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Script™ primer</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/first-steps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>First steps</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/first-indicator" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>First indicator</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/next-steps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Next steps</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details open data-is-parent data-is-on-path data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Language</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/execution-model" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Execution model</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/time-series" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Time series</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/script-structure" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Script structure</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/identifiers" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Identifiers</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/operators" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Operators</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/variable-declarations" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Variable declarations</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/conditional-structures" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Conditional structures</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/loops" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Loops</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Type system</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/built-ins" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Built-ins</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/user-defined-functions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>User-defined functions</a></li><li class="item" data-current data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/objects" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Objects</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/enums" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Enums</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/methods" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Methods</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/arrays" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Arrays</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/matrices" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Matrices</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/maps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Maps</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Concepts</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/alerts" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Alerts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/backgrounds" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Backgrounds</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-coloring" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar coloring</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-plotting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar plotting</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-states" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar states</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/chart-information" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Chart information</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/colors" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Colors</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/fills" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Fills</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/inputs" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Inputs</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/levels" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Levels</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/libraries" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Libraries</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/lines-and-boxes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Lines and boxes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/non-standard-charts-data" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Non-standard charts data</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/other-timeframes-and-data" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Other timeframes and data</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/plots" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Plots</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/repainting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Repainting</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/sessions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Sessions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/strategies" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Strategies</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/tables" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Tables</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/text-and-shapes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Text and shapes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/time" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Time</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/timeframes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Timeframes</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Writing scripts</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" 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data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Limitations</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>FAQ</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/general" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>General</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/alerts" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Alerts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/data-structures" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Data structures</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/functions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Functions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/indicators" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Indicators</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/other-data-and-timeframes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Other data and timeframes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/programming" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Programming</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/strings-and-formatting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Strings and formatting</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/error-messages" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Error messages</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/release-notes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Release notes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Migration guides</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-6" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 6</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-5" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 5</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-4" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 4</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-3" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 3</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/where-can-i-get-more-information" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Where can I get more information?</a></li> </ul> <div class="toc-bottom" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> <header class="header" data-astro-cid-d74r2unp> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Main Navigation" data-astro-cid-d74r2unp> <mobile-menu-button id="mobile-menu-button-wc" data-astro-cid-oojooh3d>  <div id="mobile-menu-button-header" data-astro-cid-oojooh3d> <div class="not-content" style="" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs> <button title="Open navigation menu" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs class="not-content 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</label> </docs-theme-select> <script> ThemeProvider.updatePickers('unknown'); </script> </nav> </header> <div id="image-lightbox" class="not-content" hidden data-astro-cid-kws7taxh> <div class="button-wrapper" data-astro-cid-kws7taxh> <div class="not-content" style="" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs> <button id="lightbox-close-button" title="Close image preview" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs class="not-content stvb-base stvb-pointer stvb-black stvb-medium stvb-secondary stvb-icon stvb-force-no-border"> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 18 18" data-astro-cid-kws7taxh data-icon="theme/cross-18"> <symbol id="ai:local:theme/cross-18"><g fill="none"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M5.53 4.47 4.47 5.53 7.94 9l-3.47 3.47 1.06 1.06L9 10.06l3.47 3.47 1.06-1.06L10.06 9l3.47-3.47-1.06-1.06L9 7.94 5.53 4.47Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h18v18H0z"/></clipPath></defs></g></symbol><use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/cross-18"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <img id="lightbox-image" src="" data-astro-cid-kws7taxh> </div> <div id="page-container" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <aside id="nav" class="" style="" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <div class="sidebar-viewport slick-scroll" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <div class="sidebar" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <ul class="toc" aria-label="Docs sidebar" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l> <li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/welcome" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Welcome to Pine Script™ v6</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Pine Script™ primer</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <symbol id="ai:local:theme/right-caret"><path fill="currentColor" d="m14.83 11.29-4.24-4.24a1 1 0 1 0-1.42 1.41L12.71 12l-3.54 3.54a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.41 1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.24-4.24a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 0-1.42Z"/></symbol><use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/first-steps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>First steps</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/first-indicator" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>First indicator</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/primer/next-steps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Next steps</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details open data-is-parent data-is-on-path data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Language</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/execution-model" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Execution model</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/time-series" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Time series</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/script-structure" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Script structure</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/identifiers" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Identifiers</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/operators" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Operators</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/variable-declarations" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Variable declarations</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/conditional-structures" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Conditional structures</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/loops" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Loops</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Type system</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/built-ins" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Built-ins</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/user-defined-functions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>User-defined functions</a></li><li class="item" data-current data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/objects" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Objects</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/enums" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Enums</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/methods" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Methods</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/arrays" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Arrays</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/matrices" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Matrices</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/language/maps" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Maps</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Concepts</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/alerts" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Alerts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/backgrounds" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Backgrounds</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-coloring" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar coloring</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-plotting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar plotting</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/bar-states" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Bar states</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/chart-information" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Chart information</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/colors" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Colors</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/fills" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Fills</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/inputs" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Inputs</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/levels" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Levels</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/libraries" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Libraries</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/lines-and-boxes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Lines and boxes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/non-standard-charts-data" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Non-standard charts data</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/other-timeframes-and-data" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Other timeframes and data</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/plots" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Plots</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/repainting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Repainting</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/sessions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Sessions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/strategies" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Strategies</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/tables" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Tables</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/text-and-shapes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Text and shapes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/time" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Time</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/concepts/timeframes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Timeframes</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Writing scripts</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/style-guide" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Style guide</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/debugging" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Debugging</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/profiling-and-optimization" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Profiling and optimization</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/publishing" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Publishing scripts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/writing/limitations" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Limitations</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>FAQ</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/general" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>General</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/alerts" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Alerts</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/data-structures" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Data structures</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/functions" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Functions</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/indicators" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Indicators</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/other-data-and-timeframes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Other data and timeframes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/programming" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Programming</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/faq/strings-and-formatting" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Strings and formatting</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/error-messages" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Error messages</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/release-notes" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Release notes</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><details data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><summary data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><div class="summary-link" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Migration guides</div><div class="caret" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="icon" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey data-icon="theme/right-caret"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/right-caret"></use> </svg></div></summary><ul class="children" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-6" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 6</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-5" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 5</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-4" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 4</a></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/migration-guides/to-pine-version-3" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>To Pine Script™ version 3</a></li></ul></details></li><li class="item" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey><a class="page-link" href="/pine-script-docs/where-can-i-get-more-information" data-astro-cid-omxx3dey>Where can I get more information?</a></li> </ul> <div class="toc-bottom" data-astro-cid-sa57sq6l></div> </div> </div> </aside> <main class="main-pane" data-page-type="md" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <a id="top" data-astro-cid-xgirumru></a> <main class="content" data-toc-shown data-has-labels-above data-astro-cid-ju3wuhkz> <div class="content-width" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <div class="breadcrumbs" data-pagefind-ignore data-astro-cid-wlavna2o> <a href="/pine-script-docs" aria-label="Return back to the documentation home page." data-astro-cid-wlavna2o> <span data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>User Manual</span> </a> <span class="divider" data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>/</span> <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/execution-model" data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>Language</a> <span class="divider" data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>/</span> <span class="current-item" data-astro-cid-wlavna2o>Objects</span> </div> <div id="article-labels" class="not-content" data-astro-cid-i7sip6yg><div style="background-color: #651FFF" data-astro-cid-i7sip6yg>ADVANCED</div></div> </div> <div id="slot-container" data-has-labels data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <h1 id="objects" class="md-heading"><a href="#objects">Objects<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h1> <aside aria-label="Notice!" class="tv-informer not-content" style="--informer-header-color:#FF9800;--informer-back-color-light:#FFF3E0;--informer-back-color-dark:#33261A"><div class="tv-informer-icon"><svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="18" height="18"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M9 17A8 8 0 1 0 9 1a8 8 0 0 0 0 16ZM9 4c-.79 0-1.38.7-1.25 1.48l.67 4.03a.59.59 0 0 0 1.16 0l.67-4.03A1.27 1.27 0 0 0 9 4Zm0 8a1 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></div><div class="tv-informer-content"><p><span class="tv-informer-header">Notice!</span>This page contains advanced material. If you are a beginning Pine Script™ programmer, we recommend you become familiar with other, more accessible Pine Script™ features before you venture here.</p></div></aside> <h2 id="introduction" class="md-heading"><a href="#introduction">Introduction<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>Pine Script™ objects are instances of <em>user-defined types</em> (UDTs). They are the equivalent of variables containing parts called <em>fields</em>, each able to hold independent values that can be of various types.</p> <p>Experienced programmers can think of UDTs as methodless classes. They allow users to create custom types that organize different values under one logical entity.</p> <h2 id="creating-objects" class="md-heading"><a href="#creating-objects">Creating objects<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>Before an object can be created, its type must be defined. The <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system/#user-defined-types">User-defined types</a> section of the <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system/">Type system</a> page explains how to do so.</p> <p>Let’s define a <code dir="auto">pivotPoint</code> type to hold pivot information:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">type pivotPoint int x float y string xloc = xloc.bar_time</div> <p>Note that:</p> <ul> <li>We use the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_type">type</a> keyword to declare the creation of a UDT.</li> <li>We name our new UDT <code dir="auto">pivotPoint</code>.</li> <li>After the first line, we create a local block containing the type and name of each field.</li> <li>The <code dir="auto">x</code> field will hold the x-coordinate of the pivot. It is declared as an “int” because it will hold either a timestamp or a bar index of “int” type.</li> <li><code dir="auto">y</code> is a “float” because it will hold the pivot’s price.</li> <li><code dir="auto">xloc</code> is a field that will specify the units of <code dir="auto">x</code>: <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#const_xloc%7Bdot%7Dbar_index">xloc.bar_index</a> or <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#const_xloc%7Bdot%7Dbar_time">xloc.bar_time</a>. We set its default value to <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#const_xloc%7Bdot%7Dbar_time">xloc.bar_time</a> by using the <code dir="auto">=</code> operator. When an object is created from that UDT, its <code dir="auto">xloc</code> field will thus be set to that value.</li> </ul> <p>Now that our <code dir="auto">pivotPoint</code> UDT is defined, we can proceed to create objects from it. We create objects using the UDT’s <code dir="auto">new()</code> built-in method. To create a new <code dir="auto">foundPoint</code> object from our <code dir="auto">pivotPoint</code> UDT, we use:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">foundPoint = pivotPoint.new()</div> <p>We can also specify field values for the created object using the following:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">foundPoint = pivotPoint.new(time, high)</div> <p>Or the equivalent:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">foundPoint = pivotPoint.new(x = time, y = high)</div> <p>At this point, the <code dir="auto">foundPoint</code> object’s <code dir="auto">x</code> field will contain the value of the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#var_time">time</a> built-in when it is created, <code dir="auto">y</code> will contain the value of <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#var_high">high</a> and the <code dir="auto">xloc</code> field will contain its default value of <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#const_xloc%7Bdot%7Dbar_time">xloc.bar_time</a> because no value was defined for it when creating the object.</p> <p>Object placeholders can also be created by declaring <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#var_na">na</a> object names using the following:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">pivotPoint foundPoint = na</div> <p>This example displays a label where high pivots are detected. The pivots are detected <code dir="auto">legsInput</code> bars after they occur, so we must plot the label in the past for it to appear on the pivot:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">//@version=6 indicator("Pivot labels", overlay = true) int legsInput = input(10) // Define the `pivotPoint` UDT. type pivotPoint int x float y string xloc = xloc.bar_time // Detect high pivots. pivotHighPrice = ta.pivothigh(legsInput, legsInput) if not na(pivotHighPrice) // A new high pivot was found; display a label where it occurred `legsInput` bars back. foundPoint = pivotPoint.new(time[legsInput], pivotHighPrice) label.new( foundPoint.x, foundPoint.y, str.tostring(foundPoint.y, format.mintick), foundPoint.xloc, textcolor = color.white)</div> <p>Take note of this line from the above example:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">foundPoint = pivotPoint.new(time[legsInput], pivotHighPrice)</div> <p>This could also be written using the following:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">pivotPoint foundPoint = na foundPoint := pivotPoint.new(time[legsInput], pivotHighPrice)</div> <p>When using the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_var">var</a> keyword while declaring a variable assigned to an object of a <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system/#user-defined-types">user-defined type</a>, the keyword automatically applies to all the object’s fields:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">//@version=6 indicator("Objects using `var` demo") //@type A custom type to hold index, price, and volume information. type BarInfo int index = bar_index float price = close float vol = volume //@variable A `BarInfo` instance whose fields persist through all iterations, starting from the first bar. var BarInfo firstBar = BarInfo.new() //@variable A `BarInfo` instance declared on every bar. BarInfo currentBar = BarInfo.new() // Plot the `index` fields of both instances to compare the difference. plot(firstBar.index) plot(currentBar.index)</div> <p>It’s important to note that assigning an object to a variable that uses the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_varip">varip</a> keyword does <em>not</em> automatically allow the object’s fields to persist without rolling back on each <em>intrabar</em> update. One must apply the keyword to each desired field in the type declaration to achieve this behavior. For example:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">//@version=6 indicator("Objects using `varip` fields demo") //@type A custom type that counts the bars and ticks in the script's execution. type Counter int bars = 0 varip int ticks = 0 //@variable A `Counter` object whose reference persists throughout all bars. var Counter counter = Counter.new() // Add 1 to the `bars` and `ticks` fields. The `ticks` field is not subject to rollback on unconfirmed bars. counter.bars += 1 counter.ticks += 1 // Plot both fields for comparison. plot(counter.bars, "Bar counter", color.blue, 3) plot(counter.ticks, "Tick counter", color.purple, 3)</div> <p>Note that:</p> <ul> <li>We used the <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_var">var</a> keyword to specify that the <code dir="auto">Counter</code> object assigned to the <code dir="auto">counter</code> variable persists throughout the script’s execution.</li> <li>The <code dir="auto">bars</code> field rolls back on realtime bars, whereas the <code dir="auto">ticks</code> field does not since we included <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#kw_varip">varip</a> in its declaration.</li> </ul> <h2 id="changing-field-values" class="md-heading"><a href="#changing-field-values">Changing field values<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>The value of an object’s fields can be changed using the <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/operators/#-reassignment-operator">:=</a> reassignment operator.</p> <p>This line of our previous example:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">foundPoint = pivotPoint.new(time[legsInput], pivotHighPrice)</div> <p>Could be written using the following:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">foundPoint = pivotPoint.new() foundPoint.x := time[legsInput] foundPoint.y := pivotHighPrice</div> <h2 id="collecting-objects" class="md-heading"><a href="#collecting-objects">Collecting objects<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>Pine Script™ collections (<a href="/pine-script-docs/language/arrays/">arrays</a>, <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/matrices/">matrices</a>, and <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/maps/">maps</a>) can contain objects, allowing users to add virtual dimensions to their data structures. To declare a collection of objects, pass a UDT name into its <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system/#type-templates">type template</a>.</p> <p>This example declares an empty <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_array">array</a> that will hold objects of a <code dir="auto">pivotPoint</code> user-defined type:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">pivotHighArray = array.new<pivotPoint>()</div> <p>To explicitly declare the type of a variable as an <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_array">array</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_matrix">matrix</a>, or <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_map">map</a> of a <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system/#user-defined-types">user-defined type</a>, use the collection’s type keyword followed by its <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/type-system/#type-templates">type template</a>. For example:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">var array<pivotPoint> pivotHighArray = na pivotHighArray := array.new<pivotPoint>()</div> <p>Let’s use what we have learned to create a script that detects high pivot points. The script first collects historical pivot information in an <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_array">array</a>. It then loops through the array on the last historical bar, creating a label for each pivot and connecting the pivots with lines:</p> <p><img src="/pine-script-docs/_astro/Objects-CollectingObjects-1.Or5ovJGC_Zw2Kvh.webp" alt="image" width="2018" height="952" loading="lazy" decoding="async"></p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">//@version=6 indicator("Pivot Points High", overlay = true) int legsInput = input(10) // Define the `pivotPoint` UDT containing the time and price of pivots. type pivotPoint int openTime float level // Create an empty `pivotPoint` array. var pivotHighArray = array.new<pivotPoint>() // Detect new pivots (`na` is returned when no pivot is found). pivotHighPrice = ta.pivothigh(legsInput, legsInput) // Add a new `pivotPoint` object to the end of the array for each detected pivot. if not na(pivotHighPrice) // A new pivot is found; create a new object of `pivotPoint` type, setting its `openTime` and `level` fields. newPivot = pivotPoint.new(time[legsInput], pivotHighPrice) // Add the new pivot object to the array. array.push(pivotHighArray, newPivot) // On the last historical bar, draw pivot labels and connecting lines. if barstate.islastconfirmedhistory var pivotPoint previousPoint = na for eachPivot in pivotHighArray // Display a label at the pivot point. label.new(eachPivot.openTime, eachPivot.level, str.tostring(eachPivot.level, format.mintick), xloc.bar_time, textcolor = color.white) // Create a line between pivots. if not na(previousPoint) // Only create a line starting at the loop's second iteration because lines connect two pivots. line.new(previousPoint.openTime, previousPoint.level, eachPivot.openTime, eachPivot.level, xloc = xloc.bar_time) // Save the pivot for use in the next iteration. previousPoint := eachPivot</div> <h2 id="copying-objects" class="md-heading"><a href="#copying-objects">Copying objects<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>In Pine, objects are assigned by reference. When an existing object is assigned to a new variable, both point to the same object.</p> <p>In the example below, we create a <code dir="auto">pivot1</code> object and set its <code dir="auto">x</code> field to 1000. Then, we declare a <code dir="auto">pivot2</code> variable containing the reference to the <code dir="auto">pivot1</code> object, so both point to the same instance. Changing <code dir="auto">pivot2.x</code> will thus also change <code dir="auto">pivot1.x</code>, as both refer to the <code dir="auto">x</code> field of the same object:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">//@version=6 indicator("") type pivotPoint int x float y pivot1 = pivotPoint.new() pivot1.x := 1000 pivot2 = pivot1 pivot2.x := 2000 // Both plot the value 2000. plot(pivot1.x) plot(pivot2.x)</div> <p>To create a copy of an object that is independent of the original, we can use the built-in <code dir="auto">copy()</code> method in this case.</p> <p>In this example, we declare the <code dir="auto">pivot2</code> variable referring to a copied instance of the <code dir="auto">pivot1</code> object. Now, changing <code dir="auto">pivot2.x</code> will not change <code dir="auto">pivot1.x</code>, as it refers to the <code dir="auto">x</code> field of a separate object:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">//@version=6 indicator("") type pivotPoint int x float y pivot1 = pivotPoint.new() pivot1.x := 1000 pivot2 = pivotPoint.copy(pivot1) pivot2.x := 2000 // Plots 1000 and 2000. plot(pivot1.x) plot(pivot2.x)</div> <p>It’s important to note that the built-in <code dir="auto">copy()</code> method produces a <em>shallow copy</em> of an object. If an object has fields with <em>special types</em> (<a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_array">array</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_matrix">matrix</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_map">map</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_line">line</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_linefill">linefill</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_box">box</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_polyline">polyline</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_label">label</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_table">table</a>, or <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_chart.point">chart.point</a>), those fields in a shallow copy of the object will point to the same instances as the original.</p> <p>In the following example, we have defined an <code dir="auto">InfoLabel</code> type with a label as one of its fields. The script instantiates a <code dir="auto">shallow</code> copy of the <code dir="auto">parent</code> object, then calls a user-defined <code dir="auto">set()</code> <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/methods/">method</a> to update the <code dir="auto">info</code> and <code dir="auto">lbl</code> fields of each object. Since the <code dir="auto">lbl</code> field of both objects points to the same label instance, changes to this field in either object affect the other:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">//@version=6 indicator("Shallow Copy") type InfoLabel string info label lbl method set(InfoLabel this, int x = na, int y = na, string info = na) => if not na(x) this.lbl.set_x(x) if not na(y) this.lbl.set_y(y) if not na(info) this.info := info this.lbl.set_text(this.info) var parent = InfoLabel.new("", label.new(0, 0)) var shallow = parent.copy() parent.set(bar_index, 0, "Parent") shallow.set(bar_index, 1, "Shallow Copy")</div> <p>To produce a <em>deep copy</em> of an object with all of its special type fields pointing to independent instances, we must explicitly copy those fields as well.</p> <p>In this example, we have defined a <code dir="auto">deepCopy()</code> method that instantiates a new <code dir="auto">InfoLabel</code> object with its <code dir="auto">lbl</code> field pointing to a copy of the original’s field. Changes to the <code dir="auto">deep</code> copy’s <code dir="auto">lbl</code> field will not affect the <code dir="auto">parent</code> object, as it points to a separate instance:</p> <div class="pine-colorizer not-content">//@version=6 indicator("Deep Copy") type InfoLabel string info label lbl method set(InfoLabel this, int x = na, int y = na, string info = na) => if not na(x) this.lbl.set_x(x) if not na(y) this.lbl.set_y(y) if not na(info) this.info := info this.lbl.set_text(this.info) method deepCopy(InfoLabel this) => InfoLabel.new(this.info, this.lbl.copy()) var parent = InfoLabel.new("", label.new(0, 0)) var deep = parent.deepCopy() parent.set(bar_index, 0, "Parent") deep.set(bar_index, 1, "Deep Copy")</div> <h2 id="shadowing" class="md-heading"><a href="#shadowing">Shadowing<span class="icon icon-link" aria-hidden="true"><svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><g fill="currentColor" clip-path="url(#a)"><path d="M14.908 5.558a5.326 5.326 0 1 1 7.533 7.533l-3.236 3.236-1.061-1.061 3.236-3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 0-5.411-5.411l-3.236 3.236-1.06-1.06 3.235-3.237ZM5.56 14.907a5.326 5.326 0 0 0 7.532 7.533l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.061-3.236 3.236a3.826 3.826 0 1 1-5.411-5.411l3.236-3.236-1.061-1.06-3.236 3.235Z"></path><path d="m16.346 10.592-5.753 5.753 1.061 1.06 5.753-5.752-1.06-1.06Z"></path></g><defs><clippath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h28v28H0z"></path></clippath></defs></svg></span></a></h2> <p>To avoid potential conflicts in the eventuality where namespaces added to Pine Script™ in the future would collide with UDTs or object names in existing scripts; as a rule, UDTs and object names shadow the language’s namespaces. For example, a UDT or object can use the name of built-in types, such as <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_line">line</a> or <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_table">table</a>.</p> <p>Only the language’s five primitive types cannot be used to name UDTs or objects: <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_int">int</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_float">float</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_string">string</a>, <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_bool">bool</a>, and <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/pine-script-reference/v6/#type_color">color</a>.</p> </div> <div class="pagination-buttons not-content" data-astro-cid-xgirumru> <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/user-defined-functions" class="pagination-card" data-pagefind-ignore data-astro-cid-assl6cvf> <p data-astro-cid-assl6cvf>Previous</p> <h4 class="pagination-card-header" data-astro-cid-assl6cvf> <svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28" data-astro-cid-assl6cvf data-icon="theme/arrow-back"> <use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/arrow-back"></use> </svg> User-defined functions </h4> </a> <a href="/pine-script-docs/language/enums" class="pagination-card" data-pagefind-ignore data-astro-cid-assl6cvf> <p data-astro-cid-assl6cvf>Next</p> <h4 class="pagination-card-header" data-astro-cid-assl6cvf> Enums <svg width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28" data-astro-cid-assl6cvf data-icon="theme/arrow"> <symbol id="ai:local:theme/arrow"><path fill="none" stroke="var(--arrow-fill-color, #131722)" d="m11 8 6 6-6 6"/></symbol><use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/arrow"></use> </svg> </h4> </a> </div> </main> <div id="toc" data-pagefind-ignore="all" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><aside class="document-toc-container ml-4 w-48" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><section id="toc-scroll-section" class="slick-scroll" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><header data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><h2 class="toc-header" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>On this page</h2></header><ul class="" id="toc-entries" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><a href="#objects" aria-current="true" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-current data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Overview</li></a><a href="#introduction" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Introduction</li></a><a href="#creating-objects" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Creating objects</li></a><a href="#changing-field-values" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Changing field values</li></a><a href="#collecting-objects" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Collecting objects</li></a><a href="#copying-objects" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Copying objects</li></a><a href="#shadowing" class="document-toc-link" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><li class="l-2" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd>Shadowing</li></a></ul></section><div class="toc-bottom-fade" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd></div><div class="back-top-space" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd><div class="not-content" style="" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs> <a id="back-top-button" title="Back to top" href="#top" data-astro-cid-pkzv2hgs class="floating-button not-content stvb-base stvb-pointer stvb-gray stvb-medium stvb-secondary stvb-icon stvb-icon-force-color stvb-force-no-border"> <svg width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" data-astro-cid-oor6cujd data-icon="theme/arrow-up"> <symbol id="ai:local:theme/arrow-up"><g fill="none"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="m9 3.5.5.44 4 3.5-1 1.12-2.75-2.4V14h-1.5V6.15L5.49 8.56l-.98-1.12 4-3.5L9 3.5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h18v18H0z"/></clipPath></defs></g></symbol><use xlink:href="#ai:local:theme/arrow-up"></use> </svg> </a> </div> </div></aside></div> </main> </div> <footer data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola> <div class="footer-content" data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola> <ul data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola> <li data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola> <a href="https://www.tradingview.com/chat/#BfmVowG1TZkKO235" data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola>Pine Q&A chat</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola> <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/pine-script" data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola>Stack Overflow</a> ↗ </li><li data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola> <a href="https://t.me/PineCodersQA" data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola>Telegram</a> ↗ </li><li data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/TradingView/" data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola>Reddit</a> ↗ </li> </ul> <div class="flex" data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola></div> <div class="copyright" data-astro-cid-b6pf7ola>Copyright © 2024 TradingView, Inc.</div> </div> </footer> </body></html>