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<span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regional districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Indigenous territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Health regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Natural threats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Natural_threats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Natural threats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Natural_threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flooding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flooding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Flooding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flooding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earthquakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthquakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Earthquakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Volcanoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Communities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upper_Fraser_Valley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_Fraser_Valley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Upper Fraser Valley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_Fraser_Valley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Fraser_Valley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Fraser_Valley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Central Fraser Valley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Fraser_Valley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_Fraser_Valley_/_Metro_Vancouver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_Fraser_Valley_/_Metro_Vancouver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Lower Fraser Valley / Metro Vancouver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_Fraser_Valley_/_Metro_Vancouver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lower Mainland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lower Mainland" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lower Mainland" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lower Mainland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lower Mainland" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malalta_%C4%88eflando" title="Malalta Ĉeflando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malalta Ĉeflando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="لوئر مین‌لند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئر مین‌لند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basses-terres_continentales" title="Basses-terres continentales – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Basses-terres continentales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legere_F%C3%AAstel%C3%A2n" title="Legere Fêstelân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Legere Fêstelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lower Mainland" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="היבשה התחתית (קולומביה הבריטית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היבשה התחתית (קולומביה הבריטית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lower Mainland" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%80-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Лоуэр-Мейнленд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лоуэр-Мейнленд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lower Mainland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lower Mainland" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Лоуер-Мейнленд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лоуер-Мейнленд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E9%99%B8%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="低陸平原 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="低陸平原" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q206489#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lower_Mainland&params=49_05_00_N_122_21_00_W_region:CA-BC_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°05′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°21′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.08333°N 122.35000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.08333; -122.35000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in British Columbia, Canada</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Lower Mainland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Region</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Mainland_of_British_Columbia,_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Core area of the Lower Mainland"><img alt="Core area of the Lower Mainland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lower_Mainland_of_British_Columbia%2C_2012.jpg/300px-Lower_Mainland_of_British_Columbia%2C_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lower_Mainland_of_British_Columbia%2C_2012.jpg/450px-Lower_Mainland_of_British_Columbia%2C_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lower_Mainland_of_British_Columbia%2C_2012.jpg/600px-Lower_Mainland_of_British_Columbia%2C_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Core area of the Lower Mainland</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lower_Mainland&params=49_05_00_N_122_21_00_W_region:CA-BC_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°05′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°21′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.08333°N 122.35000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.08333; -122.35000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Province</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast" title="British Columbia Coast">British Columbia Coast</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">36,303.31 km<sup>2</sup> (14,016.79 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Extended area</th><td class="infobox-data">31,368.24 km<sup>2</sup> (12,111.35 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Core area</th><td class="infobox-data">4,935.07 km<sup>2</sup> (1,905.44 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,049,496<sup id="cite_ref-population2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021census_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">84.1/km<sup>2</sup> (218/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Core area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,924,685<sup id="cite_ref-population_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021censusB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021censusC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Extended area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">124,811</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9208:00" title="UTC−08:00">UTC−08:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">PST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9207:00" title="UTC−07:00">UTC−07:00</a> (PDT)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code prefixes</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/List_of_V_postal_codes_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of V postal codes of Canada">V</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_236" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 236">236</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_code_604" title="Area code 604">604</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_code_672" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 672">672</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_code_778" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 778">778</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Lower Mainland</b> is a geographic and cultural region of the mainland <a href="/wiki/Coast_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast of British Columbia">coast of British Columbia</a> that generally comprises the <a href="/wiki/Regional_district" title="Regional district">regional districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Metro_Vancouver_Regional_District" title="Metro Vancouver Regional District">Metro Vancouver</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley_Regional_District" title="Fraser Valley Regional District">Fraser Valley</a>. Home to approximately 3.05<span class="nowrap"> </span>million people as of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-population2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Lower Mainland contains sixteen of the province's 30 most populous municipalities and approximately 60% of the province's total population.<sup id="cite_ref-2021census_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region was historically occupied by the <a href="/wiki/St%C3%B3%EA%9E%89l%C5%8D" title="Stó꞉lō">Sto:lo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a>-speaking people of the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish" title="Coast Salish">Coast Salish</a> linguistic and cultural grouping. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the term <i>Lower Mainland</i> has been recorded from the earliest period of colonization in British Columbia, it has never been officially defined in legal terms. The term has historically been in popular usage for over a century to describe a region that extends from <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Bay,_West_Vancouver" title="Horseshoe Bay, West Vancouver">Horseshoe Bay</a> south to the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a> and east to <a href="/wiki/Hope,_British_Columbia" title="Hope, British Columbia">Hope</a> at the eastern end of the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley" title="Fraser Valley">Fraser Valley</a>. This definition makes the term <i>Lower Mainland</i> almost synonymous with the <a href="/wiki/Regional_district" title="Regional district">regional districts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Metro_Vancouver_Regional_District" title="Metro Vancouver Regional District">Metro Vancouver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley_Regional_District" title="Fraser Valley Regional District">Fraser Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Geographical_Names_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia Geographical Names Information System">British Columbia Geographical Names Information System</a> (BCGNIS) comments that most residents of Vancouver might consider it to be only areas west of <a href="/wiki/Mission,_British_Columbia" title="Mission, British Columbia">Mission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia" title="Abbotsford, British Columbia">Abbotsford</a>, while residents in the rest of the province consider it to be the <a href="/wiki/Sea-to-Sky_Corridor" title="Sea-to-Sky Corridor">Sea-to-Sky Corridor</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Whistler,_British_Columbia" title="Whistler, British Columbia">Whistler</a> and west of <a href="/wiki/Hope,_British_Columbia" title="Hope, British Columbia">Hope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mainland_Ecoregion" title="Lower Mainland Ecoregion">Lower Mainland Ecoregion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puget_lowland_forests" title="Puget lowland forests">Puget lowland forests</a></div> <p>The region is bounded to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ranges" title="Pacific Ranges">Pacific Ranges</a> and to the southeast by the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Mountains</a>, and is traversed from east to west by the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a>. Due to its consistency of <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (plants)">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna_(animals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna (animals)">fauna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a>, "Lower Mainland" is also the name of an <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>—a biogeoclimatic region—that comprises the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Depression" title="Georgia Depression">Georgia Depression</a> and extends from Powell River on the <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunshine Coast, British Columbia">Sunshine Coast</a> to Hope at the eastern end of the Fraser Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-EC196_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EC196-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the mildest climates in Canada, the region has a mean annual temperature of 9 °C (48 °F) with a summer mean of 15 °C (59 °F) and a winter mean of 3.5 °C (38.3 °F). Annual precipitation ranges from an annual mean of 850 millimetres (33 in) in the west end to 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in the eastern end of the Fraser Valley and at higher elevations. Maximum precipitation occurs as rain in winter. Less than ten percent falls as snow at sea level but the amount of snowfall increases significantly with elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-EC196_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EC196-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Core area<sup id="cite_ref-population_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> population history</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,121,018</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,309,560</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1986</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,491,580</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,733,761</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> <a href="/wiki/Canada_1996_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 1996 Census">1996</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,054,062</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+18.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> <a href="/wiki/Canada_2001_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2001 Census">2001</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,224,515</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> <a href="/wiki/Canada_2006_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2006 Census">2006</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,373,612</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> <a href="/wiki/Canada_2011_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2011 Census">2011</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,590,921</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> <a href="/wiki/Canada_2016_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 Census">2016</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,759,365</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> <a href="/wiki/Canada_2016_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 Census">2021</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,966,830</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.5%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left"><i>Source: <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-2021censusB_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021censusC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2016censusB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016censusB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2016censusC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016censusC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2011censusD_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011censusD-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2011censusF_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011censusF-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2006censusB_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006censusB-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2006censusC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006censusC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2001censusB_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001censusB-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2001censusC_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001censusC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the 2021 census, the population of the Lower Mainland core area totals 2,966,830: </p> <ul><li>2,642,825 in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Vancouver_Regional_District" title="Metro Vancouver Regional District">Metro Vancouver Regional District</a><sup id="cite_ref-2021censusB_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>324,005 in the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley_Regional_District" title="Fraser Valley Regional District">Fraser Valley Regional District</a><sup id="cite_ref-2021censusC_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These figures are slightly inflated due to the inclusion of areas within the regional districts which are not normally considered to be part of the Lower Mainland, notably the lower <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon" title="Fraser Canyon">Fraser Canyon</a> and the heads of <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Lake" title="Harrison Lake">Harrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitt_Lake" title="Pitt Lake">Pitt Lakes</a>, which are within the FVRD, and <a href="/wiki/Lions_Bay" title="Lions Bay">Lions Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bowen_Island" title="Bowen Island">Bowen Island</a>, which are within the Metro Vancouver Regional District. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 693.2662291025px; border-left-color:black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 409.71921062978px; border-left-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 268.71961905158px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 165.27582712324px; border-left-color:darkgreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkgreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkgreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 110.4549760467px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 41.053772886847px; border-left-color:#804000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#804000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#804000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:86.832003713511px 49.600434787377px 0 0; border-top-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 362.84981543241px 100px 0; border-right-color:white"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:white"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnic</a> breakdown of the Lower Mainland (<a href="/wiki/Canada_2021_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2021 Census">2021 census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusB_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021censusC_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> European<sup id="cite_ref-euro_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euro-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (45.72%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> East Asian<sup id="cite_ref-EastAsian_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastAsian-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (21.02%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#804000; color:white;"> </span> South Asian (14.46%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> Southeast Asian<sup id="cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoutheastAsian-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (7.09%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkgreen; color:white;"> </span> Middle Eastern<sup id="cite_ref-MiddleEastern_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MiddleEastern-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (3.05%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous</a> (2.99%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:brown; color:white;"> </span> Latin American (1.86%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span> African (1.53%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> Other<sup id="cite_ref-Other_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Other-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2.32%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>The Lower Mainland is among the most <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">multicultural</a> and diverse regions in Canada. </p><p>As of 2021, Europeans form a plurality with 1,337,105 persons or 45.7 percent of the total population, followed by East Asians with 614,860 persons or 21.0 percent and South Asians with 422,880 persons or 14.5 percent. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnic</a> groups in the Lower Mainland (2001−2021) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnic</a><br />group </th> <th colspan="2">2021<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusB_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021censusC_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2016<sup id="cite_ref-2016censusB_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016censusB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2016censusC_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016censusC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-2011censusD_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011censusD-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2011censusF_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011censusF-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2006<sup id="cite_ref-2006censusB_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006censusB-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2006censusC_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006censusC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-2001censusB_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001censusB-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2001censusC_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001censusC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">European</a><sup id="cite_ref-euro_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euro-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,337,105 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001457179149207521♠" style="display:none"></span>45.72% </td> <td>1,387,125 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001510911602209944♠" style="display:none"></span>51.09% </td> <td>1,403,525 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001549895194624561♠" style="display:none"></span>54.99% </td> <td>1,381,770 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001587535956424958♠" style="display:none"></span>58.75% </td> <td>1,397,990 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001635066073691813♠" style="display:none"></span>63.51% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asian</a><sup id="cite_ref-EastAsian_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastAsian-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>614,860 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001210231187290255♠" style="display:none"></span>21.02% </td> <td>564,445 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001207898710865561♠" style="display:none"></span>20.79% </td> <td>494,130 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001193598056692851♠" style="display:none"></span>19.36% </td> <td>458,165 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001194814195904847♠" style="display:none"></span>19.48% </td> <td>399,785 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001181610662644855♠" style="display:none"></span>18.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asian</a> </td> <td>422,880 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001144589930197611♠" style="display:none"></span>14.46% </td> <td>330,925 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001121887661141804♠" style="display:none"></span>12.19% </td> <td>285,780 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001111967402589770♠" style="display:none"></span>11.2% </td> <td>233,530 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000992981986176575♠" style="display:none"></span>9.93% </td> <td>183,660 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000834313801202000♠" style="display:none"></span>8.34% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a><sup id="cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoutheastAsian-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>207,420 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000709204581006159♠" style="display:none"></span>7.09% </td> <td>173,060 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000637421731123388♠" style="display:none"></span>6.37% </td> <td>159,430 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000624640037612396♠" style="display:none"></span>6.25% </td> <td>115,185 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000489772749016181♠" style="display:none"></span>4.9% </td> <td>88,000 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000399758327919939♠" style="display:none"></span>4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Canadians" title="Middle Eastern Canadians">Middle Eastern</a><sup id="cite_ref-MiddleEastern_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MiddleEastern-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>89,135 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000304767863889615♠" style="display:none"></span>3.05% </td> <td>63,300 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000233149171270718♠" style="display:none"></span>2.33% </td> <td>49,505 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000193958508825200♠" style="display:none"></span>1.94% </td> <td>36,085 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000153435340089845♠" style="display:none"></span>1.53% </td> <td>27,595 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000125356034760803♠" style="display:none"></span>1.25% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> </td> <td>87,355 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000298681738375243♠" style="display:none"></span>2.99% </td> <td>83,660 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000308139963167587♠" style="display:none"></span>3.08% </td> <td>70,915 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000277841988755460♠" style="display:none"></span>2.78% </td> <td>54,845 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000233203858313082♠" style="display:none"></span>2.33% </td> <td>48,380 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000219776226190530♠" style="display:none"></span>2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Canadians" title="Latin American Canadians">Latin American</a> </td> <td>54,545 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000186498716955843♠" style="display:none"></span>1.86% </td> <td>36,855 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000135745856353591♠" style="display:none"></span>1.36% </td> <td>30,510 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000119536897369091♠" style="display:none"></span>1.2% </td> <td>24,480 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000104090262585545♠" style="display:none"></span>1.04% </td> <td>20,040 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999910358737672225♠" style="display:none"></span>0.91% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Canadian">African</a> </td> <td>44,700 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000152836972186748♠" style="display:none"></span>1.53% </td> <td>32,325 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000119060773480662♠" style="display:none"></span>1.19% </td> <td>25,385 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999994573628224969♠" style="display:none"></span>0.99% </td> <td>21,945 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999933113076977045♠" style="display:none"></span>0.93% </td> <td>19,320 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999877651238115139♠" style="display:none"></span>0.88% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other/<a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial</a><sup id="cite_ref-Other_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Other-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>67,755 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000231665974284410♠" style="display:none"></span>2.32% </td> <td>43,295 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000159465930018416♠" style="display:none"></span>1.59% </td> <td>33,165 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000129939075753717♠" style="display:none"></span>1.3% </td> <td>25,815 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000109766753621154♠" style="display:none"></span>1.1% </td> <td>16,565 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999752499625226567♠" style="display:none"></span>0.75% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Total responses </th> <th>2,924,685 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001985794602319647♠" style="display:none"></span>98.58% </th> <th>2,715,000 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001983922025538484♠" style="display:none"></span>98.39% </th> <th>2,552,350 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001985113015796313♠" style="display:none"></span>98.51% </th> <th>2,351,805 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001990812736032679♠" style="display:none"></span>99.08% </th> <th>2,201,330 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001989577503410855♠" style="display:none"></span>98.96% </th></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Total population<sup id="cite_ref-population_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2,966,830 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,759,365 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,590,921 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,373,612 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,224,515 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="11"><span style="font-size:85%;">Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 159154.92214786px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1543.0357927197px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 916.3446084996px; border-left-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 373.83137097376px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 225.62030022306px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 128.418660678px; border-left-color:DarkKhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkKhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkKhaki"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 35.152794607095px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 455.43245988873px 100px 0; border-right-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in the Lower Mainland (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusB_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021censusC_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">Irreligious</a> (46.56%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christian</a> (33.82%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkKhaki; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikh</a> (9.09%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Muslim</a> (3.89%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhist</a> (2.48%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hindu</a> (2.43%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Jewish</a> (0.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Other</a> (1.02%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>The Lower Mainland includes large irreligious, Christian, and Sikh communities. The Sikh population, numbering over 265,000 persons or 9.1 percent of the total population is statistically significant across Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley; proportionally, it is more than four times the national average of 2.1 percent. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religious groups in the Lower Mainland (2001−2021) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religious</a><br />group </th> <th colspan="2">2021<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusB_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021censusC_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-2011censusB_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011censusB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2011censusC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011censusC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-2001censusB_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001censusB-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2001censusC_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001censusC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">Irreligion</a> </td> <td>1,361,800 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001465622793565802♠" style="display:none"></span>46.56% </td> <td>1,042,815 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001408570533038180♠" style="display:none"></span>40.86% </td> <td>758,130 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001344397124459132♠" style="display:none"></span>34.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity</a> </td> <td>989,105 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001338191976229918♠" style="display:none"></span>33.82% </td> <td>1,088,160 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001426336513409211♠" style="display:none"></span>42.63% </td> <td>1,138,505 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001517190782823981♠" style="display:none"></span>51.72% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism</a> </td> <td>265,870 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000909055163205610♠" style="display:none"></span>9.09% </td> <td>184,810 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000724077810645091♠" style="display:none"></span>7.24% </td> <td>116,110 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000527455055477950♠" style="display:none"></span>5.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam</a> </td> <td>113,880 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000389375266054293♠" style="display:none"></span>3.89% </td> <td>74,320 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000291182635610319♠" style="display:none"></span>2.91% </td> <td>53,225 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000241786196949564♠" style="display:none"></span>2.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism</a> </td> <td>72,595 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000248214765008881♠" style="display:none"></span>2.48% </td> <td>79,680 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000312182890277587♠" style="display:none"></span>3.12% </td> <td>76,140 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000345882593438043♠" style="display:none"></span>3.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hinduism</a> </td> <td>71,210 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000243479212291238♠" style="display:none"></span>2.43% </td> <td>42,205 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000165357415714929♠" style="display:none"></span>1.65% </td> <td>28,440 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000129194916697897♠" style="display:none"></span>1.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Judaism</a> </td> <td>20,430 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999698536765497822♠" style="display:none"></span>0.7% </td> <td>19,125 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999749309459909495♠" style="display:none"></span>0.75% </td> <td>17,555 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999797474248463993♠" style="display:none"></span>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous spirituality</a> </td> <td>2,895 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6998989850188994712♠" style="display:none"></span>0.1% </td> <td>2,590 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999101475111172057♠" style="display:none"></span>0.1% </td> <td>2,225 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999101075488626168♠" style="display:none"></span>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td>26,900 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999919757170430319♠" style="display:none"></span>0.92% </td> <td>18,640 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999730307363801986♠" style="display:none"></span>0.73% </td> <td>11,015 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999500380452681907♠" style="display:none"></span>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total responses </th> <th>2,924,685 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001985794602319647♠" style="display:none"></span>98.58% </th> <th>2,552,350 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001985113015796313♠" style="display:none"></span>98.51% </th> <th>2,201,325 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001989575255729900♠" style="display:none"></span>98.96% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total population<sup id="cite_ref-population_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2,966,830 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,590,921 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,224,515 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 33%;"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Knowledge of language (2016−2021) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Language </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a><sup id="cite_ref-2021censusB_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021censusC_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_census" title="2016 Canadian census">2016</a><sup id="cite_ref-2016censusB_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016censusB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2016censusC_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016censusC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td>2,772,150 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001947847285856914♠" style="display:none"></span>94.78% </td> <td>2,569,215 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001946305610139245♠" style="display:none"></span>94.63% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> </td> <td>295,400 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001101002502837917♠" style="display:none"></span>10.1% </td> <td>252,260 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000929136149422006♠" style="display:none"></span>9.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> </td> <td>286,270 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000978807937962443♠" style="display:none"></span>9.79% </td> <td>223,510 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000823242768402888♠" style="display:none"></span>8.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> </td> <td>235,220 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000804258927472407♠" style="display:none"></span>8.04% </td> <td>224,655 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000827460087403475♠" style="display:none"></span>8.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </td> <td>185,330 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000633676162862261♠" style="display:none"></span>6.34% </td> <td>185,420 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000682947850732690♠" style="display:none"></span>6.83% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> </td> <td>113,205 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000387067986925065♠" style="display:none"></span>3.87% </td> <td>98,395 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000362413190447864♠" style="display:none"></span>3.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> </td> <td>119,435 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000408369462642066♠" style="display:none"></span>4.08% </td> <td>75,125 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000276704008662999♠" style="display:none"></span>2.77% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </td> <td>100,355 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000343131556272823♠" style="display:none"></span>3.43% </td> <td>79,885 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000294236269311729♠" style="display:none"></span>2.94% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> </td> <td>63,335 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000216553605864573♠" style="display:none"></span>2.17% </td> <td>52,650 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000193923009066315♠" style="display:none"></span>1.94% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td> <td>43,490 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000148700028721090♠" style="display:none"></span>1.49% </td> <td>47,825 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000176151337295280♠" style="display:none"></span>1.76% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total responses </th> <th>2,924,680 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001985792917019175♠" style="display:none"></span>98.58% </th> <th>2,714,995 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001983920213527387♠" style="display:none"></span>98.39% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total population<sup id="cite_ref-population_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2,966,830 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,759,365 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 33%;"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Mother tongue</a> (2016−2021) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Language </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a><sup id="cite_ref-2021censusB_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021censusC_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_census" title="2016 Canadian census">2016</a><sup id="cite_ref-2016censusB_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016censusB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2016censusC_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016censusC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </td> <td>1,576,995 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001536484095934682♠" style="display:none"></span>53.65% </td> <td>1,537,875 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001563065330772849♠" style="display:none"></span>56.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> </td> <td>219,015 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000745075693145092♠" style="display:none"></span>7.45% </td> <td>182,050 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000666543402208874♠" style="display:none"></span>6.67% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> </td> <td>193,190 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000657220615750978♠" style="display:none"></span>6.57% </td> <td>176,435 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000645985087441487♠" style="display:none"></span>6.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> </td> <td>183,860 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000625480523898622♠" style="display:none"></span>6.25% </td> <td>185,135 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000677838576039220♠" style="display:none"></span>6.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> </td> <td>69,895 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000237778533764245♠" style="display:none"></span>2.38% </td> <td>68,240 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000249848512863134♠" style="display:none"></span>2.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </td> <td>54,985 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000187055621704371♠" style="display:none"></span>1.87% </td> <td>41,645 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000152475693408341♠" style="display:none"></span>1.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> </td> <td>54,385 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000185014458241197♠" style="display:none"></span>1.85% </td> <td>47,715 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000174699909016184♠" style="display:none"></span>1.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </td> <td>49,255 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000167562510631059♠" style="display:none"></span>1.68% </td> <td>38,705 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000141711411054625♠" style="display:none"></span>1.42% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </td> <td>27,280 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999928048987923116♠" style="display:none"></span>0.93% </td> <td>27,820 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000101857937102174♠" style="display:none"></span>1.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td> <td>24,795 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999843510801156659♠" style="display:none"></span>0.84% </td> <td>32,210 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000117931134222179♠" style="display:none"></span>1.18% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total responses </th> <th>2,939,500 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001990788147618838♠" style="display:none"></span>99.08% </th> <th>2,731,255 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001989812873614038♠" style="display:none"></span>98.98% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total population<sup id="cite_ref-population_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2,966,830 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>2,759,365 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_districts">Regional districts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Regional districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Regional_district" title="Regional district">Regional districts</a> were first created across British Columbia from 1966 to 1967 to form bodies for inter-municipal coordination and to extend municipal-level powers to areas outside existing municipalities. Today, the Lower Mainland includes two regional districts: the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Vancouver_Regional_District" title="Metro Vancouver Regional District">Metro Vancouver Regional District</a> (MVRD) and the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley_Regional_District" title="Fraser Valley Regional District">Fraser Valley Regional District</a> (FVRD). Both regional districts, however, include areas outside the traditional limits of the Lower Mainland. Metro Vancouver includes areas like Surrey and Langley that are geographically in the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley" title="Fraser Valley">Fraser Valley</a>. </p><p>The Metro Vancouver Regional District is made up of 21 municipalities. The MVRD is bordered on the west by the Strait of Georgia, to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Squamish-Lillooet_Regional_District" title="Squamish-Lillooet Regional District">Squamish-Lillooet Regional District</a>, on the east by the Fraser Valley Regional District, and to the south by <a href="/wiki/Whatcom_County,_Washington" title="Whatcom County, Washington">Whatcom County, Washington</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p><p>The Fraser Valley Regional District lies east of the Metro Vancouver Regional District, and comprises the cities of <a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia" title="Abbotsford, British Columbia">Abbotsford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilliwack" title="Chilliwack">Chilliwack</a>, the <a href="/wiki/District_municipality" title="District municipality">district municipalities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mission,_British_Columbia" title="Mission, British Columbia">Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agassiz,_British_Columbia" title="Agassiz, British Columbia">Kent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hope,_British_Columbia" title="Hope, British Columbia">Hope</a>, and the village of <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Hot_Springs,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrison Hot Springs, British Columbia">Harrison Hot Springs</a>. It also includes many unincorporated areas in the Fraser Valley and along the west side of the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon" title="Fraser Canyon">Fraser Canyon</a> (the Fraser Canyon is not in the Lower Mainland). </p><p>Regional district powers are very limited and other localized provincial government services are delivered through other regionalization systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_territories">Indigenous territories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indigenous territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lower_Mainland" title="Special:EditPage/Lower Mainland">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The region was historically occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Musqueam" class="mw-redirect" title="Musqueam">Musqueam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsleil-Waututh_First_Nation" title="Tsleil-Waututh First Nation">Tsleil'waututh</a>, and the southern portion was historically occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Squamish_people" title="Squamish people">Squamish</a>. Its claims overlap those of the Tsleil-waututh, Musqueam, and Kwikwetlem. Other peoples who historically occupied the region are the <a href="/wiki/Sto:lo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sto:lo">Sto:lo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sts%27Ailes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sts'Ailes">Chehalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katzie_First_Nation" title="Katzie First Nation">Katzie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwantlen_First_Nation" title="Kwantlen First Nation">Kwantlen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsawwassen_First_Nation" title="Tsawwassen First Nation">Tsawwassen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Semiahmoo_First_Nation" title="Semiahmoo First Nation">Semiahmoo</a>; many of their territories overlap with those of the Musqueam, and with each other. Many other peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Strait">Georgia Strait</a> region also frequented the lower Fraser, including those from Vancouver Island and what is now <a href="/wiki/Whatcom_County,_Washington" title="Whatcom County, Washington">Whatcom County, Washington</a>. Sto:lo "traditional territory", known as <i>Solh Temexw</i> in <a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a>, roughly coincides with the Lower Mainland, except for the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Port_Douglas,_British_Columbia" title="Port Douglas, British Columbia">Port Douglas</a> at the head of Harrison Lake, which is in <a href="/wiki/In-SHUCK-ch" class="mw-redirect" title="In-SHUCK-ch">In-SHUCK-ch</a> territory, and the lands around Burrard Inlet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_regions">Health regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Health regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Health system services and governance in the Lower Mainland are provided by <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Coastal_Health" title="Vancouver Coastal Health">Vancouver Coastal Health</a>, serving Vancouver, Richmond and the North Shore, and the mainland coast as far north as the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast" title="British Columbia Coast">Central Coast</a> region, and <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Health" title="Fraser Health">Fraser Health</a>, which serves the area of the Lower Mainland east of Vancouver and Richmond.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_threats">Natural threats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Natural threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flooding">Flooding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Flooding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lower Mainland is considered to have a high vulnerability to flood risk. There have been two major region-wide floods in <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River#1894_flood" title="Fraser River">1894</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River_flood_of_1948" title="Fraser River flood of 1948">1948</a>, both associated with an extreme <a href="/wiki/Freshet" title="Freshet">spring freshet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major floods in the Lower Mainland – including June 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> November 1990,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and November 2021 – have been more localized, primarily impacting areas in the Fraser Valley like the <a href="/wiki/Sumas_Prairie" title="Sumas Prairie">Sumas Prairie</a>, with comparatively minor impacts to Metro Vancouver. Prior to the 2021 flood, according to the Fraser Basin Council, scientists predicted a one-in-three chance of a similar-sized flood occurring in the next 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second quarter of 2007, the Lower Mainland was on high alert for flooding. Higher than normal snow packs in the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Interior" title="British Columbia Interior">British Columbia Interior</a> prompted municipal governments to start taking emergency measures in the region. <a href="/wiki/Dike_(construction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dike (construction)">Dikes</a> along the Fraser River are regulated to handle approximately 8.5 metres (28 ft) at the Mission Gauge (the height above sea level of the dykes at Mission). Warmer than normal weather in the province's Interior region caused large amounts of snow to melt prematurely, resulting in higher-than-normal water levels, which, nevertheless, remained well below flood levels.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flooding can cover much of the Lower Mainland. <a href="/wiki/Cloverdale,_Surrey" title="Cloverdale, Surrey">Cloverdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnston_Island" title="Barnston Island">Barnston Island</a>, low-lying areas of <a href="/wiki/Maple_Ridge,_British_Columbia" title="Maple Ridge, British Columbia">Maple Ridge</a>, areas west of <a href="/wiki/Hope,_British_Columbia" title="Hope, British Columbia">Hope</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Rock,_British_Columbia" title="White Rock, British Columbia">White Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_British_Columbia" title="Richmond, British Columbia">Richmond</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Surrey,_British_Columbia" title="Surrey, British Columbia">Surrey</a> are potentially at risk. In 2007, the Lower Mainland was largely spared, although northern regions of the province, along the <a href="/wiki/Skeena_River" title="Skeena River">Skeena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nechako_River" title="Nechako River">Nechako</a> Rivers, experienced floods. <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climate scientists</a> predict that increasing temperatures will mean wetter winters and more snow at the high elevations. This will increase the likelihood of snowmelt floods.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The provincial government maintains an integrated flood hazard management program and extensive flood protection infrastructure in the Lower Mainland. The infrastructure consists of dikes, <a href="/wiki/Pump_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Pump station">pump stations</a>, floodboxes, <a href="/wiki/Riprap" title="Riprap">riprap</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Relief_well" title="Relief well">relief wells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earthquakes">Earthquakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Earthquakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> are common in British Columbia and adjacent coastal waters, most are minor in energy release or are sufficiently remote to have little effect on populated areas. Nevertheless, earthquakes with a magnitude of up to 7.3 have occurred within 150 kilometres (93 mi) of the Lower Mainland. </p><p>Based on geological evidence, however, stronger earthquakes appear to have occurred at approximately 600-year intervals. Therefore, there is a probability that there will be a major earthquake in the region within the next 200 years.<sup id="cite_ref-eqplan_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eqplan-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> released information concerning a newly found <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a> south of downtown <a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia" title="Abbotsford, British Columbia">Abbotsford</a>, called the Boulder Creek Fault. Scientists now believe this fault is <a href="/wiki/Active_fault" title="Active fault">active</a> and capable of producing earthquakes in the 6.8 magnitude range.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanoes">Volcanoes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Volcanoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the Lower Mainland is vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive eruptions</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Volcanic_Belt" title="Garibaldi Volcanic Belt">Garibaldi Volcanic Belt</a>. Volcanoes in this zone are capable of producing large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> that may cause short and long term water supply problems for Lower Mainland communities.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All airports covered by the accompanying <a href="/wiki/Eruption_column" title="Eruption column">eruption column</a> would be closed, heavy <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_fall" title="Pyroclastic fall">ash falls</a> would damage electrical equipment and weak structures could collapse under the weight of the ash.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communities">Communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lower Mainland's communities includes large cities in Metro Vancouver, and smaller cities, towns and villages along both banks of the Fraser River. Neighbourhoods within cities are not listed unless historically or otherwise notable and/or separate. Only some of the many Indian Reserves are listed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_Fraser_Valley">Upper Fraser Valley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Upper Fraser Valley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agassiz,_British_Columbia" title="Agassiz, British Columbia">Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_Falls,_British_Columbia" title="Bridal Falls, British Columbia">Bridal Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chehalis,_British_Columbia" title="Chehalis, British Columbia">Chehalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilliwack" title="Chilliwack">Chilliwack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultus_Lake,_British_Columbia" title="Cultus Lake, British Columbia">Cultus Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greendale,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greendale, British Columbia">Greendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Errock,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Errock, British Columbia">Lake Errock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent,_British_Columbia" title="Kent, British Columbia">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Hot_Springs,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrison Hot Springs, British Columbia">Harrison Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Mills,_British_Columbia" title="Harrison Mills, British Columbia">Harrison Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope,_British_Columbia" title="Hope, British Columbia">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood,_British_Columbia" title="Flood, British Columbia">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laidlaw,_British_Columbia" title="Laidlaw, British Columbia">Laidlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popkum,_British_Columbia" title="Popkum, British Columbia">Popkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosedale,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosedale, British Columbia">Rosedale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Creek,_British_Columbia" title="Ruby Creek, British Columbia">Ruby Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardis,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardis, British Columbia">Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarrow,_British_Columbia" title="Yarrow, British Columbia">Yarrow</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Fraser_Valley">Central Fraser Valley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Central Fraser Valley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia" title="Abbotsford, British Columbia">Abbotsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldergrove,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldergrove, British Columbia">Aldergrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradner,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradner, British Columbia">Bradner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayburn,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Clayburn, British Columbia">Clayburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearbrook,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Clearbrook, British Columbia">Clearbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deroche,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deroche, British Columbia">Deroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewdney,_British_Columbia" title="Dewdney, British Columbia">Dewdney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durieu,_British_Columbia" title="Durieu, British Columbia">Durieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatzic,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatzic, British Columbia">Hatzic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Huntingdon, British Columbia">Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsqui,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsqui, British Columbia">Matsqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission,_British_Columbia" title="Mission, British Columbia">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lehman,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lehman, British Columbia">Mount Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomen_Island" title="Nicomen Island">Nicomen Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin,_British_Columbia" title="Ruskin, British Columbia">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverdale,_British_Columbia" title="Silverdale, British Columbia">Silverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverhill,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Silverhill, British Columbia">Silverhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish,_British_Columbia" title="Squamish, British Columbia">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stave_Falls" title="Stave Falls">Stave Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelhead,_British_Columbia" title="Steelhead, British Columbia">Steelhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumas,_British_Columbia" title="Sumas, British Columbia">Sumas</a> (Sumas Prairie)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whonnock,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Whonnock, British Columbia">Whonnock</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_Fraser_Valley_/_Metro_Vancouver"><span id="Lower_Fraser_Valley_.2F_Metro_Vancouver"></span>Lower Fraser Valley / Metro Vancouver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lower Fraser Valley / Metro Vancouver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albion,_British_Columbia" title="Albion, British Columbia">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anmore" title="Anmore">Anmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annieville,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Annieville, British Columbia">Annieville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnston_Island" title="Barnston Island">Barnston Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belcarra" title="Belcarra">Belcarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Bay,_British_Columbia" title="Boundary Bay, British Columbia">Boundary Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_British_Columbia" title="Bridgeport, British Columbia">Bridgeport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighouse,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighouse, British Columbia">Brighouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnaby" title="Burnaby">Burnaby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burquitlam,_British_Columbia" title="Burquitlam, British Columbia">Burquitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloverdale,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloverdale, British Columbia">Cloverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquitlam" title="Coquitlam">Coquitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Beach,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescent Beach, British Columbia">Crescent Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby,_British_Columbia" title="Derby, British Columbia">Derby</a> ("Old Derby")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_British_Columbia" title="Douglas, British Columbia">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta,_British_Columbia" title="Delta, British Columbia">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Langley" title="Fort Langley">Fort Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haney,_British_Columbia" title="Haney, British Columbia">Haney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Creek,_British_Columbia" title="Kanaka Creek, British Columbia">Kanaka Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley,_British_Columbia_(city)" title="Langley, British Columbia (city)">Langley City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley,_British_Columbia_(district_municipality)" title="Langley, British Columbia (district municipality)">Langley District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lions_Bay" title="Lions Bay">Lions Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maillardville" title="Maillardville">Maillardville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Ridge,_British_Columbia" title="Maple Ridge, British Columbia">Maple Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Westminster" title="New Westminster">New Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton, British Columbia">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Vancouver_(city)" title="North Vancouver (city)">North Vancouver City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Vancouver_(district_municipality)" title="North Vancouver (district municipality)">North Vancouver District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitt_Meadows" title="Pitt Meadows">Pitt Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Coquitlam" title="Port Coquitlam">Port Coquitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Hammond" title="Port Hammond">Port Hammond</a> (Hammond)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Kells" title="Port Kells">Port Kells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Moody" title="Port Moody">Port Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensborough,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensborough, British Columbia">Queensborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_British_Columbia" title="Richmond, British Columbia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapperton,_New_Westminster" title="Sapperton, New Westminster">Sapperton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Island_(British_Columbia)" title="Sea Island (British Columbia)">Sea Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottsdale, British Columbia">Scottsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steveston,_British_Columbia" title="Steveston, British Columbia">Steveston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey,_British_Columbia" title="Surrey, British Columbia">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsawwassen" title="Tsawwassen">Tsawwassen</a> (neighbourhood)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsawwassen_First_Nation" title="Tsawwassen First Nation">Tsawwassen First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia_Vancouver" title="University of British Columbia Vancouver">UBC Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Endowment_Lands" title="University Endowment Lands">University Endowment Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Vancouver" title="West Vancouver">West Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whalley,_Surrey" title="Whalley, Surrey">Whalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rock,_British_Columbia" title="White Rock, British Columbia">White Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yennadon,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yennadon, British Columbia">Yennadon</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Lowland" title="Fraser Lowland">Fraser Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_parks_of_the_Lower_Mainland" title="List of provincial parks of the Lower Mainland">List of provincial parks of the Lower Mainland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Total population of the Lower Mainland Economic Region, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Vancouver_Regional_District" title="Metro Vancouver Regional District">Metro Vancouver Regional District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley_Regional_District" title="Fraser Valley Regional District">Fraser Valley Regional District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squamish-Lillooet_Regional_District" title="Squamish-Lillooet Regional District">Squamish-Lillooet Regional District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast_Regional_District" title="Sunshine Coast Regional District">Sunshine Coast Regional District</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Combined population of the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Vancouver_Regional_District" title="Metro Vancouver Regional District">Metro Vancouver Regional District</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley_Regional_District" title="Fraser Valley Regional District">Fraser Valley Regional District</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-euro-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-euro_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-euro_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EastAsian-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EastAsian_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EastAsian_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SoutheastAsian-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MiddleEastern-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MiddleEastern_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MiddleEastern_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Other-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Other_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Other_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, <abbr title="not included elsewhere">n.i.e.</abbr>" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2021census-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Lower%20Mainland%2D%2DSouthwest&DGUIDlist=2021S05005920&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Data table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Lower Mainland--Southwest [Economic region], British Columbia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528030808/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Lower%20Mainland%2D%2DSouthwest&DGUIDlist=2021S05005920&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+table%2C+Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population+-+Lower+Mainland--Southwest+%5BEconomic+region%5D%2C+British+Columbia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DLower%2520Mainland%252D%252DSouthwest%26DGUIDlist%3D2021S05005920%26GENDERlist%3D1%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021censusB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusB_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusB_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusB_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusB_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusB_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusB_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusB_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusB_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusB_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Greater%20Vancouver&DGUIDlist=2021A00035915&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Greater Vancouver, Regional district British Columbia [Census division]"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114014646/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Greater%20Vancouver&DGUIDlist=2021A00035915&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population+Profile+table+Greater+Vancouver%2C+Regional+district+British+Columbia+%5BCensus+division%5D&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DGreater%2520Vancouver%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A00035915%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021censusC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusC_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusC_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusC_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusC_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusC_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusC_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusC_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusC_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021censusC_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Fraser%20Valley&DGUIDlist=2021A00035909&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Fraser Valley, Regional district British Columbia [Census division]"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114014650/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Fraser%20Valley&DGUIDlist=2021A00035909&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population+Profile+table+Fraser+Valley%2C+Regional+district+British+Columbia+%5BCensus+division%5D&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DFraser%2520Valley%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A00035909%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gentilcore, R.L., ed. 1993. <i>Historical Atlas of Canada, Vol II, The Land Transformed 1800–1891.</i> Plate 36, "Lower Mainland 1881." Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3447-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3447-0">0-8020-3447-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/57400.html">"Lower Mainland"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BC_Geographical_Names" title="BC Geographical Names">BC Geographical Names</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lower+Mainland&rft.btitle=BC+Geographical+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.gov.bc.ca%2Fpub%2Fbcgnws%2Fnames%2F57400.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EC196-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EC196_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EC196_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Environment Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecozones.ca/english/region/196.html">Ecoregions of Canada – Lower Mainland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516091638/http://ecozones.ca/english/region/196.html">Archived</a> 16 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ecological Framework of Canada. Retrieved on: 9 July 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016censusB-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2016censusB_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016censusB_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016censusB_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016censusB_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2021" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5915&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&SearchText=Greater%20Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5915&TABID=1&type=0">"Census Profile, 2016 Census Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia and British Columbia [Province]"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114021415/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5915&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&SearchText=Greater%20Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5915&TABID=1&type=0">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census+Greater+Vancouver%2C+Regional+district+%5BCensus+division%5D%2C+British+Columbia+and+British+Columbia+%5BProvince%5D&rft.date=2021-10-27&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCD%26Code1%3D5915%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D59%26SearchText%3DGreater%2520Vancouver%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26GeoLevel%3DPR%26GeoCode%3D5915%26TABID%3D1%26type%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016censusC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2016censusC_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016censusC_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016censusC_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016censusC_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2021" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5909&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&SearchText=Fraser%20Valley&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5909&TABID=1&type=0">"Census Profile, 2016 Census Fraser Valley, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia and British Columbia [Province]"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528030708/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5909&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&SearchText=Fraser%20Valley&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5909&TABID=1&type=0">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census+Fraser+Valley%2C+Regional+district+%5BCensus+division%5D%2C+British+Columbia+and+British+Columbia+%5BProvince%5D&rft.date=2021-10-27&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCD%26Code1%3D5909%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D59%26SearchText%3DFraser%2520Valley%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26GeoLevel%3DPR%26GeoCode%3D5909%26TABID%3D1%26type%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011censusD-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011censusD_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011censusD_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2016" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (31 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5915&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Greater%20Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5915&TABID=1">"2011 Census of Population Census Profile Greater Vancouver, RD British Columbia (Census division)"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114021402/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5915&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Greater%20Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5915&TABID=1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=2011+Census+of+Population+Census+Profile+Greater+Vancouver%2C+RD+British+Columbia+%28Census+division%29&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCD%26Code1%3D5915%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DGreater%2520Vancouver%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26GeoLevel%3DPR%26GeoCode%3D5915%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011censusF-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011censusF_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011censusF_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2016" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (31 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5909&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Fraser%20Valley&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5909&TABID=1">"2011 Census of Population Census Profile Fraser Valley, RD British Columbia (Census division)"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528030814/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5909&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Fraser%20Valley&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5909&TABID=1">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=2011+Census+of+Population+Census+Profile+Fraser+Valley%2C+RD+British+Columbia+%28Census+division%29&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCD%26Code1%3D5909%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DFraser%2520Valley%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26GeoLevel%3DPR%26GeoCode%3D5909%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2006censusB-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2006censusB_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2006censusB_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2019" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5915&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Greater%20Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5915">"2006 Community Profiles Greater Vancouver British Columbia (Regional district)"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528030709/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5915&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Greater%20Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5915">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=2006+Community+Profiles+Greater+Vancouver+British+Columbia+%28Regional+district%29&rft.date=2019-08-20&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2F92-591%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCD%26Code1%3D5915%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D59%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DGreater%2520Vancouver%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26GeoLevel%3DPR%26GeoCode%3D5915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2006censusC-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2006censusC_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2006censusC_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2019" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5909&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Fraser%20Valley&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5909">"2006 Community Profiles Fraser Valley British Columbia (Regional district)"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114021409/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5909&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Fraser%20Valley&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5909">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=2006+Community+Profiles+Fraser+Valley+British+Columbia+%28Regional+district%29&rft.date=2019-08-20&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2F92-591%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCD%26Code1%3D5909%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D59%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DFraser%2520Valley%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26GeoLevel%3DPR%26GeoCode%3D5909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2001censusB-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2001censusB_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2001censusB_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2001censusB_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2019" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5915&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Greater%20Vancouver%20Regional%20District&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5915">"Community Highlights for Greater Vancouver Regional District"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114014651/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5915&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Greater%20Vancouver%20Regional%20District&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5915">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Community+Highlights+for+Greater+Vancouver+Regional+District&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2FEnglish%2Fprofil01%2FCP01%2FDetails%2FPage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCD%26Code1%3D5915%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D59%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DGreater%2520Vancouver%2520Regional%2520District%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26GeoLevel%3DPR%26GeoCode%3D5915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2001censusC-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2001censusC_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2001censusC_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2001censusC_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2019" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5909&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Fraser%20Valley%20Regional%20District&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5909">"Community Highlights for Fraser Valley Regional District"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114014650/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5909&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Fraser%20Valley%20Regional%20District&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5909">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Community+Highlights+for+Fraser+Valley+Regional+District&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2FEnglish%2Fprofil01%2FCP01%2FDetails%2FPage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCD%26Code1%3D5909%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D59%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DFraser%2520Valley%2520Regional%2520District%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26GeoLevel%3DPR%26GeoCode%3D5909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5909&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=fraser%20valley&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=">"Community Highlights for Fraser Valley Regional District"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528030818/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5909&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=fraser%20valley&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+Highlights+for+Fraser+Valley+Regional+District&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fenglish%2FProfil01%2FCP01%2FDetails%2FPage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCD%26Code1%3D5909%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D59%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3Dfraser%2520valley%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26Custom%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011censusB-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2011censusB_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2015" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5915&Data=Count&SearchText=Greater%20Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5915&TABID=1">"NHS Profile, Greater Vancouver, RD, British Columbia, 2011"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114014652/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5915&Data=Count&SearchText=Greater%20Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5915&TABID=1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=NHS+Profile%2C+Greater+Vancouver%2C+RD%2C+British+Columbia%2C+2011&rft.date=2015-11-27&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCD%26Code1%3D5915%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DGreater%2520Vancouver%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26A1%3DAll%26B1%3DAll%26GeoLevel%3DPR%26GeoCode%3D5915%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011censusC-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2011censusC_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2015" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5909&Data=Count&SearchText=Fraser%20Valley&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5909&TABID=1">"NHS Profile, Fraser Valley, RD, British Columbia, 2011"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114014646/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5909&Data=Count&SearchText=Fraser%20Valley&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=5909&TABID=1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=NHS+Profile%2C+Fraser+Valley%2C+RD%2C+British+Columbia%2C+2011&rft.date=2015-11-27&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCD%26Code1%3D5909%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DFraser%2520Valley%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26A1%3DAll%26B1%3DAll%26GeoLevel%3DPR%26GeoCode%3D5909%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BC Ministry of Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.gov.bc.ca/socsec/provmap.html">British Columbia Health Authorities: Maps</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110705014605/http://www.health.gov.bc.ca/socsec/provmap.html">Archived</a> 5 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on: 10 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://floodwise.ca/flood-101/flood-history/">"Flood History"</a>. Flood Wise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130011811/https://floodwise.ca/flood-101/flood-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>The Lower Mainland has experienced two major Fraser River floods in just the past 130 years. The largest flood on written record was in 1894, and the second largest was in 1948. Earlier large-scale floods are also part of the oral history of Coast Salish First Nations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flood+History&rft.pub=Flood+Wise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffloodwise.ca%2Fflood-101%2Fflood-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/from-the-archives-the-1894-and-1948-fraser-valley-floods">"From the Archives: The 1894 and 1948 Fraser Valley floods"</a>. Vancouver Sun. 17 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130013714/https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/from-the-archives-the-1894-and-1948-fraser-valley-floods">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+the+Archives%3A+The+1894+and+1948+Fraser+Valley+floods&rft.pub=Vancouver+Sun&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Ffrom-the-archives-the-1894-and-1948-fraser-valley-floods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/news/this-week-in-history-1894-1948-the-fraser-valley-is-inundated-in-a-great-flood">"This Week in History: 1894 & 1948 The Fraser Valley is inundated in a great flood"</a>. Vancouver Sun. 19 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130011810/https://vancouversun.com/news/this-week-in-history-1894-1948-the-fraser-valley-is-inundated-in-a-great-flood">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Week+in+History%3A+1894+%26+1948+The+Fraser+Valley+is+inundated+in+a+great+flood&rft.pub=Vancouver+Sun&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Fnews%2Fthis-week-in-history-1894-1948-the-fraser-valley-is-inundated-in-a-great-flood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/water-overview/quantity/floods/events-british-columbia.html">"Flooding events in Canada: British Columbia"</a>. Government of Canada. 2 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130011813/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/water-overview/quantity/floods/events-british-columbia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>On June 16, the lower Fraser peaked at Hope, with a maximum instantaneous flow of 3400 cubic metres per second and a maximum elevation of 7.1 metres, well above the danger level of 6.1 metres.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flooding+events+in+Canada%3A+British+Columbia&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fenvironment-climate-change%2Fservices%2Fwater-overview%2Fquantity%2Ffloods%2Fevents-british-columbia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hopestandard.com/community/river-flooding-part-of-hope-history/">"River flooding part of Hope history"</a>. Hope Standard. 27 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130011815/https://www.hopestandard.com/community/river-flooding-part-of-hope-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>In 1972, the Fraser River again experienced record flood waters – the second highest in recorded times with a discharge of 12,900 cubic metres per second and a maximum height of 10.141 meters at Hope on June 16. Wardle Street and part of Seventh Avenue were submerged, and on Tom Berry Road 10 houses were flooded and families were forced to evacuate their properties. Pumps were brought in to remove water and residents were able to return home after approximately a week.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=River+flooding+part+of+Hope+history&rft.pub=Hope+Standard&rft.date=2012-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hopestandard.com%2Fcommunity%2Friver-flooding-part-of-hope-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abbynews.com/news/the-fraser-river-doesnt-pose-the-only-flood-threat-to-abbotsford/">"The Fraser River doesn't pose the only flood threat to Abbotsford"</a>. The Abbotsford News. 17 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130011811/https://www.abbynews.com/news/the-fraser-river-doesnt-pose-the-only-flood-threat-to-abbotsford/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>A Nooksack flood in 1990 swamped the Whatcom Road interchange and western portions of Sumas Prairie. Such a flood is expected to take place every 35 years or so. There are worries that a larger flood event would change the course of the river entirely, diverting it north into the channel of the much-smaller Sumas River.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fraser+River+doesn%27t+pose+the+only+flood+threat+to+Abbotsford&rft.pub=The+Abbotsford+News&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abbynews.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fraser-river-doesnt-pose-the-only-flood-threat-to-abbotsford%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.todayinbc.com/news/group-tasked-with-preventing-major-fraser-valley-flood-hasnt-met-in-seven-years/">"Group tasked with preventing major Fraser Valley flood hasn't met in seven years"</a>. Today In BC. 3 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130011811/https://www.todayinbc.com/news/group-tasked-with-preventing-major-fraser-valley-flood-hasnt-met-in-seven-years/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>In 1990, the Nooksack River in northern Washington overflowed its banks, with its waters flooding over the border and into Sumas Prairie. The flood cut off Highway 1, and also inundated the towns of Everson and Sumas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Group+tasked+with+preventing+major+Fraser+Valley+flood+hasn%27t+met+in+seven+years&rft.pub=Today+In+BC&rft.date=2018-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayinbc.com%2Fnews%2Fgroup-tasked-with-preventing-major-fraser-valley-flood-hasnt-met-in-seven-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626142044/http://www.fraserbasin.bc.ca/programs/flood.html#risk">"Flood Hazard Management on the Fraser River"</a>. Fraser Basin Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fraserbasin.bc.ca/programs/flood.html#risk">the original</a> on 26 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flood+Hazard+Management+on+the+Fraser+River&rft.pub=Fraser+Basin+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraserbasin.bc.ca%2Fprograms%2Fflood.html%23risk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/fraser-valley-prepares-for-possible-flooding-1.648037">"Fraser Valley prepares for possible flooding"</a>. CBC News. 5 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070709215645/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/fraser-valley-prepares-for-possible-flooding-1.648037">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fraser+Valley+prepares+for+possible+flooding&rft.date=2007-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Ffraser-valley-prepares-for-possible-flooding-1.648037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nguyen, Linda (7 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/story.html?id=570b533b-65a6-438c-813a-04f5a4c4ec89">Lower Mainland at flood risk for weeks yet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626080216/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/story.html?id=570b533b-65a6-438c-813a-04f5a4c4ec89">Archived</a> 26 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Vancouver Sun.</i> Retrieved on: 18 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake2007" class="citation news cs1">Drake, Laura (16 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20070616.BCFLOOD16/TPStory/TPNational/BritishColumbia/">"Flooding in future may be more frequent, scientists say"</a>. <i>Globe and Mail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Flooding+in+future+may+be+more+frequent%2C+scientists+say&rft.date=2007-06-16&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2Fstory%2FLAC.20070616.BCFLOOD16%2FTPStory%2FTPNational%2FBritishColumbia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Environment" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Environment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070620191654/http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wsd/public_safety/flood/maps.html#emergmaps">"Lower Mainland Dike and Emergency Maps"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wsd/public_safety/flood/maps.html#emergmaps">the original</a> on 20 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lower+Mainland+Dike+and+Emergency+Maps&rft.au=Ministry+of+Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.env.gov.bc.ca%2Fwsd%2Fpublic_safety%2Fflood%2Fmaps.html%23emergmaps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eqplan-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eqplan_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Columbia. Provincial Emergency Program. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pep.bc.ca/hazard_plans/eqplan99/eqplan99-x2.html">British Columbia Earthquake Response Plan, Appendix 2-The Earthquake Threat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081113110254/http://www.pep.bc.ca/hazard_plans/eqplan99/eqplan99-x2.html">Archived</a> 13 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7726-3924-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7726-3924-8">0-7726-3924-8</a>. Retrieved on: 7 April 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120903164840/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/science/v-print/story/34512.html">McClatchy Washington Bureau</a>. Earthquake risk. Retrieved on 12 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513070258/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/feature_garibaldi_e.php">"Garibaldi volcanic belt: Garibaldi Lake volcanic field"</a>. <i>Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>. 1 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/feature_garibaldi_e.php">the original</a> on 13 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catalogue+of+Canadian+volcanoes&rft.atitle=Garibaldi+volcanic+belt%3A+Garibaldi+Lake+volcanic+field&rft.date=2009-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsc.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fvolcanoes%2Fcat%2Ffeature_garibaldi_e.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._StasiukJ._HicksonMulder2003" class="citation cs2">V. Stasiuk, Mark; J. Hickson, Catherine; Mulder, Taimi (2003), "The Vulnerability of Canada to Volcanic Hazards", <i>Natural Hazards</i>, <b>28</b> (2/3), <a href="/wiki/Kluwer_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer Academic Publishers">Kluwer Academic Publishers</a>: 580, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1022954829974">10.1023/A:1022954829974</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-030X">0921-030X</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129461798">129461798</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Hazards&rft.atitle=The+Vulnerability+of+Canada+to+Volcanic+Hazards&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=580&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129461798%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0921-030X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1022954829974&rft.aulast=V.+Stasiuk&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=J.+Hickson%2C+Catherine&rft.au=Mulder%2C+Taimi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Mainland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Mainland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland#Q206489" class="extiw" title="voy:Lower Mainland">Lower Mainland</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/List_of_regional_districts_of_British_Columbia" title="List of regional districts of British Columbia">Regional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_British_Columbia" title="List of school districts in British Columbia">School districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_land_districts_of_British_Columbia" title="List of land districts of British Columbia">Land districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_regions_of_Canada#British_Columbia" title="Health regions of Canada">Health regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_British_Columbia" title="Counties of British Columbia">Counties (court system)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_British_Columbia" title="List of communities in British Columbia">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_British_Columbia" title="List of municipalities in British Columbia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_British_Columbia" title="List of cities in British Columbia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_municipalities_in_British_Columbia" title="List of district municipalities in British Columbia">District municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_British_Columbia#Indian_government_districts" title="List of municipalities in British Columbia">Indian government districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_British_Columbia#Island_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in British Columbia">Island municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_British_Columbia#Mountain_resort_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in British Columbia">Mountain resort municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_British_Columbia#Resort_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in British Columbia">Resort municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_British_Columbia" title="List of towns in British Columbia">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_British_Columbia" title="List of villages in British Columbia">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_British_Columbia" title="List of ghost towns in British Columbia">Ghost towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_British_Columbia" title="List of Indian reserves in British Columbia">Indian reserves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metro areas and<br />agglomerations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia" title="Abbotsford, British Columbia">Abbotsford</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mission,_British_Columbia" title="Mission, British Columbia">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilliwack" title="Chilliwack">Chilliwack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamloops" title="Kamloops">Kamloops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Kelowna" title="Greater Kelowna">Greater Kelowna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaimo" title="Nanaimo">Nanaimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Vancouver" title="Greater Vancouver">Greater Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Vernon" title="Greater Vernon">Greater Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Victoria" title="Greater Victoria">Greater Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_agglomerations_in_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of census agglomerations in British Columbia">Census agglomerations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada#British_Columbia" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast" title="British Columbia Coast">Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberni_Valley" title="Alberni Valley">Alberni Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Coast of British Columbia">Central Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comox_Valley" title="Comox Valley">Comox Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowichan_Valley" title="Cowichan Valley">Cowichan Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Islands" title="Discovery Islands">Discovery Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley" title="Fraser Valley">Fraser Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands" title="Gulf Islands">Gulf Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lower Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Coast_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Coast of British Columbia">North Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-to-Sky_Corridor" title="Sea-to-Sky Corridor">Sea-to-Sky Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeena_Country" title="Skeena Country">Skeena Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Coast_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="South Coast of British Columbia">South Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast_(British_Columbia)" title="Sunshine Coast (British Columbia)">Sunshine Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Interior" title="British Columbia Interior">Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlin_District" title="Atlin District">Atlin District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Country" title="Boundary Country">Boundary Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_River_Country" title="Bridge River Country">Bridge River Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulkley_Valley" title="Bulkley Valley">Bulkley Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariboo" title="Cariboo">Cariboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiar_Country" title="Cassiar Country">Cassiar Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_Country" title="Chilcotin Country">Chilcotin Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Country" title="Columbia Country">Columbia Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon" title="Fraser Canyon">Fraser Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kootenays" title="Kootenays">Kootenays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liard_Country" title="Liard Country">Liard Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_Country" title="Lillooet Country">Lillooet Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechako_Country" title="Nechako Country">Nechako Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Country" title="Nicola Country">Nicola Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan" title="Okanagan">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omineca_Country" title="Omineca Country">Omineca Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_River_Country" title="Peace River Country">Peace River Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robson_Valley" title="Robson Valley">Robson Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_Country" title="Shuswap Country">Shuswap Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similkameen_Country" title="Similkameen Country">Similkameen Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeena_Country" title="Skeena Country">Skeena Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slocan_Valley" title="Slocan Valley">Slocan Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stikine_Country" title="Stikine Country">Stikine Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_Country" title="Thompson Country">Thompson Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Columbia" title="Category:British Columbia">Category:British 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