migratory Fishery of Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munster_pilchard_fishery_1570%E2%80%931750" title="Munster pilchard fishery 1570–1750">Munster pilchard fishery 1570–1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearling_in_Western_Australia" title="Pearling in Western Australia">Pearling in Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27Argamassa_Roman_Fish_Farm" title="S'Argamassa Roman Fish Farm">S'Argamassa Roman fish farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Skåne Market">Scania Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_east_coast_fishery" title="Scottish east coast fishery">Scottish east coast fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_fishing_boat" title="Traditional fishing boat">Traditional fishing boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_coast_fishery" title="Yorkshire coast fishery">Yorkshire coast fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trident_fishing_gallaeus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Trident_fishing_gallaeus.jpg/140px-Trident_fishing_gallaeus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Trident_fishing_gallaeus.jpg/210px-Trident_fishing_gallaeus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Trident_fishing_gallaeus.jpg/280px-Trident_fishing_gallaeus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="352" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea_Arbitration" title="Bering Sea Arbitration">Bering Sea Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_border_incidents_involving_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of border incidents involving North Korea">Crab Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_War" title="Lobster War">Lobster War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlyn_riots" title="Newlyn riots">Newlyn riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_Wars" title="Oyster Wars">Oyster Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Salmon_War" title="Pacific Salmon War">Pacific Salmon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbot_War" title="Turbot War">Turbot War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Disasters and<br />memorials</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Escuminac_disaster" title="1959 Escuminac disaster">1959 Escuminac disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morecambe_Bay_cockling_disaster" title="Morecambe Bay cockling disaster">Morecambe Bay cockling disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyemouth_disaster" title="Eyemouth disaster">Eyemouth disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moray_Firth_fishing_disaster" title="Moray Firth fishing disaster">Moray Firth fishing disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steveston_Fisherman%27s_Memorial" title="Steveston Fisherman's Memorial">Steveston Fisherman's Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotfield_fishing_disaster" title="Stotfield fishing disaster">Stotfield fishing disaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historic_fishing_villages_and_communities0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historic <a href="/wiki/Fishing_village" title="Fishing village">fishing villages</a> and communities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_village" title="Fishing village">Fishing villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akwidaa" title="Akwidaa">Akwidaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algajola" title="Algajola">Algajola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardglass" title="Ardglass">Ardglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermeo" title="Bermeo">Bermeo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolungarv%C3%ADk" title="Bolungarvík">Bolungarvík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadgwith" title="Cadgwith">Cadgwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Bay" title="Catalan Bay">Catalan Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorkor" title="Chorkor">Chorkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciboure" title="Ciboure">Ciboure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovelly" title="Clovelly">Clovelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullercoats" title="Cullercoats">Cullercoats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunmore_East" title="Dunmore East">Dunmore East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea,_Biscay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea, Biscay">Ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elantxobe" title="Elantxobe">Elantxobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Findon,_Aberdeenshire" title="Findon, Aberdeenshire">Findon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getaria,_Gipuzkoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Getaria, Gipuzkoa">Getaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilleleje" title="Gilleleje">Gilleleje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grip,_Norway" title="Grip, Norway">Grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9thary" title="Guéthary">Guéthary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fl%C3%BCk" title="Gümüşlük">Gümüşlük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hondarribia" title="Hondarribia">Hondarribia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovden,_Nordland" title="Hovden, Nordland">Hovden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanchaco" title="Huanchaco">Huanchaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunolu_Village_Site" title="Kaunolu Village Site">Kaunolu Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladner,_British_Columbia" title="Ladner, British Columbia">Ladner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamorna" title="Lamorna">Lamorna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekeitio" title="Lekeitio">Lekeitio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsaxlokk" title="Marsaxlokk">Marsaxlokk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moskenes_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskenes (village)">Moskenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka" title="Mundaka">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutriku" title="Mutriku">Mutriku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newhaven,_Edinburgh" title="Newhaven, Edinburgh">Newhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyksund" title="Nyksund">Nyksund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Perlican" title="Old Perlican">Old Perlican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondarroa" title="Ondarroa">Ondarroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ona,_Sand%C3%B8y" title="Ona, Sandøy">Ona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orio,_Spain" title="Orio, Spain">Orio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasaia" title="Pasaia">Pasaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggys_Cove,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peggys Cove, Nova Scotia">Peggys Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittenweem" title="Pittenweem">Pittenweem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plentzia" title="Plentzia">Plentzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po_Toi_O" title="Po Toi O">Po Toi O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polperro" title="Polperro">Polperro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Isaac" title="Port Isaac">Port Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portavogie" title="Portavogie">Portavogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portmahomack" title="Portmahomack">Portmahomack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portofino" title="Portofino">Portofino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Bay,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Red Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador">Red Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reine" title="Reine">Reine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Riera" title="Sa Riera">Sa Riera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Abbs" title="St Abbs">St Abbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-de-Luz" title="Saint-Jean-de-Luz">Saint-Jean-de-Luz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Malo,_Louisiana" title="Saint Malo, Louisiana">Saint Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayulita" title="Sayulita">Sayulita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigri_(village)" title="Sigri (village)">Sigri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staithes" title="Staithes">Staithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steveston,_British_Columbia" title="Steveston, British Columbia">Steveston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BA%C3%B0av%C3%ADk" title="Súðavík">Súðavík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%C3%B0ureyri" title="Suðureyri">Suðureyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_O" title="Tai O">Tai O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilting,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Tilting, Newfoundland and Labrador">Tilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Trinity, Newfoundland and Labrador">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udappu" title="Udappu">Udappu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernazza" title="Vernazza">Vernazza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walraversijde" title="Walraversijde">Walraversijde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumaia" title="Zumaia">Zumaia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ona1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ona1.jpg/140px-Ona1.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ona1.jpg/210px-Ona1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ona1.jpg/280px-Ona1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_fishery" title="Community-supported fishery">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlit_Yam" title="Atlit Yam">Atlit Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adan_River#Fishing_community" title="Adan River">Bhoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1_Long_Bay" title="Hạ Long Bay">Hạ Long Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofoten" title="Lofoten">Lofoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassan_contact_with_Australia" title="Makassan contact with Australia">Makassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_outport" title="Newfoundland outport">Newfoundland outports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palabuhanratu" title="Palabuhanratu">Palabuhanratu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim" title="Culture of Póvoa de Varzim">Póvoa de Varzim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8rv%C3%A1gur" title="Sørvágur">Sørvágur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_people" title="Uru people">Uros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vezo_people" title="Vezo people">Vezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fishing_communities" title="Category:Fishing communities">more ...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fishing_villages" title="List of fishing villages">List of fishing villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms" title="Glossary of fishery terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fishing" title="Outline of fishing">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus206" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#EEE8AA;background-color:#EEE8AA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#EEE8AA;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86non" class="mw-redirect" title="Ænon">Aenon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cana" title="Cana">Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Karraza" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbat Karraza">Chorazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinneret_(archaeological_site)" title="Kinneret (archaeological site)">Gennesaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Transfiguration" title="Mount of Transfiguration">Mount of Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nein" title="Nein">Nain</a></li> <li><a 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