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28" data-astro-cid-h2irkosh data-icon="theme/arrow-back"> <symbol id="ai:local:theme/arrow-back"><g fill="none"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path stroke="var(--arrow-fill-color, #131722)" d="m17 20-6-6 6-6"/></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M28 28H0V0h28z"/></clipPath></defs></g></symbol><use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/arrow-back"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> <aside id="nav" class="keep-visible" style="--navbar-right-border-width: 0px" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <div class="sidebar-viewport slick-scroll" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <div class="sidebar" data-mobile data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <ul class="toc" aria-label="Docs sidebar" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/welcome" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Welcome to Pine Script™ v6</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Pine Script™ primer</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/first-steps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>First steps</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/first-indicator" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>First indicator</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/next-steps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Next steps</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details open data-is-parent data-is-on-path data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Language</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/execution-model" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Execution model</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/time-series" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Time series</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/script-structure" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Script structure</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/identifiers" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Identifiers</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/operators" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Operators</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/variable-declarations" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Variable declarations</a></li><li class="item" data-current data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/conditional-structures" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Conditional structures</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/loops" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Loops</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Type system</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/built-ins" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Built-ins</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/user-defined-functions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>User-defined functions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/objects" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Objects</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/enums" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Enums</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/methods" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Methods</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/arrays" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Arrays</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/matrices" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Matrices</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/maps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Maps</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Concepts</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/alerts" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Alerts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/backgrounds" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Backgrounds</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-coloring" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar coloring</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-plotting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar plotting</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-states" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar states</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/chart-information" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Chart information</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/colors" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Colors</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/fills" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Fills</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/inputs" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Inputs</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/levels" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Levels</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/libraries" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Libraries</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/lines-and-boxes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Lines and boxes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/non-standard-charts-data" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Non-standard charts data</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/other-timeframes-and-data" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Other timeframes and data</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/plots" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Plots</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/repainting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Repainting</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/sessions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Sessions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/strategies" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Strategies</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/tables" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Tables</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/text-and-shapes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Text and shapes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/time" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Time</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/timeframes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Timeframes</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Writing scripts</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" 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data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Limitations</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>FAQ</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/general" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>General</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/alerts" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Alerts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/data-structures" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Data structures</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/functions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Functions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/indicators" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Indicators</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/other-data-and-timeframes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Other data and timeframes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/programming" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Programming</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/strings-and-formatting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Strings and formatting</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/error-messages" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Error messages</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/release-notes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Release notes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Migration guides</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-6" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 6</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-5" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 5</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-4" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 4</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-3" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 3</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/where-can-i-get-more-information" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Where can I get more information?</a></li> </ul> <div class="toc-bottom" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> <header class="header" data-astro-cid-d74r2unp> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Main Navigation" data-astro-cid-d74r2unp> <mobile-menu-button id="mobile-menu-button-wc" data-astro-cid-oojooh3d>  <div id="mobile-menu-button-header" data-astro-cid-oojooh3d> <div class="not-content" style="" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs> <button title="Open navigation menu" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs class="not-content 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</label> </docs-theme-select> <script> ThemeProvider.updatePickers('unknown'); </script> </nav> </header> <div id="image-lightbox" class="not-content" hidden data-astro-cid-kws7taxh> <div class="button-wrapper" data-astro-cid-kws7taxh> <div class="not-content" style="" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs> <button id="lightbox-close-button" title="Close image preview" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs class="not-content stvb-base stvb-pointer stvb-black stvb-medium stvb-secondary stvb-icon stvb-force-no-border"> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 18 18" data-astro-cid-kws7taxh data-icon="theme/cross-18"> <symbol id="ai:local:theme/cross-18"><g fill="none"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.53 4.47 4.47 5.53 7.94 9l-3.47 3.47 1.06 1.06L9 10.06l3.47 3.47 1.06-1.06L10.06 9l3.47-3.47-1.06-1.06L9 7.94 5.53 4.47Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h18v18H0z"/></clipPath></defs></g></symbol><use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/cross-18"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <img id="lightbox-image" src="" data-astro-cid-kws7taxh> </div> <div id="page-container" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <aside id="nav" class="" style="" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <div class="sidebar-viewport slick-scroll" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <div class="sidebar" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <ul class="toc" aria-label="Docs sidebar" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/welcome" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Welcome to Pine Script™ v6</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Pine Script™ primer</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <symbol id="ai:local:theme/right-caret"><path fill="currentColor" d="m14.83 11.29-4.24-4.24a1 1 0 1 0-1.42 1.41L12.71 12l-3.54 3.54a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.41 1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.24-4.24a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 0-1.42Z"/></symbol><use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/first-steps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>First steps</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/first-indicator" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>First indicator</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/next-steps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Next steps</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details open data-is-parent data-is-on-path data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Language</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/execution-model" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Execution model</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/time-series" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Time series</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/script-structure" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Script structure</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/identifiers" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Identifiers</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/operators" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Operators</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/variable-declarations" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Variable declarations</a></li><li class="item" data-current data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/conditional-structures" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Conditional structures</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/loops" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Loops</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Type system</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/built-ins" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Built-ins</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/user-defined-functions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>User-defined functions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/objects" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Objects</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/enums" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Enums</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/methods" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Methods</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/arrays" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Arrays</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/matrices" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Matrices</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/maps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Maps</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Concepts</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/alerts" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Alerts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/backgrounds" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Backgrounds</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-coloring" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar coloring</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-plotting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar plotting</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-states" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar states</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/chart-information" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Chart information</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/colors" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Colors</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/fills" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Fills</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/inputs" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Inputs</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/levels" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Levels</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/libraries" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Libraries</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/lines-and-boxes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Lines and boxes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/non-standard-charts-data" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Non-standard charts data</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/other-timeframes-and-data" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Other timeframes and data</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/plots" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Plots</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/repainting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Repainting</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/sessions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Sessions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/strategies" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Strategies</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/tables" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Tables</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/text-and-shapes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Text and shapes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/time" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Time</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/timeframes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Timeframes</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Writing scripts</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/style-guide" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Style guide</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/debugging" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Debugging</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/profiling-and-optimization" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Profiling and optimization</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/publishing" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Publishing scripts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/limitations" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Limitations</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>FAQ</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/general" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>General</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/alerts" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Alerts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/data-structures" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Data structures</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/functions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Functions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/indicators" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Indicators</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/other-data-and-timeframes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Other data and timeframes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/programming" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Programming</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/strings-and-formatting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Strings and formatting</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/error-messages" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Error messages</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/release-notes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Release notes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Migration guides</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-6" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 6</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-5" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 5</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-4" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 4</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-3" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 3</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/where-can-i-get-more-information" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Where can I get more information?</a></li> </ul> <div class="toc-bottom" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l></div> </div> </div> </aside> <main class="main-pane" data-page-type="md" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <a id="top" data-astro-cid-xgirumru></a> <main class="content" data-toc-shown data-astro-cid-ju3wuhkz> <div class="content-width" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <div class="breadcrumbs" data-pagefind-ignore data-astro-cid-wlavna2o> <a href="/pine-script-docs" aria-label="Return back to the documentation home page." data-astro-cid-wlavna2o> <span data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>User Manual</span> </a> <span class="divider" data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>/</span> <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/execution-model" data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>Language</a> <span class="divider" data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>/</span> <span class="current-item" data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>Conditional structures</span> </div> </div> <div id="slot-container" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <h1 id="conditional-structures" class="md-heading"><a href="#conditional-structures">Conditional structures<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h1> <h2 id="introduction" class="md-heading"><a href="#introduction">Introduction<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>The conditional structures in Pine Script™ are <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_if">if</a> and <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_switch">switch</a>. They can be used:</p> <ul> <li>For their side effects, i.e., when they don’t return a value but do things, like reassign values to variables or call functions.</li> <li>To return a value or a tuple which can then be assigned to one (or more, in the case of tuples) variable.</li> </ul> <p>Conditional structures, like the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_for">for</a> and <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_while">while</a> structures, can be embedded; you can use an <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_if">if</a> or <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_switch">switch</a> inside another structure.</p> <p>Some Pine Script™ built-in functions cannot be called from within the local blocks of conditional structures. They are: <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_alertcondition">alertcondition()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_barcolor">barcolor()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_fill">fill()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_hline">hline()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_indicator">indicator()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_library">library()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_plot">plot()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_plotbar">plotbar()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_plotcandle">plotcandle()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_plotchar">plotchar()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_plotshape">plotshape()</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_strategy">strategy()</a>. This does not entail their functionality cannot be controlled by conditions evaluated by your script — only that it cannot be done by including them in conditional structures. Note that while <code dir="auto">input*.()</code> function calls are allowed in local blocks, their functionality is the same as if they were in the script’s global scope.</p> <p>The local blocks in conditional structures must be indented by four spaces or a tab.</p> <h2 id="if-structure" class="md-heading"><a href="#if-structure">`if` structure<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <h3 id="if-used-for-its-side-effects" class="md-heading"><a href="#if-used-for-its-side-effects">`if` used for its side effects<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h3> <p>An <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_if">if</a> structure used for its side effects has the following syntax:</p> <div class="expressive-code not-content"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/pine-script-docs/_astro/ec.dtidy.css"/><script type="module" src="/pine-script-docs/_astro/ec.qopfj.js"></script><figure class="frame"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="text"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">if <expression></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><local_block></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">{else if <expression></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><local_block>}</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">[else</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><local_block>]</span></div></div></code></pre></figure></div> <p>where:</p> <ul> <li>Parts enclosed in square brackets (<code dir="auto">[]</code>) can appear zero or one time, and those enclosed in curly braces (<code dir="auto">{}</code>) can appear zero or more times.</li> <li><expression> must be of “bool” type or be auto-castable to that type, which is only possible for “int” or “float” values (see the <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system/#types">Type system</a> page).</li> <li><local_block> consists of zero or more statements followed by a return value, which can be a tuple of values. It must be indented by four spaces or a tab.</li> <li>There can be zero or more <code dir="auto">else if</code> clauses.</li> <li>There can be zero or one <code dir="auto">else</code> clause.</li> </ul> <p>When the <expression> following the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_if">if</a> evaluates to <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#const_true">true</a>, the first local block is executed, the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_if">if</a> structure’s execution ends, and the value(s) evaluated at the end of the local block are returned.</p> <p>When the <expression> following the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_if">if</a> evaluates to <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#const_false">false</a>, the successive <code dir="auto">else if</code> clauses are evaluated, if there are any. When the <expression> of one evaluates to <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#const_true">true</a>, its local block is executed, the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_if">if</a> structure’s execution ends, and the value(s) evaluated at the end of the local block are returned.</p> <p>When no <expression> has evaluated to <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#const_true">true</a> and an <code dir="auto">else</code> clause exists, its local block is executed, the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_if">if</a> structure’s execution ends, and the value(s) evaluated at the end of the local block are returned.</p> <p>When no <expression> has evaluated to <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#const_true">true</a> and no <code dir="auto">else</code> clause exists, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#var_na">na</a> is returned. The only exception to this is if the structure returns “bool” values — in that case, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#const_false">false</a> is returned instead.</p> <p>Using <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_if">if</a> structures for their side effects can be useful to manage the order flow in strategies, for example. While the same functionality can often be achieved using the <code dir="auto">when</code> parameter in <code dir="auto">strategy.*()</code> calls, code using <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_if">if</a> structures is easier to read:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">if (ta.crossover(source, lower)) strategy.entry("BBandLE", strategy.long, stop=lower, oca_name="BollingerBands", oca_type=strategy.oca.cancel, comment="BBandLE") else strategy.cancel(id="BBandLE")</div> <p>Restricting the execution of your code to specific bars ican be done using <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_if">if</a> structures, as we do here to restrict updates to our label to the chart’s last bar:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">//@version=6 indicator("", "", true) var ourLabel = label.new(bar_index, na, na, color = color(na), textcolor = color.orange) if barstate.islast label.set_xy(ourLabel, bar_index + 2, hl2[1]) label.set_text(ourLabel, str.tostring(bar_index + 1, "# bars in chart"))</div> <p>Note that:</p> <ul> <li>We initialize the <code dir="auto">ourLabel</code> variable on the script’s first bar only, as we use the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_var">var</a> declaration mode. The value used to initialize the variable is provided by the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_label%7Bdot%7Dnew">label.new()</a> function call, which returns a label ID pointing to the label it creates. We use that call to set the label’s properties because once set, they will persist until we change them.</li> <li>What happens next is that on each successive bar the Pine Script™ runtime will skip the initialization of <code dir="auto">ourLabel</code>, and the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_if">if</a> structure’s condition (<a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#var_barstate%7Bdot%7Dislast">barstate.islast</a>) is evaluated. It returns <code dir="auto">false</code> on all bars until the last one, so the script does nothing on most historical bars after bar zero.</li> <li>On the last bar, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#var_barstate%7Bdot%7Dislast">barstate.islast</a> becomes true and the structure’s local block executes, modifying on each chart update the properties of our label, which displays the number of bars in the dataset.</li> <li>We want to display the label’s text without a background, so we make the label’s background <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#var_na">na</a> in the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_label%7Bdot%7Dnew">label.new()</a> function call, and we use <code dir="auto">hl2[1]</code> for the label’s <em>y</em> position because we don’t want it to move all the time. By using the average of the <strong>previous</strong> bar’s <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#var_high">high</a> and <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#var_low">low</a> values, the label doesn’t move until the moment when the next realtime bar opens.</li> <li>We use <code dir="auto">bar_index + 2</code> in our <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_label%7Bdot%7Dset_xy">label.set_xy()</a> call to offset the label to the right by two bars.</li> </ul> <h3 id="if-used-to-return-a-value" class="md-heading"><a href="#if-used-to-return-a-value">`if` used to return a value<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h3> <p>An <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_if">if</a> structure used to return one or more values has the following syntax:</p> <div class="expressive-code not-content"><figure class="frame"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="text"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">[<declaration_mode>] [<type>] <identifier> = if <expression></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><local_block></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">{else if <expression></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><local_block>}</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">[else</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"><local_block>]</span></div></div></code></pre></figure></div> <p>where:</p> <ul> <li>Parts enclosed in square brackets (<code dir="auto">[]</code>) can appear zero or one time, and those enclosed in curly braces (<code dir="auto">{}</code>) can appear zero or more times.</li> <li><declaration_mode> is the variable’s <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/variable-declarations/#declaration-modes">declaration mode</a></li> <li><type> is optional, as in almost all Pine Script™ variable declarations (see <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system/#types">types</a>)</li> <li><identifier> is the variable’s <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/identifiers/">name</a></li> <li><expression> can be a literal, a variable, an expression or a function call.</li> <li><local_block> consists of zero or more statements followed by a return value, which can be a tuple of values. It must be indented by four spaces or a tab.</li> <li>The value assigned to the variable is the return value of the <local_block>, or <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#var_na">na</a> if no local block is executed. If other local blocks return “bool” values, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#const_false">false</a> will be returned instead.</li> </ul> <p>This is an example:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">//@version=6 indicator("", "", true) string barState = if barstate.islastconfirmedhistory "islastconfirmedhistory" else if barstate.isnew "isnew" else if barstate.isrealtime "isrealtime" else "other" f_print(_text) => var table _t = table.new(position.middle_right, 1, 1) table.cell(_t, 0, 0, _text, bgcolor = color.yellow) f_print(barState)</div> <p>It is possible to omit the <em>else</em> block. In this case, if the <code dir="auto">condition</code> is false, an <em>empty</em> value (<code dir="auto">na</code>, <code dir="auto">false</code>, or <code dir="auto">""</code>) will be assigned to the <code dir="auto">var_declarationX</code> variable.</p> <p>This is an example showing how <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#var_na">na</a> is returned when no local block is executed. If <code dir="auto">close > open</code> is <code dir="auto">false</code> in here, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#var_na">na</a> is returned:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">x = if close > open close</div> <p>Scripts can contain <code dir="auto">if</code> structures with nested <code dir="auto">if</code> and other conditional structures. For example:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">if condition1 if condition2 if condition3 expression</div> <p>However, nesting these structures is not recommended from a performance perspective. When possible, it is typically more optimal to compose a single <code dir="auto">if</code> statement with multiple logical operators rather than several nested <code dir="auto">if</code> blocks:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">if condition1 and condition2 and condition3 expression</div> <h2 id="switch-structure" class="md-heading"><a href="#switch-structure">`switch` structure<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>The <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_switch">switch</a> structure exists in two forms. One switches on the different values of a key expression:</p> <div class="expressive-code not-content"><figure class="frame"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="text"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">[[<declaration_mode>] [<type>] <identifier> = ]switch <expression></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">{<expression> => <local_block>}</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">=> <local_block></span></div></div></code></pre></figure></div> <p>The other form does not use an expression as a key; it switches on the evaluation of different expressions:</p> <div class="expressive-code not-content"><figure class="frame"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="text"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">[[<declaration_mode>] [<type>] <identifier> = ]switch</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">{<expression> => <local_block>}</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e"> </span></span><span style="--0:#e1e4e8;--1:#24292e">=> <local_block></span></div></div></code></pre></figure></div> <p>where:</p> <ul> <li>Parts enclosed in square brackets (<code dir="auto">[]</code>) can appear zero or one time, and those enclosed in curly braces (<code dir="auto">{}</code>) can appear zero or more times.</li> <li><declaration_mode> is the variable’s <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/variable-declarations/#declaration-modes">declaration mode</a></li> <li><type> is optional, as in almost all Pine Script™ variable declarations (see <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system/#types">types</a>)</li> <li><identifier> is the variable’s <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/identifiers/">name</a></li> <li><expression> can be a literal, a variable, an expression or a function call.</li> <li><local_block> consists of zero or more statements followed by a return value, which can be a tuple of values. It must be indented by four spaces or a tab.</li> <li>The value assigned to the variable is the return value of the <local_block>, or <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#var_na">na</a> if no local block is executed.</li> <li>The <code dir="auto">=> <local_block></code> at the end allows you to specify a return value which acts as a default to be used when no other case in the structure is executed.</li> </ul> <p>Only one local block of a <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_switch">switch</a> structure is executed. It is thus a <em>structured switch</em> that doesn’t <em>fall through</em> cases. Consequently, <code dir="auto">break</code> statements are unnecessary.</p> <p>Both forms are allowed as the value used to initialize a variable.</p> <p>As with the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_if">if</a> structure, if no local block is exectuted, the expression returns either <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#const_false">false</a> (when other local blocks return a “bool” value) or <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#var_na">na</a> (in all other cases).</p> <h3 id="switch-with-an-expression" class="md-heading"><a href="#switch-with-an-expression">`switch` with an expression<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h3> <p>Let’s look at an example of a <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_switch">switch</a> using an expression:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">//@version=6 indicator("Switch using an expression", "", true) string maType = input.string("EMA", "MA type", options = ["EMA", "SMA", "RMA", "WMA"]) int maLength = input.int(10, "MA length", minval = 2) float ma = switch maType "EMA" => ta.ema(close, maLength) "SMA" => ta.sma(close, maLength) "RMA" => ta.rma(close, maLength) "WMA" => ta.wma(close, maLength) => runtime.error("No matching MA type found.") float(na) plot(ma)</div> <p>Note that:</p> <ul> <li>The expression we are switching on is the variable <code dir="auto">maType</code>, which is of “input int” type (see here for an explanation of what the “<a href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system/#input">input</a>” qualifier is). Since it cannot change during the execution of the script, this guarantees that whichever MA type the user selects will be executing on each bar, which is a requirement for functions like <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_ta%7Bdot%7Dema">ta.ema()</a> which require a “simple int” argument for their <code dir="auto">length</code> parameter.</li> <li>If no matching value is found for <code dir="auto">maType</code>, the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_switch">switch</a> executes the last local block introduced by <code dir="auto">=></code>, which acts as a catch-all. We generate a runtime error in that block. We also end it with <code dir="auto">float(na)</code> so the local block returns a value whose type is compatible with that of the other local blocks in the structure, to avoid a compilation error.</li> </ul> <h3 id="switch-without-an-expression" class="md-heading"><a href="#switch-without-an-expression">`switch` without an expression<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h3> <p>This is an example of a <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_switch">switch</a> structure which does not use an expression:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">//@version=6 strategy("Switch without an expression", "", true) bool longCondition = ta.crossover( ta.sma(close, 14), ta.sma(close, 28)) bool shortCondition = ta.crossunder(ta.sma(close, 14), ta.sma(close, 28)) switch longCondition => strategy.entry("Long ID", strategy.long) shortCondition => strategy.entry("Short ID", strategy.short)</div> <p>Note that:</p> <ul> <li>We are using the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_switch">switch</a> to select the appropriate strategy order to emit, depending on whether the <code dir="auto">longCondition</code> or <code dir="auto">shortCondition</code> “bool” variables are <code dir="auto">true</code>.</li> <li>The building conditions of <code dir="auto">longCondition</code> and <code dir="auto">shortCondition</code> are exclusive. While they can both be <code dir="auto">false</code> simultaneously, they cannot be <code dir="auto">true</code> at the same time. The fact that only <strong>one</strong> local block of the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_switch">switch</a> structure is ever executed is thus not an issue for us.</li> <li>We evaluate the calls to <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_ta%7Bdot%7Dcrossover">ta.crossover()</a> and <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#fun_ta%7Bdot%7Dcrossunder">ta.crossunder()</a> <strong>prior</strong> to entry in the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_switch">switch</a> structure. Not doing so, as in the following example, would prevent the functions to be executed on each bar, which would result in a compiler warning and erratic behavior:</li> </ul> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">//@version=6 strategy("Switch without an expression", "", true) switch // Compiler warning! Will not calculate correctly! ta.crossover( ta.sma(close, 14), ta.sma(close, 28)) => strategy.entry("Long ID", strategy.long) ta.crossunder(ta.sma(close, 14), ta.sma(close, 28)) => strategy.entry("Short ID", strategy.short)</div> <h2 id="matching-local-block-type-requirement" class="md-heading"><a href="#matching-local-block-type-requirement">Matching local block type requirement<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>When multiple local blocks are used in structures, the type of the return value of all its local blocks must match. This applies only if the structure is used to assign a value to a variable in a declaration, because a variable can only have one type, and if the statement returns two incompatible types in its branches, the variable type cannot be properly determined. If the structure is not assigned anywhere, its branches can return different values.</p> <p>This code compiles fine because <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#var_close">close</a> and <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#var_open">open</a> are both of the <code dir="auto">float</code> type:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">x = if close > open close else open</div> <p>This code does not compile because the first local block returns a <code dir="auto">float</code> value, while the second one returns a <code dir="auto">string</code>, and the result of the <code dir="auto">if</code>-statement is assigned to the <code dir="auto">x</code> variable:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">// Compilation error! x = if close > open close else "open"</div> </div> <div class="pagination-buttons not-content" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/variable-declarations" class="pagination-card" 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id="toc-scroll-section" class="slick-scroll" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><header data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><h2 class="toc-header" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>On this page</h2></header><ul class="" id="toc-entries" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><a href="#introduction" aria-current="true" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-current data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Introduction</li></a><a href="#if-structure" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>&#96if&#96 structure</li></a><a href="#if-used-for-its-side-effects" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-3" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>&#96if&#96 used for its side effects</li></a><a href="#if-used-to-return-a-value" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-3" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>&#96if&#96 used to return a value</li></a><a href="#switch-structure" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>&#96switch&#96 structure</li></a><a href="#switch-with-an-expression" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-3" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>&#96switch&#96 with an expression</li></a><a href="#switch-without-an-expression" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-3" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>&#96switch&#96 without an expression</li></a><a href="#matching-local-block-type-requirement" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Matching local block type requirement</li></a></ul></section><div class="toc-bottom-fade" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd></div><div class="back-top-space" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><div class="not-content" style="" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs> <a id="back-top-button" title="Back to top" href="#top" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs class="floating-button not-content stvb-base stvb-pointer stvb-gray stvb-medium stvb-secondary stvb-icon stvb-icon-force-color stvb-force-no-border"> 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