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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #C5C12B; border-spacing:0.2em 0; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff );color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_China" title="Category:Liberalism in China">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD424; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color: #000;">Liberalism in China</span></a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_dragon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/120px-China_dragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/180px-China_dragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/240px-China_dragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_movements_of_China" title="Democracy movements of China">Democracy movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Hong_Kong_student_protests" title="1970s Hong Kong student protests">1970s Hong Kong student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Chinese_pro-democracy_protests" title="2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests">2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China" title="2022 COVID-19 protests in China">2022 COVID-19 protests in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Wall" title="Democracy Wall">Democracy Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai_Weiwei" title="Ai Weiwei">Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Tong" title="Bao Tong">Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yang" title="Bo Yang">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Chang (Carsun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._C._Chang" title="P. C. Chang">Chang (P. C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Chiang" title="Johnny Chiang">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Chow" title="Agnes Chow">Chow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Anping" title="Chu Anping">Chu (Anping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Chu" title="Eddie Chu">Chu (Eddie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Fan" title="Gary Fan">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Fang" title="Fang Fang">Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_Xiaotong" title="Fei Xiaotong">Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Su" title="Gu Su">Gu (Su)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Zhun" title="Gu Zhun">Gu (Zhun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Weifang" title="He Weifang">He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ho" title="Albert Ho">Ho (Albert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyd_Ho" title="Cyd Ho">Ho (Cyd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Ho" title="Kai Ho">Ho (Kai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsu_Shih-hsien" title="Hsu Shih-hsien">Hsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu (Shih)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu (Yaobang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Menglin" title="Jiang Menglin">Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Lai" title="Jimmy Lai">Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_Chen" title="Lei Chen">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Lau" title="Emily Lau">Lau (Emily)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Siu-lai" title="Lau Siu-lai">Lau (Siu-lai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Law" title="Nathan Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lee" title="Martin Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Rui" title="Li Rui">Li (Rui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shenzhi" title="Li Shenzhi">Li (Shenzhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yinhe" title="Li Yinhe">Li (Yinhe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang</a> (early)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Junning" title="Liu Junning">Liu (Junning)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu (Xiaobo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Changping" title="Luo Changping">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Yushi" title="Mao Yushi">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Mo" title="Claudia Mo">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mok" title="Charles Mok">Mok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Hui_(historian)" title="Qin Hui (historian)">Qin (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Xingzhi" title="Tao Xingzhi">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_To" title="James To">To</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Wong" title="Joshua Wong">Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ruoshui" title="Wang Ruoshui">Wang (Ruoshui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yang_(politician)" title="Wang Yang (politician)">Wang (Yang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chi-wai" title="Wu Chi-wai">Wu (Chi-wai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jinglian" title="Wu Jinglian">Wu (Jinglian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Wu" title="K. C. Wu">Wu (K. C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Lanxin" title="Xiang Lanxin">Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jilin" title="Xu Jilin">Xu (Jilin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Youyu" title="Xu Youyu">Xu (Youyu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Zhangrun" title="Xu Zhangrun">Xu (Zhangrun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Li_(stand-up_comedian)" title="Yang Li (stand-up comedian)">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeung_Sum" title="Yeung Sum">Yeung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Yen" class="mw-redirect" title="James Yen">James Yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dongsun" title="Zhang Dongsun">Zhang (Dongsun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qianfan" title="Zhang Qianfan">Zhang (Qianfan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Weiying" title="Zhang Weiying">Zhang (Weiying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xueqin" title="Zhu Xueqin">Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Zimmerman_(politician)" title="Paul Zimmerman (politician)">Zimmerman</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Extant parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Hong Kong (pro-democracy)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Association_for_Democracy_and_People%27s_Livelihood" title="Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood">ADPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fifth_Action" title="April Fifth Action">April Fifth Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Act-up" title="Civic Act-up">Civic Act-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Alliance" title="Community Alliance">Community Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Party (Hong Kong)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Labour Party (Hong Kong)">Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Social_Democrats" title="League of Social Democrats">League of Social Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood_and_Worker%27s_Service_Centre" title="Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre">Neighbourhood and Worker's Service Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_(Hong_Kong)" title="People Power (Hong Kong)">People Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Commons" title="Professional Commons">Professional Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(Hong_Kong)" title="Socialist Action (Hong Kong)">Socialist Action</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (centrist)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Path_of_Democracy" title="Path of Democracy">Path of Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Side" title="Third Side">Third Side</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (pro-ROC)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Kowloon_Trades_Union_Council" title="Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council">Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (localist)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deliberation_Tsuen_Wan" title="Deliberation Tsuen Wan">Deliberation Tsuen Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HK_First" title="HK First">HK First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Justice_League" title="Land Justice League">Land Justice League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat_Political_Institute" title="Proletariat Political Institute">Proletariat Political Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuen_Wan_Community_Network" title="Tsuen Wan Community Network">Tsuen Wan Community Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngspiration" title="Youngspiration">Youngspiration</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Macau</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Macau_Association" title="New Democratic Macau Association">New Democratic Macau Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hope_(Macau)" title="New Hope (Macau)">New Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Macau_Association" title="New Macau Association">New Macau Association</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan)</b><br /><b>(groups of pro-Chinese identity)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Party" title="Chinese People's Party">Chinese People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Partisan_Solidarity_Union" title="Non-Partisan Solidarity Union">Non-Partisan Solidarity Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Taiwan)" title="People First Party (Taiwan)">People First Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Historical parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_League" title="China Democratic League">China Democratic League</a> (early)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(1912)" title="Democratic Party (1912)">Democratic Party (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_Party_of_the_Republic_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labor Party of the Republic of China (page does not exist)">Labor Party of the Republic of China</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%9A" class="extiw" title="zh:中华民国工党">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (pro-democracy)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Citizens Party (Hong Kong)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Party" title="Civic Party">Civic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Self-Government_Party_of_Hong_Kong" title="Democratic Self-Government Party of Hong Kong">Democratic Self-Government Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Frontier_(Hong_Kong)" title="The Frontier (Hong Kong)">The Frontier</a> (1996)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Frontier_(Hong_Kong,_2010)" title="The Frontier (Hong Kong, 2010)">The Frontier</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Affairs_Society" title="Hong Kong Affairs Society">Hong Kong Affairs Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Chinese_Reform_Association" title="Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association">Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association</a> (early)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Confederation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Socialist_Democratic_Party" title="Hong Kong Socialist Democratic Party">Hong Kong Socialist Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeting_Point" title="Meeting Point">Meeting Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_for_Democracy" title="Power for Democracy">Power for Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of China">Revolutionary Communist Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Marxist_League_(Hong_Kong)" title="Revolutionary Marxist League (Hong Kong)">Revolutionary Marxist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democrats_of_Hong_Kong" title="United Democrats of Hong Kong">United Democrats</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (pro-ROC)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/123_Democratic_Alliance" title="123 Democratic Alliance">123 Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Hong_Kong)" title="Democratic Alliance (Hong Kong)">Yuen Long Tin Shui Wai Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong (localist)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_of_Hong_Kong" title="Democratic Progressive Party of Hong Kong">Democratic Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demosisto" title="Demosisto">Demosisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_Democrats" title="Neo Democrats">Neo Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Chu_Hoi-dick_of_New_Territories_West" title="Team Chu Hoi-dick of New Territories West">Team Chu Hoi-dick of New Territories West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsz_Wan_Shan_Constructive_Power" title="Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power">Tsz Wan Shan Constructive Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun_Community_Network" title="Tuen Mun Community Network">Tuen Mun Community Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Social_Association" title="Victoria Social Association">Victoria Social Association</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan)</b><br /><b>(groups of pro-Chinese identity)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democracy_Party_(Taiwan)" title="China Democracy Party (Taiwan)">China Democracy Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkuotang" title="Minkuotang">Minkuotang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Banned parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_of_China" title="Democracy Party of China">Democracy Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_Party_of_China" title="New Democracy Party of China">New Democracy Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">Union of Chinese Nationalists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Alliances</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Pro-democracy camp <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Macau)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Macau)">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pro-Kuomintang camp <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp" title="Pro-ROC camp">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">mainland China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localist_camp" title="Localist camp">Localist camp (Hong Kong)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALLinHK" title="ALLinHK">ALLinHK</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_True_Democracy" title="Alliance for True Democracy">Alliance for True Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Human_Rights_Front" title="Civil Human Rights Front">Civil Human Rights Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_190" title="Group of 190">Group of 190</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China" title="Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China">HKASPDMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Democratic_Foundation" title="Hong Kong Democratic Foundation">Hong Kong Democratic Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Digital" title="Next Digital">Next Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Club_of_Hong_Kong" title="Reform Club of Hong Kong">Reform Club of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Mothers" title="Tiananmen Mothers">Tiananmen Mothers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Current</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Times" title="China Times">China Times</a></i> (early)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Free_Press" title="Hong Kong Free Press">Hong Kong Free Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanhuang_Chunqiu" title="Yanhuang Chunqiu">Yanhuang Chunqiu</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Former</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Daily" title="Apple Daily">Apple Daily</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Endeavor_Weekly" title="Endeavor Weekly">Endeavor Weekly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_China_Journal" title="Free China Journal">Free China Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Next_Magazine_(Hong_Kong_and_Taiwan)" title="Next Magazine (Hong Kong and Taiwan)">Next Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Daily" title="Sharp Daily">Sharp Daily</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)#Criticism_and_views" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Criticism of neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China" title="Anti-communism in China">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_China" title="Federalism in China">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Liberalism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local ethnic nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Localism in Hong Kong">Localism in Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Autonomy_Movement" title="Hong Kong Autonomy Movement">Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Confucianism" title="Progressive Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in China</a> (opposing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism#Criticism" title="Confucianism">Critics of Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Hong_Kong" title="Democracy in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_China" title="LGBTQ rights in China">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Republic_of_China" title="Pro-Republic of China">Pro-Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Progressivism in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huadu_(Taiwan)" title="Huadu (Taiwan)">ROC independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_China,_Many_Paths" title="One China, Many Paths">One China, Many Paths</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_in_China" title="Template:Liberalism in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_in_China" title="Template talk:Liberalism in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Chinese liberalism</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">中國自由主義</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">中国自由主义</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">zhōngguó zìyóu zhǔyì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄗˋ ㄧㄡˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">中國自由派</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">中国自由派</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Chinese liberal groups</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">zhōngguó zìyóupài</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄗˋ ㄧㄡˊ ㄆㄞˋ</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Liberalism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">自由主义</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">自由主義</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zìyóu zhǔyì</span></i>) in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is a development from <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> as it was introduced into China during the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republican</a> period<sup id="cite_ref-Fung2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fung2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, later, reintroduced after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_China">Republic of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Republic of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Republican period, translations of <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> and many other works were produced in China. These writers had a cumulative effect, as did the ascendancy of liberalism in world powers like Britain, France and the United States. The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> in 1912 signaled the acceptance (at least in principle) of these models and the liberal values with which they identified, such as <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>. </p><p>The writings of <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a> (1873–1929) played a major role, despite his leanings to a conservative outlook in latter years. The <a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a> (1915) and its immediate successor the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> (1919) initially were strongly liberal in character, with key figures like <a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a> (1891–1962) as the preeminent exponent of liberal values.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important liberals were <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Dongsun" title="Zhang Dongsun">Zhang Dongsun</a> (1886–1973) and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Junmai" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Junmai">Zhang Junmai</a> (1887–1969). </p><p>Liberalism was to suffer in the wake of the immense challenges China faced from Japanese militarism and the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a>. By the 1930s, many of the younger generation felt that only radical, authoritarian doctrines could save the country. Liberalism increasingly seemed to serve as a forlorn "third force", able only to admonish authoritarian regimes of the Left (<a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>) and Right (<a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a>). </p><p>Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Chu_Anping" title="Chu Anping">Chu Anping</a>, however, made a strong case against the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>; educators and scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Fei_Xiaotong" title="Fei Xiaotong">Fei Xiaotong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tao_Xingzhi" title="Tao Xingzhi">Tao Xingzhi</a> made a case for revolution as a cause worthy of liberal support; while many more liberals left China, including the rural reformer <a href="/wiki/Yan_Yangchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yan Yangchu">James Yen</a>, the university president <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Monlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Monlin">Chiang Monlin</a>, and many less well known figures. </p><p>Later under its newly adopted 1947 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1947_Chinese_National_Assembly_election" title="1947 Chinese National Assembly election">1947 National Assembly election</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_Chinese_legislative_election" title="1948 Chinese legislative election">1948 Legislative Yuan election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1948_Chinese_presidential_election" title="1948 Chinese presidential election">1948 presidential election</a> took place in China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maoist_era">Maoist era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Maoist era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Movements in contemporary</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Chinese political thought</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#People's_Republic_of_China">Liberalism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai_Weiwei" title="Ai Weiwei">Ai Weiwei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yang" title="Bo Yang">Bo Yang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Su" title="Gu Su">Gu Su</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Hui_(historian)" title="Qin Hui (historian)">Qin Hui</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jilin" title="Xu Jilin">Xu Jilin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Youyu" title="Xu Youyu">Xu Youyu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xueqin" title="Zhu Xueqin">Zhu Xueqin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Weiying" title="Zhang Weiying">Zhang Weiying</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jinglian" title="Wu Jinglian">Wu Jinglian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Fang" title="Fang Fang">Fang Fang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/He_Weifang" title="He Weifang">He Weifang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qianfan" title="Zhang Qianfan">Zhang Qianfan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Yushi" title="Mao Yushi">Mao Yushi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yinhe" title="Li Yinhe">Li Yinhe</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yuan" title="Chen Yuan">Chen Yuan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Weiwei_(professor)" title="Zhang Weiwei (professor)">Zhang Weiwei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Canrong" title="Jin Canrong">Jin Canrong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_X._Li" title="Eric X. Li">Eric X. Li</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Yang" title="Gan Yang">Gan Yang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Shigong" title="Jiang Shigong">Jiang Shigong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jiaxiang" title="Wu Jiaxiang">Wu Jiaxiang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Gongqin" title="Xiao Gongqin">Xiao Gongqin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yongnian" title="Zheng Yongnian">Zheng Yongnian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Xijin" title="Hu Xijin">Hu Xijin</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Ming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Ming (page does not exist)">Chen Ming</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing_(Confucian)" title="Jiang Qing (Confucian)">Jiang Qing</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kang_Xiaoguang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kang Xiaoguang (page does not exist)">Kang Xiaoguang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Xuetong" title="Yan Xuetong">Yan Xuetong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Bell" title="Daniel A. Bell">Daniel A. Bell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Kuiyuan" title="Chen Kuiyuan">Chen Kuiyuan</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Left" title="Chinese New Left">New Left</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jinhua" title="Dai Jinhua">Dai Jinhua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Liqun" title="Deng Liqun">Deng Liqun</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Mobo" title="Gao Mobo">Gao Mobo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Zhiyuan" title="Cui Zhiyuan">Cui Zhiyuan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Minqi" title="Li Minqi">Li Minqi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sima_Nan" title="Sima Nan">Sima Nan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hui_(intellectual)" title="Wang Hui (intellectual)">Wang Hui</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shaoguang" title="Wang Shaoguang">Wang Shaoguang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Zhanxuan" title="Qiu Zhanxuan">Qiu Zhanxuan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Xin_(activist)" title="Yue Xin (activist)">Yue Xin</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_movements_of_China" title="Democracy movements of China">Democracy movements</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Contemporary_Chinese_political_thought" title="Template:Contemporary Chinese political thought"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Contemporary_Chinese_political_thought" title="Template talk:Contemporary Chinese political thought"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Contemporary_Chinese_political_thought" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Contemporary Chinese political thought"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The ascendancy of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">establishment of the People's Republic of China</a> in 1949 brought the liberal impulse to its lowest level. Ideological witch-hunts were organized against the followers of Hu Shih,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their values were ceaselessly derided as bourgeois delusions which could only weaken the nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment (China)</a></div> <p>With the collapse of Mao's ideology on his death, seeds of regeneration which had lain dormant gradually came to life. Liberal ideals like <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_freedom" title="Intellectual freedom">intellectual freedom</a>, the separation of powers, <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> were reexamined in the light of the destruction wrought by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> which had been so vociferous in denigrating them. Starting in the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, many younger people experienced virtual conversions to liberalism. This process was given further impetus by the Tiananmen Square protests leading up to the massacre of <a href="/wiki/June_4,_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="June 4, 1989">June 4, 1989</a>. The democracy movement espoused (however imperfectly) many liberal doctrines. Among the key figures were <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ruoshui" title="Wang Ruoshui">Wang Ruoshui</a> (1926–2002), who while remaining a <a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanist</a> reconfigured this doctrine along liberal lines,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo_(intellectual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Xiaobo (intellectual)">Liu Xiaobo</a> (1955–2017), initially a literary critic, who broke with Marxism to combine <a href="/wiki/Existentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialist">existentialist</a> themes with liberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_the_1990s">Since the 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Since the 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1990s the liberal wing of the remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_movements_of_China" title="Democracy movements of China">pro-democracy movement</a> re-emerged following the Tiananmen crackdown, including figures like <a href="/wiki/Qin_Hui_(historian)" title="Qin Hui (historian)">Qin Hui</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Li_Shenzhi" title="Li Shenzhi">Li Shenzhi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yuanhua" title="Wang Yuanhua">Wang Yuanhua</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xueqin" title="Zhu Xueqin">Zhu Xueqin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xu_Youyu" title="Xu Youyu">Xu Youyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Junning" title="Liu Junning">Liu Junning</a> and many others. The writings of <a href="/wiki/Gu_Zhun" title="Gu Zhun">Gu Zhun</a> (1915–1974) were rediscovered, providing evidence of a stubborn core of liberal values that the communist movement had failed to extinguish. Ranged against the liberals are the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Left" title="Chinese New Left">Chinese New Left</a> and populist nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman2005_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese liberalism itself tends to divide into <a href="/wiki/Market_liberalism" title="Market liberalism">market liberalism</a>, impressed by the US as a political model and adhering to the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a> and other neoliberals, and <a href="/wiki/Left_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left liberalism">left-liberalism</a>, more aligned with European <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>. These tendencies continue to evolve in an uneasy state of tension. Nonetheless, Chinese liberalism has clearly emerged in its social democratic form is even influencing the doctrinal evolution of the CCP. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang" title="Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a> is viewed as a liberal in China's ruling elite, advocating for <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberty">economic liberty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-economist_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yang_(politician)" title="Wang Yang (politician)">Wang Yang</a> is viewed as a liberal in China's ruling elite, representing a school of thought that advocates for gradual political liberalization.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2010s study shows the Chinese people with higher level of education tend to favor liberalism. Chinese citizens have a range of opinions about individual rights and political freedoms that do not always match existing policies or state propaganda. There are plenty of nationalists, but there is also a silent majority in favor of economic reform and political liberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P._C._Chang" title="P. C. Chang">P. C. Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Democracy_Party_(Taiwan)" title="China Democracy Party (Taiwan)">China Democracy Party (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_of_China" title="Democracy Party of China">Democracy Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">Feminism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Liberalism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_dissidents" title="List of Chinese dissidents">List of Chinese dissidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_China" title="Secession in China">Secession in China</a> (Self-determination)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Hui_(historian)" title="Qin Hui (historian)">Qin Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Wu" title="K. C. Wu">K. C. Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Zhangrun" title="Xu Zhangrun">Xu Zhangrun</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fung2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fung2010_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFung2010" class="citation book cs1">Fung, Edmund S. K. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7muduLXtSGMC"><i>The Intellectual Foundations of Chinese Modernity: Cultural and Political Thought in the Republican Era</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48823-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48823-5"><bdi>978-1-139-48823-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Intellectual+Foundations+of+Chinese+Modernity%3A+Cultural+and+Political+Thought+in+the+Republican+Era&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48823-5&rft.aulast=Fung&rft.aufirst=Edmund+S.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7muduLXtSGMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman2005_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldman2005_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerle_Goldman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merle_Goldman" title="Merle Goldman">Merle Goldman</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Xpoo27u9xwC&pg=PA128"><i>From Comrade to Citizen: The Struggle for Political Rights in China</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 128–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01890-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01890-7"><bdi>978-0-674-01890-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Comrade+to+Citizen%3A+The+Struggle+for+Political+Rights+in+China&rft.pages=128-160&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01890-7&rft.au=Merle+Goldman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Xpoo27u9xwC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiasociety.org/hong-kong/events/chinas-great-liberal-20th-century-hu-shih-founder-modern-chinese-language">"China's Great Liberal of the 20th Century — Hu Shih Founder of Modern Chinese Language"</a>. <i>Asia Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Society&rft.atitle=China%27s+Great+Liberal+of+the+20th+Century+%E2%80%94+Hu+Shih+Founder+of+Modern+Chinese+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiasociety.org%2Fhong-kong%2Fevents%2Fchinas-great-liberal-20th-century-hu-shih-founder-modern-chinese-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhou, Zhiping (2012). <i>光焰不熄：胡适思想与现代中国</i>. Beijing: Jiuzhou Press. p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2002" class="citation news cs1">Rosenthal, Elisabeth (2002-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/14/world/wang-ruoshui-75-liberal-who-was-shunned-in-china.html">"Wang Ruoshui, 75, Liberal Who Was Shunned in China"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wang+Ruoshui%2C+75%2C+Liberal+Who+Was+Shunned+in+China&rft.date=2002-01-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F01%2F14%2Fworld%2Fwang-ruoshui-75-liberal-who-was-shunned-in-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomfret2021" class="citation news cs1">Pomfret, John (2021-10-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2017/07/14/liu-xiaobo-showed-the-world-that-china-has-a-great-tradition-of-liberal-thought/">"Opinion | Liu Xiaobo showed the world that China has a great tradition of liberal thought"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+Liu+Xiaobo+showed+the+world+that+China+has+a+great+tradition+of+liberal+thought&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Pomfret&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fglobal-opinions%2Fwp%2F2017%2F07%2F14%2Fliu-xiaobo-showed-the-world-that-china-has-a-great-tradition-of-liberal-thought%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangLiMartin-LiaoMosher2017" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Yu; Li, Jie; Martin-Liao, Tienchi; Mosher, Stacy; Worden, Andréa (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvxrpxhh"><i>The Journey of Liu Xiaobo: From Dark Horse to Nobel Laureate</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64012-224-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64012-224-6"><bdi>978-1-64012-224-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvxrpxhh">j.ctvxrpxhh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+of+Liu+Xiaobo%3A+From+Dark+Horse+to+Nobel+Laureate&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvxrpxhh%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-64012-224-6&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Yu&rft.au=Li%2C+Jie&rft.au=Martin-Liao%2C+Tienchi&rft.au=Mosher%2C+Stacy&rft.au=Worden%2C+Andr%C3%A9a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvxrpxhh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccr.ubc.ca/qin-hui/">"Qin Hui 秦晖 b.1953 | Centre for Chinese Research"</a>. <i>ccr.ubc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccr.ubc.ca&rft.atitle=Qin+Hui+%E7%A7%A6%E6%99%96+b.1953+%7C+Centre+for+Chinese+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccr.ubc.ca%2Fqin-hui%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kettering.org/catalog/product/selected-writings-li-shenzhi">"Selected Writings of Li Shenzhi"</a>. <i>Kettering Foundation</i>. 2014-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=china.usc.edu&rft.atitle=Enlightenment+and+Chinese+Civil+Society%3A+The+Cases+of+Wang+Yuanhua+and+Li+Shenzhi+%7C+US-China+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchina.usc.edu%2Fcalendar%2Fenlightenment-and-chinese-civil-society-cases-wang-yuanhua-and-li-shenzhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-economist_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/17681868">"Keqiang ker-ching: How China's next prime minister keeps tabs on its economy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 2010-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keqiang+ker-ching%3A+How+China%27s+next+prime+minister+keeps+tabs+on+its+economy&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft.date=2010-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F17681868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt7_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2012" class="citation news cs1">Jacobs, Andrew (5 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/06/world/asia/liberals-in-china-look-to-guangdongs-party-chief.html?_r=0">"As China Awaits New Leadership, Liberals Look to a Provincial Party Chief"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+China+Awaits+New+Leadership%2C+Liberals+Look+to+a+Provincial+Party+Chief&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F11%2F06%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fliberals-in-china-look-to-guangdongs-party-chief.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiberalism+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pan, Jennifer, and Yiqing Xu. "China’s ideological spectrum." <i>The Journal of Politics</i> 80, no. 1 (2018): 254-273.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chang, C. (1952). <i>The Third Force in China</i>. New York: Bookman Associates.</li> <li>deBary, W. T. (1983). <i>The Liberal Tradition in China</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.</li> <li>Metzger, T. (2005). <i>A Cloud Across the Pacific: Essays on the Clash between Chinese and Western Political Theories Today</i>. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopaedist</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">Constitutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa#Anti-Chinilpa_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Anti-<i>Chinilpa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_reformism" title="Centrist reformism">Centrist reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America and<br />the Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Small-l</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism Portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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