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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_malaria-causing_mosquito" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_malaria-causing_mosquito"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Discovery of malaria-causing mosquito</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_malaria-causing_mosquito-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_malaria_transmission_in_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_malaria_transmission_in_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Discovery of malaria transmission in birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_malaria_transmission_in_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ross_Institute_and_Hospital_for_Tropical_Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ross_Institute_and_Hospital_for_Tropical_Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ross_Institute_and_Hospital_for_Tropical_Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nobel Prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literary works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards and recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ronald Ross</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="رونالد روس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رونالد روس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8" title="रोनाल्ड रॉस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रोनाल्ड रॉस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="رونالد راس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رونالد راس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8" title="রোনাল্ড রস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোনাল্ড রস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Рональд Рос – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рональд Рос" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Рональд Рос – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рональд Рос" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Роналд Рос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Роналд Рос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ρόναλντ Ρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόναλντ Ρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="رونالد راس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رونالد راس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8" title="सर रॉनल्ड रॉस – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="सर रॉनल्ड रॉस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%84%90%EB%93%9C_%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="로널드 로스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로널드 로스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Ռոնալդ Ռոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոնալդ Ռոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8" title="रोनाल्ड रॉस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोनाल्ड रॉस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="רונלד רוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רונלד רוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೊನಾಲ್ಡ್ ರಾಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೊನಾಲ್ಡ್ ರಾಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="რონალდ როსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რონალდ როსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81" title="Рональд Росс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рональд Росс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldus_Ross" title="Ronaldus Ross – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ronaldus Ross" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronalds_Ross" title="Ronalds Ross – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ronalds Ross" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Роналд Рос – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роналд Рос" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="റൊണാൾഡ് റോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റൊണാൾഡ് റോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8" title="रोनाल्ड रॉस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोनाल्ड रॉस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="რონალდ როსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რონალდ როსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="رونالد روس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رونالد روس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="رونالد راس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رونالد راس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%97_%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%81" title="ꯔꯣꯅꯥꯜꯗ ꯔꯣꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯔꯣꯅꯥꯜꯗ ꯔꯣꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81" title="Рональд Росс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рональд Росс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ရိုနယ်ရို့စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရိုနယ်ရို့စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9" title="ロナルド・ロス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロナルド・ロス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%A1_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D" title="ରୋନାଲ୍‌ଡ ରସ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରୋନାଲ୍‌ଡ ରସ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B8" title="ਰੋਨਾਲਡ ਰੌਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਨਾਲਡ ਰੌਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="رونالڈ روس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رونالڈ روس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Росс, Рональд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Росс, Рональд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="सर् रोनाल्ड् रास् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सर् रोनाल्ड् रास्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%AF_%DA%95%DB%86%D8%B3" title="ڕۆناڵد ڕۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆناڵد ڕۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Роналд Рос – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роналд Рос" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ரொனால்டு ராஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரொனால்டு ராஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81" title="Роналд Росс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Роналд Росс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="రోనాల్డ్ రాస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రోనాల్డ్ రాస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="โรนัลด์ รอสส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรนัลด์ รอสส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81" title="Рональд Росс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рональд Росс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="رونالڈ روس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رونالڈ روس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="罗纳德·罗斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗纳德·罗斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ronald Ross" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="羅納德羅斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅納德羅斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="罗纳德·罗斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗纳德·罗斯" data-language-autonym="中文" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Ronald Ross, see <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ronald Ross (disambiguation)">Ronald Ross (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">Ronald Ross</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath">KCB</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons">FRCS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Ross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ronald_Ross.jpg/220px-Ronald_Ross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ronald_Ross.jpg/330px-Ronald_Ross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ronald_Ross.jpg/440px-Ronald_Ross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="1189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1857-05-13</span>)</span>13 May 1857<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Almora" title="Almora">Almora</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 September 1932<span style="display:none">(1932-09-16)</span> (aged 75)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">London, UK</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Putney_Vale_Cemetery" title="Putney Vale Cemetery">Putney Vale Cemetery</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ronald_Ross&params=51.438408_N_0.239821_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°26′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°14′23″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.438408°N 0.239821°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.438408; -0.239821</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College">St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Discovering that the <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Rosa Bessie Bloxam</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1889)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Prize_for_Therapeutics_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh">Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh</a> <small>(1901)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> <small>(1901)</small><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> <small>(1902)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manson_Medal" title="Manson Medal">Manson Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Medicine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_General_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency General Hospital">Presidency General Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_School_of_Tropical_Medicine" title="Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine">Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</a><br /><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Hospital" title="King's College Hospital">King's College Hospital</a><br /><a href="/wiki/British_War_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="British War Office">British War Office</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Pensions_and_National_Insurance" title="Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance">Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance</a><br />Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(zoology)" title="Author citation (zoology)">Author abbrev. (zoology)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ross</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Ronald Ross</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath">KCB</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George">KCMG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons">FRCS</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rajkumar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rajkumar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (13 May 1857 – 16 September 1932) was a British <a href="/wiki/Medical_doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical doctor">medical doctor</a> who received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine</a> in 1902 for his work on the transmission of <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, becoming the first British Nobel laureate, and the first born outside Europe. His <a href="/wiki/History_of_malaria" title="History of malaria">discovery of the malarial parasite</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">gastrointestinal tract</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a> in 1897 proved that <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> was transmitted by mosquitoes, and laid the foundation for the method of <a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">combating the disease</a>. </p><p>Ross was a <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>, writing a number of poems, publishing several novels, and composing songs. He was also an amateur artist and mathematician. He worked in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Medical_Service" title="Indian Medical Service">Indian Medical Service</a> for 25 years. It was during his service that he made the groundbreaking medical discovery. After resigning from his service in India, he joined the faculty of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_School_of_Tropical_Medicine" title="Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine">Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</a>, and continued as Professor and Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Medicine">Tropical Medicine</a> of the institute for 10 years. In 1926, he became Director-in-Chief of the Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases, which was established in honour of his works. He remained there until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kakk_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kakk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ross was born in <a href="/wiki/Almora" title="Almora">Almora</a>, then in the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company-ruled India</a>, north west of Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the eldest of ten children of Sir <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Claye_Grant_Ross" title="Campbell Claye Grant Ross">Campbell Claye Grant Ross</a>, a general in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>, and Matilda Charlotte Elderton. At age eight, he was sent to England to live with his aunt and uncle on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>. He attended Primary schools at <a href="/wiki/Ryde" title="Ryde">Ryde</a>, and for secondary education he was sent to a boarding school at Springhill, near <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, in 1869. From his early childhood, he developed a passion for poetry, music, literature and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. At fourteen years of age he won a prize for mathematics, a book titled <i>Orbs of Heaven</i> which sparked his interest in mathematics. In 1873, at sixteen, he secured first position in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_Cambridge_and_RSA_Examinations" title="Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations">Oxford and Cambridge local examination</a> in drawing.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Ross wanted to become a writer, his father arranged enrollment at <a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College">St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College</a> in London, in 1874. Not fully committed, he spent most of his time composing music, and writing poems and plays. He left in 1880. In 1879 he had passed the examinations for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England">Royal College of Surgeons of England</a>, and he worked as a ship's surgeon on a transatlantic steamship while studying for the <a href="/wiki/Licenciate" class="mw-redirect" title="Licenciate">licenciate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Apothecaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Apothecaries">Society of Apothecaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-london_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He qualified on second attempt in 1881, and after a four-month training at <a href="/wiki/Army_Medical_School" title="Army Medical School">Army Medical School</a>, was appointed a surgeon in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Medical_Service" title="Indian Medical Service">Indian Medical Service</a> on 5 April 1881, assigned to the Madras Presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kakk_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kakk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between June 1888 and May 1889 he took study leave to obtain the Diploma in Public Health from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons" title="Royal College of Surgeons">Royal College of Surgeons</a>, and took a course in <a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">bacteriology</a> under Professor <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Edward_Klein" title="Emanuel Edward Klein">E. E. Klein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ross embarked for India on 22 September 1881 on the troopship <i>Jumma</i>. Between 1881 and 1894 he was variously posted in <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mawlamyine" title="Mawlamyine">Moulmein</a> (in Burma/<a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>), <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchistan">Baluchistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secunderabad" title="Secunderabad">Secunderabad</a>. In 1883, he was posted as the Acting Garrison Surgeon at Bangalore during which he noticed the possibility of controlling mosquitoes by limiting their access to water. In March 1894 he had his home leave and went to London with his family. On 10 April 1894 he met Sir <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Manson" title="Patrick Manson">Patrick Manson</a> for the first time. Manson who became Ross's mentor, introduced him to the real problems in malaria research. Manson always had a firm belief that India was the best place for the study. Ross returned to India on <a href="/wiki/P%26O_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="P&O (company)">P&O</a> ship <i>Ballaarat</i> on 20 March 1895 and landed in Secunderabad on 24 April.<sup id="cite_ref-lavery_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavery-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even before his luggage was cleared in the custom office, he went straight for Bombay Civil Hospital, looking for malarial patients and started making blood films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discovery_of_malaria-causing_mosquito">Discovery of malaria-causing mosquito</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discovery of malaria-causing mosquito"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ross,_20.Aug.1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ross%2C_20.Aug.1897.jpg/220px-Ross%2C_20.Aug.1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ross%2C_20.Aug.1897.jpg/330px-Ross%2C_20.Aug.1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ross%2C_20.Aug.1897.jpg/440px-Ross%2C_20.Aug.1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="2966" /></a><figcaption> The page in Ross' notebook where he recorded the "pigmented bodies" in mosquitoes that he later identified as malaria parasites</figcaption></figure> <p>Ross made his first important step in May 1895 when he observed the early stages of malarial parasite inside a mosquito stomach. However, his enthusiasm was interrupted as he was deployed to Bangalore to investigate an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>. Bangalore had no regular cases of malaria. He confided to Manson stating, "I am thrown out of employment and have 'no work to do'." But in April he had a chance to visit Sigur Ghat near the hill station of <a href="/wiki/Ooty" title="Ooty">Ooty</a>, where he noticed a mosquito on the wall in a peculiar posture, and for this he called it "dappled-winged" mosquito, not knowing the species. In May 1896, he was given a short leave that enabled him to visit a malaria-endemic region around Ooty. In spite of his daily quinine prophylaxis, he was down with severe malaria three days after his arrival. In June he was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Secunderabad" title="Secunderabad">Secunderabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rajkumar_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rajkumar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After two years of research failure, in July 1897, Ross managed to culture 20 adult "brown" mosquitoes from collected larvae. He successfully infected the mosquitoes from a patient named Husein Khan for a price of 8 <a href="/wiki/Indian_anna" title="Indian anna">annas</a> (one anna per blood-fed mosquito). After blood-feeding, he dissected the mosquitoes. On 20 August he confirmed the presence of the malarial parasite inside the gut of mosquito, which he originally identified as "dappled-wings" (which turned out to be species of the genus <i>Anopheles</i>). The next day, on 21 August, he confirmed the growth of the parasite in the mosquito. This discovery was published on 27 August 1897<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Indian Medical Gazette and subsequently in the December 1897 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the evening he composed the following poem for his discovery (originally unfinished, sent to his wife on 22 August, and completed a few days later):<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_(1)_of_Ronald_Ross_Memorial,_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Plaque_%281%29_of_Ronald_Ross_Memorial%2C_Kolkata.jpg/220px-Plaque_%281%29_of_Ronald_Ross_Memorial%2C_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Plaque_%281%29_of_Ronald_Ross_Memorial%2C_Kolkata.jpg/330px-Plaque_%281%29_of_Ronald_Ross_Memorial%2C_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Plaque_%281%29_of_Ronald_Ross_Memorial%2C_Kolkata.jpg/440px-Plaque_%281%29_of_Ronald_Ross_Memorial%2C_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="2575" /></a><figcaption>Plaque from the Ronald Ross Memorial, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> <blockquote> <p>This day relenting God<br /> Hath placed within my hand<br /> A wondrous thing; and God<br /> Be praised. At His command,<br /> Seeking His secret deeds<br /> With tears and toiling breath,<br /> I find thy cunning seeds,<br /> O million-murdering Death.<br /> I know this little thing<br /> A myriad men will save.<br /> O Death, where is thy sting?<br /> Thy victory, O Grave?<br /> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discovery_of_malaria_transmission_in_birds">Discovery of malaria transmission in birds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Discovery of malaria transmission in birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_R._Ross_on_steps_of_laboratory_in_Calcutta,_1898_Wellcome_L0011943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sir_R._Ross_on_steps_of_laboratory_in_Calcutta%2C_1898_Wellcome_L0011943.jpg/220px-Sir_R._Ross_on_steps_of_laboratory_in_Calcutta%2C_1898_Wellcome_L0011943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sir_R._Ross_on_steps_of_laboratory_in_Calcutta%2C_1898_Wellcome_L0011943.jpg/330px-Sir_R._Ross_on_steps_of_laboratory_in_Calcutta%2C_1898_Wellcome_L0011943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sir_R._Ross_on_steps_of_laboratory_in_Calcutta%2C_1898_Wellcome_L0011943.jpg/440px-Sir_R._Ross_on_steps_of_laboratory_in_Calcutta%2C_1898_Wellcome_L0011943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption> Ross, Mrs Ross, Mahomed Bux, and two other assistants at <a href="/wiki/David_Douglas_Cunningham" title="David Douglas Cunningham">Cunningham's</a> laboratory of Presidency Hospital in Calcutta</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1897, Ross was transferred to Bombay, from where he was subsequently sent to a malaria-free <a href="/wiki/Kherwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kherwara">Kherwara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>). Frustrated of lack of work he threatened to resign from service as he felt that it was a death blow to his pursuit. It was only on the representation of Patrick Manson, that the government arranged for his continued service in Calcutta on a "special duty".<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 February 1898 he arrived in Calcutta (now <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>), to work in the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_General_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency General Hospital">Presidency General Hospital</a> (now <a href="/wiki/IPGMER_and_SSKM_Hospital" title="IPGMER and SSKM Hospital">IPGMER and SSKM Hospital</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ross immediately carried out research in malaria and <a href="/wiki/Visceral_leishmaniasis" title="Visceral leishmaniasis">Visceral leishmaniasis</a> (also known as kala azar), for which he was assigned. He was given the use of Surgeon-Lieutenant-General Cunningham's laboratory for his research. He had no success with malarial patients because they were always immediately given medication. He built a bungalow with a laboratory at Mahanad village, where he would stay from time to time to collect mosquitoes in and around the village. He employed Mahomed (or Muhammed) Bux and Purboona (who deserted him after the first payday). As Calcutta was not a malarious place, Manson persuaded him to use birds, as being used by other scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Danilewsky" title="Vasily Danilewsky">Vasily Danilewsky</a> in Russia and <a href="/wiki/William_George_MacCallum" title="William George MacCallum">William George MacCallum</a> in America. Ross complied but with a complaint that he "did not need to be in India to study bird malaria". By March he began to see results on bird parasites, very closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_vivax" title="Plasmodium vivax">human malarial parasites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using more convenient model of birds (infected sparrows), by July 1898 Ross established the importance of culex mosquitoes as intermediate hosts in <a href="/wiki/Avian_malaria" title="Avian malaria">avian malaria</a>. On 4 July he discovered that the <a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">salivary gland</a> was the storage sites of malarial parasites in the mosquito. By 8 July he was convinced that the parasites are released from the salivary gland during biting. He later demonstrated the transmission of malarial parasite from mosquitoes (in this case <i><a href="/wiki/Culex" title="Culex">Culex</a></i> species) to healthy sparrows from an infected one, thus, establishing the complete life cycle of malarial parasite.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1898 he went to southern <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> in (<a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">northeast India</a>) to study an epidemic of Visceral leishmaniasis. He was invited to work there by Graham Col Ville Ramsay, the second Medical Officer of the Labac Tea Estate Hospital. (His microscope and medicals tools are still preserved, and his sketches of mosquitoes are still on display at the hospital.)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he utterly failed as he believed that the kala-azar parasite (<i><a href="/wiki/Leishmania_donovani" title="Leishmania donovani">Leishmania donovani</a></i>, the very scientific name he later gave in 1903) was transmitted by a mosquito, which he refers to as <i>Anopheles rossi</i> (scientific name given by G.M. Giles).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (It is now known that <a href="/wiki/Kala_azar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kala azar">kala azar</a> is transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Sandfly" title="Sandfly">sandflies</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Ross_18_Cavendish_Square_blue_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ronald_Ross_18_Cavendish_Square_blue_plaque.jpg/220px-Ronald_Ross_18_Cavendish_Square_blue_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ronald_Ross_18_Cavendish_Square_blue_plaque.jpg/330px-Ronald_Ross_18_Cavendish_Square_blue_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ronald_Ross_18_Cavendish_Square_blue_plaque.jpg/440px-Ronald_Ross_18_Cavendish_Square_blue_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3221" data-file-height="3006" /></a><figcaption>Blue plaque, 18 Cavendish Square, London</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1899, Ross resigned from Indian Medical Service and went to England to join the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_School_of_Tropical_Medicine" title="Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine">Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine</a> as lecturer. He continued to work on prevention of malaria in different parts of the world, including <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> zone,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, and in the areas affected by the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. He also initiated organisations, which proved to be well established, for fighting malaria in India and Sri Lanka. In 1902, Ross was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Prize_for_Therapeutics_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh">Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh</a>. He was appointed as Professor and Chair of Tropical Medicine of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine in 1902, which he held up to 1912. In 1912 he was appointed Physician for Tropical Diseases at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Hospital" title="King's College Hospital">King's College Hospital</a> in London, and simultaneously hold the Chair of Tropical Sanitation in Liverpool. He remained in these posts until 1917 when he became (honorary) Consultant in <a href="/wiki/Malariology" class="mw-redirect" title="Malariology">Malariology</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_War_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="British War Office">British War Office</a>. He travelled to <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> and Italy in November to advise and on the way, "in a landlocked bay close to the Leucadian Rock (where Sappho is supposed to have drowned herself)", his ship escaped a torpedo attack.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1918 and 1926 he worked as Consultant in Malaria in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Pensions_and_National_Insurance" title="Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance">Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance</a>. </p><p>Ross developed mathematical models for the study of malaria <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a>, which he initiated in his report on Mauritius in 1908. He elaborated the concept in his book <i>The Prevention of Malaria</i> in 1910<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2nd edition in 1911) and further elaborated in a more generalised form in scientific papers published by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1915 and 1916; some of his epidemiology work was developed with mathematician <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Phoebe_Hudson" title="Hilda Phoebe Hudson">Hilda Hudson</a>. These papers represented a profound mathematical interest which was not confined to epidemiology, but led him to make material contributions to both pure and applied mathematics. </p><p>Ross was one of the supporters of <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Osler" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Osler">Sir William Osler</a> in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Medicine_Society" title="History of Medicine Society">History of Medicine Society</a> in 1912, and in 1913 was the history of medicine section's vice-president.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1913 and 1917, he received some financial support from <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Durning-Lawrence" title="Edwin Durning-Lawrence">Sir Edwin Durning-Lawrence</a>, and led experiments at the Marcus Beck laboratory in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Medicine" title="Royal Society of Medicine">Royal Society of Medicine</a> building at 1 Wimpole Street, London.<sup id="cite_ref-Nye1997_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nye1997-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ross_Institute_and_Hospital_for_Tropical_Diseases">Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases was founded in 1926 and established at Bath House, a grand house with keeper's lodge and large grounds adjacent to Tibbet's Corner at <a href="/wiki/Putney_Heath#Putney_Heath" class="mw-redirect" title="Putney Heath">Putney Heath</a>. The hospital was opened by the then <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>, the future King Edward VIII.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ross assumed the post of Director-in-Chief until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-london_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institute was later incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine" title="London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine">London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</a> in Keppel Street. Bath House was later demolished and mansion flats built on the property. In memory of its history and owner the block was named Ross Court. Within the grounds an older dwelling, Ross Cottage, remains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nobel_Prize">Nobel Prize</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nobel Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies" title="Nobel Prize controversies">Nobel Prize controversies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Ross_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ronald_Ross_4.jpg/220px-Ronald_Ross_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ronald_Ross_4.jpg/330px-Ronald_Ross_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ronald_Ross_4.jpg/440px-Ronald_Ross_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption>Ronald Ross</figcaption></figure> <p>Ronald Ross was awarded a Nobel Prize for his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Plasmodium" title="Plasmodium">life cycle of malarial parasite</a> in birds. He did not build his concept of malarial transmission in humans, but in birds.<sup id="cite_ref-rajkumar_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rajkumar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ross was the first to show that malarial parasite was transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes, in his case the avian <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_relictum" title="Plasmodium relictum">Plasmodium relictum</a></i>. In 1897, an Italian physician and zoologist <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Grassi" title="Giovanni Battista Grassi">Giovanni Battista Grassi</a>, along with his colleagues, had established the <a href="/wiki/Life_cycle_of_a_malarial_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Life cycle of a malarial parasite">developmental stages of malaria parasites in anopheline mosquitoes</a>; and they described the complete life cycles of <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum" title="Plasmodium falciparum">P. falciparum</a></i>, <i>P. vivax</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_malariae" title="Plasmodium malariae">P. malariae</a></i> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cox_2010_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox_2010-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the 1902 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was considered, the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Committee</a> initially intended the prize to be shared between Ross and Grassi, however Ross accused Grassi of deliberate fraud. The weight of favour ultimately fell on Ross, largely due to the influences of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a>, the appointed neutral arbitrator in the committee; as reported, "Koch threw the full weight of his considerable authority in insisting that Grassi did not deserve the honor".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ronald Ross was noted to be eccentric and egocentric, described as an "impulsive man"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or an "impulsive genius."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His professional life appeared to be in constant feud with his students, colleagues, and fellow scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His personal vendetta with G. B. Grassi became a legendary tale in science. He was openly envious of his mentor Patrick Manson's affluence from private practices. His <i>Memories of Sir Patrick Manson</i> (1930) was a direct attempt to belittle Manson's influences on his works on malaria.<sup id="cite_ref-lavery_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavery-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hardly had good ties with the administration of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, complaining of being underpaid. He resigned twice, and was eventually discharged without any pension.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Ross_grave_Putney_Vale_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A horizontal gravestone, badly dilapidated and with grass growing among the cracks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ronald_Ross_grave_Putney_Vale_2014.jpg/220px-Ronald_Ross_grave_Putney_Vale_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ronald_Ross_grave_Putney_Vale_2014.jpg/330px-Ronald_Ross_grave_Putney_Vale_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ronald_Ross_grave_Putney_Vale_2014.jpg/440px-Ronald_Ross_grave_Putney_Vale_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1871" /></a><figcaption>Ross's grave at <a href="/wiki/Putney_Vale_Cemetery" title="Putney Vale Cemetery">Putney Vale Cemetery</a>, London in 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Ross was frequently embittered by lack of government support (what he called "administrative barbarism")<sup id="cite_ref-kakk_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kakk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for scientists in medical research. In 1928 he advertised his papers for sale in the journal <i>Science Progress in the Twentieth Century</i> (1919-1933), with a statement that the money was for financial support of his wife and family. Lady Houston bought them for £2000, and offered them to the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, which turned her down for various reasons. The papers are now preserved by the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine" title="London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine">London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</a><sup id="cite_ref-cdc_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow" title="Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow">Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rcpsg_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcpsg-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1889 Ross married Rosa Bessie Bloxam (d.1931). They had two daughters, Dorothy (1891–1947) and Sylvia (1893–1925), and two sons, Ronald Campbell (1895–1914) and Charles Claye (1901–1966). His wife died in 1931. Ronald and Sylvia pre-deceased him too: Ronald was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Cateau" title="Battle of Le Cateau">Battle of Le Cateau</a> on 26 August 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ross died at the hospital of his namesake after a long illness and <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> attack. He was buried at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Putney_Vale_Cemetery" title="Putney Vale Cemetery">Putney Vale Cemetery</a>, next to his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Ross_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ronald_Ross_Memorial.jpg/220px-Ronald_Ross_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ronald_Ross_Memorial.jpg/330px-Ronald_Ross_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ronald_Ross_Memorial.jpg/440px-Ronald_Ross_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption> Ronald Ross Memorial, <a href="/wiki/IPGMER_and_SSKM_Hospital" title="IPGMER and SSKM Hospital">SSKM Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Ross_5a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ronald_Ross_5a.jpg/220px-Ronald_Ross_5a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ronald_Ross_5a.jpg/330px-Ronald_Ross_5a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ronald_Ross_5a.jpg/440px-Ronald_Ross_5a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2950" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>Ronald Ross Plaque at PG Hospital</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Ross_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ronald_Ross_1.jpg/220px-Ronald_Ross_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ronald_Ross_1.jpg/330px-Ronald_Ross_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ronald_Ross_1.jpg/440px-Ronald_Ross_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="2679" /></a><figcaption>Plaque of the discovery of transmission of <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sir_Ronald_Ross_Institute_of_Parasitology" title="Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology">Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A small memorial on the walls of <a href="/wiki/IPGMER_and_SSKM_Hospital" title="IPGMER and SSKM Hospital">SSKM Hospital, Calcutta</a> commemorates Ross's discovery. The memorial was unveiled by Ross himself, in the presence of Lord Lytton, on 7 January 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The laboratory where Ross worked has been transferred into a malaria clinic named after him. There is also a plaque on the outer wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Datta_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datta-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Ronald_Ross_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sir Ronald Ross's name on LSHTM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sir_Ronald_Ross_.jpg/220px-Sir_Ronald_Ross_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sir_Ronald_Ross_.jpg/330px-Sir_Ronald_Ross_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sir_Ronald_Ross_.jpg/440px-Sir_Ronald_Ross_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Sir Ronald Ross's name on LSHTM</figcaption></figure> <p>Sir Ronald Ross is one of 23 names to feature on the frieze of <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine" title="London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine">London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</a>, pioneers chosen for their contributions to public health.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Calcutta_Chromosome" title="The Calcutta Chromosome">The Calcutta Chromosome</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Amitav_Ghosh" title="Amitav Ghosh">Amitav Ghosh</a>, published in 1995 is based on the life of Ross in Calcutta.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sir_Ronald_Ross_Institute_of_Parasitology" title="Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology">Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology</a> is the building in <a href="/wiki/Begumpet" title="Begumpet">Begumpet</a> where Ross made the discovery that malaria was transmitted by the female <a href="/wiki/Anopheles_mosquito" class="mw-redirect" title="Anopheles mosquito">anopheles mosquito</a> on 20 August. 20 August later came to known as the <a href="/wiki/World_Mosquito_Day" title="World Mosquito Day">World Mosquito Day</a>. The lab has been transformed into a small museum exhibiting photos of Ross and his family. Various charts and diagrams explain Ross' work on malaria and its transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-Datta_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datta-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Report on Cholera, General Sanitation, and the Sanitary Department and Regulations, in the C. & M. Station of Bangalore</i> (1896)</li> <li><i>Report on the Cultivation of Proteosoma Labbé, in Grey Mosquitoes</i> (1898). Digitised version available from <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a>.</li> <li><i>Report on the Nature of Kala-azar</i> (1899). Digitised version available from National Library of Scotland.</li> <li><i>Malarial Fever: Its Cause, Prevention and Treatment; Containing Full Details for the Use of Travellers, Sportsmen, Soldiers, and Residents in Malarious Places</i> (1902)</li> <li><i>First Progress Report of the Campaign Against Mosquitoes in Sierra Leone</i> (with Charles Wilberforce Daniels) (1902)</li> <li><i>Notes on the Parasites of Mosquitoes Found in India Between 1895 and 1899</i></li> <li><i>Hygiene for Indian Scholars</i></li> <li><i>Note on the Bodies Recently Described by Leishman and Donovan</i> (1903)</li> <li><i>Further Notes on Leishman's Bodies</i> (1903)</li> <li><i>Report on Malaria at Ismailia and Suez</i> (1903)</li> <li><i>Leishmania Donovani Found in Kala-azar</i> (1904)</li> <li><i>Researches on Malaria</i> (1905)</li> <li><i>Note on a Flagellate Parasite Found in Culex Fatigans</i> (1906)</li> <li><i>Malaria in Greece</i> (1909)</li> <li><i>Missionaries and the Campaign Against Malaria</i> (1910)</li> <li><i>A Case of Sleeping Sickness Studied by Precise Enumerative Methods: Regular Periodical Increase of the Parasites Disclosed</i> (with David Thomson) (1910)</li> <li><i>Discussion on the Treatment of Malaria</i> (1918)</li> <li><i>Mosquitoes and Malaria in Britain</i> (1918)</li> <li><i>Suggestions for the Care of Malaria Patients</i> (1919)</li> <li><i>Observations on malaria</i> (1919)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009023853"><i>Memoirs, with a Full Account of the Great Malaria Problem and Its Solution</i></a> (1923)</li> <li><i>Malaria-control in Ceylon Plantations</i> (1926)</li> <li><i>Solid Space-algebra: The Systems of Hamilton and Grassmann Combined</i> (1929)</li> <li><i>A Summary of Facts Regarding Malaria Suitable for Public Instruction</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Watson" title="Malcolm Watson">Malcolm Watson</a>) (1930)</li> <li><i>Memories of Sir Patrick Manson</i> (1930)</li> <li><i>The solution of equations by iteration</i> (with William Stott) (1930)</li> <li><i>A Priori Pathometry</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Phoebe_Hudson" title="Hilda Phoebe Hudson">Hilda Phoebe Hudson</a>) (1931)</li> <li><i>Mosquito Brigades and How to Organise Them</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-2905-5311-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-2905-5311-7">978-1-2905-5311-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_works">Literary works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literary works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ross was a prolific writer. He habitually wrote poems on most of the important events in his life. His poetic works gained him wide acclaim and they reflect his medical service, <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travelogue</a>, philosophical and scientific thoughts. Many of his poems are collected in his <i>Selected Poems</i> (1928) and <i>In Exile</i> (1931). Some of his notable books are <i>The Child of Ocean</i> (1899 and 1932), <i>The Revels of Orsera</i>, <i>The Spirit of Storm</i>, <i>Fables and Satires</i> (1930), <i>Lyra Modulatu</i> (1931), and five mathematical works (1929–1931). He also compiled an extensive account <i>The Prevention of Malaria</i> in 1910 and another <i>Studies on Malaria</i> in 1928. He published his autobiography <i>Memoirs, with a Full Account of the Great Malaria Problem and its Solution</i> (547 pages long) in 1923. He carefully saved virtually everything about himself: correspondence, telegrams, newspaper cuttings, drafts of published and unpublished material, and all manner of ephemera.<sup id="cite_ref-kakk_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kakk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Ross_plaque,_Johnston_Building,_Liverpool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ronald_Ross_plaque%2C_Johnston_Building%2C_Liverpool.jpg/220px-Ronald_Ross_plaque%2C_Johnston_Building%2C_Liverpool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ronald_Ross_plaque%2C_Johnston_Building%2C_Liverpool.jpg/330px-Ronald_Ross_plaque%2C_Johnston_Building%2C_Liverpool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ronald_Ross_plaque%2C_Johnston_Building%2C_Liverpool.jpg/440px-Ronald_Ross_plaque%2C_Johnston_Building%2C_Liverpool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="2370" /></a><figcaption>Plaque at Liverpool University – on the Johnston Building, formerly the Johnston Laboratories, near Ashton Street, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ross%27s_name_remembered_on_the_London_School_of_Hygiene_and_Tropical_Medicine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ross%27s_name_remembered_on_the_London_School_of_Hygiene_and_Tropical_Medicine.JPG/220px-Ross%27s_name_remembered_on_the_London_School_of_Hygiene_and_Tropical_Medicine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ross%27s_name_remembered_on_the_London_School_of_Hygiene_and_Tropical_Medicine.JPG/330px-Ross%27s_name_remembered_on_the_London_School_of_Hygiene_and_Tropical_Medicine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ross%27s_name_remembered_on_the_London_School_of_Hygiene_and_Tropical_Medicine.JPG/440px-Ross%27s_name_remembered_on_the_London_School_of_Hygiene_and_Tropical_Medicine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Ross's name remembered on the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</figcaption></figure> <p>Ronald Ross was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>20 August is celebrated by <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine" title="London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine">London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/World_Mosquito_Day" title="World Mosquito Day">World Mosquito Day</a></i> to commemorate Ross's discovery in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Ross's name, along with 22 other pioneers of public health and tropical medicine, appears on the School's Frieze.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The papers of Sir Ronald Ross are now preserved by the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine" title="London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine">London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</a><sup id="cite_ref-cdc_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Glasgow" title="Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow">Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rcpsg_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcpsg-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1901" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1901">Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1901</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England">Royal College of Surgeons</a> in the same year. He was appointed Vice-President of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> from 1911 to 1913. In 1902 he was appointed a Companion of the Most Honourable <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> by King Edward VII. In 1911 he was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Bath">Knight Commander of the same Order</a>. He was also decorated with the title Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_II" title="Order of Leopold II">Order of Leopold II</a> of Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ross received honorary membership of learned societies of most countries in Europe, and elsewhere. He got an honorary M.D. degree in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> in 1910 at the centenary celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Institute">Caroline Institute</a> and his 1923 autobiography <i>Memoirs </i>was awarded that year's <a href="/wiki/James_Tait_Black_Memorial_Prize" title="James Tait Black Memorial Prize">James Tait Black Memorial Prize</a>. While his vivacity and single-minded search for truth caused friction with some people, he enjoyed a vast circle of friends in Europe, Asia and the United States who respected him for his personality as well as for his genius.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, Ross is remembered with great respect as a result of his work on malaria, the deadly epidemic which used to claim thousands of lives every year. There are roads named after him in many Indian towns and cities. In <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> the road linking <a href="/wiki/Presidency_General_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency General Hospital">Presidency General Hospital</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kidderpore" title="Kidderpore">Kidderpore</a> Road has been renamed after him as Sir Ronald Ross Sarani. Earlier this road was known as Hospital Road. In his memory, the regional infectious disease hospital at <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Telangana" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Telangana">Hyderabad</a> was named <a href="/wiki/Sir_Ronald_Ross_Institute_of_Tropical_and_Communicable_Diseases" title="Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Tropical and Communicable Diseases">Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Tropical and Communicable Diseases</a>. The building where he worked and actually discovered the malarial parasite, located in Secunderabad near the <a href="/wiki/Begumpet_Airport" title="Begumpet Airport">Begumpet Airport</a>, is a declared a heritage site and the road leading up to the building is named Sir Ronald Ross Road. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Medical_College_Ludhiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Medical College Ludhiana">Christian Medical College</a> has named its hostel as "Ross Hostel". The young medics often refer to themselves as "Rossians". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Surrey" title="University of Surrey">University of Surrey</a>, UK, has named a road after him in its Manor Park Residences.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ronald Ross Primary School near <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Common" title="Wimbledon Common">Wimbledon Common</a> is named after him. The school's crest includes a mosquito in one quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sir_Ronald_Ross_Institute_of_Parasitology" title="Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology">Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitology</a> was established in memory of Ronald Ross in Hyderabad, under <a href="/wiki/Osmania_University" title="Osmania University">Osmania University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010 the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a> named its new biological science building "The Ronald Ross Building" in his honour. His grandson David Ross inaugurated it. The building is home to the university's facility for the Institute of Infection and Global Health.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/28px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/42px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/56px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ronald_Ross" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito-malaria_theory" title="Mosquito-malaria theory">Mosquito-malaria theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Freeman_Africanus_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Freeman Africanus King">Albert Freeman Africanus King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Kruif" title="Paul de Kruif">Paul de Kruif</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium" title="Plasmodium">Plasmodium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_malaria" title="History of malaria">History of malaria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN.1933" class="citation journal cs1">N., G. 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(1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1933.0006">"Sir Ronald Ross. 1857–1932"</a>. <i>Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 108–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1933.0006">10.1098/rsbm.1933.0006</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obituary+Notices+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Sir+Ronald+Ross.+1857%E2%80%931932&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=108-115&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1933.0006&rft.aulast=N.&rft.aufirst=G.+H.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1933.0006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rajkumar-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rajkumar_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rajkumar_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rajkumar_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajakumarWeisse1999" class="citation journal cs1">Rajakumar, Kumaravel; Weisse, Martin (June 1999). 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Vol. 67. pp. 1–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-308X%2808%2900401-6">10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00401-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123743398" title="Special:BookSources/9780123743398"><bdi>9780123743398</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18940418">18940418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1+Introduction&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+a+Century+of+Malaria+Biochemistry&rft.series=Advances+in+Parasitology&rft.pages=1-402&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18940418&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-308X%2808%2900401-6&rft.isbn=9780123743398&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Irwin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105175214/http://easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1123&Itemid=10">"Laboc Hospital – A Noble Prize Winner's Workplace"</a>. easternpanorama.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1123&Itemid=10">the original</a> on 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laboc+Hospital+%E2%80%93+A+Noble+Prize+Winner%27s+Workplace&rft.pub=easternpanorama.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feasternpanorama.in%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1123%26Itemid%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdoctorsoumya2017" class="citation web cs1">@doctorsoumya (7 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/doctorsoumya/status/916517954501537792">"Ronald Ross worked here in Silchar- his chair and microscope intact, as well as drawings of mosquitoes! Should be a museum, not working lab!"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ronald+Ross+worked+here+in+Silchar-+his+chair+and+microscope+intact%2C+as+well+as+drawings+of+mosquitoes%21+Should+be+a+museum%2C+not+working+lab%21&rft.date=2017-10-07&rft.au=doctorsoumya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fdoctorsoumya%2Fstatus%2F916517954501537792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1902" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Ronald (12 December 1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/ross-lecture.pdf">"Researches on malaria (Nobel Lecture)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nobel Prize</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobel+Prize&rft.atitle=Researches+on+malaria+%28Nobel+Lecture%29&rft.date=1902-12-12&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F06%2Fross-lecture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oculus.nlm.nih.gov/ross443">"My experiences in Panama / Sir Ronald Ross 1916"</a>. National Library of Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+experiences+in+Panama+%2F+Sir+Ronald+Ross+1916&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foculus.nlm.nih.gov%2Fross443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._H._F._N1997" class="citation journal cs1">G. H. F. N (January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1933.0006">"Sir Ronald Ross, 1857 - 1933"</a>. <i>Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 108–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1933.0006">10.1098/rsbm.1933.0006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/768746">768746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obituary+Notices+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Sir+Ronald+Ross%2C+1857+-+1933&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=108-115&rft.date=1997-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1933.0006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F768746%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=G.+H.+F.+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1933.0006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1910" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Ronald (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001587831"><i>The Prevention of Malaria</i></a>. Dutton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prevention+of+Malaria&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001587831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunting2002" class="citation book cs1">Hunting, Penelope (2002). <i>The History of The Royal Society of Medicine</i>. Royal Society of Medicine Press. pp. 330–333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1853154970" title="Special:BookSources/1853154970"><bdi>1853154970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+The+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.pages=330-333&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Medicine+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1853154970&rft.aulast=Hunting&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nye1997-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nye1997_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyeGibson1997" class="citation book cs1">Nye, E.; Gibson, M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oDNaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA263">"16. Ross and the Royal Society of Medicine"</a>. <i>Ronald Ross: Malariologist and Polymath: A Biography</i>. Basingstoke: Springer. pp. 261–276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37754-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37754-7"><bdi>978-0-230-37754-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=16.+Ross+and+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.btitle=Ronald+Ross%3A+Malariologist+and+Polymath%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=261-276&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-230-37754-7&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Gibson%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoDNaCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timeline.lshtm.ac.uk/1920.html">"1920 History Timeline | London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine | LSHTM"</a>. Timeline.lshtm.ac.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1920+History+Timeline+%26%23124%3B+London+School+of+Hygiene+%26+Tropical+Medicine+%26%23124%3B+LSHTM&rft.pub=Timeline.lshtm.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimeline.lshtm.ac.uk%2F1920.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaccetti_B2008" class="citation journal cs1">Baccetti B (2008). "History of the early dipteran systematics in Italy: from Lyncei to Battista Grassi". <i>Parassitologia</i>. <b>50</b> (3–4): 167–172. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20055226">20055226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parassitologia&rft.atitle=History+of+the+early+dipteran+systematics+in+Italy%3A+from+Lyncei+to+Battista+Grassi&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=167-172&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20055226&rft.au=Baccetti+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox_2010-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cox_2010_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Francis E.G. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825508">"History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors"</a>. <i>Parasites & Vectors</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1756-3305-3-5">10.1186/1756-3305-3-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825508">2825508</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20205846">20205846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parasites+%26+Vectors&rft.atitle=History+of+the+discovery+of+the+malaria+parasites+and+their+vectors&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2825508%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20205846&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1756-3305-3-5&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Francis+E.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2825508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsch_GW2007" class="citation book cs1">Esch GW (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=88RH-7br9OAC"><i>Parasites and Infectious Disease: Discovery by Serendipity and Otherwise</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 137–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1394-6-4109" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1394-6-4109"><bdi>978-1-1394-6-4109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parasites+and+Infectious+Disease%3A+Discovery+by+Serendipity+and+Otherwise&rft.pages=137-138&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-1394-6-4109&rft.au=Esch+GW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D88RH-7br9OAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBynum1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bynum, W. F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manor+Park+Residences&rft.pub=University+of+Surrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.surrey.ac.uk%2Fpls%2Fportal%2Fdocs%2FPAGE%2FACCOM%2FUG%2FARRIVAL%2FMANOR_PARK_WIDE.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ronaldross.org.uk/">"Ronald Ross Primary School – Home"</a>. Ronaldross.org.uk. 22 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ronald+Ross+Primary+School+%E2%80%93+Home&rft.pub=Ronaldross.org.uk&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ronaldross.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osmania.ac.in/srrip/">"Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Parasitoloy"</a>. Osmania.ac.in<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Ronald+Ross+Institute+of+Parasitoloy&rft.pub=Osmania.ac.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osmania.ac.in%2Fsrrip%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liv.ac.uk/infection-and-global-health/news/articles/gallery-opening-of-the-ronald-ross-building/">"Opening of The Ronald Ross Building"</a>. Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool. 10 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opening+of+The+Ronald+Ross+Building&rft.pub=Institute+of+Infection+and+Global+Health%2C+University+of+Liverpool&rft.date=2010-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liv.ac.uk%2Finfection-and-global-health%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fgallery-opening-of-the-ronald-ross-building%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2011" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Ronald (2011) [1923]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8oJvRAAACAAJ"><i>Memoirs, with a full account of the great malaria problem and its solution</i></a>. South Carolina: Nabu Press (originally John Murray, London). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1179199481" title="Special:BookSources/978-1179199481"><bdi>978-1179199481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs%2C+with+a+full+account+of+the+great+malaria+problem+and+its+solution&rft.place=South+Carolina&rft.pub=Nabu+Press+%28originally+John+Murray%2C+London%29&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1179199481&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8oJvRAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Kruif1996" class="citation book cs1">de Kruif, Paul (1996) [1926]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pH24vLpivRgC"><i>Microbe Hunters</i></a>. San Diego: A Harvest Book. pp. 256–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-602777-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-602777-9"><bdi>978-0-15-602777-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbe+Hunters&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=256-285&rft.pub=A+Harvest+Book&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-15-602777-9&rft.aulast=de+Kruif&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpH24vLpivRgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Malcolm Watson (1930). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ77MgEACAAJ&dq">Ronald Ross, 1857–1932</a></i>. Reprinted from <i>Science Progress.</i></li> <li>James Oram Dobson (1934). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXwXAQAAMAAJ&q">Ronald Ross, dragon slayer: a short account of a great discovery and of the man who made it</a></i>. Student Christian Movement Press, p. 112</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyeGibson,_Mary_E.1997" class="citation book cs1">Nye, Edwin R.; Gibson, Mary E. (1997). <i>Ronald Ross : Malariologist and Polymath : a Biography</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-16296-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-16296-0"><bdi>0-312-16296-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ronald+Ross+%3A+Malariologist+and+Polymath+%3A+a+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-312-16296-0&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=Edwin+R.&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Mary+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBynumOvery1998" class="citation book cs1">Bynum, William F.; Overy, Caroline (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VJUrOwWO7UC"><i>The Beast in the Mosquito: the Correspondence of Ronald Ross and Patrick Manson</i></a>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0420-0731-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0420-0731-4"><bdi>978-9-0420-0731-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beast+in+the+Mosquito%3A+the+Correspondence+of+Ronald+Ross+and+Patrick+Manson&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9-0420-0731-4&rft.aulast=Bynum&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft.au=Overy%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7VJUrOwWO7UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2007" class="citation book cs1">Cook, G.C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iB_ibIXxhOMC"><i>Tropical Medicine an Illustrated History of the Pioneers</i></a>. London: Academic Press. pp. 68–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055939-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055939-1"><bdi>978-0-08-055939-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tropical+Medicine+an+Illustrated+History+of+the+Pioneers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=68-81&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-08-055939-1&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=G.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiB_ibIXxhOMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Ross&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ronald_Ross" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ronald_Ross" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/44647">Works by Ronald Ross</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Ross%2C%20Ronald">Works by Ronald Ross</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064138/Sir-Ronald-Ross">Biography</a> in The Britannica Encyclopedia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110324212653/http://www.liv.ac.uk/precinct/jan2002/9.html">Unveiling of a 'Blue Plaque' memorial to Ross at the University of Liverpool's Johnston Laboratories where he had worked</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatmirror.com/index.cfm?countryid=580&chapterid=181&picid=8&picturesize=medium">Commemorative inscription</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zephyrus.co.uk/ronaldross.html">Anecdotes from Ronald Ross' life</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614023439/http://stevenlehrer.com/explorers/chapter_6-5.htm">Ross and the Birds</a> in Steven Lehrer's website (archive)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=RefNo=='EC/1901/10'&dsqDb=Catalog">Royal Society citation (1901)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/294">Ronald Ross</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102034#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/ross.htm">Ross and the Discovery that Mosquitoes Transmit Malaria Parasites</a></li> <li>Ross's three part paper on the theory of epidemics is available on the web <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1916" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, R. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1916.0007">"An Application of the Theory of Probabilities to the Study of a priori Pathometry. Part I"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>92</b> (638): 204–226. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916RSPSA..92..204R">1916RSPSA..92..204R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1916.0007">10.1098/rspa.1916.0007</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=An+Application+of+the+Theory+of+Probabilities+to+the+Study+of+a+priori+Pathometry.+Part+I&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=638&rft.pages=204-226&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1916.0007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1916RSPSA..92..204R&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1916.0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossHudson1917" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, R.; Hudson, H. P. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1917.0014">"An Application of the Theory of Probabilities to the Study of a priori Pathometry. Part II"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>93</b> (650): 212–225. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917RSPSA..93..212R">1917RSPSA..93..212R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1917.0014">10.1098/rspa.1917.0014</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=An+Application+of+the+Theory+of+Probabilities+to+the+Study+of+a+priori+Pathometry.+Part+II&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=650&rft.pages=212-225&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1917.0014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1917RSPSA..93..212R&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Hudson%2C+H.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1917.0014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossHudson1917" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, R.; Hudson, H. P. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1432021">"An Application of the Theory of Probabilities to the Study of a Priori Pathometry.--Part III"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>89</b> (621): 507. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917RSPSB..89R.507R">1917RSPSB..89R.507R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1917.0008">10.1098/rspb.1917.0008</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=An+Application+of+the+Theory+of+Probabilities+to+the+Study+of+a+Priori+Pathometry.--Part+III&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=621&rft.pages=507&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1917.0008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1917RSPSB..89R.507R&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Hudson%2C+H.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1432021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARonald+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/12948">Works by Ronald Ross</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil Behring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ronald Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Finsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Kocher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Róbert Bárány</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1921</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1925</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Warburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Doisy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Ernst Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Hench</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Sutherland Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Palade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Gajdusek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John E. Sulston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(physiologist)" title="Robert Edwards (physiologist)">Robert G. Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">William Kaelin Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Houghton (virologist)">Michael Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1902_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1902_Nobel_Prize_winners" 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(Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1902_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1902 Nobel Prize in Literature">1902</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a> (Germany)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> (Switzerland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Albert Gobat</a> (Switzerland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a> (Netherlands)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ronald Ross</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1901_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1901 Nobel Prize winners">1901</a></dd> <dd><b>1902 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1903_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1903 Nobel Prize winners">1903</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1904_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1904 Nobel Prize winners">1904</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1905_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1905 Nobel Prize winners">1905</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners">1906</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1907_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1907 Nobel Prize winners">1907</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71468590">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/111172/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpdRhbmPhb7tHHxTfCfbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119533855">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83047603">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12362312h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Ron.Ross">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:ross.sir-ronald">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/874908">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/976047">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119533855.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032629680">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jh4s6p">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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