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Wang Shifan - Wikipedia
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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Wang_(surname)" title="Wang (surname)">Wang</a></i>.</div> <p><b>Wang Shifan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">王師範</span>) (874 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> July 10, 908)<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ258_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ258-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ266-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a warlord late in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, who ruled Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Weifang" title="Weifang">Weifang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>) from 889 to 905 (formally, as its military governor (<i><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></i>) from 891 to 903). He was initially a vassal of the powerful military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Quanzhong</a>, but rose against Zhu in 903 in response to an edict issued by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Zhaozong of Tang">Emperor Zhaozong of Tang</a>. (Whether the edict was actually the will of Emperor Zhaozong was unclear.) After he was defeated by Zhu, he resubmitted to Zhu. In 908, by which point Zhu had taken over the Tang throne and established a new <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a> as its Emperor Taizu, in response to the plea by the wife of Emperor Taizu's nephew Zhu Youning (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">朱友寧</span></span>), who was killed in Wang's resistance campaign, Emperor Taizu ordered that Wang and his entire family be executed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Shifan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:End_of_Tang_Warlords.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/End_of_Tang_Warlords.jpg/220px-End_of_Tang_Warlords.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/End_of_Tang_Warlords.jpg/330px-End_of_Tang_Warlords.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/End_of_Tang_Warlords.jpg/440px-End_of_Tang_Warlords.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3508" /></a><figcaption>Map of warlords before the end of Tang dynasty, with the territory under Wang Shifan</figcaption></figure> <p>Wang Shifan was born in 874, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xizong of Tang">Emperor Xizong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ258_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ258-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwu" title="Wang Jingwu">Wang Jingwu</a>, who would have been at the time of his birth or would later become an officer at Pinglu Circuit. Both Wang Jingwu and Wang Shifan's mother were from Pinglu's capital Qing Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">青州</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-NBT187_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT187-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had at least one older brother, Wang Shiyue (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王師悅</span></span>), and at least four younger brothers, Wang Shike (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王師克</span></span>), Wang Shihui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王師誨</span></span>), Wang Shilu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王師魯</span></span>), and Wang Shiyue (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王師悅</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-HFD13_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFD13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ264_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ264-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 881 or 882, Wang Jingwu expelled the military governor An Shiru (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">安師儒</span></span>), took over Pinglu, and claimed the title of acting military governor.<sup id="cite_ref-NBT187_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT187-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently pledged loyalty to the agrarian rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao" title="Huang Chao">Huang Chao</a>, who had declared himself the emperor of a new state of Qi, but was subsequently persuaded by the Tang official <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jun_(Tang_chancellor)" title="Zhang Jun (Tang chancellor)">Zhang Jun</a> to return his allegiance to Tang. He sent troops to aid the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Tang_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Tang Dynasty">chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Duo" title="Wang Duo">Wang Duo</a>, who was then in command of the overall operations against Qi,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was subsequently commissioned as the military governor by Wang Duo.<sup id="cite_ref-NBT187_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT187-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 889, by which time Emperor Xizong had died and been succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Zhaozong of Tang">Emperor Zhaozong</a>, Wang Jingwu died. The soldiers supported then-15-year-old Wang Shifan to succeed him. Wang Shifan thus claimed the title of acting military governor, but Wang Jingwu's subordinate Zhang Chan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張蟾</span></span>), the prefect of Di Prefecture (棣州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Binzhou" title="Binzhou">Binzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>), refused to support Wang Shifan, and instead requested the imperial government to send a different military governor. Emperor Zhaozong thus made the general <a href="/wiki/Cui_Anqian" title="Cui Anqian">Cui Anqian</a> the military governor of Pinglu, and Zhang welcomed Cui to Di Prefecture to coordinate the campaign against Wang Shifan. In 891, Wang Shifan sent the officer Lu Hong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">盧弘</span></span>) to attack Zhang, but Lu turned his army around and prepared to attack Qing Prefecture instead. Wang Shifan sent messengers to present gifts to Lu, claiming that he was ready to surrender the circuit to Lu if Lu would be willing to spare his life. Lu believed Wang and took no precautions in entering the city; subsequently, Wang's officer <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xun_(Later_Liang)" title="Liu Xun (Later Liang)">Liu Xun</a>, under Wang's orders, assassinated Lu. Wang then reviewed his troops and encouraged them with kind words, and then personally led his troops to attack Di. He captured and executed Zhang, while Cui fled back to the imperial capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>. Emperor Zhaozong subsequently commissioned him as the military governor of Pinglu.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ258_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ258-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_Jiedushi_of_Pinglu">As Jiedushi of Pinglu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Shifan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: As Jiedushi of Pinglu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_rule">Early rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Shifan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wang Shifan was said to be studious, favoring <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, and fair in his governance. He was also said to be good at maintaining diplomatic relationships with other warlords, allowing his people to rest from the wars of the time, and therefore was much praised by other warlords of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-HFD13_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFD13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an occasion when one of his maternal uncles, while drunk, killed someone. The victim's family brought an accusation against Wang's uncle, and Wang initially tried to placate the family by giving them a large cash reward. The victim's family refused the award, and Wang decided that he could not ignore the law, so he had his uncle punished. His mother, in anger, refused to see him for three years, but despite her refusal, he still went to visit her house three to four times a day and bowed to her from outside the house during the duration, hoping to change her mind.<sup id="cite_ref-NBT187_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT187-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whenever a new magistrate for Qing Prefecture's central county, <a href="/wiki/Qingzhou" title="Qingzhou">Yidu</a>, reported for duty, Wang would personally go to pay tribute to the magistrate; he bowed to the magistrate and referred to himself as "your citizen, Wang Shifan." When his staff members tried to stop him, arguing that that was too extreme a show of humility, he responded that this was to show proper respect to the elders of the locale such that his descendants would not forget their roots.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ258_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ258-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, while Wang was able to maintain his control of Pinglu, three nearby circuits (Tianping (天平, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Tai%27an" title="Tai'an">Tai'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>), Taining (泰寧, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Jining" title="Jining">Jining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>), and Ganhua (感化, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>)) were conquered by the major warlord <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Quanzhong</a> of Xuanwu Circuit, and as a result, by 897, Wang did not dare to disobey Zhu and became, effectively, a vassal of Zhu's.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ261_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ261-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_rule">Late rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Shifan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 898, Emperor Zhaozong bestowed the honorary chancellor title of <i>Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">同中書門下平章事</span></span>) on Wang Shifan.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ261_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ261-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 901, the powerful <a href="/wiki/Eunuch_(court_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuch (court official)">eunuchs</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Han_Quanhui" title="Han Quanhui">Han Quanhui</a>, seized Emperor Zhaozong and took him from the imperial capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> to Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>), then ruled by the eunuchs' ally <a href="/wiki/Li_Maozhen" title="Li Maozhen">Li Maozhen</a>, as the eunuchs feared that Emperor Zhaozong and the leading chancellor <a href="/wiki/Cui_Yin" title="Cui Yin">Cui Yin</a> were about to slaughter them. Cui, who was allied with Zhu, in turn summoned Zhu, who put Fengxiang's capital Fengxiang Municipality under siege.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ263_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ263-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 903, with Fengxiang's situation becoming increasingly desperate, Han had Emperor Zhaozong issue an edict calling on the military governors around the realm to rise and attack Zhu.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ263_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ263-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The edict particularly singled out Wang as an adherent of Zhu's and, as part of the order to <a href="/wiki/Yang_Xingmi" title="Yang Xingmi">Yang Xingmi</a> the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>), commissioned Yang's subordinate <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Jin" title="Zhu Jin">Zhu Jin</a>, who had ruled Taining at one point, as the military governor of Pinglu.<sup id="cite_ref-NBT187_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT187-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon reading the edict, Wang was greatly distressed, and commented, "We are the outer defenses for the Emperor. How can we just sit here and watch the Son of Heaven be trapped and humiliated? Do we have these troops just to defend ourselves?" The retired chancellor <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jun_(Tang_chancellor)" title="Zhang Jun (Tang chancellor)">Zhang Jun</a> also wrote to Wang and encouraged to rise against Zhu Quanzhong. Wang therefore prepared to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ263_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ263-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With most of Zhu's elite troops at Fengxiang with him, Wang devised a daring plan to have his own officers disguised at merchants, to simultaneously start uprising at a large number of locations throughout the territory controlled by Zhu, including Xuanwu's capital Bian Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">汴州</span></span>), Ganhua's capital Xu Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">徐州</span></span>), Taining's capital Yan Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">兗州</span></span>), Tianping's capital Yun Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鄆州</span></span>), Qi Prefecture (齊州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>), Yi Prefecture (沂州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Linyi" title="Linyi">Linyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>), Henan Municipality (河南, i.e., the eastern capital <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>), Meng Prefecture (孟州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Jiaozuo" title="Jiaozuo">Jiaozuo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), Hua Prefecture (滑州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), Hezhong Municipality (河中, in modern <a href="/wiki/Yuncheng" title="Yuncheng">Yuncheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>), Shan Prefecture (陝州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Sanmenxia" title="Sanmenxia">Sanmenxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), Guo Prefecture (虢州, also in modern Sanmenxia), and Hua Prefecture (華州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Weinan" title="Weinan">Weinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, not the previously mentioned Hua Prefecture). However, in most circumstances, the Pinglu officers who planned the uprising were informed on by others and arrested in advance. Only Liu Xun was able to surprise the defenders of Yan Prefecture and seize it.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ263_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ263-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, Zhu Quanzhong's nephew Zhu Youning, who was at Bian Prefecture at that time, prepared to attack Wang, and he summoned <a href="/wiki/Ge_Congzhou" title="Ge Congzhou">Ge Congzhou</a>, who was the military governor of Taining at the time but who was then stationed at Xing Prefecture (邢州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Xingtai" title="Xingtai">Xingtai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>). Zhu Quanzhong also sent additional troops to reinforce Zhu Youning. Wang wrote to Zhu Quanzhong's archrival <a href="/wiki/Li_Keyong" title="Li Keyong">Li Keyong</a> the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>), but while Li Keyong wrote back, praising Wang for his actions, Li Keyong did not appear to send troops to aid Wang, particularly since, by this point, Li Maozhen had capitulated to Zhu and, after slaughtering the leading eunuchs, surrendered the emperor to Zhu to sue for peace.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ263_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ263-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late spring 903, Zhu's main troops were back at Xuanwu, preparing for a major attack on Wang, and Zhu Youning had defeated an attack by Wang Shifan's younger brother Wang Shilu on Qi Prefecture and cut off the communications between Wang Shifan and Liu.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ264_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ264-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With his own defensive positions in danger, Wang sought aid from Yang Xingmi. Yang sent his general <a href="/wiki/Wang_Maozhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Maozhang">Wang Maozhang</a> to aid Wang Shifan. The joint forces of Wang Maozhang and Wang Shifan's brother Wang Shihui were thereafter able to capture <a href="/wiki/Mi_Prefecture" title="Mi Prefecture">Mi Prefecture</a>. However, with Zhu Youning having captured Bochang (博昌, in modern Binzhou) and Deng Prefecture (登州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>), Wang Shifan took up defensive positions with troops from Deng and Lai (萊州, also in modern Yantai) Prefectures. Zhu first defeated the soldiers from Deng Prefecture, but wore his own troops out in the process; Wang Shifan and Wang Maozhang then jointly counterattacked, killing Zhu Youning in battle. A subsequent attack by Zhu Quanzhong himself against Wang Shifan and Wang Maozhang was inconclusive, but Wang Maozhang, believing defeat to be inevitable, withdrew in the middle of the night. Yang's general Zhang Xun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張訓</span></span>), who had taken over Mi Prefecture, also withdrew from Mi, leaving Wang Shifan without outside aid. Further, his brother Wang Shike was then captured in an attack on Linqu (臨朐, in modern Weifang) by Zhu's general <a href="/wiki/Yang_Shihou" title="Yang Shihou">Yang Shihou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ264_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ264-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The morale of Wang Shifan's army was still quite high at that time, and the officers advocated holding out against Zhu. However, because Wang Shike had been captured by the Xuanwu army, Wang Shifan decided to sue for peace.<sup id="cite_ref-NBT187_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBT187-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sent his deputy military governor Li Siye (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李嗣業</span></span>) and Wang Shiyue to offer to surrender and let Wang Shilu serve as a hostage. With Zhu then fearing a joint attack by a rejuvenated Li Maozhen and Li Maozhen's adoptive son <a href="/wiki/Li_Jihui" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Jihui">Li Jihui</a> the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>), he accepted Wang Shifan's surrender and recommissioned him as the acting military governor of Pinglu — but sent his own officers to take over Deng, Lai, Zi (淄州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Zibo" title="Zibo">Zibo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>), and Di Prefectures, leaving Wang Shifan in effective control of just Qing Prefecture. At Wang's direction, Liu Xun also surrendered Yan Prefecture.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ264_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ264-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_departing_Pinglu">After departing Pinglu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Shifan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After departing Pinglu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wang Shifan remained at Pinglu until 905. That year, Zhu Quanzhong commissioned his associate <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhen_(Later_Liang)" title="Li Zhen (Later Liang)">Li Zhen</a> to be the acting military governor of Pinglu to replace Wang. Upon Li's arrival, the Wang clan left it and travelled west toward Bian Prefecture. When Wang Shifan reached Puyang (濮陽, in modern <a href="/wiki/Puyang" title="Puyang">Puyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), he changed his clothes into plain civilian clothes and rode a donkey from that point on, to show humility. When he reached Bian Prefecture, Zhu still treated him as an honored guest, and had him commissioned the military governor of Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern Luoyang).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ265_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ265-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 907, Zhu forced Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ai_of_Tang" title="Emperor Ai of Tang">Emperor Ai</a> to yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a> (with him as its Emperor Taizu).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ266-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wang was thereafter recalled from Heyang to Luoyang and made a general of the imperial guards. Meanwhile, after Emperor Taizu subsequently created many of his sons and nephews' imperial princes,<sup id="cite_ref-HFD13_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFD13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhu Youning's wife wept and told him:<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ266-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Your Imperial Majesty turned the clan into the imperial clan, and the clan members all received glory and favor. But the husband of your servant girl alone suffered misfortune, having died on the battlefield due to the rebellion of Wang Shifan. My deadly enemy is still alive, and your servant girl is suffering.</p></blockquote> <p>Emperor Taizu responded, "I almost forgot about this bandit." He then sent an emissary to Luoyang to order the Wang clan be massacred. When the emissary got to Luoyang, he dug a large pit in the ground and then announced Emperor Taizu's edict. Wang Shifan set up a large feast table and sat with his clan members, and then responded, "No one can escape death, particularly the guilty ones. I do not wish for our bodies to lie around without order between the elders and the children." After the feast started, he ordered that the clan members, from the youngest ones first, be led to the pit to be executed.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ266-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 200 died, including Wang himself and his brothers Wang Shihui and Wang Shiyue. In 925, by which time Later Liang had been destroyed and Li Keyong's son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhuangzong_of_Later_Tang" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang">Li Cunxu</a> was the emperor of a newly established <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a> (as Emperor Zhuangzong), Emperor Zhuangzong ordered that Wang Shifan be given posthumous honors.<sup id="cite_ref-HFD13_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HFD13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Shifan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ258-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ258_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ258_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ258_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ258_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7258" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷258">vol. 258</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ266-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ266_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7266" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷266">vol. 266</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AS_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinocal.sinica.edu.tw/">Academia Sinica Chinese-Western Calendar Converter</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">July 10, 908 was the date given for the order issued by <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Wen</a> to execute Wang Shifan and his family; it is not completely clear that that was the exact date when Wang and his family were executed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBT187-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NBT187_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT187_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT187_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT187_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT187_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBT187_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7187" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新唐書/卷187">vol. 187</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HFD13-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HFD13_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HFD13_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HFD13_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HFD13_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%88%8A%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B713" class="extiw" title="zh:s:舊五代史/卷13">vol. 13</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ264-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ264_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ264_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ264_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ264_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7264" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷264">vol. 264</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7255" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷255">vol. 255</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ261-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ261_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ261_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7261" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷261">vol. 261</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7262" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷262">vol. 262</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ263-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ263_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ263_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ263_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ263_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ263_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7263" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷263">vol. 263</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ265-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ265_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7265" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷265">vol. 265</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7187" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新唐書/卷187">vol. 187</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%88%8A%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B713" class="extiw" title="zh:s:舊五代史/卷13">vol. 13</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="New History of the Five Dynasties">New History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B742" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新五代史/卷42">vol. 42</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, vols. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7258" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷258">258</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7261" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷261">261</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7263" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷263">263</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7264" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷264">264</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7265" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷265">265</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7266" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷266">266</a>.</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐65f98cf854‐7wpsz Cached time: 20241121111059 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.189 seconds Real time usage: 0.238 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 860/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 6731/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 653/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 10590/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.110/10.000 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