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<button aria-controls="toc-分類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去分類細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-先驗同後驗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#先驗同後驗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>先驗同後驗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-先驗同後驗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科學方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科學方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>科學方法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科學方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-知識管理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#知識管理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>知識管理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-知識管理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引咗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引咗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>引咗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引咗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">知識</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有143種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-143" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">143種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennis" title="Kennis – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kennis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissen" title="Wissen – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wissen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conoiximiento" title="Conoiximiento – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Conoiximiento" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9" title="معرفة – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معرفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عرفان – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عرفان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conocencia" title="Conocencia – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conocencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilik" title="Bilik – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بیلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Белем – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Белем" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissn" title="Wissn – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wissn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%97nuoj%C4%97ms" title="Žėnuojėms – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žėnuojėms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaraman" title="Kaaraman – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kaaraman" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Веды – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Веды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Веды – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Веды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Знание – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Знание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জ্ঞান – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouiziegezh" title="Gouiziegezh – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouiziegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanje" title="Znanje – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Znanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parbinotoan" title="Parbinotoan – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Parbinotoan" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Эрдэм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эрдэм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coneixement" title="Coneixement – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coneixement" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хаар – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хаар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A5%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B2%E1%8E%A2" title="ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ – 柴羅基文" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="柴羅基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زانین – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poznatek" title="Poznatek – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poznatek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%99%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%EA%99%97" title="Ꙁнаниꙗ – 宗教斯拉夫文" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ꙁнаниꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="宗教斯拉夫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D0%BB%D3%B3" title="Пĕлӳ – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пĕлӳ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwybodaeth_(epistemoleg)" title="Gwybodaeth (epistemoleg) – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwybodaeth (epistemoleg)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viden" title="Viden – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Viden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissen" title="Wissen – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wissen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Γνώση – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γνώση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Knowledge" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scio" title="Scio – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Scio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conocimiento" title="Conocimiento – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conocimiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teadmine" title="Teadmine – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teadmine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezagutza" title="Ezagutza – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ezagutza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4" title="دانش – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieto" title="Tieto – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tieto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kila_(ivakavuvuli)" title="Kila (ivakavuvuli) – 斐濟文" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kila (ivakavuvuli)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐濟文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connaissance" title="Connaissance – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Connaissance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weden" title="Weden – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Weden" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennis" title="Kennis – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kennis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="知識" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon%C3%A9sans" title="Konésans – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Konésans" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C3%B1ecemento" title="Coñecemento – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Coñecemento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembikuaa" title="Tembikuaa – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tembikuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimi" title="Ilimi – 豪撒文" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ilimi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪撒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2" title="ידע – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ידע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ज्ञान – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyaan" title="Gyaan – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gyaan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanje" title="Znanje – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Znanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konesans" title="Konesans – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Konesans" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismeret" title="Ismeret – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ismeret" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%84" title="Գիտելիք – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիտելիք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognoscentia" title="Cognoscentia – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cognoscentia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penemu" title="Penemu – 伊班文" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Penemu" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengetahuan" title="Pengetahuan – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengetahuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannakaammo" title="Pannakaammo – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pannakaammo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80" title="Ховр – 印古什文" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ховр" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savo" title="Savo – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Savo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eekking" title="Þekking – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þekking" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conoscenza" title="Conoscenza – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conoscenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="知識" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalij" title="Nalij – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nalij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ცოდნა – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცოდნა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilim" title="Bilim – 卡拉卡爾帕克文" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bilim" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡爾帕克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamussni" title="Tamussni – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamussni" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Білім – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Білім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಜ್ಞಾನ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%8B%9D" title="지식 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zan%C3%AEn" title="Zanîn – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zanîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Билим – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Билим" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_(declarativa)" title="Scientia (declarativa) – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scientia (declarativa)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%ABssen" title="Wëssen – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wëssen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conoscenza" title="Conoscenza – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Conoscenza" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%89" title="ຄວາມຮູ້ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄວາມຮູ້" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDinojimas" title="Žinojimas – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žinojimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zin%C4%81%C5%A1anas" title="Zināšanas – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zināšanas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahalalana" title="Fahalalana – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahalalana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Знаење – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Знаење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="അറിവ് – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറിവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Мэдлэг – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мэдлэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ज्ञान – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengetahuan" title="Pengetahuan – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengetahuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coincimiento" title="Coincimiento – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Coincimiento" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B4" title="دونش – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دونش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weten" title="Weten – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Weten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ज्ञान – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ज्ञान – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennis" title="Kennis – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kennis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskap" title="Kunnskap – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kunnskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskap" title="Kunnskap – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kunnskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coneissen%C3%A7a" title="Coneissença – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Coneissença" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਗਿਆਨ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiedza" title="Wiedza – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wiedza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conossensa" title="Conossensa – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Conossensa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="معلومات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="معلومات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%87" title="پوهه – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پوهه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conhecimento" title="Conhecimento – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conhecimento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachay" title="Yachay – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunoa%C8%99tere" title="Cunoaștere – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cunoaștere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Знание – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Знание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Знаня – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Знаня" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विद्या – 梵文" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विद्या" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Билии – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Билии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ – 散塔利文" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱮᱭᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="散塔利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canuscenza" title="Canuscenza – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Canuscenza" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knawledge" title="Knawledge – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Knawledge" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanje" title="Znanje – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Znanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8" title="දැණුම – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දැණුම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Knowledge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedenie_(filozofia)" title="Vedenie (filozofia) – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vedenie (filozofia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="علم – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="علم" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanje" title="Znanje – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Znanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malamalama" title="Malamalama – 薩摩亞文" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Malamalama" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="薩摩亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruzivo" title="Ruzivo – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruzivo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqoon" title="Aqoon – 索馬利文" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Aqoon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索馬利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njohuria" title="Njohuria – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Njohuria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Знање – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Знање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaweruh" title="Pangaweruh – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pangaweruh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunskap" title="Kunskap – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kunskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujuzi" title="Ujuzi – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujuzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="அறிவு – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அறிவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9E%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="విజ్ఞానం – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విజ్ఞానం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Дониш – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дониш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89" title="ความรู้ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความรู้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilim" title="Bilim – 土庫曼文" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bilim" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土庫曼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaalaman" title="Kaalaman – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaalaman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi" title="Bilgi – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilgi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vutivi" title="Vutivi – 特松加文" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vutivi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="特松加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Белем – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Белем" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Знання – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Знання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4" title="دانش – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دانش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilim" title="Bilim – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bilim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri_th%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tri thức – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tri thức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaram" title="Kaaram – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kaaram" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86" title="知识 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="知识" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რჩქინა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რჩქინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9F" title="וויסן – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויסן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiz" title="Caiz – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Caiz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86" title="知识 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="知识" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AC-sek" title="Tì-sek – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tì-sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULwazi" title="ULwazi – 祖魯文" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ULwazi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖魯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9081#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="關於內容頁嘅討論 (無呢版)[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&oldid=2184165" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&id=2184165&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%259F%25A5%25E8%25AD%2598"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%259F%25A5%25E8%25AD%2598"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Knowledge" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9081" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>  「學識」跳轉到呢度。想搵同名網站，請睇「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%AD%98_(%E7%B6%B2%E7%AB%99)" title="學識 (網站)">學識 (網站)</a></b>」。</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Analects.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Analects.JPG/300px-Analects.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Analects.JPG/450px-Analects.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Analects.JPG/600px-Analects.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>傳統上，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%87%E6%9B%B8" title="睇書">睇書</a>係知識嘅一大來源。上圖影到嘅係《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>》。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>知識</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/知識/#yue"><span>zi<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> sik<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span></a></span>）或者<b>學問</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/知識/#yue"><span>hok<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> man<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span></a></span>）、<b>學識</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/知識/#yue"><span>hok<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> sik<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span></a></span>），就係對某個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人</a>或啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%A2" title="嘢">嘢</a>嘅認識，呢啲嘢可以係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6" title="事實">事實</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="資料">資料</a>，描述說明，亦可以自己學返嚟、人哋教嘅技能。呢啲認識可以係純理論或者實在嘅。 </p><p>得到知識涉及複雜嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>過程：<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%9D%E9%80%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="溝通">溝通</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%AF%E6%83%B3_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聯想 (心理學) (無呢版)">聯想</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="推理">推理</a>。由更加實用角度來睇，知識通常俾一堆人、一個社區嚟用，知識亦可以俾人「操作」同「<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="知識管理">管理</a>」。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 定義"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E6%8F%90%E9%9B%85%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="葛提雅問題">葛提雅問題</a></div><p><span id="定義"></span> </p><div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/JTB_%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="JTB 理論">JTB 理論</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>上，對「知識」嘅研究叫「<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a>」。哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a>出名咁定義知識做「合理嘅真信念」。不過，到而家都係冇個人人同意嘅定義，加上大把理論去解釋知識。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="羅素">羅素</a>喺《知識論》一書講到界定知識有幾難：「點界定知識係個問題，好重要𠻹，三個難處我哋要處理。好奇怪：一睇，知識就係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5" title="信念">信念</a>同事實相符。最難搞就係，冇人知信念係乜，冇人知事實係乜，更冇人知佢地點樣相符，先會令個信念係真。」<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%B9%E6%93%9A" title="Wikipedia:根據">[未記出處或冇根據]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分類"><span id=".E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 分類"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlexSushiSashimi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/AlexSushiSashimi.jpg/300px-AlexSushiSashimi.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/AlexSushiSashimi.jpg/450px-AlexSushiSashimi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/AlexSushiSashimi.jpg/600px-AlexSushiSashimi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>呢位<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%8F%9C" title="日本菜">日式廚師</a>喺度切<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%96%87%E9%AD%9A" title="三文魚">三文魚</a>。佢手起刀落，唔使諗就切好條魚：佢做嘅嘢明顯涉及知識，冇咁上下訓練嘅人做唔到；同時佢啲知識係唔使有意識諗就郁手做到嘅－屬過程知識。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E8%BF%B0%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="陳述知識">陳述知識</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="過程知識">過程知識</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E8%BA%AB%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="親身知識">親身知識</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%87%8D%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="雙重過程理論">雙重過程理論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E6%93%9A%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="言據性">言據性</a></div> <p>喺廿一世紀初，主流<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家">哲學家</a>想將知識分類嗰陣，會用到以下呢三大概念<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E8%BF%B0%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="陳述知識">陳述知識</a>（descriptive）：指所謂嘅「知... 呢樣事實」，即係一個人能唔能夠有<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>噉<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83" class="mw-redirect" title="思考">思考</a>啲知識同埋明文噉將啲知識講出嚟；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="過程知識">過程知識</a>（procedural）：指所謂嘅「識得做... 呢樣嘢」，即係一個人能唔能夠將一樣知識「做」出嚟；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E8%BA%AB%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="親身知識">親身知識</a>（by acquaintance）：指個人有冇親身噉接觸過嗰樣嘢；</li></ul> <p>想像家陣要學<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93" title="算術">算術</a>，如果話一個人具有算術知識，可以係指佢能夠用把口講出「2 + 2 = 4」呢個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6" title="事實">事實</a>（陳述知識），又可以係指畀部<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E6%95%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="計數機">計數機</a>（或者第隻佢識用嘅計數架生）佢曉郁手撳 2 + 2 出 4 呢個結果（過程知識）；同一道理，又例如想像家陣要學<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AB%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="寫程式">寫程式</a>，如果話個人有呢方面嘅知識，可以係指佢能夠用把口解釋<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="程式語言">程式語言</a>等嘅概念（陳述知識），又可以係指佢有能力郁手寫個<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C" title="程式執行">行到</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="電腦程式">電腦程式</a>出嚟（過程知識）。事實表明，有陣時一個人可以「識講唔識做」－有陳述知識但冇過程知識，又有可能「識做唔識講」－有過程知識但冇陳述知識<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。亦可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>上講嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="外顯知識">外顯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱</a>知識。 </p><p>除此之外，知識論思考者仲有諗到<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E8%BA%AB%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="親身知識">親身知識</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%AC%9B%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="聽講知識">聽講知識</a>嘅問題：想像家陣有樣事物，設樣事物做「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東話">廣東話</a>」（不過樣事物係一個人、一笪地方、一嚿物件或者一樣活動都得）；如果話阿 A 君「知道有關廣東話嘅嘢」，佢可能係親自聽過人（親自<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>過）喺佢面前講廣東話，因而能夠<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E8%BF%B0%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="陳述知識">用把口講得出</a>廣東話有乜特徵，甚至<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="過程知識">實際講</a>幾句簡單<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="句子">句子</a>，噉嘅話佢就算係對廣東話有親身知識；不過另一方面，阿 A 君亦可以係根本從來未親自聽過人用廣東話講嘢，但佢喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2" title="互聯網">互聯網</a>度睇過啲談論廣東話嘅文，噉嘅話阿 A 君對廣東話就淨係具有聽講知識<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="先驗同後驗"><span id=".E5.85.88.E9.A9.97.E5.90.8C.E5.BE.8C.E9.A9.97"></span>先驗同後驗</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 先驗同後驗"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="先驗同後驗">先驗同後驗</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="演繹推理">演繹推理</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D" title="歸納">歸納</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="先天定後天">先天定後天</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="先驗同後驗">先驗同後驗</a>係按「有冇需要由經驗學」嚟做嘅知識分類<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <ul><li>如果話一件知識係<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="先驗">先驗</a>（<i><b>a priori</b></i>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>「由打前嗰度嚟」噉解），指件知識有得齋靠<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="推理">推理</a>得到<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－即係要得到呢件知識，可以完全唔使直接或間接經驗（呢度<b>經驗</b>係指通過<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a>對世界作出<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>）嘅影響，件知識係<b>先</b>於經<b>驗</b>觀察嘅；例如諗吓呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E9%A1%8C" title="命題">命題</a><sup id="cite_ref-bealer92_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bealer92-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： <ol><li>「如果佐治五世在位至少 4 日，噉佢嘅在位時間就超過咗 3 日。」一般認為，呢條命題係先驗知識，噉係因為假設思考嘅人已經識嗮<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8" title="數">數</a>嘅概念（或者只係 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4>3}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>4</mn> <mo>></mo> <mn>3</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4>3}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/496922777cc51b0abadf0004b4c99b99961e221f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.423ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4>3}"></span> 呢個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6" title="事實">事實</a>），條命題所表達嘅內容－「如果 X 處於 Y 狀態最少 4 日，噉 X 處於 Y 狀態嘅時間就超過咗 3 日」－就可以齋靠推理得出。</li> <li>「一間<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8B" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="屋">屋</a>係一笪用嚟住人嘅地方。」呢條命題都畀人認為係屬先驗知識，因為條命題純取決於對字詞嘅定義－屋定義上就係「畀人攞嚟住嘅嘢」。</li> <li>「<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%B9%E5%BD%A2" title="正方形">正方形</a>冚唪唥都屬<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%96%B9%E5%BD%A2" title="長方形">長方形</a>。」呢條命題都係齋取決於字詞定義－正方形同長方形都係抽象<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E7%89%A9%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="幾何物體">幾何物體</a>，而正方形定義上就係「四條邊一樣咁長嘅長方形」。</li></ol></li> <li>而如果話一件知識係<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="後驗">後驗</a>（<i><b>a posteriori</b></i>，拉丁文「由打後嗰度嚟」噉解），指件知識必需要借助經驗證實先至可以得到－件知識係經<b>驗</b>觀察之<b>後</b>嘅；例如諗吓呢啲命題<sup id="cite_ref-bealer92_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bealer92-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： <ol><li>「佐治五世由 1910 年去到 1936 年在位。」一般認為呢條命題係後驗知識，因為思考嘅人就算已經有齊嗮「在位」同「年份」等嘅概念，佢都必需要實際噉去睇吓有關佐治五世（一件存在喺現實世界嘅物體）嘅現實資訊，先可以決定條命題係咪真確。</li> <li>「一間屋個<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%BA" title="地基">地基</a>打得唔夠穩陣，就會好易冧。」呢條命題都畀人認為係屬後驗知識，因為條命題需要對現實作出觀察先至可以得知－個人起碼要具有些少<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>知識，知現實世界嘅構造係可以例如因為受嘅負荷重得滯而冧嘅。</li> <li>「冇任何正方形物體表面面積大過<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美國</a>。」呢條命題，都係必需要對「美國」呢件存在喺現實世界嘅物體作出觀察，先可以得知。</li></ol></li></ul> <p>先驗同後驗嘅概念，係<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="理性主義">理性主義</a>（rationalism）同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a>（empiricism）之間場爭拗嘅核心問題：籠統噉講，主張理性主義嘅人認為推理係知識嘅主要來源，認為人要求知，主要係靠個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">腦</a>諗嘅－即係佢哋睇重嘅係先驗知識；主張經驗主義嘅人就啱啱相反，認為知識全部（或者大部份）喺一定程度上都係經驗嘅體現，人必需要用感官對世界作出觀察，先可以得到知識－即係佢哋睇重嘅係後驗知識。順帶一提，經驗主義可以話係現代<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>嘅根基<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="科學方法"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>科學方法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 科學方法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E5%92%97%E5%96%BA%E5%B7%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%98%85%E8%86%8A%E9%A0%AD%E4%B8%8A%E9%9D%A2" title="企咗喺巨人嘅膊頭上面">企咗喺巨人嘅膊頭上面</a></div> <dl><dd>「如果我睇得更遠，係因為我<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E5%92%97%E5%96%BA%E5%B7%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%98%85%E8%86%8A%E9%A0%AD%E4%B8%8A%E9%9D%A2" title="企咗喺巨人嘅膊頭上面">企咗喺巨人嘅膊頭上面</a>。」<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd>——<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓">牛頓</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>係根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>嚟追求知識嘅過程。搞親科學嘅人實係用科學方法嚟研究自己在意嘅現象嘅－由<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>都係噉。科學方法有以下呢幾個步驟<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ol><li>喺日常生活嗰度<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>吓研究緊嘅現象，對現象嘅運作原理等提出問題，即係要諗吓呢啲現象係咪而家有嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">理論</a>（嚴格上係指會做有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AD%89%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="可否證性">可否證性</a>嘅預測嘅知識體）解唔解釋得到，而如果唔得，就要諗吓有冇啲乜嘢新嘅定律有可能解釋到呢柞現象； <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓">牛頓</a>：「基於我觀察到蘋果由樹上面跌落嚟等嘅現象，我推測啲現象背後係因為有引力嘅作用。」</li></ul></li> <li>基於諗出嚟嘅新定律或者理論，諗一啲有可否證性嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a>（指由理論嗰度推理出嚟，有得直接觀察但係未經證實嘅講法）出嚟； <ul><li>牛頓：「如果我提倡條式係真確嘅，啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%BD%89" title="公轉">公轉</a>軌道應該會係噉噉噉...」（假說）</li></ul></li> <li>做<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>或者有系統性嘅觀察，攞同分析<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>； <ul><li>牛頓：「啲行星嘅公轉軌道實際上係點嘅樣？」</li></ul></li> <li>做總結－ <ul><li>如果數據撐條新定律嘅話，噉就將呢個新發現夾入去現有嘅理論入面，形成一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%8A%9B" title="解釋力">解釋力</a>更勁嘅新理論；</li> <li>如果數據唔撐條新定律嘅話，就重新諗過；</li> <li>「如果我呢個理論係真確，呢場實驗或者觀察理應會得出某個某個結果，而個實際嘅結果係...」</li></ul></li> <li>重複<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ol> <p>科學方法係一個循環性嘅過程－科學家會係噉重複上述嘅工序嚟豐富人類知識，因為次次搵到新嘅知識之後，好多時即刻又會有新嘅謎團；好似係<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E8%90%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓萬有引力定律">牛頓萬有引力定律</a>噉，當啲物理學家發現咗佢哋觀察到嘅嘢都係跟住呢條定律之後，佢哋又要開始去諗「萬有引力係點嚟」呢條新問題同埋做新實驗嚟搵答案。於是乎，人類喺知識上就不斷係噉有進步同發現新嘢。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="知識管理"><span id=".E7.9F.A5.E8.AD.98.E7.AE.A1.E7.90.86"></span>知識管理</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 知識管理"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Datacenter_de_ARSAT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Datacenter_de_ARSAT.jpg/300px-Datacenter_de_ARSAT.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Datacenter_de_ARSAT.jpg/450px-Datacenter_de_ARSAT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Datacenter_de_ARSAT.jpg/600px-Datacenter_de_ARSAT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>2014 年一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="數據中心">數據中心</a>，中心嘅大型<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" title="電腦">電腦</a>儲起大量對間<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" title="企業">企業</a>有用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>；响廿一世紀初，有咁上下大嘅企業冚唪唥都會用數據中心。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="知識管理">知識管理</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="資訊系統">資訊系統</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="知識管理">知識管理</a>（KM）係<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="管理">管理</a>上嘅一樣工作，針對「點樣運用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="組織">組織</a>入面嘅知識，令個組織達到自身目的嘅能力有咁高得咁高」。响最基本上，KM 要管嘅過程包括咗以下呢啲<sup id="cite_ref-argot2020_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-argot2020-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>一個組織會進行<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="組織搜索">搜索</a>，即係嘗試搵新嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%9B%A3" title="解難">解難</a>方法；搜索功能可以喺兩種情況下發生－一個組織可能會係喺遇到危機（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E6%A5%AD%E9%A1%8D" title="營業額">營業額</a>明顯跌緊）嗰陣開始諗計解圍，又可能係喺冇危機嗰陣嘗試做實驗性嘅開發工作，後者並唔係必要嘅，但通常都會有助於個組織嘅長遠發展<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>呢啲搜索過程會出現<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="知識創造">知識創造</a>；組織嘅成員會由解難嘅過程嗰度<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a>，得到新嘅知識，而知識嘅載體亦都會出現－組織成員可能會寫低佢哋學到嘅嘢，而由學習形成嘅習慣會出現。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>跟住個組織要考慮<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E4%BF%9D%E7%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="知識保留">知識保留</a>嘅問題；<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>有<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%BF%98" title="遺忘">遺忘</a>嘅功能，會隨時間喪失用得唔夠密嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>，人事變動可以搞到具有知識嘅組織成員離開個組織，而且人以外嘅知識載體又可以隨時間而流失（例如將啲知識寫咗喺張紙上面，張紙一段時間之後爛咗），知識保留就係指「點樣防止有價值嘅知識隨時間流失」嘅思考，亦有學者覺得知識保留包埋有關「邊啲知識冇用唔使保留」嘅思考。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E" title="知識傳遞">知識傳遞</a>係指知識喺組織成員之間嘅傳播；組織成員可以喺做嘢嗰陣彼此指教，而且就算冇直接用言語指教，組織成員都可以透過<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="觀察學習">彼此觀察對方嘅行為</a>嚟學習；KM 零舍關注嘅一個課題係「點樣創造出有利知識傳遞嘅環境」－喺商業組織當中，一間公司嘅打工仔可能會因為唔想自己喪失<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B6%E7%88%AD%E5%84%AA%E5%8B%A2" title="競爭優勢">競爭優勢</a>而唔肯教同事做嘢，所以<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="管理者">管理者</a>就需要諗計令打工仔有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%98%E5%9B%A0" title="誘因">誘因</a>分享知識<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%91%BD%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="分析命題">分析命題</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%91%BD%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="綜合命題">綜合命題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5" title="信念">信念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIKW%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" title="DIKW體系">DIKW體系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="學院知識 (無呢版)">學院知識</a>（Institutional knowledge）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E5%89%B5%E5%BB%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="知識創建 (無呢版)">知識創建</a>（Knowledge creation）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="知識工程 (無呢版)">知識工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E4%BB%BD%E5%AD%90" title="知識份子">知識份子</a></li> <li>Knowledge relativity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="知識表現">知識表現</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%87%B7%E7%96%91%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="哲學懷疑論">哲學懷疑論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="真理">真理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%B2%BB" title="學費">學費</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知識表示">知識表示</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A1%A8" title="詞彙表">詞彙表</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a>呢啲主要探討<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="抽象">抽象</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a>嘅知識領域。</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引咗"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E5.92.97"></span>引咗</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 引咗"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pavese, C. (2015). Practical senses. <i>Philosophers</i>, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yang, Z., & Nyberg, E. (2015, August). Leveraging procedural knowledge for task-oriented search. In <i>Proceedings of the 38th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval</i> (pp. 513-522).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Talbert, B. M. (2015). Knowing other people: A second‐person framework. <i>Ratio</i>, 28(2), 190-206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Casullo, Albert. (1992). "A priori/a posteriori," in <i>A Companion to Epistemology</i>, eds. Jonathan Dancy and Ernest Sosa (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 1-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenberg, Robert (2001). <i>Kant's Theory of a Priori Knowledge</i>. University Park, PA: Penn State Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bealer92-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bealer92_7-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bealer92_7-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Bealer, G., & Strawson, P. F. (1992). The incoherence of empiricism. <i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes</i>, 66, 99-143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chisolm, R. (1948), "The Problem of Empiricism", <i>Journal of Philosophy</i> 45, 512-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull, H. W. ed., (1959). <i>The Correspondence of Isaac Newton: 1661-1675</i>, Volume 1, London, UK: Published for the Royal Society at the University Press. p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/steps-of-the-scientific-method">Steps of the Scientific Method</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, P.F. (1983). Marketing, scientific progress, and scientific method. <i>The Journal of Marketing</i>, 18-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bunge, Mario (1998). "The Scientific Approach". <i>Philosophy of Science: Volume 1, From Problem to Theory</i>. 1 (revised ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 3-50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Backer, Patricia Ryaby (October 29, 2004). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408082917/http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/pabacker/scientific_method.htm">What is the scientific method?</a>". San Jose State University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-argot2020-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-argot2020_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Argote, L., Lee, S., & Park, J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/pdf/10.1287/mnsc.2020.3693">Organizational Learning Processes and Outcomes: Major Findings and Future Research Directions</a> (PDF). <i>Management Science</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levinthal, D., & March, J. G. (1981). A model of adaptive organizational search. <i>Journal of economic behavior & organization</i>, 2(4), 307-333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .references-small,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6>.zit3{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zit3>.zit3,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zit3>.zit3{display:inline-flex}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .saan1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hoi1,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .fan1gaak3,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .saan1{display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;font-size:0.1px;color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .fan1gaak3{font-size:0.125px}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4+.syu1ming4,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4+.zyun1ming4{margin-left:0.0833em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0.05em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0.14em 0 0)}.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1{width:unset;font-size:unset}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://17imc.ir/uploads/uploads/newfiles/KM-%20Systems%20and%20Processes.pdf">"Knowledge Management — Systems and Processes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Routledge. 2015年. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210521064423/http://17imc.ir/uploads/uploads/newfiles/KM-%20Systems%20and%20Processes.pdf">歸檔</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺2021年.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Knowledge+Management+%E2%80%94+Systems+and+Processes&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F17imc.ir%2Fuploads%2Fuploads%2Fnewfiles%2FKM-%2520Systems%2520and%2520Processes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/knowledge/docs/ABC_of_KM.pdf">"ABC of Knowledge Management"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NHS National Library for Health: Knowledge Management Specialist Library. 2005年. 原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414220956/http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/knowledge/docs/ABC_of_KM.pdf">歸檔</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺2021年.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ABC+of+Knowledge+Management&rft.pub=NHS+National+Library+for+Health%3A+Knowledge+Management+Specialist+Library&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Fknowledge%2Fdocs%2FABC_of_KM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Darr, ED; Argote, L; Epple, D (1995). "The acquisition, transfer and depreciation of knowledge in service organizations: Productivity in franchises". <i>Management Science</i>. 41 (11): 1750–1762.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Szulanski, G. (1996). Exploring external stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm. <i>Strategic Management Journal</i>, 17.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="知識論" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="Template:知識論"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="Template talk:知識論"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; 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href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%90%86" title="公理">公理</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="基礎主義">基礎主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6" title="事實">事實</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%A6%8B" title="意見">意見</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E5%BE%8B" title="規律">規律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B" title="建構">建構</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" title="客觀">客觀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A" title="不確定">不確定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%92%E9%82%AA%E9%9D%88" title="笛卡兒邪靈">笛卡兒邪靈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="哲學分析">哲學分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%96%AE" title="簡單">簡單</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9D%8E%E5%89%83%E5%88%80" title="奧坎剃刀">奧坎剃刀</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>知識分類</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E8%BF%B0%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="陳述知識">陳述知識</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="過程知識">過程知識</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E8%BA%AB%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="親身知識">親身知識</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%AC%9B%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="聽講知識">聽講知識</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="先驗同後驗">先驗同後驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90-%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%8D%80%E5%88%A5" title="分析-綜合區別">分析-綜合區別</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="先天知識">先天知識</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E8%AD%98" title="常識">常識</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>主要學派</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89" title="實證">實證</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="理性主義">理性主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E6%87%B7%E7%96%91%E8%AB%96" title="知識懷疑論">懷疑論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%84%E5%8E%9F%E8%AB%96" title="還原論">還原論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="實用主義">實用主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="相對主義">相對主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E8%AB%96" title="唯心論">唯心論</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AA%AA" title="固有知識說">固有知識說</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="感覺主義">感覺主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="實證主義">實證主義</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Naturalized epistemology">自然化知識論</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextualism" class="extiw" title="en:Contextualism">文脈主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%9C%9F%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E8%AB%96" title="天真現實論">天真現實論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="現象主義">現象主義</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>重要學者</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%9B%A7%E7%AF%87" title="美盧篇">美盧篇</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="阿里士多德">阿里士多德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%85%A7%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%92" title="勒內·笛卡兒">笛卡兒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%E4%BC%91%E8%AC%A8" title="大衛休謨">大衛休謨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努爾·康德">伊曼努爾·康德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E6%8F%90%E9%9B%85" title="艾德蒙德·葛提雅">艾德蒙德·葛提雅</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>拉雜相關</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum" title="Cogito ergo sum">Cogito ergo sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">Intellect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%B6%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6" title="桶中腦">桶中腦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形而上學">形而上學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心靈哲學">心靈哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="啟蒙時期">啟蒙時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="知識表示">知識表示</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AB%96" title="概率論">概率論</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="哲學邏輯" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="Template:哲學邏輯"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:哲學邏輯 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="哲學邏輯" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="哲學邏輯">哲學邏輯</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="可以睇埋批判思考同懷疑論">可以睇埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83" title="批判思考">批判思考</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B7%E7%96%91%E8%AB%96" title="懷疑論">懷疑論</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="哲學分析">哲學分析</a></b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9" title="歧義">歧義</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AB%E7%B3%8A" title="含糊">含糊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E4%BF%A1%E5%8A%9B" title="公信力">公信力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%A6%E6%9B%B4" title="啦更">啦更</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%82-%E6%87%89%E8%A9%B2%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="係-應該問題">係-應該問題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a></b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="邏輯推理">邏輯推理</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="演繹推理">演繹推理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D" title="歸納">歸納</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AF%E5%9B%A0%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="溯因推理">溯因推理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%9B%E7%9B%BE" title="矛盾">矛盾</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%96%E8%AB%96" title="悖論">悖論</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="論證">論證</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E4%BB%B6" title="前件">前件</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E8%AB%96" title="結論">結論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="證據">證據</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%AC%E8%AB%96" title="謬論">謬論</a>）</li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="因果關係">因果關係</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="統計相關">統計相關</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E5%94%94%E8%98%8A%E5%90%AB%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C" title="相關唔蘊含因果">相關唔蘊含因果</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a></b><br /> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">知識</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5" title="信念">信念</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A2%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="真確">真確</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A" title="理據">理據</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E8%AD%98" title="常識">常識</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6" title="事實">事實</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%A6%8B" title="意見">意見</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B" title="解釋">解釋</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%8A%9B" title="解釋力">解釋力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9D%8E%E5%89%83%E5%88%80" title="奧坎剃刀">奧坎剃刀</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AD%89%E5%BA%A6" title="可否證度">可否證度</a>）</li></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>拉雜相關</b><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="西方哲學">西方哲學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%AF%E8%AB%96" title="辯論">辯論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E8%BE%AD%E5%AD%B8" title="修辭學">修辭學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="實用主義">實用主義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD" title="思維">思維</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="研究" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Template:研究"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:研究 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="研究" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究">研究</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="「用創意同有系統嘅方法嚟增進知識」嘅過程">「用<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a>同有系統嘅方法嚟增進<a class="mw-selflink selflink">知識</a>」嘅過程</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93" title="學術">學術</a>領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="純科學">純科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="形式科學">形式科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">應用科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC" title="研究開發">研究開發</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="人文學">人文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%AD%B8" title="商學">商學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD" title="專業">專業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="跨學科研究">跨學科</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BookReader-favicon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BookReader-favicon.svg/150px-BookReader-favicon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BookReader-favicon.svg/225px-BookReader-favicon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BookReader-favicon.svg/300px-BookReader-favicon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="449" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究過程</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="研究設計" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Research design"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="研究設計 (無呢版)">研究設計</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_design" class="extiw" title="en:Research design"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Research design</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83%E6%9B%B8" title="研究計劃書">計劃書</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="定性研究">定性</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%87%8F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="定量研究">定量</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="研究問題">問題</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C" title="學術寫作">學術寫作</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0" title="文獻綜述">文獻綜述</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="參考文獻">參考文獻</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E6%96%87%E6%80%A7" title="互文性">互文性</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="論證">論證</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="方法學">方法研究</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="敘事分析">敘事分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AE%E6%A0%B9%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="紮根理論">紮根理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="批判理論">批判理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="史學方法">史學方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="解釋學">解釋學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藝術方法學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Art methodology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藝術方法學 (無呢版)">藝術方法學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_methodology" class="extiw" title="en:Art methodology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Art methodology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="實用主義">實用主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7" title="科學對照">對照</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="實驗設計">設計</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E7%B5%84%E5%90%8C%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%B5%84" title="實驗組同對照組">實驗組同對照組</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="隨機化實驗">隨機化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%90%E5%9B%A0%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="析因實驗">析因</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%B0%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實地實驗">實地</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="自然實驗">自然</a>實驗</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="盲實驗">盲實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="準實驗">準實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="二次研究">二次研究</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0" title="文獻綜述">文獻綜述</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0" title="系統綜述">系統綜述</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="元分析">元分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="文獻計量學">文獻計量學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="科學模型">科學模型</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC" title="模擬">模擬</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="檔案研究">檔案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="觀察研究">觀察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5" title="社會統計調查">社會調查</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F" title="考察">考察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E8%A9%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="面試研究">面談</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="內容分析">內容分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="對話分析">對話分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="主題分析">主題分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E6%A1%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="個案研究">個案</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">機構制度</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="大學">大學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2" title="研究院">研究院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%A9%E5%A3%AB" title="碩士">碩士</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="博士">博士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%85" title="學者">學者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%8A%A9%E7%90%86" title="研究助理">研究助理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="論文">論文</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87" title="博士論文">博士論文</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88" title="學術出版">出版</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="學術期刊">期刊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%90%8C%E5%84%95%E4%BA%92%E8%A9%95" title="學術同儕互評">同儕互評</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E7%A0%94%E8%A8%8E%E6%9C%83" title="學術研討會">研討會</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="先驗同後驗">先驗同後驗</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="哲學邏輯">哲學邏輯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形而上學">形而上學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="理性主義">理性主義</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="科學哲學">科學哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E4%BB%BD%E5%AD%90" title="知識份子">知識份子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">拉雜相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%BE%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="事後分析">事後分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%8C%96" title="量化">量化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="圖書館學">圖書館學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A1%A8" title="圖書館學詞彙表">詞彙表</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="科學運算">科學運算</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="百科全書">百科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AF%86" title="保密">保密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E7%89%99%E5%A1%94" title="象牙塔">象牙塔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%97%E5%98%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="諗嘢">諗嘢</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0" title="創新">創新</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%9B%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="教書哲學">教書哲學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Category:研究">研究類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="學習" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="Template:學習"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:學習 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="學習" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="孔子話齋：「學而時習之，不亦悅乎？」"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a>話齋：「學而時習之，不亦悅乎？」</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">基本<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>學習</b>可以泛指一個個體（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>或者第啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>都得）吸收<a class="mw-selflink selflink">知識</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD" title="技能">技能</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>嘅過程</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">行為學習</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E6%83%B3%E5%BC%8F%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="聯想式學習">聯想式</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84" title="古典制約">古典制約</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6%E7%B4%84" title="操作制約">操作制約</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96" title="行為強化">強化</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%87%B2%E7%BD%B0" title="行為懲罰">懲罰</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%98%E5%8D%B0" title="銘印">銘印</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="觀察學習">觀察學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97%E5%9E%8B%E5%A4%B1%E5%8A%A9" title="習得型失助">習得型失助</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">行為概念</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%81%AF%E6%83%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="非聯想性學習">非聯想式</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E6%85%A3%E5%8C%96" title="習慣化">習慣化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%8F%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="敏化作用">敏化作用</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E6%85%A3" title="習慣">習慣</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%A9" title="玩">玩</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="動機">動機</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">理論模型</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="學習曲線">學習曲線</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%BF%98%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="遺忘曲線">遺忘曲線</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="海伯理論">海伯理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E8%85%A6%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="貝葉斯腦假說">貝葉斯腦假說</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E8%AB%96" title="運算學習論">運算學習論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%94%B9%E8%AE%8A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="行為改變理論">行為改變理論</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">心智表徵</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="心靈模型">模型</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" title="感知">感知</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F%E5%8A%9B" title="注意力">注意力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="記憶">記憶</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%BF%98" title="遺忘">遺忘</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">知識</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%A1%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="外顯知識">外顯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%9A%B1%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="內隱知識">內隱</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E9%81%B7%E7%A7%BB" title="學習遷移">遷移</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="神經底質">神經</a>相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%98%85%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BA%95%E8%B3%AA" title="記憶嘅神經底質">記憶嘅神經底質</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E7%97%95%E8%B7%A1" title="記憶痕跡">記憶痕跡</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%8F%AF%E5%A1%91" title="神經可塑">神經可塑</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%AB%94" title="海馬體">海馬體</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8F%E4%BB%81%E6%A0%B8" title="杏仁核">杏仁核</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="前額皮層">前額皮層</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%92%E8%B3%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="犒賞系統">犒賞系統</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="教育學">教育</a>相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="主動學習">主動學習</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="被動學習">被動學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E5%BC%8F%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="混合式學習">混合式學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%AB%E9%B4%A8%E5%BC%8F%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="填鴨式教育">填鴨式教育</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%82%E8%BA%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="終身學習">終身學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%9B%8A%E9%9B%A3%E5%BA%A6" title="有益難度">有益難度</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="管理學">管理</a>相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="組織學習">組織學習</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E" title="知識傳遞">知識傳遞</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="知識管理">知識管理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E6%94%B6%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B" title="吸收能力">吸收能力</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">應用技術</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A8%93%E7%B7%B4" title="動物訓練">動物訓練</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="應用行為分析">應用行為分析</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="語言習得">語言習得</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="第二語言習得">SLA</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%BF%AB%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="強迫循環">強迫循環</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%9B%9E%E8%BC%B8" title="神經回輸">神經回輸</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="機械學習">機械學習</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="強化學習">RL</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightYellow;">相關領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="認知科學" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="行為主義">行為主義</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">AI</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="教育學">教育學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="教育心理學">教育心理學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="知識管理">知識管理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="精神醫學">精神醫學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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