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vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rare_earth_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rare_earth_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>List of rare earth elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_rare_earth_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geological_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geological distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_rare_earth_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_rare_earth_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Global rare earth production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_rare_earth_production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Global rare earth production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Global_rare_earth_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Outside China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Recycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geo-political_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geo-political_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Geo-political considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geo-political_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pricing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pricing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Pricing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pricing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rare earth element</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seldsame_aardelement" title="Seldsame aardelement – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Seldsame aardelement" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="عنصر أرضي نادر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنصر أرضي نادر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A7%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%BF_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8" title="Շուէտի հազուագիւտ հողերը – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շուէտի հազուագիւտ հողերը" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2" title="বিরল মৃত্তিকা মৌল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিরল মৃত্তিকা মৌল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Рэдказямельныя элементы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэдказямельныя элементы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Редкоземен елемент – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Редкоземен елемент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_rara" title="Terra rara – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terra rara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Çĕрти-сайра элементсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕрти-сайра элементсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vz%C3%A1cn%C3%A9_zeminy" title="Vzácné zeminy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vzácné zeminy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A6ldne_jordarter" title="Sjældne jordarter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sjældne jordarter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalle_der_Seltenen_Erden" title="Metalle der Seltenen Erden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metalle der Seltenen Erden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruldased_muldmetallid" title="Haruldased muldmetallid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Haruldased muldmetallid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Σπάνιες γαίες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπάνιες γαίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Rare-earth element" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierras_raras" title="Tierras raras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tierras raras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rara_tero" title="Rara tero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rara tero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lur_arraro" title="Lur arraro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lur arraro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="عناصر کمیاب زمین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عناصر کمیاب زمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_rare" title="Terre rare – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Terre rare" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAil_tearc-chr%C3%A9" title="Dúil tearc-chré – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúil tearc-chré" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%AC%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%98_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="희토류 원소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="희토류 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="दुर्लभ मृदा तत्व – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दुर्लभ मृदा तत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijetki_zemni_metali" title="Rijetki zemni metali – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rijetki zemni metali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_tanah_jarang" title="Logam tanah jarang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Logam tanah jarang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjaldg%C3%A6fur_jar%C3%B0m%C3%A1lmur" title="Sjaldgæfur jarðmálmur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjaldgæfur jarðmálmur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_rare" title="Terre rare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terre rare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יסודות נדירים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יסודות נדירים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ವಿರಳ ಭಸ್ಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿರಳ ಭಸ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%97_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="იშვიათ მიწათა ელემენტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იშვიათ მიწათა ელემენტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сирекжер элементтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сирекжер элементтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardhi_adimu" title="Ardhi adimu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ardhi adimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retieji_%C5%BEem%C4%97s_elementai" title="Retieji žemės elementai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Retieji žemės elementai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritkaf%C3%B6ldf%C3%A9mek" title="Ritkaföldfémek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ritkaföldfémek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="റെയർ എർത്ത് മൂലകങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെയർ എർത്ത് മൂലകങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_nadir_bumi" title="Unsur nadir bumi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unsur nadir bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4" title="Газрын ховор элементүүд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Газрын ховор элементүүд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="မြေရှားဒြပ်စင်များ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြေရှားဒြပ်စင်များ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeldzame_aarde" title="Zeldzame aarde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zeldzame aarde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%9C%9F%E9%A1%9E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="希土類元素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="希土類元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeldne_jordarter" title="Sjeldne jordarter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjeldne jordarter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeldne_jordartar" title="Sjeldne jordartar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjeldne jordartar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rra_rara" title="Tèrra rara – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tèrra rara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metale_ziem_rzadkich" title="Metale ziem rzadkich – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metale ziem rzadkich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra-rara" title="Terra-rara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terra-rara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nturi_rare" title="Pământuri rare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pământuri rare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Редкоземельные элементы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Редкоземельные элементы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rare-earth element" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kov_vz%C3%A1cnych_zem%C3%ADn" title="Kov vzácnych zemín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kov vzácnych zemín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijetki_zemni_metali" title="Rijetki zemni metali – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rijetki zemni metali" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvinaiset_maametallit" title="Harvinaiset maametallit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Harvinaiset maametallit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4llsynta_jordartsmetaller" title="Sällsynta jordartsmetaller – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sällsynta jordartsmetaller" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81" title="ธาตุหายาก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธาตุหายาก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_toprak_elementi" title="Nadir toprak elementi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nadir toprak elementi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рідкісноземельні елементи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рідкісноземельні елементи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%83_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="سىرەك توپا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سىرەك توپا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t_hi%E1%BA%BFm" title="Đất hiếm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đất hiếm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="稀土金属 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="稀土金属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F" title="稀土 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="稀土" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="稀土元素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="稀土元素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190444#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg/220px-RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg/330px-RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg/440px-RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Rare earth ore, shown with a United States penny for size comparison</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rareearthoxides.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rareearthoxides.jpg/220px-Rareearthoxides.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rareearthoxides.jpg/330px-Rareearthoxides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rareearthoxides.jpg/440px-Rareearthoxides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Clockwise from top center: <a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">samarium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rare earth elements</b> ("REEs") are a set of seventeen <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a>. They include the fifteen <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scandium and yttrium are rare earth elements since they are often found in the same <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> deposits as the lanthanides and have similar chemical properties. </p><p>Although they are called rare, rare earth elements are not extremely rare on Earth. <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a>, one of the lanthanides, is the 25th most common element in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>. They are called "rare" because they are spread very evenly over the Earth, so it is hard to find much in one place. Most rare earth elements are not found concentrated or in pure forms. <a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> is rare, because it is <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a>, and decays. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rare_earth_elements">List of rare earth elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: List of rare earth elements" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: List of rare earth elements"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a table of the seventeen rare earth elements, their atomic number and symbol, the origin of their names, and some of their uses. Some of the rare earths are named after the scientists who discovered them, and some are named based on where they were discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Z</a> </th> <th>Symbol </th> <th>Name </th> <th class="unsortable">Name Origin </th> <th class="unsortable">Selected applications </th></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>Sc </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td>from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, where the first rare earth ore was discovered. </td> <td>Light aluminium-scandium <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> is used for aerospace components. It is also an additive in certain lamps.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_ed89_elements_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_ed89_elements-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>39 </td> <td>Y </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td>after the village of Ytterby, Sweden, where it was discovered. </td> <td>Yttrium is found in certain lasers and TV <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphors</a>. It also has applications in high-temperature <a href="/wiki/Superconductor" title="Superconductor">superconductors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> filters.,<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_ed89_elements_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_ed89_elements-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> energy-efficient light bulbs<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>57 </td> <td>La </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td>from the Greek "lanthanein", meaning <i>to be hidden</i>. </td> <td>High <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> glass, flint, hydrogen storage, battery-electrodes, <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> lenses, fluid <a href="/wiki/Catalytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalytic">catalytic</a> cracking catalyst for oil refineries </td></tr> <tr> <td>58 </td> <td>Ce </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td>after the dwarf planet <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, named after the Roman goddess of agriculture. </td> <td>Chemical <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agent</a>, polishing powder, yellow colors in glass and ceramics, catalyst for self-cleaning <a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">ovens</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluid_catalytic_cracking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluid catalytic cracking (not yet started)">fluid catalytic cracking</a> catalyst for oil refineries, flints for lighters </td></tr> <tr> <td>59 </td> <td>Pr </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td>from the Greek "prasios", meaning <i>leek-green</i>, and "didymos", meaning <i>twin</i>. </td> <td>Rare-earth <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>, core material for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_arc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon arc (not yet started)">carbon arc</a> lighting, colorant, additive in glass used in <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a> <a href="/wiki/Goggles" title="Goggles">goggles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_ed89_elements_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_ed89_elements-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 </td> <td>Nd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td>from the Greek "neos", meaning <i>new</i>, and "didymos", meaning <i>twin</i>. </td> <td>Rare-earth magnets, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>, violet colors in glass and ceramics, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>61 </td> <td>Pm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td>after the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" title="Titan (mythology)">Titan</a> <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, who brought fire to mortals. </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_batteries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic batteries (not yet started)">Atomic batteries</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>62 </td> <td>Sm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td>after Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, who discovered the rare earth ore <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarskite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarskite (not yet started)">samarskite</a>. </td> <td>Rare-earth magnets, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>, </td></tr> <tr> <td>63 </td> <td>Eu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td>after the continent of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. </td> <td>Red and blue <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">mercury-vapor lamps</a>, </td></tr> <tr> <td>64 </td> <td>Gd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td>after <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Gadolin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Gadolin (not yet started)">Johan Gadolin</a> (1760–1852), to honor his investigation of rare earths. </td> <td>Rare-earth magnets, high refractive index glass or <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> tubes, <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">computer memories</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron_capture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutron capture (not yet started)">neutron capture</a>, <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> contrast agents |- </td></tr> <tr> <td>65 </td> <td>Tb </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td>after the village of Ytterby, Sweden. </td> <td>Green phosphors, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorescent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorescent (not yet started)">fluorescent</a> <a href="/wiki/Lamp" title="Lamp">lamps</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>66 </td> <td>Dy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td>from the Greek "dysprositos", meaning <i>hard to get</i>. </td> <td>Rare-earth magnets, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>67 </td> <td>Ho </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td>after <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> (in Latin, "Holmia"), native city of one of its discoverers. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Lasers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>68 </td> <td>Er </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td>after the village of Ytterby, Sweden. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Lasers</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium_steel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium steel (not yet started)">vanadium steel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>69 </td> <td>Tm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td>after the mythological northern land of <a href="/wiki/Thule" title="Thule">Thule</a>. </td> <td>Portable <a href="/w/index.php?title=X-ray_machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X-ray machine (not yet started)">X-ray machines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>70 </td> <td>Yb </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td>after the village of Ytterby, Sweden. </td> <td>Infrared <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>, chemical <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>71 </td> <td>Lu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td>after <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetia (not yet started)">Lutetia</a>, the city which later became <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. </td> <td>Medical devices, high refractive index glass </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Origin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Origin"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rare earth elements are heavier than <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. They are made by <a href="/wiki/Supernovae" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernovae">supernovae</a> (exploding stars). In nature, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fission (not yet started)">fission</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium-238&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranium-238 (not yet started)">uranium-238</a> creates very small amounts of radioactive <a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">promethium</a>. Most promethium is <a href="/wiki/Synthetic" class="mw-disambig" title="Synthetic">synthetically</a> created in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>. </p><p>Rare earth elements change through time in small quantities (ppm, parts per million). Their proportion can be used for <a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">geologic dating</a> and dating <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geological_distribution">Geological distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Geological distribution" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Geological distribution"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rare earth elements are often found together. The longest-lived <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> of promethium has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life_(element)" title="Half-life (element)">half life</a> of 17.7 years. Because of this, the element exists in nature in only very small amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promethium is one of the two elements that do not have stable (non-radioactive) isotopes and are followed by stable elements (the other being <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a>). </p><p>Because all lanthanides are close in size, the rare earth elements have always been hard to separate. Even with <a href="/wiki/Eon" title="Eon">eons</a> of geological time, separation of the lanthanides in nature has only rarely gone farther than the separation between light versus heavy lanthanides, otherwise known as the cerium and yttrium earths. This <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geochemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geochemistry (not yet started)">geochemical</a> separation is shown in the first two rare earths that were discovered. These were <i>yttria</i> in 1794 and <i>ceria</i> in 1803. When first found, each was a mixture of all of the rare earths. Large ore bodies of the cerium earths can be found around the world and are being <a href="/wiki/Exploitation" title="Exploitation">exploited</a>. Ore bodies for yttrium are rarer. Also, they are usually smaller and less concentrated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_rare_earth_production">Global rare earth production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Global rare earth production" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Global rare earth production"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rareearth_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rareearth_production.svg/400px-Rareearth_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rareearth_production.svg/600px-Rareearth_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rareearth_production.svg/800px-Rareearth_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>Global production 1950–2000</figcaption></figure> <p>Until 1948, most of the world's rare earths came from <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> deposits in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose60_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose60-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mined</a> most of the world's rare earths. This happened after large veins of a rare earth bearing <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> were found there.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose60_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose60-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the 1960s until the 1980s, a mine in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> was the leading producer. Today, the Indian and South African deposits still make some rare earth concentrates, but they are very small compared to the amount being produced in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. China produces over 95% of the world's rare earth supply. Most of this has been done in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Haxel02_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haxel02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wikinvest_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wikinvest-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though it had only 37% of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proven_reserves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proven reserves (not yet started)">proven reserves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These numbers have since been lowered to 90% of global production and a proven reserve rate of only 23% by 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the world's heavy rare earths (such as <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a>) come from Chinese rare earth sources such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymetal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polymetal (not yet started)">polymetallic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayan_Obo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayan Obo (not yet started)">Bayan Obo</a> deposit.<sup id="cite_ref-Wikinvest_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wikinvest-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS) released a study which said the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> had 13 million metric tons of rare earth elements.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New demand for these elements is higher than the supply of them. The world may soon face a shortage of the rare earths.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In several years from 2009, worldwide demand for rare earth elements is expected to be more than the supply by 40,000 tonnes each year unless new sources are developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: China" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: China"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These concerns have gotten larger because of the actions of China.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has said it will put <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">regulations</a> on <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">exports</a> and work to stop <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Livergood2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livergood2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 1, 2009, China said it is going to lower its exports to 35,000 tons per year in 2010–2015. China said that this was done to <a href="/wiki/Conservation" class="mw-disambig" title="Conservation">conserve</a> rare resources and protect the <a href="/wiki/Environment" title="Environment">environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 19, 2010 <i><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></i> reported that China will "further reduce quotas for rare earth exports by 30 percent at most next year to protect the precious metals from over-exploitation".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 2010 China said that the first round of exports in 2011 for rare earths would be 14,446 tons. This was a 35% decrease from the first round of exports in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2011 China said it was stopping production at three of its eight rare earth mines. These mines produced almost 40% of China's total rare earth production.<sup id="cite_ref-ReutersSept611_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersSept611-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2012, China said there would be another 20% reduction in production.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_China">Outside China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Outside China" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Outside China"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the increased demand and the restrictions on exports of the metals from China, some countries are stockpiling rare earth resources.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Searches for new sources in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are taking place.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mines in these countries were closed when China undercut world prices in the 1990s. It will take a few years to restart production.<sup id="cite_ref-Livergood2010_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livergood2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At present <a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a> in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> is the world's largest source of rare earths.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> has urged the <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> protectorate Greenland to restrict Chinese development of rare-earth projects there, as China accounts for 95 percent of the world’s current supply. As of early 2013, the government of Greenland has said that it has no plans to impose such restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear reactors</a> are another possible source of rare earth or any other elements. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Nuclear fission</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> creates a many elements as well as all their <a href="/wiki/Isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopes">isotopes</a>. However, it is not likely that creating them can be done safely and <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">economically</a> because of the radioactivity of many of these isotopes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recycling">Recycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Recycling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Recycling"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another source of rare earths is <a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">electronic waste</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">wastes</a> that have a large amount of rare earth components. New advances in <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling technology</a> have made getting the rare earths from these ores easier to do. Recycling plants are currently operating in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, where there is about 300,000 tons of rare earths in unused <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhodia (not yet started)">Rhodia</a> group is setting up two <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factories</a> in <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Fons" title="Saint-Fons">Saint-Fons</a>. These factories will produce 200 tons a year of rare earths from used <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battery" title="Battery">batteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Usage" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Usage"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main usage seems to be for the kind of batteries and magnets used in high-tech apparatus. For the ordinary person, the most common use is in personal phones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_2">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Origin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Origin"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, there is only one source in the universe which makes these elements. Their source is the <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a> which in their nova stage have run through the earlier elements. Some are quite common on Earth: <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a> is the 25th most abundant element on Earth, and is more abundant than <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>. It is just that it is too scattered to be easily exploited. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> is one of four rare earth elements which were found in the village of Ytterby in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geo-political_considerations">Geo-political considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Geo-political considerations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Geo-political considerations"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China has said that resource depletion and environmental concerns are the reasons for increased nationwide control of its rare earth mineral production.<sup id="cite_ref-ReutersSept611_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersSept611-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-environmental reasons have also been suggested to explain China's rare earth policy.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, "Slashing their exports of rare-earth metals... is all about moving Chinese manufacturers up the supply chain, so they can sell valuable finished goods to the world rather than lowly raw materials."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> in its 2010 Critical Materials Strategy report identified <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a> as the element that was most critical in terms of import reliance.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2011 report issued by the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Department of the Interior, “China’s Rare-Earth Industry," deals with <a href="/wiki/Industry" title="Industry">industry</a> trends in China. It looks at national policies that may guide the future of the country's production. The report says that China’s lead in the production of rare-earth minerals has grown over the past two <a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">decades</a>. In 1990, China accounted for only 27% of such minerals. In 2009, world production was 132,000 metric tons. China produced 129,000 of those tons. According to the report, recent patterns suggest that China will slow the export of such materials to the world: “Owing to the increase in domestic demand, the Government has gradually reduced the export quota during the past several years.” In 2006, China allowed 47 domestic rare-earth producers and traders and 12 Sino-foreign rare-earth producers to export. By 2011, there were only 22 domestic rare-earth producers and traders and 9 Sino-foreign rare-earth producers. The <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>’s future policies will likely keep in place strict controls: “According to China’s draft rare-earth development plan, annual rare-earth production may be limited to between 130,000 and 140,000 [metric tons] during the period from 2009 to 2015. The export quota for rare-earth products may be about 35,000 [metric tons] and the Government may allow 20 domestic rare-earth producers and traders to export rare earths.”<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States Geological Survey [was] searching southern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> for rare earth deposits under the protection of United States <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> forces. </p><p><br /> Since 2009, the USGS has done remote surveys as well as fieldwork to verify <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">Soviet</a> claims that <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> rocks containing rare earth metals exist in Helmand province near the village of Khanneshin. The USGS has found an area of rocks in the center of an extinct volcano with light rare earth elements including cerium and neodymium. It has mapped 1.3 million metric tons of useful rock. This is about 10 years of supply at current demand levels. <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> has estimated its value at about $7.4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pricing">Pricing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Pricing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Pricing"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rare earth elements are not exchange-traded in the same way that <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious</a> (for instance, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>) or non-ferrous metals (such as <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>) are. Instead, they are sold on the private market. This makes their prices hard to monitor and track. However, prices <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://mineralprices.com/default.aspx#Rare">[1]</a> are published periodically <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910145733/http://www.mineralprices.com/default.aspx#Rare">Archived</a> 2012-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> such as mineralprices.com.<sup id="cite_ref-mineralprices.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mineralprices.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 17 elements are not usually sold in their pure form. They are usually <a href="/wiki/Distribution" class="mw-disambig" title="Distribution">distributed</a> in mixtures of varying purity, e.g. "Neodymium metal ≥ 99.5%".<sup id="cite_ref-mineralprices.com_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mineralprices.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of this, pricing can vary based on the quantity and quality required by the end user. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422064729/http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/jun05/d115-1.htm">"News and events"</a>. US Department of Agriculture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/jun05/d115-1.htm">the original</a> on 2012-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+and+events&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fis%2Fgraphics%2Fphotos%2Fjun05%2Fd115-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly_N.G.2005" class="citation book cs1">Connelly N.G., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527204340/http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf"><i>Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry: IUPAC recommendations 2005</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge: RSC Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85404-438-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85404-438-8"><bdi>0-85404-438-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+inorganic+chemistry%3A+IUPAC+recommendations+2005&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=RSC+Publ.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-85404-438-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Frbook%2FRed_Book_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cotton, Simon 2006. <i>Lanthanide and Actinide chemistry</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470010068" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-470-01006-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC_ed89_elements-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_ed89_elements_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_ed89_elements_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_ed89_elements_4-2">4.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">C.R. Hammond, "Section 4; The Elements", in <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 89th edition (internet version 2009), David R. Lide, ed. CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thinkglobalgreen.org/rare-earthmetals.html">Energy-efficient light bulbs containing yttrium</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBelli_P.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Belli P.; et al. (2007). "Search for α decay of natural Europium". <i>Nuclear Physics A</i>. <b>789</b> (1–4): 15–29. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NuPhA.789...15B">2007NuPhA.789...15B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2007.03.001">10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.03.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+A&rft.atitle=Search+for+%CE%B1+decay+of+natural+Europium&rft.volume=789&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=15-29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2007.03.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007NuPhA.789...15B&rft.au=Belli+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose60-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rose60_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Rose60_7-1">7.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Rose E.R. 1960. <i>Rare Earths of the Grenville Sub‐Province Ontatio and Quebec</i>. GSC Report Number 59‐10. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada Department of Mines and Technical Surveys.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haxel02-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Haxel02_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs087-02/fs087-02.pdf">"Haxel G, Hedrick J, Orris J. 2006. Rare earth elements critical resources for high technology. Reston (VA): United States Geological Survey. USGS Fact Sheet: 087-02"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haxel+G%2C+Hedrick+J%2C+Orris+J.+2006.+Rare+earth+elements+critical+resources+for+high+technology.+Reston+%28VA%29%3A+United+States+Geological+Survey.+USGS+Fact+Sheet%3A+087-02.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Ffs%2F2002%2Ffs087-02%2Ffs087-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wikinvest-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wikinvest_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wikinvest_9-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Interwiki_map/discontinued#Wikinvest" class="extiw" title="wikinvest:China's Rare Earth Dominance">China's rare earth dominance</a>, Wikinvest. Retrieved on 11 Aug 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_10-1">10.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBradsher,_Keith2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Bradsher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Bradsher (not yet started)">Bradsher, Keith</a> (October 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/30/business/global/30rare.html">"After China's rare earth embargo, a new calculus"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=After+China%27s+rare+earth+embargo%2C+a+new+calculus&rft.date=2010-10-29&rft.au=Bradsher%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F10%2F30%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2F30rare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18516461">China warns its rare earth reserves are declining</a> BBC News June 20, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chao E.C.T.<i>et al</i> 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2143/">"Sedimentary carbonate‐hosted giant Bayan Obo REE‐Fe‐Nb ore deposit of Inner Mongolia, China; a cornerstone example for giant polymetallic ore deposits of hydrothermal origin"</a>. United States Geological Survey Publications Warehouse.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">USGS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2642&from=rss_home">Rare Earth elements in U.S. not so rare: significant deposits found in 14 States</a>. U.S. Department of the Interior. Full report: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5220/">The principal rare earth elements deposits of the United States—A summary of domestic deposits and a global perspective</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theanchorhouse.com">"Cox C. 2008. Rare earth innovation. Herndon (VA): The Anchor House Inc;"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cox+C.+2008.+Rare+earth+innovation.+Herndon+%28VA%29%3A+The+Anchor+House+Inc%3B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheanchorhouse.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE57U02B20090831">"As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms"</a>. Reuters. August 31, 2009. Retrieved Aug 31, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137602/damien-ma/china-digs-it">How Beijing cornered the Rare Earths market</a> April 25, 2012 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign Affairs (not yet started)">Foreign Affairs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livergood2010-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Livergood2010_17-0">17.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Livergood2010_17-1">17.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLivergood_R.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Livergood R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110212024126/http://csis.org/files/publication/101005_DIIG_Current_Issues_no22_Rare_earth_elements.pdf">"Rare Earth elements: a wrench in the supply chain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csis.org/files/publication/101005_DIIG_Current_Issues_no22_Rare_earth_elements.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rare+Earth+elements%3A+a+wrench+in+the+supply+chain&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Livergood+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsis.org%2Ffiles%2Fpublication%2F101005_DIIG_Current_Issues_no22_Rare_earth_elements.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manufacturing.net/article.aspx?id=215574">China To Limit Rare Earths Exports</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726201410/http://www.manufacturing.net/article.aspx?id=215574">Archived</a> 2011-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Manufacturing.net, 1 September 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/677-e2-wire/124853-china-to-cut-exports-of-rare-earth-minerals-vital-to-energy-tech">China to cut exports of rare earth minerals vital to energy tech"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101021053554/http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/677-e2-wire/124853-china-to-cut-exports-of-rare-earth-minerals-vital-to-energy-tech">Archived</a> 2010-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> thehill.com, 19 Oct. 2009. Retrieved 2010-10-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thechinaperspective.com/articles/china039srareearthexportssurgeinvalue8111/index.html">China's rare earth exports surge in value"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110213042905/http://thechinaperspective.com/articles/china039srareearthexportssurgeinvalue8111/index.html">Archived</a> 2011-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> thechinaperspective.com, January 19. 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReutersSept611-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReutersSept611_21-0">21.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ReutersSept611_21-1">21.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318074352/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/06/china-rare-earth-idUSL3E7K620P20110906"><i>China halts rare earth production at three mines</i></a>, Reuters, 2011-09-06, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/06/china-rare-earth-idUSL3E7K620P20110906">the original</a> on 2012-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+halts+rare+earth+production+at+three+mines&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F09%2F06%2Fchina-rare-earth-idUSL3E7K620P20110906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/08/business/china-rare-earth/index.html?section=money_news_international">CNN <i>China cuts mines vital to tech industry</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.financialpost.com/2011/09/06/eu-stockpiles-rare-earths-as-tensions-with-china-rise/">"EU stockpiles rare earths as tensions with china rise"</a>, <i>Financial Post</i>, 6 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Post&rft.atitle=EU+stockpiles+rare+earths+as+tensions+with+china+rise&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2F2011%2F09%2F06%2Feu-stockpiles-rare-earths-as-tensions-with-china-rise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/business/global/10mineral.html?scp=10&sq=brazil&st=nyt">"Canadian firms step up search for rare-earth metals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 2009-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Canadian+firms+step+up+search+for+rare-earth+metals&rft.date=2009-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F09%2F10%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2F10mineral.html%3Fscp%3D10%26sq%3Dbrazil%26st%3Dnyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">New evidence shows massive and rapid expansion of illicit rare earths industry in Myanmar, fuelling human rights abuses, environmental destruction and funding military-linked militias. <i>Global Witness</i>. 2022-08-09. Retrieved 2023-03-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-02-10/chinese-workers-in-greenland"><i>Chinese Workers—in Greenland?</i></a> February 10, 2013 <i>BusinessWeek</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tabuchi, Hiroko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/">business/global/05recycle.html Japan recycles minerals from used electronics</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. October 5, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhodia press release <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.rhodia.com/en/news_center/news_releases/Recycle_rare_earths_031011.tcm">http://www.rhodia.com/en/news_center/news_releases/Recycle_rare_earths_031011.tcm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140421050640/http://www.rhodia.com/en/news_center/news_releases/Recycle_rare_earths_031011.tcm">Archived</a> 2014-04-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.recyclinginternational.com/recycling-news/3948/e-waste-and-batteries/france/rhodia-expands-rare-earth-recycling-reach">"Rhodia expands rare earth recycling reach • Recycling International"</a>. 11 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rhodia+expands+rare+earth+recycling+reach+%E2%80%A2+Recycling+International&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.recyclinginternational.com%2Frecycling-news%2F3948%2Fe-waste-and-batteries%2Ffrance%2Frhodia-expands-rare-earth-recycling-reach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2010/09/rare-earth_metals">"The Difference Engine: More precious than gold"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> September 17, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, Mark P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.forbes.com/markpmills">/2011/01/01/techs-mineral-infrastructure-time-to-emulate-chinas-rare-earth-policies/ "Tech's Mineral Infrastructure – Time toeEmulate China's rare earth policies."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>, 1 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/international/usgs-china-rare-earth-industry/">"U.S. Geological Survey: China's Rare-Earth Industry"</a>. Journalist's Resource.org. 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey%3A+China%27s+Rare-Earth+Industry&rft.pub=Journalist%27s+Resource.org&rft.date=2011-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalistsresource.org%2Fstudies%2Fgovernment%2Finternational%2Fusgs-china-rare-earth-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, S.: Afghanistan's buried riches, "Scientific American", October 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mineralprices.com-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mineralprices.com_34-0">34.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mineralprices.com_34-1">34.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mineralprices.com/default.aspx#Rare">Price list on mineralprices.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910145733/http://www.mineralprices.com/default.aspx#Rare">Archived</a> 2012-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rare_earth_elements" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rare earth elements"><span style="">Rare earth elements</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTabuchi2010" class="citation news cs1">Tabuchi, Hiroko (5 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/business/global/05recycle.html">"Japan recycles rare earth minerals from used electronics"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Japan+recycles+rare+earth+minerals+from+used+electronics&rft.date=2010-10-05&rft.aulast=Tabuchi&rft.aufirst=Hiroko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F10%2F05%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2F05recycle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKan2010" class="citation web cs1">Kan, Michael (7 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027081058/http://pcworld.co.nz/pcworld/pcw.nsf/news/common-gadgets-may-be-affected-by-shortage-of-rare-earths">"Common gadgets may be affected by shortage of rare earths"</a>. New Zealand PC World Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcworld.co.nz/pcworld/pcw.nsf/news/common-gadgets-may-be-affected-by-shortage-of-rare-earths">the original</a> on 27 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+gadgets+may+be+affected+by+shortage+of+rare+earths&rft.pub=New+Zealand+PC+World+Magazine&rft.date=2010-10-07&rft.aulast=Kan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcworld.co.nz%2Fpcworld%2Fpcw.nsf%2Fnews%2Fcommon-gadgets-may-be-affected-by-shortage-of-rare-earths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAuslin2010" class="citation news cs1">Auslin, Michael (13 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703440004575549061903720950.html?mod=googlenews_wsj">"Japan's rare-earth jolt"</a>. Wall Street Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+rare-earth+jolt&rft.date=2010-10-13&rft.aulast=Auslin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748703440004575549061903720950.html%3Fmod%3Dgooglenews_wsj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFAston2010" class="citation web cs1">Aston, Adam (15 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/26538/?p1=Headlines">"China's rare-earth monopoly"</a>. Technology Review (MIT)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+rare-earth+monopoly&rft.pub=Technology+Review+%28MIT%29&rft.date=2010-10-15&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fenergy%2F26538%2F%3Fp1%3DHeadlines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHurst2010" class="citation web cs1">Hurst, Cindy (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101011190324/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/rareearth.pdf">"China's rare earth elements industry: what can the West learn?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute for the Analysis of Global Security (IAGS). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+rare+earth+elements+industry%3A+what+can+the+West+learn%3F&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Analysis+of+Global+Security+%28IAGS%29&rft.date=2010-03&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=Cindy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffmso.leavenworth.army.mil%2Fdocuments%2Frareearth.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipmd.net/news/001111.html">"Rare earth industry develops outside of China"</a>. <i>ipmd.net</i>. 8 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ipmd.net&rft.atitle=Rare+earth+industry+develops+outside+of+China&rft.date=2011-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipmd.net%2Fnews%2F001111.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ARare+earth+element" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13777439">Rare earths mining: China's 21st Century gold rush</a>, BBC News June 2010 infographic examining China's role in the rare earths market.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox) (not yet started)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block">H</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block">He</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block">B</span></a></span> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block">C</span></a></span> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block">N</span></a></span> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><span style="display:block">O</span></a></span> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><span style="display:block">F</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a></span> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus"><span style="display:block">P</span></a></span> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block">S</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block">K</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a></span> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block">V</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a></span> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block">As</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block">In</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a></span> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block">I</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a></span> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block">La</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="<span class=" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block"><span class="nowrap">Pm</span></span></a></span> </td> <td title="<span class=" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block"><span class="nowrap">Sm</span></span></a></span> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a></span> </td> <td title="<span class=" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block"><span class="nowrap">Tm</span></span></a></span> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a></span> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block">W</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a></span> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block">At</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a></span> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block">U</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="<span class=" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium"><span style="display:block"><span class="nowrap">Am</span></span></a></span> </td> <td title="<span class=" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"><span style="display:block"><span class="nowrap">Cm</span></span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a></span> </td> <td title="<span class=" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block"><span class="nowrap">Fm</span></span></a></span> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a></span> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block">No</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span 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class="new" title="Periodic table (large version) (not yet started)">Large table</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(wide)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periodic table (wide) (not yet started)">Inline f-block</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(vertical)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periodic table (vertical) (not yet started)">Vertical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(text_only)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periodic table (text only) (not yet started)">Text only</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(metals_and_nonmetals)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periodic table (metals and nonmetals) (not yet started)">Metals and nonmetals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)#Maximum_valences_of_the_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence 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href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periodic table (crystal structure) (not yet started)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Periodic_table_(discovery_periods)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Periodic table (discovery periods) (not yet started)">Discovery periods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements" title="List of elements">List of elements</a> by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of chemical element name etymologies (not yet started)">Name etymology</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_symbol" title="List of elements by symbol">symbol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_chemical_elements_discoveries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of chemical elements discoveries (not yet started)">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abundance of the chemical elements (not yet started)">Abundance</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_makeup_of_the_human_body&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical makeup of the human body (not yet started)">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes (not yet started)">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of elements by atomic properties (not yet started)">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_world_production_chemical_elements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of world production chemical elements (not yet started)">Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datasheet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datasheet (not yet started)">Data pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Electron configurations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Densities of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Densities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_affinity_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electron affinity (data page) (not yet started)">Electron affinities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melting points of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Melting points</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Boiling points</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Critical points of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Critical points</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Heats of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Heats of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Heat capacities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Vapor pressures</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Pauling electronegativities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Ionization energies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Atomic radii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Electrical resistivities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Thermal conductivities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_expansion_coefficients_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermal expansion coefficients of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Thermal expansion coefficients</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speeds of sound of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Speeds of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Elastic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Hardnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abundances of the elements (data page) (not yet started)">Abundances</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of oxidation states of the elements (not yet started)">Oxidation states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1 (Alkali metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Boron group)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon group">14 (Carbon group)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen group">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collective_names_of_groups_of_like_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective names of groups of like elements">Other element categories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superactinide" title="Superactinide">Superactinides</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rare earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platinum_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platinum group (not yet started)">Platinum group metals</a> (PGMs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refractory_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Refractory metal (not yet started)">Refractory metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table block">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-block" title="S-block">s-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-block" title="D-block">d-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-block&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-block (not yet started)">g-block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_8_element" title="Period 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Period_9_element&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Period 9 element (not yet started)">9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Period_10_element&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Period 10 element (not yet started)">10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category:Periodic table</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&oldid=9858583">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rare_earth_element&oldid=9858583</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a 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